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  • Articles  (371)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (371)
  • 1995-1999  (163)
  • 1985-1989  (208)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (371)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental and analytical protocol for ignitabiilty of common materials (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this study, a protocol was developed to increae accuracy, generality and efficiency when determining piloted ignition properties. A new procedure for calibrating the radiative and convective heat flux protiels on exposed speciments, such as Douglas-fir plywood, has been implemented for the lateral ignition and flame spread test (LIFT) apparatus. The boundary conditions needed for heat transfer anylysis are made unambiguous by including a simple, direct measure f surface emissivity. A new aluminum foil shutter improves accuracy for measuring ignition time. A recently developed theroy of ignitanility provides a formula to account for the transition form thick to thin thermal behaior, allowing specimens of finite thicknesses and a fuln range of test irradiances.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts for fire protection of passenger rail transportation vehicles: Past, present, and futureThis paper was prepared under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright. (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recent advances in passenger rail transportation, fire test methods, and hazard analysis necessitate re-examination of requirements for fire safety. Several studies have indicated nearly random ability of current bench-scale tests to predicts actual fire behavior. Fire safety in any application, including transportation, requires a multi-faceted approach. The effects of vehicle design, material selection, detection and suppression systems, and emergency egress and their interaction, on the overall fire safety of the passenger trains must all be considered. The strengths and weakness of current methods for measuring the fire performance of rail transportation systems are evaluated. A systems approach to fire safety which address typical passenger train fire scenatios is analyzed. A rationale is presented for the direction in which most fire science-oriented organizations in the world are clearly headed - the use of fire hazard and fire risk assessment methods supported by measurement methods based on heat release rate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190205
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190401
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat release and classification of fire retardant wood products (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparison is presented of cone calorimeter heat release data between fire retardant treated and untreated wood products. The test results show significant differences between these two groups. The parameters included in the comparison are time to ignition, rate of heat release (peak and average values) and total heat release. The wood-based products were also tested in different small-scale national standard fire tests and in the full-scale room fire test. Fire retardant wood products achieve an improved classification both in present national systems and in possible new systems based on the cone calorimeter and the room fire test.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190603
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specimen heat fluxes for bench-scale heat release rate testing (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: When a specimen is testd for its heat release rate (HRR) behaviour using a bench-scale such as ISO 5660 or equivalent, one very important test condition is not pre-standaridized and must be set: the heat flux to be imposed on the specimen by the heater. The heat flux cannot be ligitimately standardized, since the value appropriately to be used will differ according to purpose or application. The present paper sets forth the considerations which should govern the correct choice of heat flux. A discussion is given of minimum ignitiability level; statistical variability at low heat fluxes; the ranges of heat fluxes associated with small actual ignition sources; the heat fluxes associated with fires away from the ignition sources, all the way up to fully-involved room fires; the application of the product; and the needs associated with mathematical modeling of room fires. Correlational approaches are also illustrated and contrasted to physics-based ones. Finally, the empirical nature of the present situation is emphasized. Judged from first principles, it would appear that successful prediction of room fire results from bench-scale test data would require both the testing at a large number of different heat fluxes and the use of algorithms to permit time-dependent interpolation. Such algorithms have been proposed; however, some very successful predictions are noted with much simpler techniques.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190602
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on magnesium hydroxide in polypropylene using simultaneous TG-DSC (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simultaneous TG-DSC system (STA-625) has been used to investigate the suitability of using magnesium hydroxide (MH) as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in polypropylene (PP) formulations. Several MH/PP formulations were examined at differing concentrations. The presence of MH in the system greatly alters the thermal degradation character of PP. This work forms the first in a series of application notes using various Theometric Scientific Thermal Analysis instruments.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190607
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical prediction of fire spread over vegetation in aribitrary 3D terrain (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Forest fires involve a wide range of unknown variables, e.g. wind flow over complex terrain, atmospheric stability, vegetation burning characteristics, location and fuel type, etc. The main objective of the present work is to incorporate the Rothermel simplified combustible model into a 3D unsteady flow solver appropriated for convective atmospheric flows over complex terrain. The released combustion energy is taken into account in the enthalpy equation. The unsteady byouant plume strongly influences the local wind speed direction and magnitude. A speical interactive coupling procedure was developed that links the calculated location of fire front and fire energy release to the momentum and energy transport for each time step. The general computer algorithm includes several other features such as the effect-drag of trees on the momentum transport and the consequent modifications in the k and ε turbulence model employed. The results include the prediction of fire development in flat terrain and in a valley and over hills covered by vegetation. A parametric study was conducted to detect the influence of wind speed, vegetation and fuel content on burning area, burning speed and wind speed direction.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of flame flux in opposed-flow flame spread (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flame spread process is driven by the net heat flux to the specimen surface, including the flux from the flame itself. This flame flux is important since it comprises a major part of the driving force causing flame fluxes were obtained. The values which are reported do not appear consistent and show more deviation among materials than would be anticipated. The most common fire test used for obtaining engineering data on flame spread (ASTM E 1321) also is not formulated in terms of flame flux as a driving force. This motivated an experimental programme, whereby six materials have been studied using the flame spread geometry of the ASTM E 1321 test, but with additional instrumentation for recording heat fluxes. The flame fluxes obtained experimentally in this study show much less variation among materials than the comparable data from the literature survey.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190606
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral Fillers in Intumescent Fire Retardant Formulations  -  Criteria for the Choice of a Natural Clay Filler for the Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythritol/Polypropylene System (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Addition of natural clay materials in intumescent polypropylene-based formulations (additive: ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol) leads either to a decrease or to an increase of their fire retardant performances versus the chemical or the physical characteristics of the clay materials. A study of the factors affecting these performances has been carried out using linear and principal components analysis. This analysis shows that the results of the evaluation tests (LOI and UL 94) are affected in different ways by the adduct of the different clay material and that an increase in the LOI is not necessarily related to an increase in the UL 94 classification. LOI values are improved by the presence of the montmorillonite and of illite clay minerals which may react with acidic phosphate to form active carbonization catelysts, in addition, the results of the LOI test are improved by the presence of quartz and other foreign minerals in the clay materials. This study discusses the part played by the different constitutive minerals in the formation of defects in the polymer chain during the mixing process. It is proposed that the presence of these defects leads to a change in fire retardant performance.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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