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  • Articles  (81,627)
  • 1995-1999  (41,337)
  • 1985-1989  (24,783)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (81,627)
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  • Articles  (81,627)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pure high dose metal ion implantation using the plasma immersion technique (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4359-4361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: High energy implantation of metal ions can be carried out using conventional ion implantation with a mass-selected ion beam in scanned-spot mode by employing a broad-beam approach such as with a vacuum arc ion source, or by utilizing plasma immersion ion implantation with a metal plasma. For many high dose applications, the use of plasma immersion techniques offers a high-rate process, but the formation of a surface film along with the subsurface implanted layer is sometimes a severe or even fatal detriment. We describe here an operating mode of the metal plasma immersion approach by which pure implantation can be obtained. We have demonstrated the technique by carrying out Ti and Ta implantations at energies of about 80 and 120 keV for Ti and Ta, respectively, and doses on the order of 1×1017 ions/cm2. Our experiments show that virtually pure implantation without simultaneous surface deposition can be accomplished. Using proper synchronization of the metal arc and sample voltage pulse, the applied dose that deposits as a film versus the part that is energetically implanted (the deposition-to-implantation ratio) can be precisely controlled.© 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150094
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrahigh vacuum sputtering system with offset incidence magnetron sources onto a rotating substrate (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4362-4365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ultrahigh vacuum sputtering system with offset incidence magnetron sources has been designed and developed to deposit thin films and multilayers with excellent film thickness uniformity, precise control over layer thickness, and surface and interface roughness. The unique feature of the system is that the sputtering guns are aligned at 35° oblique incidence onto a rotating substrate with a 60 mm offset from the substrate center, which make full use of the best linearity of the plasma flux at the substrate, and therefore, deposit extremely uniform thin films. Other features include, computer-controlled deposition process, capability of heating the substrate to 1100 °C, and in situ monitoring of thin-film quality with reflection high-energy electron diffraction. The performance of the sputtering system is demonstrated, and a characterization of multilayers deposited by the system using a grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity and high resolution electron microscope is also presented. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150080
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A design of a nanometer size metal particle generator: Thermal decomposition of metal carbonyls (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4366-4369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a method which can produce both pure and alloy nanometer size metal particles in a large scale. This method combines a thermal decomposition of metal carbonyls with a collision induced clustering. Metal carbonyls are thermally decomposed with a hot filament and resultant bare metal atoms undergo collisions to produce nanometer size metal particles. This method requires a very simple experimental setup even though it is a high efficiency production method. Using this method, we have produced, high purity Fe, Mo, and alloy Fe/Mo nanometer size metal particles. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150081
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detectivity comparison between thin-film Pd/PVDF photopyroelectric interferometric and optical reflectance hydrogen sensors (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4370-4376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel dual photopyroelectric interference (PPEI)/optical reflectance (OR) solid-state hydrogen sensor system has been developed and demonstrated. Based on the recently developed PPE-interference technique and the variations of optical and electronic properties of Pd metal in the presence of hydrogen, simultaneous signal responses were obtained from a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin-film detector and an optical photodiode. The dual measurement of PPEI and OR channels provides not only a more reliable sensor system, but also a powerful tool to identify the operating mechanism(s) in the process of Pd/PVDF/hydrogen interaction. The experimental results show that the detectivity and the signal dynamic range of the PPEI method are much higher than those of the OR method due to the suppression of the large base-line signal and the signal noise. The comparison of PPEI and OR results reveals that both signals are mainly due to the same electronic mechanism. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150082
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 4 g, battery-powered, data logger accelerometer for free-flying birds (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4394-4397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This computer-controlled instrument has a battery life in excess of 16 h and fits on a circuit board that is 11.9 mm wide and 27.8 mm long. A programmable microcontroller digitizes the output of a single-axis accelerometer and stores up to 4096 acceleration values in memory. A personal computer can connect to the instrument and retrieve the data through a parallel port. The instrument can be calibrated on a small centrifuge, and the data have a linear relation to acceleration between 1 and 22 g (expandable to 50 g) with a resolution of 0.3 g. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150084
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A passive two-band sensor of sunlight-excited plant fluorescence (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4386-4393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed and built a passive remote sensor of sunlight-excited chlorophyll fluorescence (U.S. Patent No. 5,567,947, Oct. 22, 1996) which provides for the real-time, in situ sensing of photosynthetic activity in plants. This sensor, which operates as a Fraunhofer line discriminator, detects light at the cores of the lines comprising the atmospheric oxygen A and B bands, centered at 762 and 688 nm, respectively. These bands also correspond to wavelengths in the far-red and red chlorophyll fluorescence bands. The sensor is based on an induced fluorescence approach; as light collected from fluorescing plants is passed through a low-pressure cell containing oxygen, the oxygen absorbs the energy and subsequently reemits photons which are then detected by a photomultiplier tube. Since the oxygen in the cell absorbs light at the same wavelengths that have been strongly absorbed by the oxygen in the atmosphere, the response to incident sunlight is minimal. This mode of measurement is limited to target plants sufficiently close in range that the plants' fluorescence is not itself appreciably absorbed by atmospheric oxygen (∼200 m). In vivo measurements of fluorescence in the 760 and 690 nm bands of vegetation in full sunlight are also presented. Measurements of plant fluorescence at the single-plant canopy level were obtained from greenhouse-grown bean plants subjected to a range of nitrogen treatments. The ratio of the fluorescence obtained from the two measurement bands showed statistically significant variation with respect to nitrogen treatments. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150083
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An instrument for performing laser capture microdissection of single cells (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4377-4385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a new form of laser capture microdissection (LCM) optimized for isolating and concentrating single cells from a tissue slide for subsequent molecular analysis. In LCM an infrared laser diode is used together with a microscope to locally melt a thin film of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) placed in contact or close proximity to microscopically targeted cells. Since the desired cells adhere to the film where it has been melted, they are extracted from their adjacent tissue in the specimen when the film is separated from the slide. In our system the EVA is bonded to a cylindrical substrate resulting in a very small area of contact between the EVA and the slide which minimizes contamination to levels consistent with analyzing a few cells of a selected cell type. By collecting cells at different portions about the cylinder periphery, the novel geometry also allows the concentration of cells from different slides onto a single substrate, enabling very sensitive molecular analysis to be performed on collections of rare cells. A computer controlled mechanism gently lowers the cylinder to either contact the slide with a small preload force, or provide a minute gap between the cylinder and the tissue. In the latter noncontact mode, the possibility of stray contamination is further reduced since EVA/tissue contact is only made at the location of the laser beam at a minute spot. The mechanism also can rotate the cylinder to provide fresh EVA capture surface after it has raised the cylinder off the slide. A method of fabricating the required precision cylinders of EVA capture surface is described which uses a precision mold cavity and a reusable substrate made of polycarbonate and stainless steel. Results are presented for the preload and noncontact modes which demonstrate the capabilities of the system to capture and concentrate targeted single cells from a complex tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150043
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ac ohm meter for low-temperature thermometry (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 2365-2371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high accuracy, low excitation ohm meter optimized for cryogenic thermometry is described. While the instrument simply measures the ac voltage induced across a resistance thermometer for a fixed applied current, a number of design innovations were necessary in order to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio and absolute accuracy of greater than 10−4 with excitation voltages as low as 50 μV. Among these are a very high stability ac oscillator, a precision current source both stable and accurate with large capacitance loads, and an amplitude locked feedback loop to permit effective filtering of low level 60 Hz pickup. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149764
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental studies on a compact electron cyclotron resonance plasma x-ray source (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 2637-2645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A compact electron cyclotron resonance plasma x-ray source, which has a potential use for medical imaging is presented in this article. In this article, the experimental system and the characterization studies on plasma and x ray are presented. Using a Langmuir probe, the plasma parameters are measured for different magnetic field profiles and gas pressures. The x-ray spectrum is obtained for various gas pressures and magnetic field profiles. In the x-ray spectrum, the Bremstrahlung radiation, peaking at 20–60 keV is observed and the final energy of the x ray is extended up to ∼200 keV. Thermo luminescence dosimeter (CaSO4 sample) is used for estimating the dose at the port and these results are presented for typical x-ray spectra. Using a teletector, the dose at the port for various coil current is measured and these are compared with the estimated dose obtained from the x-ray spectrum. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149821
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid stub tuner for ion cyclotron heating (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 2665-2673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating on the large helical device (LHD) is characterized by high power (up to 12 MW) and steady state operation (30 min). The LHD is a helical device (with a major radius of 3.9 m and a minor radius of 0.6 m) with superconducting coil windings (l=2, m=10). The main purpose of physical research is to investigate currentless and disruption-free plasma. Research and development for steady state ICRF heating has been carried out in recent years: A high rf power transmission system consisting of stub tuners, a ceramic feedthrough, and an ion cyclotron heating loop antenna has been developed. In addition, steady state operation of a rf oscillator has been achieved at a power higher than 1 MW. A liquid stub tuner has been proposed as an innovation. The liquid stub tuner makes use of the difference between the rf wavelengths in liquid and in gas due to the different relative dielectric constants. The liquid stub tuner has been experimentally proved to be a reliable rf component for high power transmission systems. Test results have quantitatively demonstrated that it can be used at high rf voltage: 61 kV for 10 s and 50 kV for 30 min. Furthermore, the liquid surface can be shifted under high rf voltage without breakdown, which suggests that it can be employed as a feedback control impedance matching tool to keep reflected rf power at a low level with regard to a temporal variation of plasma loading resistance. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149826
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