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  • Computer Programming and Software  (1,145)
  • Man/System Technology and Life Support  (975)
  • 2000-2004  (2,120)
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  • 1
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    Monitoring space shuttle air quality using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory electronic nose (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A miniature electronic nose (ENose) has been designed and built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA, and was designed to detect, identify, and quantify ten common contaminants and relative humidity changes. The sensing array includes 32 sensing films made from polymer carbon-black composites. Event identification and quantification were done using the Levenberg-Marquart nonlinear least squares method. After successful ground training, this ENose was used in a demonstration experiment aboard STS-95 (October-November, 1998), in which the ENose was operated continuously for six days and recorded the sensors' response to the air in the mid-deck. Air samples were collected daily and analyzed independently after the flight. Changes in shuttle-cabin humidity were detected and quantified by the JPL ENose; neither the ENose nor the air samples detected any of the contaminants on the target list. The device is microgravity insensitive.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: IEEE Sens J (ISSN 1530-437X); Volume 4; 3; 337-47
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  • 2
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    Polymer-carbon black composite sensors in an electronic nose for air-quality monitoring (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An electronic nose that uses an array of 32 polymer-carbon black composite sensors has been developed, trained, and tested. By selecting a variety of chemical functionalities in the polymers used to make sensors, it is possible to construct an array capable of identifying and quantifying a broad range of target compounds, such as alcohols and aromatics, and distinguishing isomers and enantiomers (mirror-image isomers). A model of the interaction between target molecules and the polymer-carbon black composite sensors is under development to aid in selecting the array members and to enable identification of compounds with responses not stored in the analysis library.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: MRS bulletin / Materials Research Society (ISSN 0883-7694); Volume 29; 10; 714-9
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  • 3
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    Ethylene synthesis and sensitivity in crop plants (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Closed and semi-closed plant growth chambers have long been used in studies of plant and crop physiology. These studies include the measurement of photosynthesis and transpiration via photosynthetic gas exchange. Unfortunately, other gaseous products of plant metabolism can accumulate in these chambers and cause artifacts in the measurements. The most important of these gaseous byproducts is the plant hormone ethylene (C2H4). In spite of hundreds of manuscripts on ethylene, we still have a limited understanding of the synthesis rates throughout the plant life cycle. We also have a poor understanding of the sensitivity of intact, rapidly growing plants to ethylene. We know ethylene synthesis and sensitivity are influenced by both biotic and abiotic stresses, but such whole plant responses have not been accurately quantified. Here we present an overview of basic studies on ethylene synthesis and sensitivity.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN 0018-5345); Volume 39; 7; 1546-52
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  • 4
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    Adding Concrete Syntax to a Prolog-Based Program Synthesis System (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Program generation and transformation systems work on two language levels, the object-level (i e., the language of the manipulated programs), and the meta-level (i.e., the implementation language of the system itself). The meta-level representations of object-level program fragments are usually built in an essentially syntax-free fashion using the operations provided by the meta-language. However, syntax matters and a large conceptual distance between the two languages makes it difficult to maintain and extend such systems. Here we describe how an existing Prolog-based system can gradually be retrofitted with concrete object-level syntax, thus shrinking this distance.
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software
    Type: Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation: LOPSTER 2003, Revised
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  • 5
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    The MELISSA pilot plant facility as as integration test-bed for advanced life support systems (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The different advances in the Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative project (MELISSA), fostered and coordinated by the European Space Agency, as well as in other associated technologies, are integrated and demonstrated in the MELISSA Pilot Plant laboratory. During the first period of operation, the definition of the different compartments at an individual basis has been achieved, and the complete facility is being re-designed to face a new period of integration of all these compartments. The final objective is to demonstrate the potentiality of biological systems such as MELISSA as life support systems. The facility will also serve as a test bed to study the robustness and stability of the continuous operation of a complex biological system. This includes testing of the associated instrumentation and control for a safe operation, characterization of the chemical and microbial safety of the system, as well as tracking the genetic stability of the microbial strains used. The new period is envisaged as a contribution to the further development of more complete biological life support systems for long-term manned missions, that should be better defined from the knowledge to be gained from this integration phase. This contribution summarizes the current status of the Pilot Plant and the planned steps for the new period. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1483-93
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  • 6
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    The minimal cost of life in space (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The cost of keeping people alive in space is assessed from a theoretical viewpoint and using two actual designs for plant growth systems. While life support is theoretically not very demanding, our ability to implement life support is well below theoretical limits. A theoretical limit has been calculated from requirements and the state of the art for plant growth has been calculated using data from the BIO-Plex PDR and from the Cornell CEA prototype system. The very low efficiency of our current approaches results in a high mission impact, though we can still see how to get a significant reduction in cost of food when compared to supplying it from Earth. Seeing the distribution of costs should allow us to improve our current designs. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1502-8
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  • 7
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    Using explanatory crop models to develop simple tools for Advanced Life Support system studies (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: System-level analyses for Advanced Life Support require mathematical models for various processes, such as for biomass production and waste management, which would ideally be integrated into overall system models. Explanatory models (also referred to as mechanistic or process models) would provide the basis for a more robust system model, as these would be based on an understanding of specific processes. However, implementing such models at the system level may not always be practicable because of their complexity. For the area of biomass production, explanatory models were used to generate parameters and multivariable polynomial equations for basic models that are suitable for estimating the direction and magnitude of daily changes in canopy gas-exchange, harvest index, and production scheduling for both nominal and off-nominal growing conditions. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1528-38
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  • 8
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    Model implementation for dynamic computation of system cost for advanced life support (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Life support system designs for long-duration space missions have a multitude of requirements drivers, such as mission objectives, political considerations, cost, crew wellness, inherent mission attributes, as well as many other influences. Evaluation of requirements satisfaction can be difficult, particularly at an early stage of mission design. Because launch cost is a critical factor and relatively easy to quantify, it is a point of focus in early mission design. The method used to determine launch cost influences the accuracy of the estimate. This paper discusses the appropriateness of dynamic mission simulation in estimating the launch cost of a life support system. This paper also provides an abbreviated example of a dynamic simulation life support model and possible ways in which such a model might be utilized for design improvement. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1539-45
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  • 9
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    Engineering concepts for inflatable Mars surface greenhouses (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A major challenge of designing a bioregenerative life support system for Mars is the reduction of the mass, volume, power, thermal and crew-time requirements. Structural mass of the greenhouse could be saved by operating the greenhouse at low atmospheric pressure. This paper investigates the feasibility of this concept. The method of equivalent system mass is used to compare greenhouses operated at high atmospheric pressure to greenhouses operated at low pressure for three different lighting methods: natural, artificial and hybrid lighting. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1546-51
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  • 10
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    Evaluating and optimizing horticultural regimes in space plant growth facilities (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In designing innovative space plant growth facilities (SPGF) for long duration space flight, various limitations must be addressed including onboard resources: volume, energy consumption, heat transfer and crew labor expenditure. The required accuracy in evaluating on board resources by using the equivalent mass methodology and applying it to the design of such facilities is not precise. This is due to the uncertainty of the structure and not completely understanding the properties of all associated hardware, including the technology in these systems. We present a simple criteria of optimization for horticultural regimes in SPGF: Qmax = max [M x (EBI)2/(V x E x T], where M is the crop harvest in terms of total dry biomass in the plant growth system; EBI is the edible biomass index (harvest index), V is volume occupied by the crop; E is the crop light energy supply during growth; T is the crop growth duration. The criterion reflects directly on the consumption of onboard resources for crop production. c2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 34; 7; 1612-8
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