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  • biological control  (53)
  • Springer  (53)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 2000-2004  (53)
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Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (53)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ITS-2 sequences do not differ for the closely related species Trichogramma minutum and T. platneri (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003906503074
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development time and activity threshold of Trichogramma turkestanica on Ephestia kuehniella in relation to temperature (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 185-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma turkestanica ; Ephestia kuehniella ; development time ; activity threshold ; biological control ; flour mills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004069716921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host suitability, quality and host size preference of Leptomastix epona and Pseudaphycus flavidulus, two endoparasitoids of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni, and host size effect on parasitoid sex ratio and clutch size (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptomastix epona ; Pseudaphycus flavidulus ; Pseudococcus viburni ; host size ; suitability ; quality ; preference ; sex ratio ; clutch size ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five host size classes which mostly consisted of one host stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Fernald,1903  [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] were tested for susceptibility and suitability for the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona(Walker) Graham, 1969  and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) De Santis, 1964 [both of them Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] in no choice experiments. Hosts larger than 1  mm (third instar) were suitable for the development of the parasitoids. Choice experiments with all the host size classes offered simultaneously showed that L. epona and P. flavidulus are parasitoids of mainly larger hosts (〉1 mm, third instar nymphs) therefore the parasitoids exploit the same host range. In L. epona, a faster development and a larger size of wasps occurred in host size class 1.83–2.33 mm (young adult mealybugs) indicating a greater host quality compared to other sizes. Proportion of male offspring decreased with the host size following the host size distribution models. In P. flavidulus there was no effect of host quality (size at parasitism) on developmental time, sex ratio or parasitoid size and fecundity. Larger clutch sizes of P. flavidulus emerged from larger hosts but overall this parasitoid was able to parasitize smaller hosts (〈1 mm, second instar nymphs) compared to L. epona.Experience of oviposition for 24 h does not seem to affect host size preference or sex ratio of the offspring in L. epona. Implications of the findings for mass-rearing and single applications of the parasitoids for the purpose of a biological control programme are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004017700082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg production in response to combined alternative foods by the predator Coccinella transversalis (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid honeydew ; biological control ; Coccinellidae ; diet ; oviposition ; predation ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect predators may commit to reproduction to varying degrees depending on the nature of the prey they consume. I compared egg production by females of the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis (F.) (Coccinellidae) maintained on differing diets. As expected, females laid most eggs on a diet of aphids (pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum[Harris]). Upon being switched from a diet of aphids, females laid no eggs after the first 3 days when maintained on a water solution of sucrose, and laid almost no eggs when maintained on a diet of second-instar larvae of the moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, females laid eggs in small numbers (on average, 2.7 eggs per day) when provided both sucrose and Helicoverpa larvae. Females laid similar numbers of eggs when aphid honeydew was substituted for sucrose in combination with Helicoverpa larvae; in both cases, egg production was only 10–15% of that on a diet of aphids. The production of small numbers of eggs from consumption of non-aphid foods may enhance the ability of aphidophagous ladybirds to optimize their timing of reproduction at short-lived colonies of their preferred aphid prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003914509181
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life history comparison between two competitive Aleochara species in the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum: implications for their use in biological control (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleochara bilineata ; Aleochara bipustulata ; Delia radicum ; interspecific competition ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the efficacy of Aleochara bilineata Gyll and Aleochara bipustulata L. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as biological control agents against the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Biological and demographic characters are documented and comparisons made between the two species. The following results were obtained: (1) The reproductive potential and longevity of A. bipustulata females are significantly higher than those of A. bilineata. These differences are correlated with the biology and ecology of the hosts of both species. (2) Under laboratory conditions the rate of increase (rm) of both staphylinids species is significantly higher than that of the pest and their major competitor Trybliographa rapae West. (Hymenoptera:Figitidae). This may indicate that A. bilineata and A. bipustulata can be effective biological control agents. (3) Aleochara bilineata appears to be the most interesting biological control agent against D. radicum, because of its higher rate of increase, higher host specificity and host acceptance, and a development time which is well synchronised with that of its host. With its higher competitive ability, a population of A. bilineata may increase even if competition occurs. However, A. bipustulata presents interesting biocontrol characteristics, but the best strategy may be only to use the potential of its natural populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004009205480
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host-stage selection by Trybliographa rapae, a parasitoid of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trybliographa rapae ; Delia radicum ; parasitoid ; host-stage ; acceptance ; host quality ; preference ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Host-stage selection by Trybliographa rapae Westwood (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was studied in choice and no-choice experiments in the laboratory. The parasitoid was able to reproduce in first, second, and third instars of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), but oviposition occurred more frequently in third instars when all three developmental stages were offered simultaneously. Oviposition in third instars increased the rate of development of offspring and their body size, but did not alter sex ratio. Results are discussed in the light of predictions made by the theory of optimal host acceptance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004061126959
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual behaviour and population dynamics: lessons from aphid parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; biological control ; Nicholson–Bailey ; parasitoid ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to understand population level processes, the problem must be approached from a population biology perspective. A comprehensive understanding of certain behaviours will provide little towards our understanding of host-natural enemy interactions. For example, using an aphid-parasitoid model, we examined the effect that a commonly studied behaviour, variance in host selection by aphid parasitoids, has on aphid-parasitoid population dynamics. Differential host selection does not qualitatively alter classic Nicholson-Bailey dynamics, but only results in quantitative differences in aphid-parasitoid population sizes. Irrespective of the degree of aphid instar preference, a large increase in the number of aphids is followed by a large increase in the number of parasitoids, decimating the aphid population. Thus, studying some behaviours, such as variance in host selection, will not contribute substantially to an understanding of aphid-parasitoid population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004065423227
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf damage and prey type determine search effort in Orius tristicolor (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: foraging behaviour ; patch-time allocation ; rules-of-thumb ; biological control ; Orius ; Anthocoridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Components of search effort were determined for adult females of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., leaves with either western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) or twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey. In the absence of prey, females of O. tristicolor allocated significantly more search time to leaves damaged by western flower thrips than to leaves damaged by twospotted spider mites, artificially damaged leaves or undamaged leaves. In the presence of prey, search time increased with increasing amounts of leaf damage for both prey species, but was not affected by prey species. Amounts of leaf damage or type of prey did not affect giving-up-time. The proportion of predators that successfully located thrips increased with increasing amounts of thrips damage on leaves. Females of O. tristicolor appeared to follow some simple, behavioural rules-of-thumb for allocation of search effort. The presence and type of damage determined the initial effort allocated to searching a leaf. Subsequent effort was determined by successful capture of prey, regardless of species. The implications of these results for application of Orius spp. for biological control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004040210276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition behaviour, influence of experience on host size selection, and niche overlap of the solitary Leptomastix epona and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus, two endoparasitoids of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptomastix epona ; Pseudaphycus flavidulus ; Pseudococcus viburni ; oviposition behaviour ; host size selection ; experience ; developmental refuge ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition behaviour and host size selection of the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona(Walker) and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus(Brèthes) [both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] were examined on five size classes of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni(Signoret) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae]. The host size classes mostly consisted of one stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) and were presented together to wasps of either parasitoid species. Both parasitoid species locate the host by drumming the surface of the patch with the antennae. Leptomastix eponaseems to use mainly the antennae to examine the host but P. flavidulusmay accept or reject a host for oviposition after antennation or insertion of the ovipositor. Leptomastix eponaattempts oviposition in all the host stages from second instar nymphs but P. flavidulusincludes first instar. Both parasitoid species select mainly larger hosts (〉1 mm, third instar nymphs) to oviposit but P. flavidulusis able to parasitize more second instar nymphs compared to L. epona. Female wasps of L. eponamay host feed on small mealybugs (second and third instar nymphs) that they do not use for oviposition. Oviposition experience of either parasitoid species for 24 hours does not influence host size selection on patches with hosts of similar mixed sizes. Oviposition decisions are independent of the host sizes of the preceding ovipositions. Implications about stability of a single parasitoid – host system and the success of biological control of the mealybug were discussed in respect of the developmental refugia of the two parasitoid species. Niche overlap of the two parasitoid species was discussed with a view to giving an insight into a single or multiple introduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004136021317
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rearing of Prays citri on callus derived from lemon stigma and style culture (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: citrus flower moth ; organic agriculture ; Citrus limon ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new method for rearing the citrus flower moth (Prays citri Mill.) (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) on lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] callus is reported. In the present research callus (an undifferentiated mass of plant cells that can be grown under sterile conditions on an artificial medium in vitro) was induced from lemon stigma and style explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 500 mg l−1 malt extract, 13.3 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, and 146 mM sucrose. Also somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were obtained from the cultures of styles and stigmas of lemon. Adults were obtained from larvae on infested flowers collected in the field. Different oviposition substrates were used: white oval pearls (WOP), black oval pearls (BOP), rooted shoots (RS) of lemon obtained in vitro, and artificial flowers containing lemon callus (AF). Larvae were reared on lemon callus. Adults oviposited on RS, on WOP, and on AF. BOP were rejected as oviposition substrates. The flower moth reared on callus oviposited fertile eggs. In our tests P. citri completed three generations on callus or on callus plus shoots. In the latter case the larvae preferred callus and fed on shoots only after callus was completely eaten. The life cycle on callus at 23 ± 1 °C lasted about 21 days. There were significant differences between oviposition substrates for what concerns the number of eggs laid. It was observed that females generally preferred WOP (about 25 eggs/female) to AF (about 20 eggs/female) or RS (about 12 eggs/female) as oviposition substrate. Nevertheless the percentage of eggs that developed into adults was higher when AF sealed with stretched Parafilm were used (about 70% of eggs developed into adults). The method of rearing P. citri with AF was labour-saving and the feeding substrate (callus) had less tendency to become mouldy or decompose than when WOP and RS were used. Since such a diet is available for the insect all year round and callus can be produced in unlimited quantity, it could be possible to obtain a mass production of this moth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004020310036
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