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  • Animals  (4,137)
  • United States  (1,321)
  • 2000-2004  (5,208)
  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Childress, James F -- Taylor, Michael R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2191; author reply 2191.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15622559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Ethics Committees, Research ; *Ethics, Research ; *Government Regulation ; Human Experimentation/*ethics/standards ; Humans ; *Research Subjects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, Geoffrey E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. ghill@acesag.auburn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry/growth & development ; Female ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2172.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Dogs/*anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development ; Genetic Variation ; Hindlimb ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics ; Nose/anatomy & histology ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; *Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Toes/anatomy & histology ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leshner, Alan I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; *Financing, Government ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Research Personnel ; *Science/education ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: In the developing brain, transcription factors (TFs) direct the formation of a diverse array of neurons and glia. We identifed 1445 putative TFs in the mouse genome. We used in situ hybridization to map the expression of over 1000 of these TFs and TF-coregulator genes in the brains of developing mice. We found that 349 of these genes showed restricted expression patterns that were adequate to describe the anatomical organization of the brain. We provide a comprehensive inventory of murine TFs and their expression patterns in a searchable brain atlas database.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, Paul A -- Fu, Hui -- Luo, Ping -- Zhao, Qing -- Yu, Jing -- Ferrari, Annette -- Tenzen, Toyoaki -- Yuk, Dong-In -- Tsung, Eric F -- Cai, Zhaohui -- Alberta, John A -- Cheng, Le-Ping -- Liu, Yang -- Stenman, Jan M -- Valerius, M Todd -- Billings, Nathan -- Kim, Haesun A -- Greenberg, Michael E -- McMahon, Andrew P -- Rowitch, David H -- Stiles, Charles D -- Ma, Qiufu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain/anatomy & histology/embryology/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Corpus Striatum/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; DNA Primers ; Databases, Factual ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genome ; Hypothalamus/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mesencephalon/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Mice ; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhombencephalon/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Spinal Cord/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Thalamus/anatomy & histology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Diving mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and humans develop dysbaric osteonecrosis from end-artery nitrogen embolism ("the bends") in certain bones. Sixteen sperm whales from calves to large adults showed a size-related development of osteonecrosis in chevron and rib bone articulations, deltoid crests, and nasal bones. Occurrence in animals from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans over 111 years made a pathophysiological diagnosis of dysbarism most likely. Decompression avoidance therefore may constrain diving behavior. This suggests why some deep-diving mammals show periodic shallow-depth activity and why gas emboli are found in animals driven to surface precipitously by acoustic stressors such as mid-frequency sonar systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Michael J -- Early, Greg A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. mmoore@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Body Size ; Bone Density ; Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones/*pathology ; Decompression Sickness/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; *Diving ; Female ; Male ; Osteonecrosis/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Pacific Ocean ; *Whales/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2170.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Commerce/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Publishing/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2170.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control ; Celecoxib ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Colonic Polyps/drug therapy/prevention & control ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/chemically induced ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pyrazoles/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Stroke/chemically induced ; Sulfonamides/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; United States
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Extinction may alter competitive interactions among surviving species, affecting their subsequent recovery and evolution, but these processes remain poorly understood. Analysis of predation traces produced by shell-drilling muricid snails on bivalve prey reveals that species interactions were substantially different before and after a Plio-Pleistocene mass extinction in the western Atlantic. Muricids edge- and wall-drilled their prey in the Pliocene, but Pleistocene and Recent snails attacked prey only through the shell wall. Experiments with living animals suggest that intense competition induces muricid snails to attack shell edges. Pliocene predators, therefore, probably competed for resources more intensely than their post-extinction counterparts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dietl, Gregory P -- Herbert, Gregory S -- Vermeij, Geerat J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2229-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fossils ; *Mollusca ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Snails/*physiology ; Time
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Toward the end of the breeding season, migratory songbirds face crucial tradeoffs between the timing of reproduction, molt, and migration. Using stable hydrogen isotopes, we show that male American redstarts investing in high levels of reproduction late in the season adopt a unique strategy of combining molt and migration. Tail feathers molted during migration also reflect less orange-red light, indicating reduced carotenoid concentration. Thus, we show how reproduction in a migratory animal can influence both life history strategies (location of molt) and social signals (feather color) during subsequent periods of the annual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norris, D Ryan -- Marra, Peter P -- Montgomerie, Robert -- Kyser, T Kurt -- Ratcliffe, Laurene M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2249-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ryann@biology.queensu.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Breeding ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry ; Female ; Hydrogen/analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; *Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: The ablation of the protein kinase Raf-1 renders cells hypersensitive to apoptosis despite normal regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, which suggests that apoptosis protection is mediated by a distinct pathway. We used proteomic analysis of Raf-1 signaling complexes to show that Raf-1 counteracts apoptosis by suppressing the activation of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase (MST2). Raf-1 prevents dimerization and phosphorylation of the activation loop of MST2 independently of its protein kinase activity. Depletion of MST2 from Raf-1-/- mouse or human cells abrogated sensitivity to apoptosis, whereas overexpression of MST2 induced apoptosis. Conversely, depletion of Raf-1 from Raf-1+/+ mouse or human cells led to MST2 activation and apoptosis. The concomitant depletion of both Raf-1 and MST2 prevented apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Neill, Eric -- Rushworth, Linda -- Baccarini, Manuela -- Kolch, Walter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2267-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; COS Cells ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dimerization ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteomics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Signal Transduction ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Transfection
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2174-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bioethical Issues ; Blastocyst ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cloning, Organism ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology/physiology ; *Ethics, Research ; Female ; Humans ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes/physiology ; Parthenogenesis ; Patents as Topic ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Research Embryo Creation ; Stem Cell Transplantation
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: beta-arrestins are multifunctional proteins that act as scaffolds and transducers of intracellular signals from heptahelical transmembrane-spanning receptors (7TMR). Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which uses the putative 7TMR, Smoothened, is established as a fundamental pathway in development, and unregulated Hh signaling is associated with certain malignancies. Here, we show that the functional knockdown of beta-arrestin 2 in zebrafish embryos recapitulates the many phenotypes of Hh pathway mutants. Expression of wild-type beta-arrestin 2, or constitutive activation of the Hh pathway downstream of Smoothened, rescues the phenotypes caused by beta-arrestin 2 deficiency. These results suggest that a functional interaction between beta-arrestin 2 and Smoothened may be critical to regulate Hh signaling in zebrafish development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilbanks, Alyson M -- Fralish, Gregory B -- Kirby, Margaret L -- Barak, Larry S -- Li, Yin-Xiong -- Caron, Marc G -- GM069086-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL36059/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL61365/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS19576/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2264-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Center for Models of Human Disease, Institute for Genome Science and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Muscle Cells/cytology ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics/physiology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2178-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Disaster Planning ; *Disasters ; Japan ; Mexico ; Taiwan ; United States
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2177-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; *Containment of Biohazards/standards ; Developing Countries ; Financing, Government ; *Government Regulation ; *International Cooperation ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; *Security Measures ; United States ; *Viruses/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: P-type ATPases extract energy by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in two steps, formation and breakdown of a covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate. This process drives active transport and countertransport of the cation pumps. We have determined the crystal structure of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase in complex with aluminum fluoride, which mimics the transition state of hydrolysis of the counterion-bound (protonated) phosphoenzyme. On the basis of structural analysis and biochemical data, we find this form to represent an occluded state of the proton counterions. Hydrolysis is catalyzed by the conserved Thr-Gly-Glu-Ser motif, and it exploits an associative nucleophilic reaction mechanism of the same type as phosphoryl transfer from ATP. On this basis, we propose a general mechanism of occluded transition states of Ca2+ transport and H+ countertransport coupled to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olesen, Claus -- Sorensen, Thomas Lykke-Moller -- Nielsen, Rikke Christina -- Moller, Jesper Vuust -- Nissen, Poul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2251-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Aluminum Compounds/chemistry ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport, Active ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Fluorides/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Ion Transport ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Protons ; Rabbits ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/enzymology ; Thapsigargin ; Thermodynamics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2168-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Nevirapine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Uganda ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Hair graying is the most obvious sign of aging in humans, yet its mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we used melanocyte-tagged transgenic mice and aging human hair follicles to demonstrate that hair graying is caused by defective self-maintenance of melanocyte stem cells. This process is accelerated dramatically with Bcl2 deficiency, which causes selective apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells, but not of differentiated melanocytes, within the niche at their entry into the dormant state. Furthermore, physiologic aging of melanocyte stem cells was associated with ectopic pigmentation or differentiation within the niche, a process accelerated by mutation of the melanocyte master transcriptional regulator Mitf.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishimura, Emi K -- Granter, Scott R -- Fisher, David E -- AR43369/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):720-4. Epub 2004 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. emi_k_nishimura@yahoo.co.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Shape ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Hair Color ; Hair Follicle/cytology/*physiology ; Humans ; Melanins/biosynthesis ; Melanocytes/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor ; Middle Aged ; Morphogenesis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Vibrissae/cytology/physiology
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: World food demand is expected to more than double by 2050. Decisions about how to meet this challenge will have profound effects on wild species and habitats. We show that farming is already the greatest extinction threat to birds (the best known taxon), and its adverse impacts look set to increase, especially in developing countries. Two competing solutions have been proposed: wildlife-friendly farming (which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but may decrease agricultural yields) and land sparing (which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield). We present a model that identifies how to resolve the trade-off between these approaches. This shows that the best type of farming for species persistence depends on the demand for agricultural products and on how the population densities of different species on farmland change with agricultural yield. Empirical data on such density-yield functions are sparse, but evidence from a range of taxa in developing countries suggests that high-yield farming may allow more species to persist.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Rhys E -- Cornell, Stephen J -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Balmford, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):550-5. Epub 2004 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. reg29@hermes.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Trees
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okeke, Iruka N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2039-40; author reply 2039-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Antimalarials/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asia ; Communicable Disease Control/*methods ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/*parasitology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Mass Screening ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects ; Pyrimethamine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Travel
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beutler, Ernest -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. beutler@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Enterocytes/metabolism ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hemochromatosis/genetics ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Hepcidins ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics ; Homeostasis ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 1/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 2/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxygen/physiology ; Response Elements ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data ; Forecasting ; *Global Health ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/*mortality/transmission/virology ; Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity ; United States ; Virulence ; *World Health Organization
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The inositol pyrophosphates IP7 and IP8 contain highly energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Although implicated in various biologic functions, their molecular sites of action have not been clarified. Using radiolabeled IP7, we detected phosphorylation of multiple eukaryotic proteins. We also observed phosphorylation of endogenous proteins by endogenous IP7 in yeast. Phosphorylation by IP7 is nonenzymatic and may represent a novel intracellular signaling mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saiardi, Adolfo -- Bhandari, Rashna -- Resnick, Adam C -- Snowman, Adele M -- Snyder, Solomon H -- DA00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH068830-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2101-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: Olig1 and Olig2 are closely related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that are expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Olig2 is necessary for the specification of oligodendrocytes, but the biological functions of Olig1 during oligodendrocyte lineage development are poorly understood. We show here that Olig1 function in mice is required not to develop the brain but to repair it. Specifically, we demonstrate a genetic requirement for Olig1 in repairing the types of lesions that occur in patients with multiple sclerosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnett, Heather A -- Fancy, Stephen P J -- Alberta, John A -- Zhao, Chao -- Plant, Sheila R -- Kaing, Sovann -- Raine, Cedric S -- Rowitch, David H -- Franklin, Robin J M -- Stiles, Charles D -- 689/Multiple Sclerosis Society/United Kingdom -- NS08952/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS11920/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS4051/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2111-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Brain/growth & development/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cuprizone/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Demyelinating Diseases/*physiopathology ; Ethidium/pharmacology ; Humans ; Lysophosphatidylcholines/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology ; Myelin Sheath/*physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Oligodendroglia/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord/growth & development/*physiology ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hug, Christopher -- Lodish, Harvey F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):366-7. Epub 2004 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cytokines/blood/genetics/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Molecular Mimicry ; Muscle Cells/metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Viscera
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2015.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia ; Europe ; *Politics ; *Research Personnel ; *Science ; United States
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brune, Martin -- Brune-Cohrs, Ute -- McGrew, William C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/*psychology ; Ape Diseases/drug therapy/*psychology ; Behavior, Animal ; Mental Disorders/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*therapeutic use ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2019.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 21st Century ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services/*organization & administration
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2012.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Biological Warfare ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Information Dissemination ; Mars ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Publishing ; *Science ; Security Measures
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Jared -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2047-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geography Department, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; *Body Size ; Body Weight ; Dwarfism ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Time
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Intergenic ; Genome ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Public Health ; *Science ; Water/chemistry
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: Nutrient availability regulates life-span in a wide range of organisms. We demonstrate that in mammalian cells, acute nutrient withdrawal simultaneously augments expression of the SIRT1 deacetylase and activates the Forkhead transcription factor Foxo3a. Knockdown of Foxo3a expression inhibited the starvation-induced increase in SIRT1 expression. Stimulation of SIRT1 transcription by Foxo3a was mediated through two p53 binding sites present in the SIRT1 promoter, and a nutrient-sensitive physical interaction was observed between Foxo3a and p53. SIRT1 expression was not induced in starved p53-deficient mice. Thus, in mammalian cells, p53, Foxo3a, and SIRT1, three proteins separately implicated in aging, constitute a nutrient-sensing pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemoto, Shino -- Fergusson, Maria M -- Finkel, Toren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, p53 ; Glucose ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; PC12 Cells ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Serum ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Starvation ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) posttranscriptionally regulate expression of transferrin receptor, ferritin, and other iron metabolism proteins. Although both IRPs can regulate expression of the same target genes, IRP2-/- mice significantly misregulate iron metabolism and develop neurodegeneration, whereas IRP1-/- mice are spared. We found that IRP2-/- cells misregulated iron metabolism when cultured in 3 to 6% oxygen, which is comparable to physiological tissue concentrations, but not in 21% oxygen, a concentration that activated IRP1 and allowed it to substitute for IRP2. Thus, IRP2 dominates regulation of mammalian iron homeostasis because it alone registers iron concentrations and modulates its RNA-binding activity at physiological oxygen tensions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyron-Holtz, Esther G -- Ghosh, Manik C -- Rouault, Tracey A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2087-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Ferritins/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Homeostasis ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 1/genetics/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 2/genetics/*metabolism ; Lymphocytes/*metabolism ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Mice ; Oxidants/metabolism ; Oxygen/*physiology ; RNA/metabolism ; Receptors, Transferrin/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Response Elements ; Spleen/cytology
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stivers, James T -- GM56834-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056834/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2042; author reply 2042.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jstivers@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/enzymology/immunology/*physiology ; Catalysis ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Glycosylases/*metabolism ; DNA Repair ; Humans ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Mice ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Uracil/metabolism ; Uracil-DNA Glycosidase ; Viral Proteins/metabolism
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rhoten, Diana -- Parker, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2046.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Social Science Research Council, New York, NY 10019, USA. rhoten@ssrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Mobility ; Data Collection ; *Education, Graduate ; Faculty ; *Research/education ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Asia/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/prevention & control/*virology ; Poultry ; Vaccination/veterinary ; World Health Organization
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoshi, Toshinori -- Lahiri, Sukhamay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2050-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. hoshi@hoshi.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Monoxide/*metabolism ; Carotid Body/*cytology/*physiology ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Heme/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/genetics/*metabolism ; Hemeproteins/metabolism ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Membrane Potentials ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; NADP/pharmacology ; NADPH Oxidase/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*physiology ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Proteomics ; RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: Fat tissue produces a variety of secreted proteins (adipocytokines) with important roles in metabolism. We isolated a newly identified adipocytokine, visfatin, that is highly enriched in the visceral fat of both humans and mice and whose expression level in plasma increases during the development of obesity. Visfatin corresponds to a protein identified previously as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), a 52-kilodalton cytokine expressed in lymphocytes. Visfatin exerted insulin-mimetic effects in cultured cells and lowered plasma glucose levels in mice. Mice heterozygous for a targeted mutation in the visfatin gene had modestly higher levels of plasma glucose relative to wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, visfatin binds to and activates the insulin receptor. Further study of visfatin's physiological role may lead to new insights into glucose homeostasis and/or new therapies for metabolic disorders such as diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fukuhara, Atsunori -- Matsuda, Morihiro -- Nishizawa, Masako -- Segawa, Katsumori -- Tanaka, Masaki -- Kishimoto, Kae -- Matsuki, Yasushi -- Murakami, Mirei -- Ichisaka, Tomoko -- Murakami, Hiroko -- Watanabe, Eijiro -- Takagi, Toshiyuki -- Akiyoshi, Megumi -- Ohtsubo, Tsuguteru -- Kihara, Shinji -- Yamashita, Shizuya -- Makishima, Makoto -- Funahashi, Tohru -- Yamanaka, Shinya -- Hiramatsu, Ryuji -- Matsuzawa, Yuji -- Shimomura, Iichiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):426-30. Epub 2004 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine and Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Organismal Biosystems, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines/blood/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Insulin/blood/*metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Molecular Mimicry ; Muscle Cells/metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Phosphorylation ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Viscera
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stein, Zena -- Susser, Mervyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1890; author reply 1890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15597431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Condoms ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patient Selection ; Placebos ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*ethics ; United States
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corkeron, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1891-2; author reply 1891-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15597432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Norway ; Population Density ; Public Policy ; *Seals, Earless ; *Whales
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: The current understanding of how birds fly must be revised, because birds use their hand-wings in an unconventional way to generate lift and drag. Physical models of a common swift wing in gliding posture with a 60 degrees sweep of the sharp hand-wing leading edge were tested in a water tunnel. Interactions with the flow were measured quantitatively with digital particle image velocimetry at Reynolds numbers realistic for the gliding flight of a swift between 3750 and 37,500. The results show that gliding swifts can generate stable leading-edge vortices at small (5 degrees to 10 degrees) angles of attack. We suggest that the flow around the arm-wings of most birds can remain conventionally attached, whereas the swept-back hand-wings generate lift with leading-edge vortices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Videler, J J -- Stamhuis, E J -- Povel, G D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1960-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Biology (Experimental Marine Zoology Group), Groningen University, Post Office Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, Netherlands. j.j.videler@biol.rug.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Models, Anatomic ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1884-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fishes ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Rivers ; *Snails ; Water Movements
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Mammalian oocytes are held in prophase arrest by an unknown signal from the surrounding somatic cells. Here we show that the orphan Gs-linked receptor GPR3, which is localized in the oocyte, maintains this arrest. Oocytes from Gpr3 knockout mice resume meiosis within antral follicles, independently of an increase in luteinizing hormone, and this phenotype can be reversed by injection of Gpr3 RNA into the oocytes. Thus, the GPR3 receptor is a link in communication between the somatic cells and oocyte of the ovarian follicle and is crucial for the regulation of meiosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehlmann, Lisa M -- Saeki, Yoshinaga -- Tanaka, Shigeru -- Brennan, Thomas J -- Evsikov, Alexei V -- Pendola, Frank L -- Knowles, Barbara B -- Eppig, John J -- Jaffe, Laurinda A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1947-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center (UCHC), Farmington, CT 06032, USA. lmehlmann@neuron.uchc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics/metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Granulosa Cells/physiology ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism ; *Meiosis ; Metaphase ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitosis ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Ovarian Follicle/*physiology ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics/*physiology ; Versicans
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Prejudice ; United States ; *Women
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Przyborski, Jude -- Lanzer, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1897-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Parasitology, Universitatsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/parasitology ; Humans ; Plasmodium/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Vacuoles/metabolism/parasitology
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, Ulrike K -- Lentink, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1899-900.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Zoology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. ulrike.muller@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Models, Anatomic ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renner, Rebecca -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; Caprylates/analysis/chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/toxicity ; Fluorocarbons/*analysis/chemistry/toxicity ; Humans ; Surface-Active Agents/*analysis/chemistry/toxicity ; Trichloroethanes/analysis/chemistry ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Volatilization
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmed, Serge H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1901-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR 5541, Universite Victor-Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France. sahmed@lnpb.u-bordeaux2.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology/psychology ; Computer Simulation ; Cues ; Dopamine/physiology ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Learning ; *Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; Neurons/physiology ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Discussions of the evolution of intelligence have focused on monkeys and apes because of their close evolutionary relationship to humans. Other large-brained social animals, such as corvids, also understand their physical and social worlds. Here we review recent studies of tool manufacture, mental time travel, and social cognition in corvids, and suggest that complex cognition depends on a "tool kit" consisting of causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination, and prospection. Because corvids and apes share these cognitive tools, we argue that complex cognitive abilities evolved multiple times in distantly related species with vastly different brain structures in order to solve similar socioecological problems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Emery, Nathan J -- Clayton, Nicola S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1903-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, CB3 8AA, UK. nje23@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Cognition ; *Crows/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Imagination ; *Intelligence ; Memory ; Social Behavior
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808281/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808281/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zerhouni, Elias A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1895.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Copyright ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Financing, Government ; *Information Dissemination ; Internet ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Peer Review, Research ; Periodicals as Topic ; *Public Policy ; *Publishing ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Malaria parasites secrete proteins across the vacuolar membrane into the erythrocyte, inducing modifications linked to disease and parasite survival. We identified an 11-amino acid signal required for the secretion of proteins from the Plasmodium falciparum vacuole to the human erythrocyte. Bioinformatics predicted a secretome of 〉320 proteins and conservation of the signal across parasite species. Functional studies indicated the predictive value of the signal and its role in targeting virulence proteins to the erythrocyte and implicated its recognition by a receptor/transporter. Erythrocyte modification by the parasite may involve plasmodial heat shock proteins and be vastly more complex than hitherto realized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hiller, N Luisa -- Bhattacharjee, Souvik -- van Ooij, Christiaan -- Liolios, Konstantinos -- Harrison, Travis -- Lopez-Estrano, Carlos -- Haldar, Kasturi -- AI39071/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL69630/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1934-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/*metabolism/parasitology ; Genes, Protozoan ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/*pathogenicity ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transgenes ; Vacuoles/metabolism/parasitology ; Virulence Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Ya-Ping -- He, Shigang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *International Cooperation ; *Research ; *Research Personnel ; *Travel ; United States
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1878.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591176" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Behavioral Research ; Financing, Government ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/organization & administration ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Social Sciences ; United States
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Body Burden ; Diet ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/toxicity ; Female ; Fishes ; Humans ; Male ; Pesticides/*analysis/toxicity ; Population Groups ; Russia
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: We report a draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori), covering 90.9% of all known silkworm genes. Our estimated gene count is 18,510, which exceeds the 13,379 genes reported for Drosophila melanogaster. Comparative analyses to fruitfly, mosquito, spider, and butterfly reveal both similarities and differences in gene content.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xia, Qingyou -- Zhou, Zeyang -- Lu, Cheng -- Cheng, Daojun -- Dai, Fangyin -- Li, Bin -- Zhao, Ping -- Zha, Xingfu -- Cheng, Tingcai -- Chai, Chunli -- Pan, Guoqing -- Xu, Jinshan -- Liu, Chun -- Lin, Ying -- Qian, Jifeng -- Hou, Yong -- Wu, Zhengli -- Li, Guanrong -- Pan, Minhui -- Li, Chunfeng -- Shen, Yihong -- Lan, Xiqian -- Yuan, Lianwei -- Li, Tian -- Xu, Hanfu -- Yang, Guangwei -- Wan, Yongji -- Zhu, Yong -- Yu, Maode -- Shen, Weide -- Wu, Dayang -- Xiang, Zhonghuai -- Yu, Jun -- Wang, Jun -- Li, Ruiqiang -- Shi, Jianping -- Li, Heng -- Li, Guangyuan -- Su, Jianning -- Wang, Xiaoling -- Li, Guoqing -- Zhang, Zengjin -- Wu, Qingfa -- Li, Jun -- Zhang, Qingpeng -- Wei, Ning -- Xu, Jianzhe -- Sun, Haibo -- Dong, Le -- Liu, Dongyuan -- Zhao, Shengli -- Zhao, Xiaolan -- Meng, Qingshun -- Lan, Fengdi -- Huang, Xiangang -- Li, Yuanzhe -- Fang, Lin -- Li, Changfeng -- Li, Dawei -- Sun, Yongqiao -- Zhang, Zhenpeng -- Yang, Zheng -- Huang, Yanqing -- Xi, Yan -- Qi, Qiuhui -- He, Dandan -- Huang, Haiyan -- Zhang, Xiaowei -- Wang, Zhiqiang -- Li, Wenjie -- Cao, Yuzhu -- Yu, Yingpu -- Yu, Hong -- Li, Jinhong -- Ye, Jiehua -- Chen, Huan -- Zhou, Yan -- Liu, Bin -- Wang, Jing -- Ye, Jia -- Ji, Hai -- Li, Shengting -- Ni, Peixiang -- Zhang, Jianguo -- Zhang, Yong -- Zheng, Hongkun -- Mao, Bingyu -- Wang, Wen -- Ye, Chen -- Li, Songgang -- Wang, Jian -- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu -- Yang, Huanming -- Biology Analysis Group -- 1 P50 HG02351/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1937-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing Beibei, 400716, China. xiaqy@swau.cq.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Bombyx/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Butterflies/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Insect Hormones/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sex Determination Processes ; Spiders/genetics ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: The incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing substantially on a worldwide basis over the past decade, but no tuberculosis-specific drugs have been discovered in 40 years. We identified a diarylquinoline, R207910, that potently inhibits both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.06 mug/ml). In mice, R207910 exceeded the bactericidal activities of isoniazid and rifampin by at least 1 log unit. Substitution of drugs included in the World Health Organization's first-line tuberculosis treatment regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide) with R207910 accelerated bactericidal activity, leading to complete culture conversion after 2 months of treatment in some combinations. A single dose of R207910 inhibited mycobacterial growth for 1 week. Plasma levels associated with efficacy in mice were well tolerated in healthy human volunteers. Mutants selected in vitro suggest that the drug targets the proton pump of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andries, Koen -- Verhasselt, Peter -- Guillemont, Jerome -- Gohlmann, Hinrich W H -- Neefs, Jean-Marc -- Winkler, Hans -- Van Gestel, Jef -- Timmerman, Philip -- Zhu, Min -- Lee, Ennis -- Williams, Peter -- de Chaffoy, Didier -- Huitric, Emma -- Hoffner, Sven -- Cambau, Emmanuelle -- Truffot-Pernot, Chantal -- Lounis, Nacer -- Jarlier, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):223-7. Epub 2004 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium. kandries@prdbe.jnj.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antitubercular Agents/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Diarylquinolines ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Point Mutation ; Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; Quinolines/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy/microbiology
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: CD4+ T cells classically recognize antigens that are endocytosed and processed in lysosomes for presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Here, endogenous Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) was found to gain access to this pathway by autophagy. On inhibition of lysosomal acidification, EBNA1, the dominant CD4+ T cell antigen of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection, slowly accumulated in cytosolic autophagosomes. In addition, inhibition of autophagy decreased recognition by EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cell clones. Thus, lysosomal processing after autophagy may contribute to MHC class II-restricted surveillance of long-lived endogenous antigens including nuclear proteins relevant to disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paludan, Casper -- Schmid, Dorothee -- Landthaler, Markus -- Vockerodt, Martina -- Kube, Dieter -- Tuschl, Thomas -- Munz, Christian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):593-6. Epub 2004 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; *Autophagy ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chloroquine/pharmacology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lysosomes/immunology/metabolism ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Phagosomes/immunology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1883.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; *Child Welfare ; Environment ; *Health Status ; Humans ; *Longitudinal Studies ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patient Selection ; Pilot Projects ; Research Support as Topic ; Sampling Studies ; United States
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1876.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591173" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Health Policy ; History, 21st Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services/*organization & administration
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1878-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Beta Rhythm ; Brain/*physiology ; Electrodes ; *Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Software ; Spinal Cord Injuries/rehabilitation ; *User-Computer Interface
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Wild capuchin monkeys inhabiting dry forest were found to customarily use tools as part of their extractive foraging techniques. Tools consisted of twigs and sticks, often modified, which were used to probe for insects and, most frequently, of stones of a variety of sizes and shapes used for cracking and digging. The use of tools for digging has been thought to be restricted to humans. These monkeys, living in a harsh dry habitat, survive food limitation and foraging time constraints through their extensive tool use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moura, A C de A -- Lee, P C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EU, UK. acdam2@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Behavior, Animal ; Brazil ; Cebus/*psychology ; Environment ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food ; Trees
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1879.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Agriculture ; Budgets ; Peer Review, Research ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence ; *United States Government Agencies
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Addictive drugs have been hypothesized to access the same neurophysiological mechanisms as natural learning systems. These natural learning systems can be modeled through temporal-difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), which requires a reward-error signal that has been hypothesized to be carried by dopamine. TDRL learns to predict reward by driving that reward-error signal to zero. By adding a noncompensable drug-induced dopamine increase to a TDRL model, a computational model of addiction is constructed that over-selects actions leading to drug receipt. The model provides an explanation for important aspects of the addiction literature and provides a theoretic view-point with which to address other aspects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redish, A David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1944-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. redish@ahc.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology/psychology ; Computer Simulation ; Cues ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Mathematics ; *Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; Neurons/physiology ; Probability ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1880-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Grasshoppers ; *Insect Control ; Insecticides ; Population Dynamics ; Rain
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1881.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Desert Climate ; Genes, Insect ; Grasshoppers/anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology ; Population Density ; Rain
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1872.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis ; Animals ; Antitubercular Agents/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diarylquinolines ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Mice ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; Quinolines/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis/*drug therapy/microbiology
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: To establish infection in the host, malaria parasites export remodeling and virulence proteins into the erythrocyte. These proteins can traverse a series of membranes, including the parasite membrane, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and the erythrocyte membrane. We show that a conserved pentameric sequence plays a central role in protein export into the host cell and predict the exported proteome in Plasmodium falciparum. We identified 400 putative erythrocyte-targeted proteins corresponding to approximately 8% of all predicted genes, with 225 virulence proteins and a further 160 proteins likely to be involved in remodeling of the host erythrocyte. The conservation of this signal across Plasmodium species has implications for the development of new antimalarials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marti, Matthias -- Good, Robert T -- Rug, Melanie -- Knuepfer, Ellen -- Cowman, Alan F -- R01-A144008-04A1/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1930-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Protozoan ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Plasmodium/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/*pathogenicity ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Vacuoles/metabolism/parasitology ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: The thymus gives rise to two T cell lineages, alphabeta and gammadelta, that are thought to develop independently of one another. Hence, double positive (DP) thymocytes expressing CD4 and CD8 coreceptors are usually viewed simply as progenitors of CD4+ and CD8+ alphabeta T cells. Instead we report that DP cells regulate the differentiation of early thymocyte progenitors and gammadelta cells, by a mechanism dependent on the transcription factor RORgt, and the lymphotoxin (LT) beta receptor (LTbetaR). This finding provokes a revised view of the thymus, in which lymphoid tissue induction-type processes coordinate the developmental and functional integration of the two T cell lineages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silva-Santos, Bruno -- Pennington, Daniel J -- Hayday, Adrian C -- 071534/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):925-8. Epub 2004 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guy's King's St. Thomas' Medical School, King's College, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Gene Expression ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphotoxin beta Receptor ; Lymphotoxin-alpha/biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics/*physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/*immunology/*physiology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/*immunology ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Up-Regulation
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- Holden, Constance -- Seife, Charles -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Censuses ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Science ; Travel/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godfrey, Dale I -- Pellicci, Daniel G -- Smyth, Mark J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. godfrey@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD1/immunology ; Antigens, CD1d ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Galactosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Globosides/*immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Mice ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology ; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1662-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; Security Measures ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Foraminiferal oxygen isotope and pollen analyses from a deep-sea sequence off southwest Portugal show that the duration of temperate stages on land over the past 350,000 years varied considerably. The record shows forest contractions during intervals of low ice volume, coeval with declines in atmospheric methane, after which tree populations did not always recover. What emerges is that, although the broad timing of interglacials is consistent with orbital theory, their specific duration may be dictated by millennial variability. This complicates the prediction of the natural duration of interglacials, at least until the origin of this climate variability is understood.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tzedakis, P C -- Roucoux, K H -- de Abreu, L -- Shackleton, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2231-5. Epub 2004 Dec 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. P.C.Tzedakis@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; *Climate ; Europe ; Ice ; Methane ; Olea ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Plankton ; Pollen ; Portugal ; Quercus ; Temperature ; Time ; *Trees
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The degradation of undesirable cellular components or organelles, including invading microbes, by autophagy is crucial for cell survival. Here, Shigella, an invasive bacteria, was found to be able to escape autophagy by secreting IcsB by means of the type III secretion system. Mutant bacteria lacking IcsB were trapped by autophagy during multiplication within the host cells. IcsB did not directly inhibit autophagy. Rather, Shigella VirG, a protein required for intracellular actin-based motility, induced autophagy by binding to the autophagy protein, Atg5. In nonmutant Shigella, this binding is competitively inhibited by IcsB binding to VirG.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, Michinaga -- Yoshimori, Tamotsu -- Suzuki, Toshihiko -- Sagara, Hiroshi -- Mizushima, Noboru -- Sasakawa, Chihiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):727-31. Epub 2004 Dec 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autophagy ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Phagosomes/metabolism/*microbiology/ultrastructure ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Shigella flexneri/genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 74
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gadagkar, Raghavendra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1694-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, 560 012 Bangalore, India. ragh@ces.iisc.ernet.in〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Bees/genetics/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Diploidy ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Haploidy ; Male ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stockstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1665.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants, Occupational/*toxicity ; Benzene/*toxicity ; China ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*drug effects ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/*adverse effects ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes/*drug effects ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 76
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1672-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Basidiomycota/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Soybeans/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carrell, Robin W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1692-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK. rwc1000@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appendix/chemistry ; Brain/pathology ; Carrier State ; Cattle ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/epidemiology/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/epidemiology/metabolism ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Humans ; Methionine ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; PrPC Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Protein Conformation ; Valine
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  • 78
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehret, Christopher -- Keita, S O Y -- Newman, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1680; author reply 1680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Agriculture/*history ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Archaeology ; *Culture ; Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Language ; Linguistics ; Middle East ; Vocabulary
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in animal species has long been considered a paradox because sexually reproducing individuals transmit only half of their genome to their progeny. Here, we show that the ant Cataglyphis cursor circumvents this cost by using alternative modes of reproduction for the production of reproductive and nonreproductive offspring. New queens are almost exclusively produced by parthenogenesis, whereas workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction. By selectively using sex for somatic growth and parthenogenesis for germline production, C. cursor has taken advantage of the ant caste system to benefit from the advantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearcy, Morgan -- Aron, Serge -- Doums, Claudie -- Keller, Laurent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1780-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology, CP 160/12, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Diploidy ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Haploidy ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Planktonic larvae of the annelid Pectinaria californiensis construct and inhabit cryptic houses through which they filter seawater to concentrate food. Although filtering houses may be unique to pectinariid larvae, other transparent and ephemeral structures are secreted by the larvae of many marine invertebrates and may be involved in the performance of a variety of critical larval functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pernet, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1757.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-3702, USA. bpernet@csulb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cilia/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Larva/anatomy & histology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Polychaeta/*anatomy & histology/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 81
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minelli, Alessandro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1693-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Padova, I 35131 Padova, Italy. alessandro.minelli@unipd.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy & histology/*embryology/*genetics ; *Body Patterning ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Phylogeny
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1649.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems ; Advisory Committees ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Drug Industry ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; *Public Opinion ; Registries ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration/organization & administration
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Fusion ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/chemistry/pathology ; Gastritis/microbiology/*pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; *Helicobacter felis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Stomach Neoplasms/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: The widespread extinctions of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene epoch have often been attributed to the depredations of humans; here we present genetic evidence that questions this assumption. We used ancient DNA and Bayesian techniques to reconstruct a detailed genetic history of bison throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Our analyses depict a large diverse population living throughout Beringia until around 37,000 years before the present, when the population's genetic diversity began to decline dramatically. The timing of this decline correlates with environmental changes associated with the onset of the last glacial cycle, whereas archaeological evidence does not support the presence of large populations of humans in Eastern Beringia until more than 15,000 years later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shapiro, Beth -- Drummond, Alexei J -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Wilson, Michael C -- Matheus, Paul E -- Sher, Andrei V -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Barnes, Ian -- Binladen, Jonas -- Willerslev, Eske -- Hansen, Anders J -- Baryshnikov, Gennady F -- Burns, James A -- Davydov, Sergei -- Driver, Jonathan C -- Froese, Duane G -- Harington, C Richard -- Keddie, Grant -- Kosintsev, Pavel -- Kunz, Michael L -- Martin, Larry D -- Stephenson, Robert O -- Storer, John -- Tedford, Richard -- Zimov, Sergei -- Cooper, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1561-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Bison/classification/genetics ; Canada ; China ; *Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Environment ; *Fossils ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Human Activities ; Humans ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
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  • 85
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kafatos, Fotis C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567837" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; Europe ; *Genetic Research ; International Cooperation ; Italy ; Mice/*genetics ; Research Personnel
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, Trisha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetite/*drug effects ; Appetite Depressants/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gastric Emptying/drug effects ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Peptide Fragments ; Peptide YY/administration & dosage/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Rats
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds/anatomy & histology ; *Fishes ; Flight, Animal ; *Fossils
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Extremities/anatomy & histology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Fossils ; *Horses/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; *Poaceae ; Time ; Tooth/*anatomy & histology ; Trees
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Head ; Locomotion ; *Posture ; Semicircular Canals/*anatomy & histology
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1466-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/chemistry ; *Diet ; *Falconiformes ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Fossils ; Isotopes/analysis ; Population Dynamics
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  • 91
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Resource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. Aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have investigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. This study shows that resource pulses of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. These findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create "bottom-up cascades," resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a North American forest ecosystem.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Louie H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1565-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Biology, Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lhyang@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/chemistry/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Seeds/growth & development ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; *Trees/growth & development ; United States
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ostfeld, Richard S -- Keesing, Felicia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1488-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA. rostfeld@ecostudies.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Roots ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Epithelial cancers are believed to originate from transformation of tissue stem cells. However, bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), which are frequently recruited to sites of tissue injury and inflammation, might also represent a potential source of malignancy. We show that although acute injury, acute inflammation, or transient parietal cell loss within the stomach do not lead to BMDC recruitment, chronic infection of C57BL/6 mice with Helicobacter, a known carcinogen, induces repopulation of the stomach with BMDCs. Subsequently, these cells progress through metaplasia and dysplasia to intraepithelial cancer. These findings suggest that epithelial cancers can originate from marrow-derived sources and thus have broad implications for the multistep model of cancer progression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houghton, Jeanmarie -- Stoicov, Calin -- Nomura, Sachiyo -- Rogers, Arlin B -- Carlson, Jane -- Li, Hanchen -- Cai, Xun -- Fox, James G -- Goldenring, James R -- Wang, Timothy C -- CA95103/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K22 CA90518/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA87958/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK58/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1568-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. jeanmarie.houghton@umassmed.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Carcinoma in Situ/pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Fusion ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/chemistry/pathology ; Gastritis/*pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; *Helicobacter felis ; Keratins/analysis ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/physiology ; Metaplasia ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mucins/analysis ; Muscle Proteins/analysis ; Parietal Cells, Gastric/physiology ; Peptides/analysis ; Phenotype ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Stomach Neoplasms/*pathology
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fiske, Susan T -- Harris, Lasana T -- Cuddy, Amy J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1482-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544-1010, USA. sfiske@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Emotions ; Group Processes ; Human Rights Abuses ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Iraq ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Military Personnel/*psychology ; Peer Group ; Prejudice ; *Prisoners ; *Psychology, Social ; Social Conformity ; Stress, Physiological ; Torture/*psychology ; United States ; Warfare
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Engineering ; Financing, Government ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Natural Science Disciplines ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1450-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spielman, A -- Andreadis, T G -- Apperson, C S -- Cornel, A J -- Day, J F -- Edman, J D -- Fish, D -- Harrington, L C -- Kiszewski, A E -- Lampman, R -- Lanzaro, G C -- Matuschka, F-R -- Munstermann, L E -- Nasci, R S -- Norris, D E -- Novak, R J -- Pollack, R J -- Reisen, W K -- Reiter, P -- Savage, H M -- Tabachnick, W J -- Wesson, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1473-5; author reply 1473-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Culex/genetics/physiology/*virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Europe/epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/genetics/physiology/*virology ; North America/epidemiology ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: In vitro studies suggest a role for c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in proatherogenic cellular processes. We show that atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-/- mice simultaneously lacking JNK2 (ApoE-/- JNK2-/- mice), but not ApoE-/- JNK1-/- mice, developed less atherosclerosis than do ApoE-/- mice. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK activity efficiently reduced plaque formation. Macrophages lacking JNK2 displayed suppressed foam cell formation caused by defective uptake and degradation of modified lipoproteins and showed increased amounts of the modified lipoprotein-binding and -internalizing scavenger receptor A (SR-A), whose phosphorylation was markedly decreased. Macrophage-restricted deletion of JNK2 was sufficient to decrease atherogenesis. Thus, JNK2-dependent phosphorylation of SR-A promotes uptake of lipids in macrophages, thereby regulating foam cell formation, a critical step in atherogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ricci, Romeo -- Sumara, Grzegorz -- Sumara, Izabela -- Rozenberg, Izabela -- Kurrer, Michael -- Akhmedov, Alexander -- Hersberger, Martin -- Eriksson, Urs -- Eberli, Franz R -- Becher, Burkhard -- Boren, Jan -- Chen, Mian -- Cybulsky, Myron I -- Moore, Kathryn J -- Freeman, Mason W -- Wagner, Erwin F -- Matter, Christian M -- Luscher, Thomas F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. romeo.ricci@cell.biol.ethz.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD36/metabolism ; Aorta/chemistry/pathology ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Arteriosclerosis/*metabolism/pathology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Diet, Atherogenic ; Endothelial Cells/physiology ; Foam Cells/*metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/genetics/*metabolism ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Immunologic/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Scavenger ; Scavenger Receptors, Class A ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Microcephaly/history ; Skeleton ; Skull
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bison/classification/genetics ; Canada ; *Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Fossils ; Genetic Variation ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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