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  • wheat
  • Springer  (122)
  • 2000-2004  (29)
  • 1980-1984  (57)
  • 1975-1979  (36)
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  • Springer  (122)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: automated closed chamber method ; wheat ; cowpea ; slow-release nitrogen fertilizer ; residue management ; denitrification ; methane sink ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems are characterized by alternate wetting and drying cycles as monsoonal rains come and go. The potential for accumulation and denitrification of NO3 − is high in these systems as is the production and emission of CH4 during the monsoon rice season. Simultaneous measurements of CH4 and N2O emissions using automated closed chamber methods have been reported in irrigated rice fields but not in rainfed rice systems. In this field study at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, simultaneous and continuous measurements of CH4 and N2O were made from the 1994 wet season to the 1996 dry season. During the rice-growing seasons, CH4 fluxes were observed, with the highest emissions being in organic residue-amended plots. Nitrous oxide fluxes, on the other hand, were generally nonexistent, except after fertilization events where low N2O fluxes were observed. Slow-release N fertilizer further reduced the already low N2O emissions compared with prilled urea in the first rice season. During the dry seasons, when the field was planted to the upland crops cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), positive CH4 fluxes were low and insignificant except after the imposition of a permanent flood where high CH4 fluxes appeared. Evidences of CH4 uptake were apparent in the first dry season, especially in cowpea plots, indicating that rainfed lowland rice soils can act as sink for CH4 during the upland crop cycle. Large N2O fluxes were observed shortly after rainfall events due to denitrification of accumulated NO3 −. Cumulative CH4 and N2O fluxes observed during this study in rainfed conditions were lower compared with previous studies on irrigated rice fields.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen fate ; rational use ; rice ; supergranules of urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using15 N tracer technique, the fate and efficiency of nitrogen in supergranules of urea as compared with that in powdered urea were studied in rice fields. The results obtained show that supergranules of urea were characterized by the slight N loss and high N recovery as well as by delayed but long lasting fertilization effects. It follows that the supergranules should be applied earlier and at a lower rate as compared with powdered urea.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; sorghum ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha−1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield. The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Mycopathologia 68 (1979), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici ; powdery mildew fungus ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During primary infection by conidia ofErysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici, three mechanisms of resistance operate in first leaves of 8-day-old seedlings of both resistant and susceptible wheats. The first mechanism, operating at the penetration site, is responsible for the failure of penetrations attempted by primary germ tubes (PGT). The second mechanism is concerned with the abortion of haustoria in normal-appearing host cells. The third mechanism relates to the abortion of haustoria and the hypersensitivity of the penetrated host cells. With the inoculum-level of 19–24 conidia/mm2, the three mechanisms together prevented 89.3 % of the attempted penetrations by PGT from producing normal haustoria in resistant wheat Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 37.4 % in the susceptible wheat Vermillion. The first mechanism accounted for the prevention of 73.3 % of the attempted PGT penetrations on Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 36 % on Vermillion. The second mechanism was responsible for stopping 19 % of all the successful penetrations in Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 0.8 % in Vermillion. The third mechanism accounted for the failure of 41 % of all the successful penetrations in Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 1.4% in Vermillion. Thirty-six hours after inoculation, 10.7% of all the attempted PGT penetrations appeared to be developing normally in first leaves of 8-day-old seedlings of resistant wheat Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 as compared to 62.6 % in the susceptible wheat Vermillion. This appears to be the first report showing the relative effectiveness of various mechanisms of resistance concerning any powdery mildew fungus.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iron pyrites ; wheat ; chickpea ; mustard ; Egyptian clover ; biomass production ; S uptake ; P mobilization ; P uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter crop seasons commencing in 1979–80 on the Typic Ustochrept of Pura to evaluate iron pyrites as S fertilizer. Four crops viz, wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover were tested for their responsiveness to added pyrites. All the crops responded significantly to added pyrites. Mustard proved most sensitive to S deficiency in soil and wheat the least. Between the two legumes, Egyptian clover was more sensitive to S stress than chickpea. Average biomass production by Egyptian clover was highest followed by wheat, mustard and chickpea. Mustard and Egyptian clover required more S to achieve maximum biomass production compared with wheat and chickpea but they also recovered from the soil a large proportion of added S than wheat and chickpea. Addition of pyrites increased availability of S in soil. Pyrites enhanced mobilization of soil P and its utilization by the crops.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 15 (1977), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; chromosomes ; gibberellin ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The three enzymes, α-amylase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase, are among those released by the aleurone of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, as a direct response to gibberellins (GA) from the embryo during germination. Aneuploid genotypes are used to investigate the chromosomal location, nature, and extent of genetic control of the release of these enzymes in endosperms after induction by exogenous GA. Ditelosomics demonstrate the effect of removal of known chromosome arms, and tetrasomics show the effect of duplication of chromosome pairs. Quantitative analysis demonstrates complex control systems over and above those previously found using zymogram techniques. For α-amylase, chromosome arms with net promoter effects and chromosomes with net inhibitor effects were found. These effects were not chromosome-dosage responsive, unlike the promoter-inhibitor system found for acid phosphatase control. Peroxidase levels in the endosperms were generally high in both types of aneuploids. With one exception, all chromosomes showing involvement as ditelosomics showed a similar effect as tetrasomics, indicating that in the euploid a balanced state restricting, rather than promoting, peroxidase levels existed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 237-254 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; barley ; addition lines ; isozymes ; genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zymogram analysis was used to identify the barley chromosomes that carry the structural genes for particular isozymes. Wheat, barley, and wheatbarley hybrid derivative lines (which contained identified barley chromosomes) were tested by gel electrophoresis for isozymes of particular enzymes. It was found that barley chromosome 4 carries structural genes for acid phosphatase and β amylase isozymes, barley chromosome 5 carries genes for phosphoglucose isomerase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes, and that barley chromosome 2 carries a gene for at least one glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protomer. These results reinforce previous conclusions that barley chromosome 4 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 4 and that barley chromosome 5 shows homoeology with wheat chromosome group 1.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 831-853 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; storage proteins ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; endosperm ; dominant genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of gliadin components unique to three different varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in F1 and F2 seeds of intervarietal crosses using protein patterns obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aluminum lactate buffer (pH 3.2). The patterns of F1 seeds of the crosses Cheyenne × Justin and INIA 66R × Justin evidenced all the bands present in the patterns of the parents; band intensities reflected gene dosage levels dependent on whether the contributing parent was maternal or paternal in accordance with the triploid nature of endosperm tissue. Most of the gliadin components examined segregated in accordance with control by a single dominant gene, but in two instances single bands in the one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns segregated in the F2 as expected if controlled by two genes. A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis was developed that resolved these apparently single bands into two components each, which could segregate independently. Linkage analysis provided evidence of codominant alleles and closely linked genes coding for gliadin protein components in both coupling and repulsion situations. The gliadin protein components seem to be coded for by clusters of genes located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 in hexaploid wheats.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
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  • 11
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    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; flour colour ; STS ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Flour colour is an important quality trait in the production of bread, noodles and other related end products. Current screening for flour colour in breeding programs requires several grams of flour to be milled. In order to screen large numbers of plants, a rapid PCR-based assay is required. We report here the conversion of a codominant AFLP marker linked to a major locus controlling flour colour in hexaploid wheat, to a sequence tagged site (STS) marker for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The two-allelic AFLP bands were cloned and sequenced to allow specific primers to be designed. The primers amplified bands of the expected size in the parental varieties and co-segregated with the original AFLP marker in the mapping population. The primers also amplified alleles of the expected size from the DNA of parental lines of two other related mapping populations. Cultivars that contributed to the pedigree of the original parent `Schomburgk' used to generate the mapping population were also screened to determine the origin of the `yellow' allele.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ribulose-P2 ; carboxylase ; wheat ; high specific activity ; fast activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 13
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; grain protein ; prolamin ; inheritance ; chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic gliadin components are inherited as highly stable blocks of linked components. Multiple allelism of blocks controlled by polygenic loci of six gliadin-coding chromosomes has been revealed. The allelic states of these loci are interrelated with the variability of grain. The regularities discovered permit the use of gliadin polymorphism for estimation of genotype properties in breeding programs.
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  • 14
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; genetics ; endosperm ; seed proteins ; gliadins ; glutenins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews our present knowledge of the chromosomal location of the genes that control the synthesis of gliadins and glutenins, the two major groups of storage protein in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Allelic relationships and genetic linkage between genes are also discussed. The areas that require futher investigation are identified.
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  • 15
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadin ; glutenin subunits ; correlation ; gluten quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gluten ; small scale extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new small scale device for wheat gluten separation is described and the results of the first experiments on the influence of extraction conditions on different flours are reported.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: nutritive value ; protein fractions ; rapeseed ; soybean ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive value of various protein fractions was studied. Fractions 2S and 12S from rapeseed, 2S, 7S and 11S from soybean were obtained by dissolution in ammonium sulfate solutions. Albumin-globulin, gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions from wheat were obtained by dissolution in salted water (albumin-globulin), acetic acid (glutenin) and alcohol (gliadin). Liveweight gains, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) were used as measures of the nutritive value. The protein fractions had a lower nutritive value than the unfractionated proteins except for the albumin-globulin fraction of wheat which had a nutritive value higher than that of the unfractionated wheat protein. PER obtained with the rapeseed 2S and 12S fractions were 2.49 and 2.21, respectively, as compared to 2.64 for unfractionated rapeseed. With soybean fractions, PER were 0.92 for 2S, — 0.007 for 7S and 1.47 for 11S, as compared to 2.19 for the original protein. The wheat albumin-globulin fraction gave a PER of 2.78, as compared to 1.45 for the unfractionated wheat protein. Gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions had a lower PER than that of unfractionated wheat protein. ADC of all fractions were higher than those of the original proteins. The difference in liveweight gains and PER observed between protein fractions can be partially explained on the basis of the essential amino acid content.
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  • 18
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 257-275 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops ; Triticum ; T. diccocoides ; wheat ; Adaptation ; trait variation ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen earliness and morphological traits were examined in from 2 to 14 lines each of 10 diploid members of the wheat complex,Triticum-Aegilops, and 15 lines of the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides. In general, earliness traits have the greatest relative between line vs. within line variation of all the traits examined. Within species, earliness traits are the principle set of characters around which evolve between line trait differences, one of the most important oich is leaf dimensions. At the genus level, earliness traits are independent of leaf dimensions and plant height characters. Thus, the pattern of evolution at the genus level is different from that exhibited in each of the species. Biological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drainage ; duplex soil ; evapotranspiration ; lupin ; waterlogging ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of time of sowing and sowing density on evapotranspiration and drainage loss beneath wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Spear) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru) crops grown on a layered soil was investigated for three seasons in a Mediterranean climate in Western Australia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether managing crops to maximise their canopy growth would increase their water use and minimise groundwater recharge contributing to dryland salinity. A soil water balance approach was used to estimate evapotranspiration, with changes in soil water content measured with a neutron water meter. The study was carried out on a layered soil typical of agricultural soils in the region with variable depth to clay (0.22–0.38 m) and a marked contrast in hydraulic properties between the topsoil and subsoil. As a result of the low permeability subsoil, a perched water table occurred in the sandy topsoil in each of the three seasons under study during winter when rainfall was high and potential evaporation low. Perched water tables persisted for 2–3 months, with hydraulic gradients consistently downward causing drainage losses to occur. Although crop management had a large influence on shoot and root development, evapotranspiration from the different treatments was generally similar. Drainage losses were not influenced by either crop type, time of sowing or sowing density, because potential evaporation and hence evapotranspiration was low during the period when drainage losses occurred. The total drainage loss measured in each season was different, with losses ranging from 20.1 to 22.2 mm in 1990, from 40.4 to 46.7 mm in 1991 and from 49.4 to 66.6 mm in 1992. The increase in drainage loss from 1990 to 1992 was a result of progressively more seasonal rainfall in 1990, 1991 and 1992. It was concluded that there was little scope to increase water use and decrease deep drainage through crop management for sites with climatic conditions where winter rainfall exceeds potential evaporation.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; oilseed rape ; sulphate ; sulphur fertilisers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the availability and efficiency of three sulphur (S) fertilisers to wheat in the first year and oilseed rape in the second year, using six agricultural soils. Four treatments were applied in the initial year: control (no S), two forms of elemental S (either micronised S° particles or a bentonite + S° mixture) and a sulphate fertiliser (ammonium sulphate). In the first year, the micronised S° was as effective as the sulphate fertiliser, both producing similar increases of wheat grain yield (on average 36%) and S uptake (on average 164%) over the control. In contrast, responses to the bentonite + S° form were minimal, indicating a limited S supply. In the second year the control treatment failed to produce seeds in most soils, whereas the micronised S° and sulphate treatments increased seed yields of oilseed rape to an average of 13.4 and 12.9 g pot-1, respectively. The performance of the bentonite + S° varied between soils: two soils produced yields similar to those of the other S fertilisers, while the remaining soils had low yields. To test whether the poor performance of the bentonite clay + S° fertiliser was due to the lack of exposure of the prills to physical weathering in the glasshouse, the effect of freeze-thaw action on the fertilisers performance was assessed in a separate pot experiment. The responses in wheat yield and S uptake showed that freeze-thaw did not enhance the physical disruption of the prills or fertiliser effectiveness. These results suggest that the release of available S from the bentonite + S° mixture was too slow to meet the requirement of wheat and oilseed rape.
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  • 21
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    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; 2 ; 4-D ; para-nodules ; saline stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline stress on the colonization of wheat was analyzed by using Azospirillum brasilense Cd carrying the fusion of the reporter gene lacZ (β-galactosidase) with the N2 fixation gene promoter nifA. Colonization was also studied by inducing para-nodules on wheat roots using 2,4-D, establishing that these structures acted as bacterium protected niches. Bacteria grown under standard conditions were distributed along the whole root system, except the elongation zone, and colonized the para-nodules. Bacteria experiencing saline stress were mainly localized at the root tips and the lateral roots. In 2,4-D treated plants, most of the bacteria were present around the basal surface of the modified lateral root structures. Using the MPN method, there were not statistical differences between the numbers of control and stressed bacteria. As this method estimates endophytic colonization in contrast with the one using X-gal, which emphasizes colonization on the root surface, both procedures demonstrated to be necessary, concluding that salt treatment reduced surface colonization (X-gal) but not colonization inside the root. The bacterial counts made on inoculated wheat roots indicated higher numbers of both control and stressed bacteria in roots treated with 2,4-D compared with untreated roots.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: residual effect of gypsum ; rice ; selenium toxicity ; sulphur ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on an alkaline calcareous seleniferous soil to study the effect of different levels of gypsum (0.2 – 3.2 t ha−1) applied to wheat only in the first year on Se accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping sequence. With gypsum application, grain yield of both rice and wheat crops increased by 0.4 – 0.5 t ha−1; the increase in straw yield was 0.4 – 1.1 t ha−1. Significant reduction in Se accumulation by wheat was observed with gypsum application up to 0.8 t ha−1 and its residual effect was evident on the following crops for 2 years. Reduction in Se accumulation varied from 53 to 64% in wheat grain, 46 to 49% in wheat straw, 35 to 63% in rice grain and 36 to 51% in rice straw with an application of gypsum at 0.8 t ha−1. A corresponding increase in S concentration was observed. In the gypsum-treated plots, the ratio of S:Se increased by 6 – 8 times in wheat and 3 – 6 times in rice. Reduction in Se accumulation by crop plants through gypsum application may help in lowering the risk of Se over-exposure of animals and humans that depend on diet materials grown on high selenium soils.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum tolerance ; genetic control ; induced mutations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of 17 gamma irradiation mutant lines derived from the aluminum sensitive wheat cultivar `Anahuac' was compared with two sensitive and three tolerant cultivars in nutritent solutions containing seven Al3+ concentrations (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6 and10 mg/liter), at a temperature of 25 °C and 4.0 pH. Tolerance was measured by the continued growth of the primary roots in a solution without aluminum after 48 hours in a solution containing a known concentration of aluminum. 14 mutant lines were as tolerant to the presence of 10 mg/liter of Al3+ in the treatment solutions as were the tolerant `BH-1146', `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars. Two mutant lines were tolerant and one was sensitive to the presence of 1 mg/liter of Al3+, while the cultivars `Siete Cerros' and `Anahuac' were sensitive to 1 and 0.5 mg/liter Al3+ in the solutions, respectively. F2 seedlings, obtained from cross among one sensitive and twelve tolerant mutant lines to the sensitive cultivars (`Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac') and the tolerant cultivars (`BH-1146' or `IAC-24') were assessed for tolerance to 2 mg/liter Al3+ in nutritient solutions. The twelve tolerant mutant lines and the tolerant `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars differed from the sensitive `Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac' cultivars by one pair of dominant alleles. The results indicated that tolerance in the induced mutants was due to a single pair of dominant alleles and that these alleles expressed the same tolerance as `BH-1146' and `IAC-24' cultivars.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; GISH ; in situ hybridization ; translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-barley translocations were identified by genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) in backcross progenies originating from in vitro regenerated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) × barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes) hybrids. The regenerated hybrids were pollinated with the wheat line Martonvásári 9 kr1. Five translocated wheat-barley chromosomes were recovered among 51 BC2F2 progeny from the in vitro regenerated wheat × barley hybrids. All were single breakpoint translocations with the relative positions of the breakpoints ranging from the centromere to about 0.8 of the relative arm length. Of the four translocations with intercalary breakpoints, three were transfers of terminal barley segments to wheat chromosomes; one was a transfer of a terminal wheat segment to a barley chromosome. Because of the absence of diagnostic N-bands, the identity of three barley segments could not be determined; in one translocation the barley chromosome involved had a NOR so it must have been 5H or 6H, and the centric translocation was 4HS.2BL. Following selfing, homozygotes of four translocations were selected. The experiment suggests that in vitro culture conditions are conducive for major genome rearrangements in wheat-barley hybrids.
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  • 25
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    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cer ; β-diketone ; glaucous ; pre-harvest sprouting ; waxes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F2 populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat.
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  • 26
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    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cross prediction ; grain yield ; recombinant inbred lines ; single seed descent ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Populations of F6 recombinant inbred lines, generated by single seed descent from a half diallel among eight bread wheat lines adapted to the East African highlands, were used to identify those crosses that were more likely to produce cultivars which combined resistance to yellow rust with improved yield. Crosses having the most resistant line as one parent offered the best prospect of success, particularly those which produced F1hybrids exhibiting better parent heterosis. For plot grain yield there was a highly significant correlation between the observed and predicted rankings of the recombinant inbred line populations for the proportion of individual lines equalling or surpassing the target value. For yellow rust severity, however, this correlation was non-significant when a target value of zero was used. Adopting a slightly less stringent target of 0.25, coupled with the omission of two aberrant populations, increased this correlation significantly. The plant breeding implications of these results are discussed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivars ; drought stress ; droughtsusceptibility index ; landraces ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance.
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  • 28
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; screening nursery ; distance between control plots ; protein content ; correlation coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Correlation coefficients were calculated in two seasons, between protein content of control plots of ‘Kyperounda’ durum wheat and ‘Athenais’ barley sown at distances of from 0.6 m to 68.4 m. Simple correlation coefficients were high (0.737, 0.710 and 0.311) and significant at the 1% level of probability for plots 0.6 m apart, but decreased rapidly with increasing distances between plots. The correlation in four nurseries was significant for plots 7.2 m, 4.2m, 4.2 m and 1.8 m apart. It was concluded that a control plot provides a fairly good measure of the protein content of adjacent plots.
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  • 29
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; pollen stainability ; male sterility ; female sterility ; hybrid seed ; hybrid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The gametocidal effects of RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 were studied with three rates and times of foliar application on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Anza and Yecora 70. RH-531 and RH-532 applied at or before booting stage caused rather large reduction in plant height while RH-2956 had a small effect on height. Application of any of the three chemicals on ‘Anza’ at meiotic stages reduced self-pollination (SP) fertility by 97–99%. If 90% SP fertility reduction is acceptable, the application time could vary from premeiosis to postmeiosis for ‘Anza’. ‘Yecora 70’ was less sensitive than ‘Anza’ to gametocide treatments. The lowest SP fertility obtained in ‘Yecora 70’ with RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 was by treatment at booting (4 kg/ha), at premeiosis (2 kg/ha), and heading (8 kg/ha), and the corresponding SP fertility reductions were 74, 89, and 71%. Pollen stainability-determined by aceto-carmine, IKI, and Alexander's stains-was not affected by gametocide treatment and was not useful in evaluating sterility induced by these chemicals. For the RH-531-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ and the RH-532-treated ‘Anza’, more than 94% of the seeds produced by open-pollination on treated plants were from self-or sib-pollination as determined by progeny testing. However, RH-532-treated ‘Yecora 70’ and RH-2956-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ did result in more crossed seeds, with a maximum of 20% outcrossing. It was believed that spike compactness induced by the chemicals and the related poor flower opening were the major limitations for outcrossing. Artificial pollinations made to the test varieties showed that RH-531 induced both male and female sterility and was undesirable for practical use. RH-532, however, could be applied at the booting stage to avoid severe female sterility, and RH-2956 clearly was the best of the three chemicals, with the female fertility very close to those of the untreated checks of both ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’. Of the three chemicals, RH-2956 gave the highest percentage of hybrid plants in the progeny of hand-or open-pollinated spikes. Its practical use for hybrid seed production, however, will depend largely on improvement of methods to increase cross pollination in wheat.
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  • 30
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 457-461 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf angle ; erect leaves ; diallel ; additive gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 6×6 diallel was prepared to study the inheritance of leaf angle in T. aestivum L. Genetic analysis in terms of diallel cross parameters and graphic analysis indicated the control of additive gene effects in the expression of this character. The results of F1 analysis were supported by the analysis of F2 data.
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  • 31
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photoperiodic sensitivity ; maturity ; genetics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photoperiodic respose, as assessed by a regression technique, exhibited complete dominance averaged over the crosses of an eight parent diallel in the vernalized condition. Photoperiodic response as final leaf number for the vernalized 8-hour photoperiod diallel was closely related to photoeriodic response of the regression method. However, the diallel analyses of both sets of data showed little agreement in terms of respectieve array positions. The inheritance of photoperiodic response in diallels using regression values showed little agreement between the vernalized and unvernalized conditions. This difference was postulated to be due to interaction of vernalization and photoperiodic response in the unvernalized situation. In the unvernalized condition photoperiodic response exhibited non-allelic interaction, attributable mainly to the cultivar Pinnacle in general behaviour in its crosses. Its removal gave a situation of high average dominance for photoperiodic response with a clear indication that high photoperiodic sensitivity was dominant to comparative insensitivity. Days to ear emergence (vernalized and 18-hour photoperiod) exhibited non-allelic interaction in its expression, due mainly to the general behaviour of the cultivar Pinnacle in its crosses. Removal of its array gave a situation of a moderately strong degree of overdominance in the expression of days to ear emergence. Maturity differences amongst parents and F1's, vernalized and under 18-hour photoperiod, are postulated to be due to a factor other than vernalization or photoperiodic response beheved to be growth temperature in differentially in fluencing growth and/or developmental rates between genotypes.
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  • 32
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 565-576 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution lines ; kernel hardness ; baking absorption ; dough stability ; baking quality ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to identify the chromosomal location of genetic control of a few components of wheat quality, using chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle Desprez, Cheyenne, Hope, and Timstein into the recipient variety Chinese Spring. Major factors for kernel hardness and increased baking absorption were found on chromosomes 5D of Cheyenne and Hope, and on 3B, 5D and 7D of Timstein. In Timstein, the presence of one of these chromosomes sufficed to make the wheat kernels hard. Factors for favourable dough properties were identified on a few other chromosomes, different in various varieties. These were 1A of Cappelle Desprez and Cheyenne, 3B of Hope, and 2D of Timstein. All but one of these chromosomes showed an increase in loaf volume to a level in-between those of the recipient variety Chinese Spring and the donor varieties. No relationship was found between kernel hardness and dough-making and baking properties. It was assumed that wheat quality is due to a combination of kernel hardness and favourable dough-making properties. As the genes for these factors are located on different chromosomes, it should not be too difficult to introduce both factors in existing varieties with poor baking properties. In a wheat breeding programme, the quality of new lines can be assessed in a rather simple way by determining kernel hardness and dough stability.
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  • 33
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 415-418 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; germination ; immature grains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The results indicated that acceleration of generation time in wheat was practical. The method developed by Mukade et al. (1973) was improved by extending the hydrogen peroxide treatment at low temperature.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution ; protein content ; grain weight ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The 21 intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of the cultivar Hope in Chinese Spring were used to analyse the genetic differences between the two cultivars Hope and Chinese Spring in grain protein content and grain weight. Only one chromosome of ‘Hope, 5D’, significantly influenced grain protein content of ‘Chinese Spring’. Its influence was of only minor effect and was to decrease protein content expression of ‘Chinese Spring’. It has been postulated that the genetic control of protein content, in this instance, is most likely due to many genes each of small effect. Five chromosomes of ‘Hope’ influenced the 1000 grain weight value of normal ‘Chinese Spring’, all increasing its expression. Chromosomes 1A, 4A and 5B were of major effect and 3A and 6A of comparatively minor effect. A minimal estimate of five genes determines the difference in grain size between these cultivars. The possible evolutionary significance of the contribution of the A genome of bread wheat to grain size determination is discussed. On the basis of certain findings of this study, proposals are made for breeding for increased grain size in hexaploid wheat.
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  • 35
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 769-775 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Alternaria triticina ; leaf blight ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of field resistance to Alternaria triticina was studied in a diallel set of crosses using ten cultivars of wheat which included eight resistant and two susceptibles. Susceptibility if NP 830 was found to be controlled by a dominant gene and that of NP 891 by two dominant complementary genes. The resistant cultivars NP 824, NP 835, NP 852, C 281, E 5477, E 5550, E 5878 and UP 303 carry the recessive alleles of the genes present in NP 830 and NP 891. All the resistant cultivars used in the study carried identical gene(s) for resistance to A. triticina. The gene(s) responsible for resistance appear to have come from NP 4 and Turkey, both of which seem to have evolved simultaneously in nature. The gene(s) for susceptibility in NP 830 and NP 891 were found to be different. It is assumed that these genes come from either Motia (Triticum durum) or Khapli (T. dicoccum) in NP 830 and from Gaza (T. durum) in NP 891.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; spikelet number ; spikelet initiation ; development response ; quantitative inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of spikelet number per ear and rate of spikelet initiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was studied in the ‘land race’ spring wheats, 8–23 and 8–27 from Afghanistan, under controlled temperature and photoperiod. Spikelet number per ear was found to be under simple genetic control with dominance for high spikelet number. It is suggested that the gene determining spikelet number does so by determining the rate of spikelet initiation.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; wheat stem rust ; black rust resistance ; inheritance of slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F5 progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F5 progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.
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  • 38
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; wheat ; genotypic variance ; environmental variance ; protein content ; nitrogen fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of N fertilizer, irrigation and location on genotypic and environmental variances of barley and wheat varieties were studied in a series of trials. Genotypic variance for crude protein content, as well as for grain yield, tended to be higher under high N fertilizer rate (80 kg N/ha). The effect of N fertilizer rate on environmental variance varied with variety and location. Increase in crude protein content resulted in decrease in environmental variance for only a few of the varieties tested. The effect of quantity of irrigation water on genotypic and environmental variance for crude protein content was small.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 475-479 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anthocyanins ; centromere ; chromosome mapping ; crossover units ; dominant genes ; monosomics ; partially dominant ; purple coleoptile ; suppressors ; telocentric chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of genes for purple pigment in the coleoptile with the chromosomes of the winter wheat variety Mironovskaya 808 was investigated using monosomic F2 analysis. The segregation ratio for F2 hybrids of Chinese Spring monosomics x Mironovskya 808 seems to indicate that the purple colour of the coleoptile is determined by two dominant genes, Rc3 and Rc4, which are located on the chromosomes 7D and 6B respectively, and which reinforce each other. Apart from these two genes, suppressors found on the chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B and 6A also play a role in the intensity of the purple colour. With the aid of a Chinese Spring telocentric chromosome marker it was observed that the Rc3 gene is located on the chromosome arm 7DS, at a distance of 16±4.23 crossover units from the centromere.
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  • 40
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 739-744 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; flag leaf area ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five spring wheat crosses were evaluated over a 6-year period using comparisons between F2 and F3 data and between near-isogenic F4 populations selected for flag leaf area. Nonsignificant r values for F2 vs. F3 flag leaf measurements may be due to the effect of environment on flag leaf area, but are probably also an indication of low heritability for this plant character. Near-isogenic populations selected on the basis of flag leaf area showed little difference in grain yield, an indication that other plant parts must be more influential in determining grain yield. Flag leaf area, by itself, appears not to be a good index to plant performance.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; Tom Thumb derivatives ; GA3 response index ; apparent α-amylase synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segŕegating populations of the cross Tordo (a spring white-grained Tom Thumb derivative) and Tr 454-16 (a spring white-grained Sonora-Gabo derivative) were studied for plant height, apparent α-amylase synthesis (AAS) and response to gibberellic acid. Means, variances and heritabilities for these characters were computed and their association was studied by computing correlation coefficients. Plant height showed high heritability while AAS and response to GA3 showed moderate heritability. Plant height was positively correlated with AAS and response to GA3. The results pointed out the importance of using Tom Thumb as a source of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in a wheat breeding programme, particularly in areas where wheat breeding is restricted to evolving white-grained cultivars.
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  • 42
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria nodorum ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; glume blotch ; resistance ; tolerance ; escape ; selection ; selection indexes ; phenotypic correlations ; genotypic correlations ; heritability ; grain yield ; heading date ; plant height ; seed weight ; seed weight %
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A population of 572 F2 derived F3 lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots). Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots. Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest. Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.
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  • 43
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-pollinating cereals ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; differential resistance ; durable resistance ; genetic control ; horizontal resistance ; non-race-specific resistance ; partial resistance ; race-specific resistance ; slow rusting ; specific virulence ; uniform resistance ; vertical resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rust pathogens of cereals exist as populations of races that differ in their ability to attack various varieties. Varieties that are resistant when first released often become susceptible later due to the spread of previously undetected races but the time taken for this to occur in very variable. It often occurs so rapidly as to curtail the commercial use of otherwise satisfactory varieties. Some varieties, however, are widely grown for many years and remain adequately resistant to the prevalent rust diseases. They may aptly be described as having durable resistance. This durable or long-lasting resistance can be detected without any assumptions about, or detailed knowledge of, whether durability depends on any particular mechanisms of resistance, on various degrees of racespecificity or on many or few genes. Cappelle-Desprez is given as an example of a wheat variety with durable resistance to yellow rust. The most powerful test for the detection of durable resistance occurs when a variety is widely grown commercially for several years. A much weaker test is obtained by growing varieties in small disease nursery plots even when the test is repeated for several years. Usually, resistance which is durable is also partial or incomplete. Often, however, partial resistance of wheat to yellow rust has not been durable. Thus the observation that resistance is partial is not, of itself, a satisfactory criterion for the detection of durable resistance. It is suggested that the most obvious sources of durable resistance for use in breeding programmes are varieties which have been widely grown and have displayed this character. The transfer of such resistance during breeding may be achieved if the creation or incorporation of higher levels of resistance that have not been tested for durability is avoided. It should then be possible to derive resistance from the durably. resistant parent. Methods of achieving this are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust ; resistance ; inheritance ; monsomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of rust resistance against stem rust race 122 in ‘Chhoti Lerma’ was studied both by conventional and aneuploid analysis. Observations on F1, F2 and F2 backcross progenies revealed the operation of two recessive genes, controlling resistance in ‘Chhoti Lerma’. Monosomic analysis confirmed the operation of two recessive genes conferring resistance to race 122 located on chromosomes 1D and 7D. A minor gene or modifier was also located on chromosome 1B. This was concluded from the fact that F2 of mono's x ‘Chhoti Lerma’ exhibited skewness in favour of resistant plants.
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  • 45
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 511-519 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; resistance genes ; data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monogenic lines resistant to leaf rust of spring and winter wheats were grown in the world wheat-producing areas from 1970 through 1975. Lines containing the alleles Lr9 (Wi), Lr9 (Tc), and Lr19 (Tc) were more resistant to the leaf rust pathogen than those containing Lr1 (Tc), −1 (Wi), −1,3 (Wi), −2A (Tc), −2A (Wi), −2D (Tc), −3 (Tc), −3 (Wi), −10 (Tc), −16 (Tc), −17 (Tc), −18 (Tc), or −2D (Pld). Monogenic line Lr1 (Wi) possibly has more than one gene for resistance and resistance properties similar to cultivars with ‘field resistance’. A computer data base was created to produce the information used in this paper.
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  • 46
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truicum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria tritici ; Septoria leaf bloth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Septoria leaf blotch readings, date of heading and plant height appeared strongly correlated in six variety trials with 25 varieties each. Three trials were conducted in 1972 and three in 1976. The taller and later the cultivars, the lower its Septoria leaf blotch score tended to be. The yields also were less strongly reduced in taller and later cultivars, as calculated from another experiment.
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  • 47
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 549-564 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four selection experiments were sown: single-row plots with single row-spacing (≃20 cm), single-row plots with double row spacing (≃40 cm), three-row plots and six-row plots both with single row-spacing (≃20 cm). Selection entries were mimiced by 16 different varieties or advanced breeding lines, which were also sown in a yield trial. Each experiment was laid out as a 4-times replicated randomized block design. Row length was 2 m. Alley borders and border-rows of multiple-row plots were harvested separately to evaluate the effects of different harvesting procedures on the selection efficiency. Removal of alley borders was found to be disadvantageous, since the gain in precision was more than offset by the loss in sampled area. Wide spacing of single-row plots improved the selection efficiency in comparison with normal spaced single-row plots. In multiple-row plots the selection efficiency was not improved by harvesting only the central rows. For gross plot yield (= yield of net plot + yield of alley borders) the differences in selection efficiency between the various selection plot-types were explained on the basis of the genetic variance, the environmental variance and the coefficient of genetic correlation with ‘farm’ yield as determined in the yield trial.
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  • 48
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hexaploid triticale ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heterochromatin ; chromosome association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar Rosner chromosome 2R lacks the prominent heterochromatic bands of both telomeres. This modified 2R chromosome is capable of pairing in a high frequency with wheat chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the accumulation of heterochromatin at the telomeres of rye chromosomes may have contributed to the isolation of the wheat and rye genera by inhibiting pairing between wheat and rye chromosomes.
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  • 49
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. turgidum ; durum wheat ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Saline soils are typically very patchy in their salinity. The yield of crops growing on them is similarly patchy. This paper argues that because most of the yield from such soils comes from the least saline areas, the best breeding strategy for improving the overall yield of crops growing on them is to select for high yield on non-saline soils. This conclusion derives from comparing the effects that four different breeding goals, namely: (1) a 10% increase in yield on non-saline soils, (ii) a 20% increase in the threshold salinity that first reduces yield, (iii) a doubling of yield at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 20 dS/m and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), would have on total yield. The effects of achieving these goals in barley, common wheat, durum wheat and triticale in fields exhibiting different salinities are predicted from actual yields of these species grown on different salinities in the field.
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  • 50
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum spp. ; wheat ; disease severity ; heading date ; plant height ; Septoria Progress Coefficient ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between disease severity (percent pycnidia of Septoria tritici on the four uppermost leaves) and the vertical disease placement expressed as the ratio between disease height (cm)/plant height (cm), (referred to as SPC (Septoria Progress Coefficient)), and between maturity level (days to heading) and SPC, were evaluated for 9500 wheat and triticale accessions tested in field trials during 1977–1981. The relation between disease severity and SPC fitted a quadratic equation in which four distinct cutivar response classes were categorized: A) PCD (percent disease)≤15.0/SPC≤0.400 (highly resistant cultivars); B) PCD≤15.0/SPC (0.400–0.650) (moderately resistant); C) PCD (15.0–40.0)/SPC (0.400–0.700) (moderately susceptible); and D) PCD≥40.0/SPC〉0.700 (highly susceptible cultivars). It is suggested that cultivars assigned to classes B and C which exhibit low receptivity and moderate to high vertical pathogen placement differ in nature and type of protection from that expressed by the highly resistant cultivars in class A. Representative cultivars belonging to each of the classes are listed together with their agronomic characteristics (plant height and maturity level).
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel color ; protein content ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of high-protein hard red wheat germplasm in breeding high-protein hard white winter wheats for the U.S. Great Plains raised concern regarding possible genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Segregating F3 and F4 populations from reciprocal crosses and backcrosses involving high-protein hard red winter wheat cultivar Plainsman V and normal-protein hard white winter wheat line KS75216 were examined. Nonsignificant regression and correlation coefficients in the F3 generations of KS75216/Plainsman V, KS75216//KS75216/Plainsman V and Plainsman V//KS75216/Plainsman V indicated the absence of genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Therefore, despite the presence of genes for protein content and kernel color on the same chromosomes (3A, 3B and 3D), kernel color and protein content appeared as independent traits. A small but significant negative relationship between white kernel color and high protein in Plainsman V/KS75216 was attributable to the possible presence of alien genetic material in the parentage of Plainsman V. Chi-square tests indicated that Plainsman V is a mixture of genotypes for kernel color; most genotypes carry two dominant genes for red color and a few carry one or three. Genetic control of grain protein appeared to be complex. Partial dominance for high protein was indicated in the F3 generation but a generally continuous distribution and transgressive segregation also suggested other genes functioned additively. Heritability estimates by parent-offspring (F3-F4) regression were sufficiently high to ensure genetic progress in the selection of high-protein lines in the red x white wheat crosses. We concluded that development of high-protein cultivars is as feasible for white wheats as for red wheats.
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  • 52
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 743-748 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; plant physiology ; plant breeding ; Australia
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Major changes in the behaviour of the Australian wheat crop over the last one hundred years have been associated with three major gene groupings. The significance of major genes in monitoring response to vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellin, reveals a more optimistic future for breeding programmes where simple genetic and physiologic studies are integrated within those programmes. A revised classification of growth habit is presented in the appendix.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; Israel ; germplasm ; wheat ; collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; phosphate response ; height ; harvest index
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The response to phosphate fertilizer by modern wheat genotypes was examined in the field under natural rainfall in three seasons. Models were developed which show that grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield and harvest index. In one of the seasons, which was relatively dry, shorter statured wheats gave higher yields at each level of applied phosphate. Higher levels of phosphate tended to offset the reduction in yield associated with late heading and the importance of biological yield on grain yield. The genotypes which produced the largest number of grains m-2 produced the highest yields. Implications for plant breeding programs are discussed.
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  • 55
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; male sterility ; meiotic analyses ; gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic and cytogenetic studies were done on a male sterile mutant of the wheat variety ‘Probus’. Association of the 4A chromosome carrying the ms gene was studied in the F1 of the male sterile ‘Probus’ with ‘Chinese Spring’ ditelo 4AS, with ‘Transec’ and with line ‘T4AS-DRS’ respectively. The presumption that the genetic male sterility of the mutant was due to a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4A could be confirmed. Linkage studies showed that the ms gene was at 17 map units from the dwarfing gene (Rht3) of ‘Minister dwarf’. This allows selection of short male sterile plants at the seedling stage.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; glutenin ; high molecular-weight subunits of glutenin ; SDS-PAGE ; 1R(1B) substitution identification ; 1BL/1RS translocation identification ; bread-making quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin from wheat 1R(1B) substitution and 1BL/1RS translocation lines were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Two new subunits denoted R1 and R2 were characterized in 1R(1B) substitution, but not in 1BL/1RS translocation lines. R1 and R2 were proved to be rye proteins by 2d electrophoresis (NEPHGE x SDS-PAGE). In contrast to literature citations it was demonstrated that the cultivar Winnetou is a 1R(1B) substitution line and the cultivars Clement and Mildress both are 1BL/1RS translocation lines.
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  • 57
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wild emmer from 73 collection sites, including 107 accessions from Israel, two from Lebanon and one from Turkey, were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew in field nurseries in Israel and the Netherlands. The wild emmer entries displayed a diversity of responses to powdery mildew infection, ranging from high resistance to complete susceptibility. Most entries were resistant in at least one of the nurseries; several entries proved to be resistant in all the tests. Comparing the reactions of 47 wild emmer accessions tested in six nurseries, 11 markedly different patterns were discerned, indicating the probable presence of several different resistance genes. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew appear to be very common in wild emmer indigenous to Israel. Resistance was found in accessions from most collection sites, in all the geographic regions represented in the collection. The common occurrence of resistance and the apparent diversity of genotypes makes wild emmer a rich gene-pool for resistance to powdery mildew. Since genes for resistance to wheat pathogens can be quite readily transferred to cultivated wheat, wild emmer may be utilized as a valuable source of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; intercepted radiation ; nitrogen nutrition ; oilseed rape ; radiation use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the response of spring wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen (N) supply, focusing on the critical period for grain number definition and grain filling. Crops were grown in containers under a shelter and treated with five combinations of applied N. Wheat and oilseed rape produced comparable amounts of biomass and yield when corrected for the costs of biomass synthesis (SC). From the responses of biomass and yield to late N applications and the apparent contribution of mobilised biomass to yield, it seems that the yield of oilseed rape was more source-limited during grain filling than that of wheat, particularly at the medium and high N levels. Both species recovered equal amounts of N from the total available N in the soil and had similar N use efficiencies, expressed as yield per unit of N absorbed. However, oilseed rape had higher efficiency to convert absorbed N in biomass, but lower harvest index of N than wheat. Oilseed rape had similar or lower root biomass than wheat, depending on N level, but higher root length per unit soil volume and specific root length. The specific uptake rate of N per unit root dry weight during the critical period for grain number determination was higher in oilseed rape than in wheat. In wheat, N limitation affected growth through a similar or lower reduction in radiation use efficiency corrected for synthesis costs (RUESC) than in the cumulative amount of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPARc). In oilseed rape, lower growth due to N shortage was associated more with RUESC than IPARc, during flowering while during grain filling both components contributed similarly to decreased growth. RUESC and the concentration of N in leaves and inflorescence (LIN%) decreased from flowering to maturity and were curvilinearly related. Oilseed rape tended to have higher RUESC than wheat at high N supply during the critical period for grain number determination, and generally lower during grain filling. The reasons for these differences and possibilities to increase yield potential are discussed in terms of the photosynthetic efficiency of the different organs and changes in source–sink ratio during reproductive stages.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; intermating breedingpopulation ; male-sterile gene ms 2 ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C4, compared to MS level in C0. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C4F1. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C4 and 25% in C4F1after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C0, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C4F1 were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F5 generations derived from C1F1 to C4F1. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals.
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    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: grain texture ; microtome ; quality ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although grain texture has been extensively studied, there is still some controversy about its mode of inheritance. The aim of this study was to use a microtome method to determine the inheritance of grain texture. The backcross method was used with a hard, well adapted cultivar, M29519 as recurrent parent, and Edwall, a soft cultivar with good biscuit-making quality, as donor. Segregation ratio's for grain texture were calculated after each backcross. The backcross derivates M29519 (soft) and M29519 (hard) and the donor and recurrent parents were also compared for biscuit-making quality. The microtome method was found to be very effective to determine grain texture. In this study grain softness was determined by a single dominant gene. M29519 (hard) and the recurrent parent did not differ significantly for any quality characteristics. M29519 (hard) and M29519 (soft) differed significantly for seven characteristics associated with biscuit-making quality, and M29519 (soft) produced a significantly larger biscuit diameter than M29519 (hard). M29519 (soft) differed significantly from the donor parent for six of the measured characteristics. Despite this, M29519 (soft) produced a biscuit similar in diameter to that of the donor parent. Therefore, although the transfer of the softness genes into a different genetic background did not transfer all the factors generally associated with good biscuit-making quality, it did produce a biscuit that did not differ significantly from that of the donor.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; incubation period ; infection frequency ; Stagonospora nodorum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Septoria nodorum blotch is the most important leaf disease of wheat in Western Australia. A potentially useful source of resistance has been identified in an accession of Aegilops tauschii. To study the genetics of resistance of this source a cross was made between the resistant Ae. tauschii accession, RL5271, and a susceptible accession, CPI110889. The resistant parent took significantly longer to develop symptoms, developed significantly fewer lesions and expressed significantly lower levels of disease than the susceptible parent. The F1 mean response for disease severity indicated there was no complete dominance. The F3 families were classified using three approaches. In the first approach the individual F3 plant response was used to classify the F3 families. In the second approach the F3 family means and standard errors were used to classify the F3 families. In the final approach Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of disease score and standard error for each F3 family derived from a REML analysis were used to classify the F3 families. The genotypic ratios generated by each of the approaches suggested that resistance is controlled by a single gene. The effectiveness of the resistance and its simple genetic control in the Ae. tauschii, accession RL5271 may be a useful resistance source for use in a bread wheat breeding program.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien genetic variation ; chromosome translocation ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A powdery mildew resistant double disomic wheat-rye substitution line carrying rye chromosomes 1R and 2R was crossed with normal bread wheats. The F2 generation was analysed cytologically by C-banding. Wheat-rye chromosome translocations involving both rye chromosomes 1R and 2R were frequent in F2. Lines with translocations of 1R and 2R were harvested separately. After four generations of selfing and selection for mildew resistance and fertility, fully fertile resistant lines were selected and analysed cytologically. Lines with 1BL/1RS and 2BS/2RL translocations were identified. The resistance on chromosome 1RS could not be shown to be different from control varieties carrying the same rye segment, while the resistance on 2RL is much broader than the earlier known 2RL derived resistance in the line Transec.
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  • 63
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The progress of a backcross breeding programme to introduce resistance against the cereal cyst nematode into wheat is described. Methods of resistance screening and criteria for selection are detailed and the results discussed with reference to alternative procedures for the introduction of new resistance genes into major breeding programmes.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem rust ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; generalized resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four morphological characteristics of wheat peduncles were evaluated for genetic and environmental variability. The thickness of the epidermis and the amount and distribution of chlorenchyma tissue in the peduncle were measured. The genetic variability was estimated to be large, whereas the environmental variability was small. It was also concluded that cultivars could be screened for morphological characteristics of the peduncle that contributed to non-specific resistance to stem rust with a minimum sample size of about 10 plants per replication from a single location.
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  • 65
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; tall plant ; semidwarf plant ; adaptation ; dryland ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary With a view to determining the comparative adaptation of semidwarf wheats to rainfed conditions, adaptation analyses were carried out on grain yield data of the 6th and 7th International Spring Wheat Yield Nurseries of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre. Sites were chosen which had not received irrigation: across a combined total of 44 such sites, yield variation was closely related to growing seasonal rainfall. Using these sites, yields of thirty-three common cultivars. Norin 10-derived semidwarf cultivars plus tall ones, were regressed against site mean yield to give a regression slope (b) and deviations from the regression (sd 2) for each cultivar. Semidwarf cultivars generally showed higher mean yields and larger regression slopes (b 〉 0.9) than tall cultivars from lower latitudes. Tall cultivars from higher latitudes showed the lowest mean yields and the lowest b values (〈 0.7). No consistent trends in sd 2 were evident. Despite the greater regression slopes of semidwarf wheats, the best yields under all but the lowest yielding (driest) conditions were given by certain semidwarf cultivars; these had high mean yields and b values close to 1.0 (for example Tobari 66, Inia 66, Pato ArGentino and Sonalika). In contrast other semiwdarfs (notably Chenab 70) of similar mean yield, plant height and phenology, were not well adapted to the drier conditions as indicated by b values close to 1.3. The usefulness of the regression technique and the implications of these results for selection of semidwarf wheats adapted to drier conditions are discussed.
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  • 66
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; components of resistance to sprouting ; complex resistance (RCP) ; α-amylase synthesis ; GA3 response ; wheat endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The problem of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat is very intricate. New concepts in breeding for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting regard many components such as α-amylase production potential, response to gibberellic acid and inhibition in the bracts as important as dormancy. In the research work carried out at The University of Sydney's Plant Breeding Institute, we found varietal differences for each of these components. We also developed criteria for screening breeding material for these components. The implications of our findings in planning efficient breeding programmes to evolve varieties with multiple resistance to pre-harvest sprouting have been discussed briefly.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; crossability ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with rye (Secale cereale L.), and especially the action of the crossability genes of wheat, was studied using the readily crossable wheat cv Chinese Spring (genotype kr 1 kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 〉), the poorly crossable wheat cv Hope (genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 Kr 2 Kr 2 ), as well as the disomic substitution line of chromosome 5B of Hope into Chinese Spring (CS/Hope 5B, genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 ). By comparing crossability and actual fertilization, the poor crossability with rye of both cv Hope and the CS/Hope 5B substitution line was shown to result from absence of fertilization. Studies of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth showed that the dominant alleles of the crossability genes manifested themselves through retardation and eventually inhibition of pollen tube growth at the style base and in the ovary wall. In Hope the growth of all pollen tubes was inhibited, whereas in CS/Hope 5B rarely fertilization was achieved. The recessive alleles of the crossability genes do not seem to have an influence on the growth of rye pollen tubes in wheat pistils.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; seedling emergence ; coleoptile length ; plant height ; genetic control ; phenotypic correlations ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F2 and F3, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F2 coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F2 plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F3 lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.
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  • 69
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of soil. naturally infested with Heterodera avenae, to select resistant heterozygotes in backcross progenies of wheat, was tested for reliability. Selfed progenies from plants selected as resistant were cultured monoxenically in test tubes with nematodes hatched from single cysts, while backcross progenies from the same parent plants were grown in pots of naturally infested soil. Cyst counts were made after two months' growth. The results showed that over 50% of the backcross lines, screened in previous generations with naturally infested soil, had been erroneously selected as resistant. The test tube cultures clearly differentiated lines carrying resistance from those which were susceptible and corroborated results from pot tests.
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  • 70
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; hybrid wheat ; male sterility ; cross pollination ; seed production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several chemicals were evaluated for their gametocidal properties to control pollination in hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) seed production. In a preliminary study, four chemicals were applied to three cultivars of spring wheat at two application times. RH-532 was the most effective of the four gametocides, reducing fertility to a 0 10% level for all three cultivars. In a second experiment, RH-532 was applied to one cytoplasmic male-sterile and three normal spring wheats at four rates (0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha) and at two times of application. Alternate strips of pollinator were planted throughout the experiment. All treatments decreased fertility. plant height, and spike length of the three normal wheats. RH-532 did not inhibit spike emergence of two semidwarf cultivars or one of conventional height. Cultivars did not respond similarly to treatments. Yields of cross-pollinated seed were only 1 21% of the normal yield when fertility levels on treated plants reached 0 10%. Hybrid seed content of the harvested seed ranged from 2 55%. On the treated male-sterile line, yield was significantly reduced in comparison with the open-pollinated check. Inhibitory properties of this chemical suppressed the fertilization potential of the female as well as inducing male sterility. The differential response of genotypes to treatments indicates that cultivars should be screened for male and female sensitivity to this chemical. If differential sensitivity is found, breeding and selection to improve this trait may be possible. Different environmental conditions may alter the response of cultivars to this chemical, with less effect on the female structures.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; fertilization ; early post-fertilization developments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilization and early seed development was studied in the variety Chinese Spring of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after pollination with rye (Secale cereale L.) and selfing, and in the common wheat variety Hope after selfing. In all three combinations the first pollen tube reached the micropyle in about 40 min after pollination. When pollinated with rye the migration of the sperm nuclei to the egg cell and the polar nuclei was delayed by about an hour. In the subsequent development until 72 hours after pollination the average cellular and nuclear doubling times of embryo and endosperm were about 16 and 8 hours for the interspecific combination. 18 and 9 hours for Chinese Spring selfed and 20 and 12 hours for Hope selfed.
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  • 72
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; single seed descent ; early generation yield tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary If selection based on F3 yield tests is to be effective, the yield tests must be successful in discriminating among yield genotypes. The available literature indicates that simple tests with limited or no replication are not very effective, although more extensive, replicated tests may be. Data from an experiment comparing F3 yield tests with a single seed descent procedure showed that F3 selection based on a two-replicate test with single seed descent procedure did not justify the extra work involved.
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  • 73
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem solidness ; Cephus cinctus ; wheat stem sawfly resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Stem solidness in the wheat plant provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, a pest of wheat in Montana and North Dakota, but some agronomists have been concerned that stem solidness might be related to low grain yields. We evaluated 17 spring wheat crosses for stem solidness, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in F2 through F4 generations from 1972 to 1975. Highly significant correlation (0.735) and regression (0.731) coefficients between F2 and F3 generations verify previous studies showing that stem solidness is highly heritable and that selection in F2 should be successful. Solid-stemmed F4 composites yielded more than hollow stemmed composites at Bozeman and equal yields were obtained at Huntley, indicating that stem solidness is not a deterrent to high grain yield.
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  • 74
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; sterility ; fertility ; developmental stages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the gametocides Ethrel, RH-532, and RH-2956 on wheat tillers at various stages of development were studied. The gametocides were applied to Anza and Yecora 70, two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, at three rates of foliar application when the main tillers were at meiosis. Ethrel was less effective in causing sterility than RH-532 and RH-2956. Anza showed greater induced sterility than Yecora 70 when treated with these gametocides. Ethrel affected only late tillers treated at or before meiosis. RH-532 and RH-2956 at the high application rate were equally effective for Anza. RH-2956 at the high application rate induced uniform and maximum sterility in early and late tillers of both Anza and Yecora 70.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Triticum turgidum ; durum ; wheat ; alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of individual parts of Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum var. durum kernels showed two classes of alcohol dehydrogenase patterns: 1) A three banded pattern (ADH-1, ADH-2 and ADH-3) for endosperm (Ed) and 2) a seven banded pattern (ADH-F1, ADH-F2, ADH-1, ADH-2, ADH-3, ADH-S1 and ADH-S2) for embryo (E), scutellum (S) and embryo plus scutellum (E+S). The use of nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic series of Chinese Spring wheat allows alcohol dehydrogenase to be associated with arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS. A five subunit forming dimer hypothesis is postulated to explain the newly reported seven isozyme pattern. Subunits α, β and δ are coded by chromosome arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS respectively, and the newly postulated ɛ and γ are coded also by chromosome arm 4BL.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; germination ; α-amylase enzyme ; gibberellic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sensitivity to GA in non-Gai genome winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was investigated to determine magnitude of variation of the trait, its association with other traits, and effects of geographical location of production. α-Amylase enzyme activity was measured before and after treatment with gibberellic acid in 18 cultivars grown at one location and in five cultivars grown at six locations. Dye-labeled starch and agar-starch media procedures were used for the first and second experiments, respectively. α-Amylase activity differed significantly among the 18 cultivars after germination in water, germination in GA, and in absolute and relative sensitivity to GA. Cultivars that reacted similarly to GA had some common ancestors in their pedigrees, and α-amylase activity and sensitivity to GA were significantly negatively associated with seed weight. α-Amylase activity differed between tall and semi-dwarf cultivars in the second experiment, but not in the first experiment. The magnitude of variation in α-amylase activity and its relationship to preharvest sprouting susceptibility of the cultivars suggested that the trait can be modified to improve seed dormancy. Significant interactions between cultivar responses to GA and geographical location of grain production suggested that selection should be carried out in several environments.
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  • 77
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 521-539 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum sp. ; wheat ; hybrid necrosis ; classification of varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The eight supplement contains 901 varieties etc. viz. 163 (18.1%) Ne 1-, 153 (17.0%) Ne 2- and 585 (64.9%) non-carriers. The total number of varieties etc. tested is 1461 (26.4%) Ne 1-, 1184 (21.4%) Ne 2- and 2885 (52.2%) non-carriers, together 5530. Various aspects of hybrid necrosis like the geographical distribution of the Ne-genes and their alleles, linkage, Green Revolution, durum wheat and the cause have been discussed. Some information is given on some of the listed varieties etc. This is my last supplement.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; glutenin ; SDS-sedimentation test ; SDS-polyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis ; baking quality selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gelprotein or SDS-insoluble gel-forming glutenin was isolated from wheat flour by extraction with an aqueous 1.5% SDS solution. Remarkable intervarietal differences were observed both in amount and subunit composition of these proteins. The amount of gelprotein and the SDS-sedimentation volume both proved to be good parameters for the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars. A high correlation was observed between amount of gelprotein and SDS-sedimentation volume. The amount of gelprotein was therefore tentatively assumed to be the essential basis of the SDS-sedimentation test. The subunit composition of the gelprotein was studied by SDS-PAGE after reduction of SS bonds by mercaptoethanol. It was found that the average bread-making quality of wheat cultivars and progeny of the cross Atlas 66 x Atys which possessed subunits 3 and 10, coded for by chromosome 1D, was significantly higher than that of wheat samples possessing subunit 2 and 11, their allelic counterparts.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; protein content ; grain yield ; mixing time ; soil-borne mosaic virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lancota has genetic potential to produce grain with higher protein content than most other cultivars grown in the hard winter wheat region. It has not consistently expressed full potential for grain protein content outside its area of development. Experiments were conducted to determine genetic variability for grain protein content in Lancota and to utilize that variability to select genotypes with high grain protein content. Approximately 1600 lines were screened to 37 high-protein selections that varied in yield, test weight, flour mixing time, blooming date, height, and reaction to wheat soil-borne mosaic virus (WSBM). Nine promising selections (KS80476, KS80478, KS80480, KS80488, KS80490, KS80491, KS80497, KS80499, and KS80500) had grain protein advantage over Lancota of 0.5 to 1.0% and equalled or exceeded Lancota in yield or test weight. Those selections were resistant to WSBM and satisfactory or better in mixing properties than Lancota. The highest protein selection (KS80496) had a mean protein advantage of 1.5% over Lancota but exhibited a short mixing time of 1 7/8 min. The absence of correlation between some years indicated strong environmental influence on protein content. We concluded that adequate genetic variability existed in the high-grain protein cultivar Lancota to select lines that express the high protein potential better than the original cultivar outside its area of development.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; linkage drag ; seedling resistance ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine whether linkage drag had occurred during the breeding of near isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat, 176 lines involving 11 sets of NILs, their recurrent parents and some of their donors were tested for seedling reaction to stem rust (4 races), leaf rust (3 races) and yellow rust (3 races). From the results, six cases were identified in which linkage drag may have played a role. More research is needed to prove clearly that linkage is involved. Nevertheless, the results suggest that linkage drag is a fairly common phenomenon.
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  • 81
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; near-isogenic lines ; chromosome substitution lines ; vernalization ; photoperiod, ear emergence ; basic development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were made of days to ear emergence under the constant temperatures of 9, 14, 19 and 25°C and 16 h photoperiod in three sets of wheat lines each possessing genotypes differing for developmental responses. Days to ear emergence in three near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Triple Dirk, which differed for vernalization response, increased as the strength of the response increased. At the four temperatures Triple Dirk D (Vrn 1 vrn 2) was not significantly different from normal Triple Dirk (Vrn 1 Vrn 2) but Triple Dirk B (vrn 1 Vrn 2) was significantly (P=0.01) later than normal Triple Dirk at each temperature. This indicates that the vrn 1 allele confers stronger vernalization response than vrn 2 over the range of temperatures (9–24°C). However, Triple Dirk C (vrn 1 vrn 2) failed to head after 120 days at each temperature indicating strong interaction between vrn 1 and vrn 2 with each other (and possibly the Triple Dirk back-ground) to give a much stronger vernalization response than predictions from additivity of their individual effects. The second set comprised the four Chinese Spring/Thatcher chromosome substitution lines CS/T 3B, 6B, 7B and 5D, plus Chinese Spring and Thatcher, and were grown in the unvernalized condition. CS/T 5D was similar in days to ear emergence as Chinese Spring at all four temperatures but the other three lines were earlier to ear emergence, particularly as the temperature increased. Days to ear emergence was fastest at 14°C in all lines, except CS/T 3B, in which it decreased progressively from 9 to 24°C. The third set of Chinese Spring and Thatcher and the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Thatcher substituted in Chinese Spring, the group which is considered to be involved in the control of photoperiod sensitivity. The three substitution lines responded differently to temperature compared with Chinese Spring and with each other, with chromosome 2D being the least, and chromosome 2B the most, responsive to temperature.
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  • 82
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; durable resistance ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust of wheat ; race-specific resistance ; race-non-specific resistance ; trangressive segregation ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crosses were made between wheat varieties Joss Cambier, Nord Desprez and Maris Bilbo, all classified as susceptible to yellow rust in field tests, and between Cappelle Desprez and Maris Huntsman, both classified as moderately and durably resistant. Selection for resistance to yellow rust among the progeny was carried out using races of Puccinia striiformis able to overcome all the known race-specific components of resistance in both parents of each cross. Lines with greater resistance than in both parents were obtained from each cross, those with greatest resistance being obtained from the cross between the moderately resistant parents. Three lines selected for resistance from the cross of Joss Cambier with Nord Desprez and one from the cross of Cappelle Desprez with Maris Huntsman, together with the parents, were tested in the field with 12 races of P. striiformis. Nord Desprez possessed a previously undetected race-specific component. The selected lines also displayed race-specific resistance, some of which was clearly related to race-specificity of the parents, and a component of resistance, greater than in both parents, that was effective against all 12 races. The possible origin and potential durability of this transgressive level of resistance is discussed. It is suggested that such transgressive resistance is more likely to be durable if it is derived from parents that have shown durable resistance.
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  • 83
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; inbreeding ; maternal inheritance ; kernel color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data are presented which support early generation selection for white kernel color in the progeny of red/white kernel wheat crosses which are segregating at 12 or more loci for yield (or any other trait of interest). The optimum generation for selecting white kernels is determined by the frequency of seeds produced with the potential to produce plants having desired quantitative alleles from both parents, and by the frequency of white kernels produced. The F2-produced seed (F3 embryo) is shown to be the optimum generation for selecting white kernels, given that 12 or more loci are segregating for a quantitative character such as yield. When the red parent is a 2 or 3 loci red genotype, selection among F4-produced seed for white kernel color may be desirable when 5 or fewer genes are segregating for the second trait. The results have direct application for all highly heritable, recessive, sporophytic traits.
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  • 84
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; multilines ; recurrent parents ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three multilines each of Kalyansona and PV 18 varieties of wheat were compared for their stability of yield and agronomic characters and disease resistance against the respective recurrent parents. The experiments were conducted for four years at nine locations. The multilines had more tillers and bolder seeds than the recurrent parents. There were, however, no differences for plant height, ear length and number of spikelets per spike. The genotypes x years x locations interaction was much more important than genotypes x years or genotypes x locations interaction as well as the main effects for genotypes. It is suggested that the number of test locations should be increased while decreasing the number of years. The stability parameters indicated that the multilines had a higher mean yield in the case of Kalyansona multilines whereas the yield of multilines of PV 18 was not significantly inferior to that of the recurrent parent. The regression coefficients were very close to unity except for KSML 3 (b=1.132). The deviations from regression were much larger for the multilines than for the recurrent parents. For rust resistance the multilines were superior over the varieties Kalyansona and PV 18.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; breeding ; grain yield ; grain quality ; preharvest sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hard white winter wheat (HWWW) occupies a very limited area of the USA, but its purported advantages suggest that its production in the major hard red winter wheat (HRWW) region may be feasible. Objectives of our investigations were to develop experimental HWWW lines that combined desirable attributes-grain yield, functional grain quality, and resistance to preharvest sprouting-in single genotypes for comparison with popular cultivars in the major US RHWW region. Forty-four lines from seven parental combinations were tested in randomized complete block designs at three Kansas locations during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons. Agronomic traits, grain yield, grain quality, and preharvest sprouting were measured. Plant characteristics and grain yield were similar in the HWWW experimental lines and the HRWW check cultivar, Newton. Mean grain SDS-sedimentation value and grain protein content of most experimental lines equaled or exceeded that of the check. Dough mixing times frequently were shorter for the experimental lines than for the check cultivar, whereas loaf volumes were greater. Falling number usually was similar in all geneotypes, but α-amylase was higher in field-harvested grain of white lines than the check; both measures were more favorable than grain trade standards. We concluded that production of high yielding, high quality hard white winter wheat genotypes is feasible in the US ‘breakbasket’.
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  • 86
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    Photosynthesis research 2 (1981), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: awns ; chlorophyll ; flag leaf ; glumes ; RuBP carboxylase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity and chlorophyll content were measured in the leaves and reproductive parts of two wheat cultivars after ear emergence. The chlorophyll content of the flag leaf was mostly higher than that of the awns and glumes. Awns had the highest chlorophyll content among reproductive parts. Light transmission to the lower leaves was higher in the dwarf cultivar Moti than in the medium tall cultivar Kalyansona. RuBP carboxylase activity in Kalyansona leaves was higher than in Moti leaves. In postanthesis stages there was no difference in RuBP carboxylase activity in the flag leaf and lower leaves between cultivars. Awns had the maximum activity of RuBP carboxylase followed by glumes and grains among ear parts. The relative capacity for photosynthesis in the ear parts was several times higher than in the flag leaf on a unit chlorophyll basis. It is suggested that in a crop canopy in the field, the spike(ear) may have a greater importance in grain development than has been previously estimated.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid (ABA) ; dormancy ; mature germination ; seed ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed dormancy develops latein embryogenesis after a period of potential prematuregermination and has been associated with levels ofabscisic acid (ABA) in, and sensitivity to, ABA ofembryos. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)embryos, there are two peaks in levels of ABA duringdevelopment: the first occurs 25 days afterpollination (DAP) and the second from 35 to 40 DAP. The first peak of ABA appears to be associated withthe development of the embryo's sensitivity to ABAsince such sensitivity was altered in seeds on earsthat were incubated in a solution of ABA from 15 and20 DAP. In the embryos of Kitakei wheat, a line thatexhibits dormancy, the second peak, at around 35 DAP,was more prolonged in comparison to Chihoku, anon-dormant line. The results support the proposedinvolvement of ABA in the formation and maintenance ofseed dormancy during middle and late embryogenesis. When developing embryos were incubated in water,embryonic ABA leaked out from the embryos, inparticular between 30 and 40 DAP. Prematuregermination observed between 30 and 40 DAP might berelated to such leakage of ABA from embryos.
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  • 88
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: agronomic traits ; isozymes ; landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sample of an Argentinean landrace of wheat showed considerable variation in most of the evaluated morphological and agronomic characters. However, analyses with high molecular glutenins and two isozyme systems, known to be highly polymorphic among current cultivars, revealed very little or no variation, respectively. The large difference in the observed variation between morphoagronomic and biochemical characters is discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive ; FKBP73 ; promoter ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 73 is a member of the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase gene family, which catalyses the interconversion between the cis and trans forms of the peptide bond preceding proline residues in proteins. A 3.5 kb sequence 5′ upstream of the ATG codon of the wheat FKBP73 was isolated from a wheat genomic library, and characterized by deletion analysis and transient expression in wheat embryos. The 1517 bp fragment is referred to as the full promoter due to the maximal activity of the fused luciferase reporter gene. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements (ABREs) proximal to coupling elements (CE1-like), a putative lectin box, two putative binding sites for the myb transcription factor and a 36 bp fragment which exhibits 100% identity to the pSau3A9 clone located in the centromeric region of wheat chromosomes. In a transient expression assay the promoter preserved the tissue specificity described in vivo, namely it is expressed only in germinating embryos and young shoots. The promoter was induced 1.9-fold by ABA, the minimal promoter was designated at −221 and the TATA box located at −137. The inducibility by ABA and the expression during germination may indicate that FKBP73 belongs to the group of genes induced by ABA upon germination.
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  • 90
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    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: introns ; maize ubiquitin promoter ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoterless maize ubiquitin first exon and intron fragment can drive gusA expression in immature tritordeum inflorescences and immature wheat scutella. In fluorescence assays, this fragment induces gusA expression in tritordeum inflorescences to 50 times higher than background. The activity of the complete promoter, exon and intron cassette was up to 20 000-fold higher than background but the maize ubiquitin promoter in isolation had very low activity. A construct with the maize alcohol dehydrogenase first exon and intron had low activity, visible in histochemical assays. Both intron sequences have promoter-like features and in the ubiquitin intron there is a sequence homologous to the opaque-2-binding box. We suggest that the combination of these elements may explain the promoter activity detected in these introns.
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  • 91
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    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 807-817 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Ca2+-binding protein ; EF-hand ; elicitor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated in the signal transduction processes during the development of the plant defense system against fungal pathogens. From wheat cultured cells that had been treated with the elicitor derived from Typhula ishikariensis, the ccd-1 gene encoding a 14 kDa Ca2+-binding protein with an acidic amphiphilic feature was isolated. The ccd-1-encoded protein (CCD-1) shares homology to the C-terminal half domain of centrin, a Ca2+-binding protein conserved in eukaryotes. Unlike typical eukaryotic centrins, CCD-1 contains only one Ca2+-binding loop, which corresponds to the one in the fourth EF-hand from the N-terminus of centrin. The recombinant CCD protein expressed in Escherichia coli bound to a phenyl-Sepharose column in the presence of Ca2+ and was eluted out by EGTA. It also showed a Ca2+-dependent electrophoretic mobility shift on the non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The ccd-1 mRNA expression was rapidly induced by treatment with fungal and chitosan oligosaccharide elicitors, implying that it might have a role in transducing Ca2+ signals provoked by the elicitors. The expression of the ccd-1 mRNA was induced by treatment with A23187, and the induction was suppressed by La3+ or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). This study suggests the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ in the elicitor-induced mRNA expression of a novel class of Ca2+-binding proteins conserved in higher plants.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; androgenesis ; cold pretreatment ; microspore ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cold pretreatments applied to excised anthers in liquid ‘potato 2’ medium proved to be unnecessary. Generally, cold pretreatments inhibited anther response and productivity as the duration was lengthened or as the pretreatment temperature was lowered. There were significant differences in response attributed to the anther donor genotype. Green and albino plants as well as ‘roots only’ have been regenerated from the spring wheat cultivars Sinton, Neepawa, Pitic 62 and DW 50. Most plants were haploid.
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  • 93
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    Chromosome research 8 (2000), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: genomic in-situ hybridization ; meiosis ; neocentromere ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The neocentric activity of a constriction located on the long arm of rye 5R chromosome (5RL) was analysed. It is not observed in normal rye but it is unusually stretched in bivalents involving 5RL telosomes in wheat–ditelosomic 5RL addition lines. In 20% of metaphase I cells, the 5RL bivalent presents the centromeres oriented to one pole and the constrictions oriented towards the opposite pole with a strong tension. In 5% of the cells, the constriction was able to orient the bivalent to the poles without tension in the centromeres. Sister chromatid cohesion, which is one of the distinct features of centromeric function, is persistent at the constriction in delayed 5RL chromosomes at anaphase I. Neither the elongation of the constriction nor the neocentric activity was observed at second meiotic division or mitosis. FISH studies showed that the 5RL constriction lacked detectable quantities of two repetitive DNA sequences, CCS1 and the 180-bp knob repeat, present at cereal centromeres and neocentromeres, respectively. We propose that, under special conditions, such as the wheat background, the normally non-centromeric DNA present at this region of 5RL acquires a specific chromatin structure, differentiated as an elongated constriction, which is able to function as a centromere.
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  • 94
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    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2141-2154 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; DIMBOA ; GC-MS-MS ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; weed suppression ; annual ryegrass ; Lolium rigidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat allelopathy has potential for weed suppression. Allelochemicals were identified in wheat seedlings, and they were exuded from seedlings into agar growth medium. p-Hydroxybenzoic, trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, trans-ferulic, and cis-ferulic acids and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) were identified in both the shoots and roots of 17-day-old wheat seedlings and their associated agar growth medium. Wheat accessions with previously identified allelopathic activity tended to contain higher levels of allelochemicals than poorly allelopathic ones. The allelopathic compounds present in the shoots generally also were identified in the roots and in the agar medium. Allelochemicals were distributed differentially in wheat, with roots normally containing higher levels of allelochemicals than the shoots. When the eight allelochemicals were grouped into benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, DIMBOA, total coumaric, and total ferulic acids, the amount of each group of allelochemicals was correlated between the roots and the shoots. Most of the allelochemicals identified in the shoots and roots could be exuded by the living roots of wheat seedling into the agar growth medium. However, the amounts of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium were not proportional to those in the roots. Results suggest that wheat plants may retain allelochemicals once synthesized. The presence of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium demonstrated that wheat seedlings were able to synthesize and to exude phytotoxic compounds through their root system that could inhibit the root growth of annual ryegrass.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; no-tillage ; prickly sida ; common ragweed ; weed control ; 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol ; carboxylic acid ; phenol ; morning glory ; Ipomoea lacunosa ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to determine if well-known phytotoxic effects of plant residues on crop growth could also be responsible for observed reductions of certain weed species in no-till cropping systems. An aqueous extract of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) reduced the germination and root length of pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Phytotoxicity was increased by about 70% when bioassays with the wheat extract on morning glory and ragweed were conducted in the presence of light. Phytotoxic substances were extracted from wheat with 2 N NaOH. The hydrolyzed extract was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The compound isolated by TLC having the greatest inhibitory effects on morning glory germination was identified using mass spectrometry and determined to be ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid). Ferulic acid at 5 × 103 M inhibited the germination and root length of morning glory 23 and 82%, respectively, and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) with carpels 85 and 82%, respectively. Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) germination was inhibited 100%. Ferulic acid had no effect on ragweed or prickly sida without carpels. Morning glory root and shoot biomass were reduced 52 and 26%, respectively, when morning glory was grown in sand and watered with a 5 × 103 M solution of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid in the presence of prickly sida seed carpels was found to undergo decarboxylation, forming a styrene derivative, 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol. The more phytotoxic styrene compound was produced by a bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. The study showed that ferulic acid and other compounds may indeed play a role in reducing the growth of certain weeds in no-tillage cropping systems.
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  • 96
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1001-1010 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rye ; wheat ; barley ; sorghum ; organic acids ; no-tillage ; crop residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of crops, cultivars, and accessions have been evaluated over the past six years for superior capability to suppress weed growth. The most successful of these approaches has been to grow cover crops of rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), or barley (Hordeum vulgare) to a height of 40–50 cm, desiccate the crops by contact herbicides or freezing, and allow their residues to remain on the soil surface. Often, up to 95% control of important agroecosystem weed species was obtained for a 30- to 60-day period following desiccation of the cover crop. The plant residues on the soil surface exhibit numerous physical and chemical attributes that contribute to weed suppression. Physical aspects include shading and reduced soil temperatures which were similarly achieved using poplar (Populus) excelsior as a control mulch. Chemical aspects apparently include direct release of toxins, as well as production of phytotoxic microbial products. Numerous chemicals appear to work in concert or in an additive or synergistic manner to reduce weed germination and growth.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification inhibitor ; urea ; fall application ; 15N ; nitrogen uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four-year microplot tests were performed to study the utilization by wheat, in the presence and absence of the nitrification inhibitor N-Serve, of15N labeled urea spread in fall. The percentages of fertilizer nitrogen taken up by winter wheat (grains and straw) were 18 to 37 percent when urea was spread in fall, 33 to 45 percent when urea plus N-Serve was applied in fall, and 36 to 49 percent when urea was spread in spring. In the 0–30 cm layer of soil there were found, for the treatments listed above, 15 to 23 percent, 24 to 45 percent, and 15 to 47 percent of urea nitrogen after the harvesting of winter wheat. Application of urea plus N-Serve in fall and of urea alone in spring resulted in similar amounts of fertilizer nitrogen being taken up by spring wheat to those taken up by winter wheat. Of the urea nitrogen applied in fall, 20 to 28 percent and 47 to 50 percent were not recovered from the plants and 0–30 cm soil layer with and without additional N-Serve treatment, respectively. The utilization by winter wheat of urea nitrogen spread, with no additional N-Serve, in fall from mid-October onward was considerably lower in those cases where, after fertilizing, weather conditions were such as to favour both nitrification and leaching. On heavy and loamy soil such influences of weather were offset by application of N-Serve.
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  • 98
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; leaching ; paddy soil ; wheat ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen in percolation water was observed in paddy field soil under rice/wheat rotation. Different N-application rates were designed. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm to collect the water in the period of wheat growth. Suction cups were installed in triplicate at the same depths to collect the water during the period of rice growth. NH4 +, NO3 - and total N in the water were analysed with a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant form of nitrogen in percolation water during the period of wheat growth. Nitrate leaching was high in early spring after the `tillering fertilisation'. More than 50 mg l-1 of nitrate concentration in percolation water was observed for 30 and 60 cm in depth and more than 15 mg l-1 were observed for 90 cm. The concentration decreased quickly and was very low, less than 2 mg l-1 usually, in the earring stage of wheat. Nitrate in water was low, less than 1.5 mg l-1 usually, when the field was flooded during the period of rice growth. Some soluble organic N existed in the water. Nitrate in percolation water increased when the field was drained. The leaching loss of nitrogen during winter wheat growth period was estimated to be about 3.4% of the N-fertiliser applied at the normal application rate of farmers; for the rice growth period it was around 1.8%. Although a reduced N-application decreased N leaching, it caused a marked decrease in crop yield.
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  • 99
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    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) ; protein ; Russian wheat aphid ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a perennial, serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States. Current methodologies used to enhance RWA resistance in wheat germplasm could benefit from an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to RWA. This study was initiated to identify specific polypeptides induced by RWA feeding that may be associated with RWA resistance. The effects of RWA feeding on PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat) and Pavon (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat) were examined by visualizing, silver-stained denatured leaf proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of protein profiles of noninfested and RWA-infested Pavon and PI 140207 revealed a 24-kilodalton-protein complex selectively inhibited in Pavon that persisted in PI 140207during RWA attack. No other significant qualitative or quantitative differences were detected in RWA-induced alterations of protein profiles. These results suggest that RWA feeding selectively inhibit synthesis and accumulation of proteins necessary for normal metabolic functions in susceptible plants.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum durum ; wheat ; durum wheat ; nitrogen harvest index ; harvest index ; grain protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment, plant (excluding roots) and grain nitrogen at harvest were estimated in 15 durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. They showed significant variation in grain yield, grain protein concentration, biological yield, total plant nitrogen at harvest and residual nitrogen in straw. Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were calculated from this primary data. Nitrogen harvest index varied from 57 to 83%. Plant nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with biological yield, grain yield and grain protein yield, but the correlations with grain protein concentration, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were not significant. Nitrogen harvest index was positively correlated with harvest index indicating that the distribution of N between straw and grain to a large extent, but not entirely, depends upon the partitioning of dry matter between the two. Grain protein concentration was neither correlated significantly to plant nitrogen nor to nitrogen harvest index.
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