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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,509)
  • Fisheries
  • 2005-2009  (77)
  • 1995-1999  (2,514)
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  • 1
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Ministère de l'économie et des Finances
    Description: Published
    Description: Pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle,pêche maritime,pêche sardinière, produits halieutiques,Transformation,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery products ; Marine fish ; Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Fishery products
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: pêcherie; gestion des ressources; cymbium; poulpe; crevette
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Biodiversity ; Fishery resources ; Biodiversity ; Fisheries ; Fishery management ; Fishery resources ; Bait fishing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper
    Format: 2371081 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 27
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  • 3
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    Programme Gestion Intégrée des Ressources Marines et Côtières, Dakar (Senegal)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Fondée sur l'intégration des principes et démarqhes des sciences de l'information et de la communication avec ceux du marketing social et relationnel, la stratégie de communicaton du Programme Girmac se décline sous la forme d'une vision globale, des objectifs généraux, des cibles ainsi que des activités et outils spécifiques de communication
    Description: Published
    Description: Girmac. strategie de communication
    Keywords: Marine environment ; Communication ; Fisheries ; Communication ; Information scientists ; Communication systems ; Marine environment ; Fisheries ; Canoe fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 4
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    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The exploitation status of cardinalfish (Epigonus crassicaudus) yielded in Chile between 33° to 41°S was analyzed. An indirect assessment was performed between 1997 and 2003 through size-structured model with a transition matrix defining the changes among sizes. The model was calibrated using size structures, official landings, catch-per-unit of effort (CPUE) taken from commercial fishing logbooks and standardized by generalized linear models (GLM). After 7 years of an intense fishery activity, we concluded that the cardinalfish resource in Chile is on the recruitment overfishing limit. On 2003, the spawning biomass with respect to the virginal spawning biomass is close to 40%. The biological references points (BRP) based on spawning per recruit biomass (SPR) support this assesment because the fishing mortality level on 2003 (Fact) was very close to fishing mortality level of 40% of SRP at virginal value (F40%).
    Description: Published
    Description: Besugo, Cardinalfish
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Stock assessment ; Exploitation ; Fisheries ; Stock assessment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists Group for Marine Turtle Research and conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches. Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses. In spite of the efforts that are currently underway, researchers still do not have a detailed understanding of the impact that bycatch produces on sea turtle populations in the SWA. We have a long way to go before its effects can be minimized. Further research is needed regarding the biology and ecology of the various turtle species as well as the effective application of mitigation measures. The life cycles of sea turtles are long and complex. Turtles occupy various ecosystems (nesting beaches, coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, as well as pelagic and demersal areas) throughout their lifetimes, transcending various Exclusive Economic Zones and International Waters. The five species that inhabit the SWA region perform vast feeding and reproductive migrations, traveling through areas where many different fishing fleets operate. Therefore, sea turtles in the SWA interact with virtually all fisheries. These circumstances make it necessary to carry out biological, fishing related and conservation studies on a regional level. The efficiency of the existing international and national legal instruments has yet to be determined, in terms of their effectiveness in protecting sea turtles. In some cases, legislation that is specifically related to the interaction between fisheries and turtles does exist, such as those laws requiring the mandatory use of turtle excluding devices (TEDs). There are also explicit bans on sea turtle capture. Nevertheless, none of these regulations prevent sea turtle bycatch. Although some regional legal instruments are needed, these and the existing legislation will only be effective if they are accompanied by a broader range of permanent education and control measures, to achieve the commitment of all the parties involved. The ecosystem approach is gaining popularity among fishery administration organizations. Research and conservation efforts should also be moving in that direction. A regional and international effort is required in order to compile information regarding the bycatch produced by the various types of fisheries and fleets operating in the area. The enormous increase in fishing pressure that these fleets are exerting in this area has not been accompanied by an increase in information regarding the bycatch of species that have no commercial value. Pelagic longlining is one of the fishing methods, which must be most closely monitored, due to the high levels of bycatch that it produces, as well its ample distribution throughout the region, and the high level of fishing effort that it accounts for. Coastal trawlers and gillnetters must also be considered critical players, because they too produce a large rate of bycatch. These are the three types of fisheries that are most broadly distributed throughout the region, accounting for the majority of the fishing effort. Most of the institutions that work toward sea turtle conservation in the area have only begun to address the issue of bycatch over the last decade. This timeframe is reflected in the scope and quantity of the available publications, as well as the progress of activities directed at mitigating this problem. All of the institutions that have been mentioned in this report have made the gathering of information regarding interaction between sea turtles and fisheries one of their top priorities. Some institutions are even developing working programs for monitoring fisheries and testing mitigation measures. Many of these institutions have managed to develop adequate relationships with fishermen, ship owners and administrators. Nevertheless, limited access to funding is an obstacle to the development and testing of mitigation measures. The SWA network, which is a very valuable instrument that was created in 2003, has allowed the region’s institutions and researchers to exchange information and share their experience, in addition to lending each other support in carrying out joint activities, thus strengthening sea turtle conservation efforts. The capacity demonstrated so far by the region’s researchers and institutions, testifies to their ability to continue to make progress in knowledge generation and tests of bycatch mitigation measures.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear ; Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 71 pp
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  • 6
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    MGAP | DINARA
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: A partir de la firma del Proyecto de Gestión Pesquera DINARA-FAO (UTF/URU/025/URU), en septiembre de 2007, se comenzó a conformar una Unidad de Economía Pesquera. Sus objetivos se focalizaron en fortalecer la capacidad de recolección y análisis estadístico de la información socio-económica del sector. En el 2008 esta Unidad compiló y realizó un análisis de la información comprendida entre los años 2002 y 2007, reanudando luego de varios años esta publicación histórica. La misma fue un éxito en todo sentido, especialmente para consulta de los diferentes actores del sector. La aceptación y receptividad que ha tenido dicha publicación nos motiva y obliga a continuar en esta línea, rumbo a la obtención de un producto de valor y utilidad, basado exclusivamente en información oficial nacional. Este año retomamos la serie anual poniendo nuevamente a disposición de todos información actualizada, completa y de calidad que estamos seguros será nuevamente de gran beneficio para el sector público como privado, así como de interés para el público en general.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Trade ; Fishery statistics ; Fisheries ; Trade
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 48
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  • 7
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    Victoria: Seychelles Fishing Authority
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Seychelles is composed of over 100 islands with a land area of approximately 455 km², centred close to 4°30'S and 55°30'E. The combined coastline is approximately 600 km long, the oceanic shelf totals about 50 000 km² and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is over 1 370 000 km². The total population (1994 census) stands at just under 74 000. in 1994, the population registered a growth rate of 2.2%. The GDP (1994) was SR 2373.8 million, fisheries representing 4.8% of this sum. Licensing agreements for foreign fishing activities provided a yearly revenue of SR8 million. Port Victoria is seen as a prime centre for tuna fishing operations in the Indian Ocean. In the artisanal fishery just under 900 persons are working. The largest contributor to catch by vessel type are the traditional whaler vessels representing 47.8% of the total catch. Over 66.3% of the catch is by the handline method. Carangidae representing 24% and Lutjanidae 19% of total landings. There are six specific objectives to the fisheries sector policy, which aims as resource development and maximisation of potential benefits. Nearshore fishery resources are considered to be heavily exploited, however opportunities exist around the distant islands and in deeper waters off the Mahe plateau shelf. Aquaculture of molluscs and prawns is being developed and carried out. The main constraints to development are seen as the lack of skilled manpower and foreign exchange.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Country profile ; Fisheries ; Seychelles ; Statistics ; Fisheries ; Fishery statistics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 186058 bytes
    Format: 520444 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 19
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The present paper is based on a collation of information, through both a literature review and an internet search, on North American programs that involve some kind of scientific collaboration between fishers and fisheries scientists. It identifies four basic models of such collaboration and offers examples of collaborative activities that seem to fit into each of them. The first model defers to the expertise of the scientist for all major decisions and creates a strong programmatic distinction between what is science, and shall be done by scientists, and what are other, related activities that can be carried out by others. Various kinds of tagging programs, fisher advisory boards, at-sea research collaboration and many other activities fit this model. The second model, traditional ecological knowledge, recognizes that fishers have available to them a unique, local knowledge of the resource that can make a supplementary contribution to fisheries science. Several government, community and environmental groups are engaged in finding, recording and using this knowledge....
    Description: Unpublished
    Keywords: Mariculture ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non-Refereed , Paper
    Format: 51395 bytes
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Durante las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de la captura (descartada y retenida) de condrictios en las pesquerías artesanales e industriales, conjuntamente con un rápido crecimiento de las pesquerías no reguladas, lo cual ha ocasionado una disminución en muchas poblaciones de este grupo de peces en todos los mares del mundo. La sobrepesca y los elevados niveles de mortalidad ocasionados por la captura incidental, asi como la degradación y contaminación de áreas costeras donde se ubican las zonas de alimentación, reproducción y cría para muchas especies de condrictios, han colocado a este grupo de peces en una situación difícil. Estos hechos, combinados con el bajo potencial reproductivo y la estrategia de vida de la mayoría de las especies de condríctios, no permiten una recuperación de las poblaciones, cuando las mismas se ven enfrentadas a períodos de sobreexplotación. En las aguas de Uruguay ocurren aproximadamente 100 especies de condrictios, muchas de las cuales son capturadas por diferentes pesquerias, tanto de forma incidental como dirigida. Debido a la preocupación a nivel internacional sobre la sustentabilidad de las pesquerías de tiburones, la FAO en 1998 realizó una consulta internacional a expertos y desarrolló un “Plan de Acción Internacional para la Conservación y el Manejo de los Tiburones” (PAI - Tiburones), el cual fue adoptado en 1999. El objetivo del PAI - Tiburones es asegurar la conservación, el manejo y el uso sustentable a largo plazo de los tiburones. Al hacer referencia a “tiburones”, se incluyen a todos los condrictios (tiburones, batoideos y quimeras). Este documento se divide en dos Capítulos y cuatro Anexos. El primer capítulo incluye los objetivos del PAN - Condrictios Uruguay y las medidas propuestas para alcanzar los mismos. El segundo capítulo contiene un diagnóstico general de los condrictios, las pesquerías y el marco jurídico. Como anexos se incluyen una lista de especies de condrictios citadas para Uruguay junto a su status en las listas rojas de la UICN, una reseña biológica de las especies consideradas prioritaras, una lista de abreviaturas, y listas de instituciones y personas que participaron de las reuniones desarrolladas durante el proceso de elaboración del PAN – Condrictios Uruguay. Las medidas propuestas por el PAN - Condrictios Uruguay se deberán aplicar a todas las pesquerías efectuadas por buques de bandera uruguaya, incluso los que operan fuera de la zona económica exclusiva de Uruguay.
    Description: Published
    Description: chondrichthyan, legal norm
    Keywords: M42 ; Fisheries ; Fisheries ; Conservation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 87
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La captura incidental en pesquerías comerciales ha sido identificada como una de las principales amenazas para la conservación de este grupo de aves, siendo los albatros (familia: Diomedeidae) y los petreles (familia: Procellariidae) las especies más afectadas. Debido a que los albatros y petreles presentan una gran longevidad y una baja fecundidad, pocas crías y un lento desarrollo, sus poblaciones son muy sensibles al aumento en la tasa de mortalidad causado por la captura incidental en las pesquerías. Anualmente son capturadas y muertas miles de aves marinas en las pesquerías comerciales que operan con diferentes configuraciones de palangre alrededor del mundo. Este arte, entre otras causas, está contribuyendo al descenso de varias poblaciones de albatros y preteles, configurando un claro riesgo de extinción de estas especies, si se permite que las tendencias actuales persistan. Las pesquerías de arrastre también interactúan con las aves marinas provocando la mortalidad de las mismas en un importante número. Otras pesquerías que capturan aves marinas son las que operan con redes de enmalle, redes de cerco y poteras. Respondiendo a la necesidad de reducir la mortalidad de aves marinas la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) desarrolló un Plan de Acción Internacional para Reducir la Captura Incidental de Aves Marinas en las Pesquerías de Palangre, el cual propicia la elaboración de Planes de Acción Nacionales en cada uno de sus países miembros. El objetivo del Plan de Acción Nacional – Aves Marinas de Uruguay es presentar un marco general que permita instrumentar medidas para la reducción de la captura incidental de aves marinas en todas las pesquerías de Uruguay.
    Description: Published
    Description: seabirds
    Keywords: M42 ; Fisheries ; Catching methods ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 75
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Este documento, dirigido al sector pesquero, investigadores, conservacionistas y administradores de las pesquerías, surge como respuesta de investigadores pertenecientes al Grupo de Especialistas en Investigación y Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en el Atlántico Sud Occidental (ASO) a la urgente necesidad de evaluar el impacto de las pesquerías sobre las tortugas marinas. Históricamente, los esfuerzos referidos a la conservación de las tortugas marinas se han dirigido casi exclusivamente a proteger las playas de anidación. Sin embargo en la última década se ha podido comprobar que una de las mayores amenazas es la mortalidad incidental causada por las pesquerías. Esta interacción no implica únicamente un problema para las tortugas, sino que también genera pérdidas económicas para los pescadores y las empresas.
    Description: This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists Group for Marine Turtle Research and Conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches. Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses.
    Description: Cont. fotografías
    Description: Published
    Description: Sea Turtle, keeping
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear ; Fisheries ; Ecology ; Fishing gear
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 71
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Dr Sebek introduced the ACOPS report which sums up the activities undertaken since the last Preparatory Committee meeting all of which are detailed in Annex V. In particular, Dr Sebek said that several strategic partnerships were being forged in order that certain components of the work programme, as agreed at the First Preparatory Committee Meeting in Nairobi in February, could start as soon as possible. A good example of such a policy, in the field of root cause analyses was the anticipated co-operation with UNESCO.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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    Format: 638617 bytes
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  • 13
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    UNEP; Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: At present, the impact of accidental catch on sea turtle populations is one of the most urgent problems that must be solved to ensure the survival of all these species worldwide. In the Mediterranean, too, all marine turtle species are affected by fishing activities, in particular the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and the green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, which are more common than the others and are the only ones breeding in this sea. Since the Mediterranean populations of both species seem to be genetically isolated from the Atlantic ones (Bowen et al., 1992; Bowen et al., 1993; Laurent et al., 1993), fishing-induced mortality probably cannot be counterbalanced by immigration. This implies that the survival of the Mediterranean populations of these species depends to a great extent on the conservation effort that the Mediterranean countries carry on in the near future to reduce accidental mortality.
    Description: Unpublished
    Keywords: Marine turtles ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo llama la atención a las recientes epidemias de intoxicación histamínicas reportadas en los Estados Unidos, debido al consumo del dorado (Coryphaena hippurus) o Mahi-Mah, contaminado. Esto dió como resultado la prohición de las importaciones de esta especie, proveniente de varios países entre ellos el Ecuador, y siendo el dorado una especie de relativa importancia económica en este país, dicha prohibición ha preocupado al sector pesquero. Los estudios llevados a cabo muestran claramente la susceptibilidad de esta especie a desarrollar histamina. Esto se debe principalmente a la temperatura a la que está expuesta, pues la demora antes de enhielar el pescado es la etapa crítica. Los resultados muestran un aumento exponencial de los niveles de histamina, en ciertos casos después de tan solo 9 horas de almacenaje a temperaturas ambientales entre 25-30°C. Los niveles de histamina en pescado muestreado en el mercado local fueron tan altos como 250 mg/100g de muestra. Se demuestra que el problema se debe fundamentalmente al mal manejo de la captura por parte de la flota artesanal, y la subsecuente falta de infraestructura adecuada para conservarla, es decir, no se enfría el pescado. Sin embargo, el estudio muestra que una reducción de la temperatura del pescado de solo 15° menos, podría dar como resultado un producto de mayor calidad. En el presente trabajo se hacen recomendaciones para establecer un nivel máximo permitido para la exportación de 10 mg%, y se comparan dos métodos rápidos de análisis.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Histamines ; Quality control ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: 153 experimental sets were made with stackable Antillean fish traps in depths of 5 to 30 m in the waters around the Galápagos Island (Ecuador), between Octobre and April 1983. 1,885 fish were caught of 18 species mainly of the families Pomadasyidae, Acanthuridae, Sparidae and Serranidae. The mean catch rate was 5,5 Kg per lift or 0,4 Kg.h-1, and the mean weight of the fish caught was 0,45 Kg. The optimum set duration was found to be between 2 and 18 hours (possibly indicating a high rate of escape). This study took place during the period of the ”El Niño”, when catches of fish in this area generally were low, and it is not known what effect this had. The catches were good compared with other shallow areas, but the fishes caught were mainly of medium quality. It is thought that significant increases in the quantity and quality of the catch could be obtained with commercial traps in deeper areas, but the efficient use of these would require new vessels and equipment, and the resulting increase in fishing effort could lead to overfishing of the most acceptable species of reef fish. Hence the development of fishery using fish traps is not recommended for Galápagos. A study of the biology of the fish caught was carried out. A bibliography of references on fish traps and their use was compiled and is included.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Trap fishing ; Fisheries ; Catch statistics ; Trap fishing
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The coastal waters of West Africa are among the world's richest fishing grounds ... for the time being. Droughts have ravaged the hinterland and as a result people have steadily moved towards the shores of Senegal and Mauritania. At the same time the international fishing industry seems intent on exploiting West African waters to a greater and greater extent. Nicolien Zuijdgeest and photographer Bas Beentjes visited the region and found that the sustainability of fisheries is being seriously threatened.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Le Gabon est situé en Afrique centrale avec une façade atlantique . Il est limité au Nord par le Cameroun, au Nord-ouest par la Guinée Equatoriale, à l’Est et au Sud par le Congo. La zone économique exclusive (ZEE) a une surface de 213.000 Km². elle est plus vaste que celle de Sao-Tomé et Principé, pays insulaire voisin (160.000 Km²). La façade maritime à une longueur de 750 Km , de Coccobeach à Ndindi. La largeur moyenne du plateau continental est de 60 Km, soit une surface à peu-près de 40.600 Km² de la côte à l’isobathe de 200 mètres. Ce plateau se termine par un talus peu abrupt, d’une longueur de 750 Km et d’une superficie de 11.200 Km² entre 200 et 800 mètres de profondeur....
    Description: Unpublished
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Environments ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In 1997, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, with the financial support of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, initiated a project to examine the relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the rules of international trade–those administered by the World Trade Organisation (WTO), in particular. The project was motivated by a widely shared concern that the aims of the CBD, which are essentially to conserve and equitably distribute the benefits of the environment, might be undermined by the WTO, which aims at the liberalisation of trade. Liberalised trade has the potential to integrate economies, regionally and globally, in mutually beneficial ways. But some observers are concerned that it may do so at a cost of impairing the environment and amplifying disparities in wealth, much of which, in poorer nations, is disproportionately represented in endowments of natural resources. Other commentators have claimed to locate synergistic potential, suggesting, for example, that trade law’s anti-subsidy disciplines might be conscripted into the campaign against environmental abuses such as overfishing.
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; International trade ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non-Refereed , Paper
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This synopsis describes the development of marine biological research, including fisheries, in Mozambique. With around 3000 km of coastline, the living resources of the sea playa major role in the Mozambican society, mainly as a source of protein and income for the population, and of foreign revenue through exports. In the first years, after independence, in 1975, research activities in marine sciences were limited and mainly concentrated to fisheries through cooperation with Norway and the Soviet Union. A new era for biology started in 1985 when the Faculty of Biology at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane was re-opened. A 5yr curriculum towards a licentiate degree was introduced with a strong marine profile. Since the 1990s, a very dynamic de-velopment in Mozambican marine biological research has occurred. Several academic degrees in marine biology from universities abroad were obtained, and local expertise developed; building vital institutions and enrolling in advanced research activities.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Marine biology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The trophic relations of two apex predators, yellowfin and bigeye tuna (Thunnus albacares and T. obesus), and their prey were investigated in the western tropical Indian Ocean. The contents of 173 non-empty stomachs were analysed from specimens caught with longlines and purse seine during scientific and fishing cruises. Diet data were processed by occurrence, by number, and by wet weight and a comparison of diets between surface and deep swimmers made. Crustaceans were the almost exclusive food source of surface-swimming bigeye tuna, with the stomatopod (Natosquilla investigatoris) being the sole prey item recorded in this category. The diet of deep-swimming yellowfin tuna was balanced between epipelagic fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. Bigeye tuna fed predominantly on cephalopods and mesopelagic fish (Scopelarchidae and Paralepididae), for which this predator appeared to be the most active chaser. The diet of the two predators reflects their ability to catch the prey, and their vertical distribution.
    Description: Published
    Description: Natosquilla investigatoris; Thunnus albacares; T. obesus; Feeding ecology; Vertical habitat
    Keywords: Tuna ; Fisheries ; Diets ; Tuna fisheries ; Analysis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Greater ecosystem complexity is recognized by studying a two species predator-prey model under two property rights regimes: free entry and a system such as individual quotas which execute an economically optimal solution. A bottom-up management experiment is discussed in the context of Lake Victoria fisheries.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Predators ; Resource management ; Fisheries ; Freshwater fish ; Predators ; Resource management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 71093 bytes
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2005 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime, pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Commercial fishing ; Artisanal fishing ; Cephalopod fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Fishery statistics ; Fishing vessels statistics ; Marine fisheries ; Mollusc fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Shrimp fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 110
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Le domaine maritime sénégalais s’étend de 18°00 N, -20°00 W, -16°30 E, 12°15 S ; la presqu’île du Cap-Vert située entre 14°30 N et 15°00 N le divise en deux zones aux caractéristiques topographiques distinctes. Au nord, le plateau continental est peu étendu vers le large et orienté Nord-Nord/Est. Au sud de la presqu’île, le plateau s’élargit et le talus continental est orienté nord-sud. L’embouchure du fleuve Sénégal au Sénégal au Nord de la presqu’île du Cap-Vert et celles de la Gambie et de la Casamance au Sud constituent également un trait marquant de cette région. Les travaux réalisés au Sénégal en océanographie ont montré : - l’existence de deux saisons marines aux caractéristiques très différentes qui se succèdent : une saison chaude de juillet à octobre et une saison froide de décembre à mai. Ces deux saisons sont séparées par des périodes de transition. Pendant la saison froide, les alizés (vent de secteur nord-ouest à nord-est) s’établissent et engendrent à la côte une résurgence d’eau profonde (upwelling) vers la surface ; - la mise en évidence de systèmes de grands courants aux caractéristiques différentes : le courant des Canaries et le contre courant équatorial ; - la description de trois grandes houles au large du Sénégal : o la houle de Nord-Nord ouest qui a lieu toute l’année o la houle de Sud-Sud ouest apparaissant pendant l’hivernage o la houle d’ouest possible aux environs du mois de novembre. Le littoral sénégalais représente une zone d’intérêt stratégique à la fois sur le plan démographique, économique et environnemental. Les milieux naturels, dans un état de conservation relativement préservé, produisent des ressources vitales pour les 11 millions d’habitants peuplant le Sénégal. L’économie nationale sénégalaise est très dépendante de ces ressources côtières et marines qui constituent les principales recettes en devises, qu’il s’agisse de pêche ou de tourisme. L’analyse de la situation et des tendances montre que la zone côtière fait l’objet de pressions diversifiées et de plus en plus lourdes. Ces pressions se traduisent souvent par des conflits d’intérêts entre les différents secteurs et par des impacts qui génèrent une dégradation de l’environnement et des conditions de vie des populations. Cette évolution risque ainsi de compromettre les potentialités de développement offertes par les 700 Km de littoral sénégalais. La pression démographique se développe préférentiellement sur la zone côtière qui accueille déjà près de 60% des habitants, notamment dans les centres urbains et les capitale, toutes situées en bord de mer, et qui continuent à recevoir des populations en provenance de l’intérieur, réfugiés climatiques ou économiques, ou simplement jeunesse attirée par les « lumières de la ville ». Cet exode, à l’origine de dysfonctionnements des systèmes de production ruraux qui manquent peu à peu de main d’oeuvre, contribue à son tour à générer des perturbations au niveau des centres urbains où la misère se substitue parfois à la pauvreté.
    Description: Les besoins en matériaux de construction consécutifs à cette évolution démographique entraînent des prélèvements massifs de sable sur les plages qui ont à leur tour des conséquences négatives sur l’érosion et la protection du littoral. La fragilisation des cordons dunaires augmente ainsi les risques d’inondations des terres, la ville de Saint Louis étant particulièrement vulnérable à cet égard. Les besoins en développement ont conduit à la réalisation d’infrastructures le long du littoral. Ces constructions, qui tiennent trop rarement compte des contraintes environnementales, ont entraîné des répercussions structurelles sur l’équilibre de la zone côtière. Ainsi, les barrages anti-sel, tel le barrage de Diama sur le fleuve Sénégal, ont entraîné des répercussions sur le fonctionnement de certains écosystèmes côtiers. En condamnant les influences des apports d’eau douce ils appauvrissent les milieux situés en aval, stérilisant peu à peu des zones riches en ressources ainsi que les économies et les cultures qui en dépendent. Le ralentissement des courants et la baisse de salinité en amont du barrage favorisent l’apparition de certaines plantes envahissantes, telles que la bilharziose ou le paludisme. Les effectifs de poissons dépendant de milieux à salinité variable sont directement affectés, expliquant par exemple une chute de près de 70% des captures dans le bas delta du Sénégal. Les besoins du développement se traduisent également par l’amélioration ou la création d’axes routiers qui, dans la majorité des cas, longent la zone côtière. Ces ouvrages entraînent des impacts directs sur l’environnement, tels la destruction des mangroves là où les routes barrent l’écoulement des marées (exemple de la route Samba Dia – Djifère. Les systèmes de production traditionnels sont en règle générale peu préparés à faire face à des circuits de commercialisation organisés à une échelle régionale ou internationale, où à des technologies plus performantes, et éprouvent des difficultés à maintenir un contrôle sur leur terroir. Faute de pouvoir opérer une métamorphose rapide de leur système de production, le risque existe de voir peu à peu disparaître des savoir-faire d’une grande valeur dans la gestion même de ces territoires et de leurs ressources et , plus généralement, des cultures qui leur sont associées. Le développement industriel exerce des impacts potentiels ou réels de grande magnitude sur la zone côtière et marine. Les secteurs les plus significatifs à cet égard sont le tourisme et les hydrocarbures. Concernant le premier, les infrastructures, principalement orientées vers le tourisme balnéaire, sont en grande majorité installées à proximité directe de la zone côtière. L’absence quasi généralisée d’études d’impacts approfondies et indépendantes a conduit à de nombreux échecs. Ainsi, la plupart des projets ont été pensés et réalisés sans tenir suffisamment compte des contextes socio-économiques, culturels et environnementaux dans lesquels ils s’insèrent. Certaines réalisations ont été planifiées sur des secteurs soumis à une forte érosion littorale, compromettant de façon irrémédiable non seulement les investissements mais l’utilisation ultérieure du site, comme cela s’est produit sur les plages au sud immédiat du Cap Skirring. Les questions relatives à la disponibilité en eau douce qui se posent de façon cruciale dans le Saloum par exemple, à la gestion des déchets et des eaux usées ne sont que rarement prises en considération de façon structurelle et durable, conduisant à la dégradation de l’environnement ou à des conflits avec les communautés locales qui nuisent à la qualité même du tourisme. L’exploration et l’exploitation des ressources en hydrocarbures représentent aussi un secteur d’intérêt stratégique avec une généralisation des prospections. Si la découverte de gisement d’intérêt commercial représente une opportunité majeure pour l’économie nationale, elle soulève néanmoins un certain nombre de questions au regard de l’environnement. En effet les des puits. Parmi ces risques nous pouvons citer les impacts des études sismiques sur les organismes marins, notamment poissons et cétacés, le rejet de fluides toxiques et déblais de forage, le déversement des eaux de production et les pollutions aiguës dues à des accidents intervenant pendant le forage, le stockage ou le transport. Le Sénégal en ce moment, en est au stade de la prospection. Toutefois, pour ce qui concerne le transport d’hydrocarbures, plus de 90 000 0000 de tonnes d’hydrocarbures transitent par les côtes sénégalaises. Les modèles de dérive des nappes élaborés par la Compagnie pétrolière Woodside en relation avec le champ de Chinguetti, actuellement en cours de production au large de la Mauritanie, montrent des probabilités d’impact sur les côtes allant du golfe d’Arguin jusqu’à Dakar, en cas d’accident. La surexploitation des ressources halieutiques constitue également un problème au niveau de l’environnement marin et côtier. En effet, si une partie de la fluctuation des biomasses peut s’expliquer par les changements du régime des upwellings, la baisse des captures s’explique par un effort de pêche excessif, que ce soit dans le sous-secteur industriel ou artisanal. A cette surcapacité vient s’ajouter la présence de flottes illicites non déclarées et non réglementées. L’utilisation de certains engins ou pratiques de pêche contribue à aggraver la situation : la pêche crevettière est à l’origine de prises accidentelles qui représentent jusqu’à 85 % du total des captures, incluant des espèces protégées comme les tortues marines, et qui sont rejetés à la mer . Les chaluts de fonds, qui vont pêcher jusqu’à 800 m de profondeur, ainsi que les dragues à coquillages entraînant des dégâts structurels sur les écosystèmes De plus l’influence des marchés à l’exportation exerce des pressions sélectives sur certaines espèces, les espèces démersales de poissons, céphalopodes étant les plus recherchées sur le marché. Les changements climatiques ont également des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement marin et côtier. On sait que l’élévation du niveau marin aura des répercussions directes sur les installations humaines littorales ainsi que sur les écosystèmes insulaires et côtiers. Des zones de mangroves entières qui ne disposent pas des conditions écologiques pour s’adapter peuvent disparaître, entraînant des risques accrus d’érosion et d’inondation. Ces mêmes risques se multiplient avec la fréquence accrue des épisodes météorologiques exceptionnels tels que les ondes de tempêtes capables de drosser les pirogues à la côte ou de provoquer la rupture de cordons dunaires. On sait par ailleurs que le réchauffement de la température des mers influe négativement sur la productivité des océans et la dynamique des courants tels que le courant profond originaire de l’antarctique et qui exporte vers le Sénégal et les autres pays de la sousrégion des sels nutritifs présents dans les upwellings. On observe également une diminution de la puissance des alizés qui pourrait avoir des répercussions directes sur la force des upwellings et donc sur la productivité des pêcheries et du milieu marin en général. La stratégie de réponse proposée combine une protection des zones côtières importantes et un reboisement des dunes littorales dans les secteurs de la côte nord et de la Flèche de Sangomar particulièrement menacés. L’évaluation économique de cette stratégie montre qu’elle est coûteuse mais nettement en deçà de la valeur économique des terres qu’elle sera amenée à protéger. Des efforts complémentaires devront cependant être faits pour évaluer le coût d’autres solutions de protection telles que le nourissement artificiel des plages. Par ailleurs, la stratégie envisagée ne répondant qu’à l’un des impacts des changements climatiques, à savoir les inondations, toute une série de mesures dites d’accompagnement ont été suggérées qui visent à diminuer la vulnérabilité en gérant mieux les ressources présentes dans la zone côtière, en développant les techniques de récupération des sols salés et en prenant des mesures législatives et institutionnelles appropriées. Enfin, il est très important de souligner que ces différentes mesures ne devraient être envisagées que dans un cadre plus global de gestion intégrée des zones côtières, seul à même d’assurer la participation de l’ensemble des acteurs concernés, l’éducation, la recherche et l’information environnementales mais aussi la cohérences et le suivi des mesures.
    Description: Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Protection de la Nature, des Bassins de Rétention et des Lacs Artificiels, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: écosystéme marin; technique de pêche; filet; érosion côtière; pollution; pêche; flore; environnement; migration; pêcheur; oiseau d'eau; tortue marine; lamantin; requin; mammifére marin; réglementation; mangrove; écosystème; estuaire; delta
    Keywords: Deltas ; Ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Aquatic birds ; Fishermen ; Fisheries ; Mangroves ; Coastal erosion ; Flora ; Fishing nets ; Deltas ; Ecosystems ; Mangroves ; Coastal erosion ; Marine environment ; Marine mammals ; Shark fisheries ; Turtle fisheries ; Aquatic birds ; Fishermen ; Migrations ; Flora ; Fisheries ; Marine pollution ; Fishing nets ; Climatic changes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche par espéce; crustacé
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Capture fishery economics ; Fisheries ; Fishery statistics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 1546887 bytes
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    Format: 122
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  • 25
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    FAO
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: Eritrea
    Keywords: Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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  • 26
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    Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This paper examines the arrival of a new group of fishermen on the Kenyan coast and what this has meant for the state of fishery resources. It reviews four subject areas: access and the number of fishermen; the fishermen’s identity; the choice of fishing gear; and the fishing grounds selected. Data were collected from a small number of fishing households in the villages of Uyombo and Takaungu in Kilifi District, using mainly qualitative research methods. Local households on the Kenyan coast face increasing pressure on land as well as on marine resources. The declining economic situation and greater pressure on land have made people turn to fishing as an income-generating activity. This group of fishermen is referred to as the ‘new’ generation of fishermen as they have been involved in fishing for only one or two generations (including the current one) in contrast to the ‘old’ generation from families who have been fishing or in fishingrelated activities for much longer. The old generation of fishermen and their households have also diversified their incomes, with many fishing households turning to farming, for example, with women and grown-up children involved in various activities. The new generation of fishermen, mainly of the Mijikenda population group, has often been blamed for the loss of traditional access regulations and for using harmful fishing gear. This paper discusses the new generation of fishermen and their identity as they perceive it and relates this to employment generation as a policy measure for marine conservation.
    Description: Published
    Description: Artisanal fisheries;household survey; income diversification; marine conservation,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Fishery resources ; Fisheries ; Fishery resources
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Cette rencontre entre dans le cadre du programme conjoint de recherche sur les crustacés entre l’IMROP et l’IEO (Espagne)
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Captures ; Effort de pêche ; Length distribution ; Fishing effort ; CPUE ; Débarquement ; Landing ; Pêcheries ; Mauritanie ; Fisheries ; Accords de pêche ; UE ; Mauritania ; Crevettes ; Shrimps ; EU ; Distribution de taille ; Fishing fleet ; Fishing agreements ; Flottille de pêche ; Catches ; Crustacean fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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    International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and IUCN-The World Conservation Union
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The Fisheries, International Trade, and Sustainable Development programme aims to inject both the sustainable development and natural resource management perspectives into the debate on trade and fisheries. The ultimate objective of the programme is to make international trade in fisheries supportive of sustainable development. The programme's main activity will be to convene a series of policy dialogues on fisheries, international trade, and sustainable development which will link processes and actors, and bring together all the different stakeholders' perspectives. Initially the programme aims to facilitate a process in which each stakeholder can move beyond the constraints inherent in his or her position, to enable all participants to step back from particular debates and stand-offs regarding fisheries, trade, and sustainable development-related issues such as subsidies, ecolabelling, or conservation measures. The dialogues, research, and information exchange process will seek to build common understanding and a baseline of shared information, and pave the way for participating stakeholders to seek solutions compatible with the aims of sustainable development by exploring ways to improve resource management while safeguarding the livelihoods of those who depend on fisheries, and ensuring economic growth for developing countries.
    Description: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, IUCN — The World Conservation Union Publications Service Unit
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Sustainable development ; Fisheries ; International trade
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book Section , Non-Refereed
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  • 29
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    Alexandria: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This journal is published by the NIOF, Egypt
    Description: Lake Manzalah; the largest delta Lake in Egypt represents a dynamic system that has been undergoing continuous and pronounced changes since long times. In the last year’s this Lake faced drastic problems that retarded its environmental and fisheries development; the most serious one is the discharge of waste water. It is attempted in the present study to investigate the chemical characters of Lake Manzalah water during 2001-2002. Water temperature ranged from an average of 12.35oC in January and 29.14oC in July. Dissolved Oxygen, pH and total dissolved solids were found in ranges optimum for the living of marine and freshwater fish species. The average concentrations of nutrients lied in the following ranges: 1.24 to 4.89 μmol PO4 -3 l-1 , 5.08 to 28.73 μmol SiO4 -2 l-1 and 1.81 to 17.7 μ_mol NO3-1 l-1 The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds were found to be relatively higher at the southern regions of the Lake near to the outlets of the drains.
    Description: NIOF
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Water ; Chemistry ; Chemical composition ; Water content ; Environment ; Chemical composition ; Environments ; Water content ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 30
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    Accra : Marine Fisheries Research Division
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Ministry of Food and Agriculture
    Description: Directorate of Fisheries
    Description: Published
    Description: Exploitation, Upwelling, Pelagic species, Demersal species, Atlantic Ocean
    Keywords: Fishery policy ; Marine environment ; Fisheries ; Exploitation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This paper models the effect of changes in wetlands yields within the freshwater fishery of (the Kenyan segment) of Lake Victoria. Specifically, it models the nutrient retention function of wetlands as a buffer against fertilizer run-off from agriculture, and the impact of nutrient loading on the fishery. Run-off from the watershed is among the major causes of eutrophication in the lake, along with atmospheric deposition and sewage and other organic discharges from domestic and industrial activities. The ecological component of the model captures the interactions between phosphorus loading, wetland area, water quality and fish stocks. Chlorophyll-a concentration is used as a proxy for phytoplankton density, and as a measure of nutrient enrichment. The impact of this on fish stocks is then estimated using using Ecopath. The economic component of the model then evaluates the effect of changes in stocks on performance in the fishery, given the regulatory regime in Kenya. We use the results to obtain an estimate of the value of the nutrient retention function of wetlands on the margins of the lake.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Valuation of ecosystem services ; Ecological-economic interactions ; Fisheries ; Eutrophication ; Fishery resources ; Ecosystems ; Fishery resources ; Wetlands
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 302138 bytes
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    Victoria: Seychelles Fishing Authority | Victoria
    Publication Date: 2021-08-09
    Description: Published
    Description: Industrial tuna fishing
    Keywords: Tuna ; Fisheries ; Fishery economics ; Fishery industry ; Fishery statistics ; Tuna fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 1589602 bytes
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    Format: 28
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The marine fisheries production from African coastal countries, combined with that of freshwater production of the continent is estimated to be 6 millions metric tons, corresponding only 5 % of the total world production. Africa's contribution to fisheries products (1,5 %) is insignificant compared to that of world commerce which is around 44 millions tons. This deplorable situation is due to a certain number of problems which include s among others, the relative biogenic poverty of African waters, the exploitation of African waters by foreign vessels, the total lack of catches effected by the African vessels out of their regional boundaries, the lack of knowledge on the mastering of commercialisation and on veritable commercial politics of fisheries products, including quality assurance. In addition to this, the almost inexistence of the aquaculture in the sub-Saharan countries. This paper analyses the African fisheries in the whole continent and presents the general characters, notably its evolution, fisheries resources, valorisation and consumption of fisheries products. The global analysis made here accords a priority to markets as well as to the framework of contribution of these products and tries, at the end of the 20th century, to present some trends. Facing the globalisation phenomena, how will African fisheries producers be challenged in the new millennium? This continental level analysis brings out field application and some different development perspectives for both small scale and industrial fisheries sub-sectors.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Proceedings Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Over the past decade, exports of fish and fishery products from developing countries have increased rapidly. However, one of the major challenges facing developing countries in seeking to maintain and expand their share of global markets is stricter food safety requirements in industrial countries. Kenyan exports of Nile perch to the European Union provide a notable example of efforts to comply with such requirements, overlaid with the necessity to overcome restrictions on trade relating to immediate food safety concerns. Although food safety requirements were evolving in their major markets, most notably the EU, most Kenyan exporters had made little attempt to upgrade their hygiene standards. Likewise, the legislative framework of food safety controls and facilities at landing sites remained largely unchanged. Both exporters and the Kenyan government were forced to take action when a series of restrictions were applied to exports by the EU over the period 1997 to 2000. Processors responded by upgrading their hygiene controls, although a number of facilities closed, reflecting significant costs of compliance within the context of excess capacity in the sector. Remaining facilities upgraded their hygiene controls and made efforts to diversify their export base away from the EU. Legislation and control mechanisms were also enhanced. Hygiene facilities at landing beaches were improved, but remain the major area of weakness. The Kenyan case illustrates the significant impact that stricter food safety requirements can have on export-oriented supply chains. It also demonstrates how such requirements can exacerbate existing pressures for restructuring and reform, while prevailing supply and capacity issues constrain the manner in which the supply chain is able to respond. In Kenya most of the concerted effort to comply with these requirements was stimulated by the sudden loss of market access in very much a “crisis management” mode of operation, illustrating the importance of responding to emerging food safety requirements in a proactive and effective manner. This paper - a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries associated with evolving international standards for food and other products.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Development economics ; Private sector ; Public Policy Fishing Industry ; Environmental economics & policies ; Fisheries ; Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems ; Agribusiness & Markets ; Coastal and marine resources ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Fishery resources ; Food availability ; Aquaculture development ; Aquaculture economics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Food availability
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche artisanale; pêche industrielle; pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Fishery oceanography ; Fisheries ; Fishery economics ; Fishery statistics ; Fishery oceanography ; Commercial fishing ; Artisanal fishing ; Fish catch statistics ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 792055 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 129 pp
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2004 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime et des Transports Maritimes Internationaux, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime, pêche par espéce
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Marine resources ; Marketing ; Coastal fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Multispecies fisheries ; Artisanal fishing ; Fish catch statistics ; Fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Pelagic fisheries ; Marine fisheries ; Marine molluscs ; Marine resources ; Marketing ; Capture fishery economics ; Multispecies fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 115
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: This document presents the Senegalese maritime fishing statistics in 2006 with the catch from the artisanal fisheries, the industrial fisheries as well as exports and the value of commercial coating.The document also informs on the number of estimated canoes , the estimated number of fishermen, consumption of fresh fish product and processed products. The document also shows fisheries statistics by marine areas.
    Description: Ministère de l'Economie Maritime, Direction des Pêches Maritimes, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: statistique, pêche artisanale, pêche industrielle, commercialisation, pêche maritime,
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fishery data ; Marine fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Commercial fishing ; Cephalopod fisheries ; Coastal fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Fisheries ; Fish catch statistics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery industry ; Fishery data ; Fishery statistics ; Fishing vessels statistics ; Marine fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche artisanale; pêche industrielle; pêche par espéce; Saint-Louis; Thiès; Louga; Dakar; Ziguinchor
    Keywords: Fishery products ; Fisheries ; Capture fishery economics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery statistics ; Fishery products ; Fisheries ; Artisanal fishing
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  • 39
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The first year of the New England Regional Fisheries Management Council has been marked by its experimental aura. Neither the Council nor the various sectors (representatives of the Federal and State agencies, members of the fishing industry, the public at large) were clear as to exactly what they were to do and how they were to do it--except in the broadest, most flexible (ambiguous?) terms. This created certain operational difficulties, and confusion for those whose livelihood was affected by the Council's operation. This latter group, particularly the fishermen, knew little of what went on, save in terms of the 'public facet of the Council--i.e., that portion of the Council's performance which occurred during the monthly meetings which were open to the public and which, supposedly, received public input at that time. This study defines that public face, deliberately avoiding the presentation of any data which was not accessible to the average audience participant, in an attempt to present some of the behavior which all participants demonstrated and which generated responses and reactions on the part of the other sectors. It uses standard anthropological techniques of data gathering and analysis to show the degree to which impression management on the part of all the actors operated in a systematic fashion to produce action, reaction, and counter-action. Particularly emphasized is the communication aspects.
    Description: Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-7-158-44104, and the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; and by sabbatical funding from the State University of New York.
    Keywords: Legislation ; Fisheries ; Sociocultural analysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Harmful Algae 7 (2008): 772-781, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.03.002.
    Description: In this study, we develop a framework for measuring the value of harmful algal bloom (HAB) predictions. The framework captures the effects of both private and public responses to HABs. Using data from the New England nearshore commercial shellfish fishery and impact estimates for a large-scale HAB event in 2005, we illustrate how the potential value of HAB forecasts may be estimated. The results of our study suggest that the long-term value of a HAB prediction and tracking system for the Gulf of Maine is sensitive to the frequency of HAB events, the accuracy of predictions, the choice of HAB impact measures, and the effectiveness of public and private responses.
    Description: This paper is a result of research funded in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coastal Ocean Program under award #NA04NOS4780270 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Harmful algal bloom (HAB) ; Red tide ; Fisheries ; Value of information ; Forecast ; Marine scientific research
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  • 41
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    Programme Gestion Intégrée des Ressources Marines et Côtières, Dakar (Senegal)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Du 1er au 25 octobre 2006, une enquête auprés des pêcheurs du fleuve Sénégal a été conduite afin de recueillir des informations sur les populations de lamantins notamment entre Podor et Bakel. entre autres résultats, la mission a pu rencontré beaucoup de communautés de pêcheurs et observé le Trichechus senegalensis (nom scientifique de l'espéce). Nous reproduisons quasiment in extenso la note de synthèse que le Chef de mission a bien voulu mettre à la disposition des lecteurs de DIISO
    Description: Published
    Description: lamantin; Trichechus senegalensis
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Surveys ; Surveys ; Fisheries
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: FAO, Rome (Italie);Ministère du Développement et de l'Hydraulique, Dakar (Sénégal)
    Description: Published
    Description: Plan de développement; fôret; pêche; milieu continental; aquaculture; pisciculture ; bilan ; facteur climatique; facteur hydrologique ; facteur socio économique; population rurale; ressources naturelles; poisson d'eau douce; ressources naturelles; gestion de l'environnement; technique de pêche; commercialisation ; consommation; projet de développement
    Keywords: Natural resources ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Marketing ; Development projects ; Forests ; Climatic data ; Hydrology ; Inland water environment ; Aquatic environment ; Development potential ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Marketing ; Development projects ; Fish consumption ; Hydrology ; Inland water environment ; Aquatic environment ; Forests ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Climatic data ; Natural resources ; Freshwater
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Supported by IOC/IODE
    Description: Document available in English
    Description: ASFA
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Aquatic sciences ; Fisheries ; Abstracts
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  • 44
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Fish and fishermen appear to be in a serious decline in New England. The haddock are overfished, inshore herring stocks are depleted, yellowtail flounder and lobster are scarce. The popular image is of grizzled fishermen, their boats chipped, scarred, old-fashioned hulks of wood tied up two and three abreast along the rotting wharves and piers of New England's depressed port towns. In this research project, we wanted to determine the state of the New England fishing industry and to propose acceptable methods for the management of the fishery. During our early discussions with the fishing industry people, we mentioned that we were interested in limited effort programs as they might be applied to New England fishermen. We carefully, and probably tediously, explained the "theory of limited effort" and we were generally thought to be daft. We were told we had things backwards--that the fishing industry needed more fish, more men, more boats - and that the way to accomplish this was to get a 200-mile fishing limit and kick the foreigners out. One of these wishes has come true - in the spring of 1976, P.L. 94-265 established a 200-mile fishing zone off the United States, with regional management councils to make management plans and allocate the resources first to United States fishermen, with surpluses to foreign fishermen.
    Description: Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-5-158-8 and Grant #04-6-158-44106, and the Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management
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  • 45
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    Environmental management 20 (1996), S. 523-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Water control ; Floodplain ; Fisheries ; Bangladesh ; Chandpur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bangladesh is a very flat delta built up by the Ganges—Brahmaputra—Meghna/Barak river systems. Because of its geographical location, floods cause huge destruction of lives and properties almost every year. Water control programs have been undertaken to enhance development through mitigating the threat of disasters. This structural approach to flood hazard has severely affected floodplain fisheries that supply the major share of protein to rural Bangladesh, as exemplified by the Chandpur Irrigation Project. Although the regulated environment of the Chandpur project has become favorable for closed-water cultured fish farming, the natural open-water fishery loss has been substantial. Results from research show that fish yields were better under preproject conditions. Under project conditions per capita fish consumption has dropped significantly, and the price of fish has risen beyond the means of the poor people, so that fish protein in the diet of poor people is gradually declining. Bangladesh is planning to expand water control facilities to the remaining flood-prone areas in the next 15–20 years. This will cause further loss of floodplain fisheries. If prices for closed-water fish remain beyond the buying power of the poor, alternative sources of cheap protein will be required.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Reservoir ; Fisheries ; Breeding and wintering waterbirds ; Raising water levels ; Habitat change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new, higher dam was installed at Kerkini Reservoir in 1982, causing habitat and landscape disruption. A decrease in the area of grassland and shallow water areas, the rapid disappearance of reedbeds, the appearance of beds ofNymphaea, and the disappearance of half the forest area were all observed between 1982 and 1991. With the new hydrological regime, a lacustrine system was created, with an extensive, rather deep (4–8 m), pelagic zone favorable for the development of coarse fish species throughout the year. After 1982, an increase in fishing effort and a change in the relative abundance of fish species in the catch, including the disappearance of eels and wels, were observed. The impact of the rise in the water level of breeding aquatic birds led to a general decline in species typical of marshy habitats in favor of species preferring deeper open water habitats. A decrease was recorded in bird species that feed largely on invertebrates and to a lesser extent fish (e.g., glossy ibis) and that require extensive shallow feeding areas. There was a decline in geese, whose nests were regularly flooded, and a major increase in piscivorous birds, particularly diving birds (e.g., cormorants), which prefer deeper open water and benefitted directly from the large increase in coarse fish biomass. The disappearance of birds breeding in flooded meadows (e.g., black-winged stilts) and of those restricted to reedbeds (e.g., marsh harrier) occurred from 1983. Over the same period, the changes in populations of wintering birds at Kerkini were different from those occurring in other wetlands in northern Greece. The changes recorded in the populations of wintering birds at Kerkini did not therefore result from overall regional trends but from the major habitat modifications that occurred to this wetland. As for breeding birds, strictly piscivorous species increased greatly as a result of the increased availability of fish, but also due to the appearance of many suitable night roosting sites (flooded trees) and to the great increase in the area of open water greater than 2 m deep. Today, Kerkini has become the most important breeding site in Greece for a majority of colonial waterbirds. In contrast, wintering shorebirds practically disappeared. The many changes recorded in the status of breeding and wintering birds at Kerkini can mostly be explained by the changes that occurred in the functioning of the ecosystem and in the habitat structure following the inauguration of the new hydrological regime. These changes did not all occur at the same time: some were immediate and others required a delay before they could be detected.
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  • 47
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    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Irrigation ; Reproductive seasonality ; Sarotherodon galilaeus ; Species richness ; Water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis A preliminary study of the ecology and commercial fish catches was carried out in the Toho-Todougba, Ahouangan and Dati lakes (1500 ha) in southern Benin (West Africa) over a period of 18 consecutive months. Water quality, species richness, and the reproductive biology of the dominant species, Sarotherodon galilaeus, were examined. Unlike Lagoon Toho-Todougba, lakes Ahouangan and Dati are less favourable for fish production because of their high total iron content and their relative low pH. The study revealed the existence of 19 species belonging to eleven (11) families: 16 species in Lagoon Toho-Todougba,12 in Lake Ahouangan, and 7 in Lake Dati. Lakes Ahouangan and Dati had a relatively high faunal similarity whereas Lagoon Toho-Todougba exhibited a relatively low faunal similarity with the former systems. In Lagoon Toho-Todougba, six cichlid species were the most important component of the fishery: Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia guineensis, T. zillii, T. mariae, Chromidotilapia guntheri, Hemichromis fasciatus. Three catfish species Chrysichthys auratus, Clarias agboyiensis, and Clarias lazera were harvested in low abundances. Some other fish, such as Polypterus senegalus senegalus, Protopterus annectens and Heterotis niloticus were captured sporadically, with H. niloticus appearing more consistently in catches than the others. Although not abundant, Gymnarchus niloticus and the African pike, Hepsetus odoe, were almost always present in the catches. Ctenopoma kingsleyae appeared only in Ahouangan. Some predatory species, such as Notopterus afer and Xenomystus nigri, are encountered only in lakes Ahouangan and Dati. In Lagoon Toho-Todougba, Sarotherodon galilaeus had a sex ratio (♂: ♀) of 0.49:1, and size at maturation was estimated as 12.3 cm TL. The spawning period extended from May to September with the peak occurring in July. Fecundity was correlated to log-body length (r = 0.74) and log-body weight (r = 0.76). Fish catches were estimated at 389 kg ha−1 year−1; about 73% of which was Sarotherodon galilaeus. The overexploitation of juvenile fish and the use of this lagoon for the irrigation of palm tree plantations have reduced fish recruitment and mean size.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 45 (1996), S. 219-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Behaviour ; Evolution ; Cichlids ; Fisheries ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ecological conditions in tropical lacustrine systems are considered by focusing on the evolution, maintenance, exploitation and vulnerability of fish communities in the African Great Lakes. The exceptionally high biodiversities in the littoral/sublittoral zones of the very ancient, deep, clear, permanently stratified rift lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, are contrasted with the simpler systems in their pelagic zones, also with biodiversity in the much younger, shallower Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake.
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  • 49
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; cytoskeleton ; contractile ring ; microinjection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cofilin is a small actin-binding protein which reguiates actin polymerization in a pH-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal antibody for cofilin revealed that this protein is temporarily concentrated at the contractile ring during cytokinesis. Cofilin appeared to accumulate rapidly at the contractile ring during late stages of furrowing, and was finally enriched at the midbody. The concentration of cofilin at the contractile ring was observed in several kinds of cultured cells. Furthermore, cofilin introduced into living cells by a microinjection method was also concentrated at the contractile ring. These results suggest that cofilin is involved in actin reorganization during cytokinesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 50
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 38-49 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes ; actin ; profilin ; DNase I ; vitamin D-binding protein ; phalloidin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Infection of host cells by Listeria monocytogenes results in the recruitment of cytoplasmic actin into a tail-like appendage that projects from one end of the bacterium. Each filamentous actin tail progressively lengthenes, providing the force which drives the bacterium in a forward direction through the cytoplasm and later results in Listeria cell-to-cell spread. Host cell actin monomers are incorporated into the filamentous actin tail at a discrete site, the bacterial-actin tail interface. We have studied the consequences of microinjecting three different actin monomer-binding proteins on the actin tail assembly and Listeria intracellular movement. Introduction of high concentrations of profilin (estimated injected intracellular concentration 11-22 m̈M) into infected PtK2 cells causes a marked slowing of actin tail elongation and bacterial migration. Lower intracellular concentrations of two other injected higher affinity monomer-sequenstering proteins, Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP; 1-2 m̈M) and DNase I (6-7 m̈M) completely block bacterial-induced actin assembly and bacterial migration. The onset of inhibition by each protein is gradual (10-20 min) indicating that the mechanisms by which these proteins interfere with Listeria-induced actin assembly are likely to be complex. To exclude the possibility that Listeria recruits preformed actin filaments to generate the tails and that these monomer-binding proteins act by depolymerizing such performed actin filaments, living infected cells have been injected with fluorescently labeled phalloidin (3 m̈M). Although the stress fibers are labeled, no fluorescent phalloidin is found in the tails of the moving bacteria. These results demonstrate that Listeria-induced actin assembly in PtK2 cells is the result of assembly of actin monomers into new filaments and that Listeria's ability to recruit polymerization competent monomeric actin is very sensitive to the introduction of exogenous actin monomer-binding proteins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilamentous cytoskeleton ; actin binding proteins ; actin polymerization ; annealing ; non-muscle cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gelsolin, a Ca++ activated, 90 kd actin binding protein, can regulate actin polymerization in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) via severing of filaments to dissolve gels or by capping of filament ends to limit polymerization. In Triton-lysed PMNs, 30% of gelsolin is bound to the Triton-soluble F-actin (TSF) pool and none is bound to the Triton-insoluble F-actin (TIF) pool. Calcium-activated PMNs exhibit concurrent temporal and quantitative TIF growth and TSF and total F-actin loss. To determine if gelsolin plays a role in regulating TSF pool size, we monitored gelsolin-actin interactions and TIF, TSF and G-actin content at 5 second intervals in PMNs activated with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. Actin pools were measured by NBDphallacidin binding and by gel scans and expressed relative to basal; gelsolin-actin interactions were measured as change in the amount of EGTA-resistant gelsolin:actin (G:A) complexes and by immunoblot quantification of gelsolin in actin pools. In basal PMNs, 33% of PMN gelsolin is bound in 1:1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes and TSF and TIF retain 30% and 0% of PMN gelsolin, respectively. By 20 seconds after ionomycin addition, TSF decreases, TIF increases and a fraction of gelsolin repartitions from the TSF to the TIF pool. At maximum change (60 seconds), total F-actin (TIF + TSF) and TSF decrease and TIF increases by 25%; gelsolin is bound to both TSF and TIF (35% of total gelsolin in each pool), and 1:1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes increase from 33% to 70%. No changes occur in cells activated by ionomycin in the absence of Ca++. The data show Ca++ activated TIF growth and TSF loss are temporally and quantitatively associated with an increase in the percent of gelsolin bound to actin and the translocation of gelsolin from TSF to TIF. This is unique, since no other PMN activator is known to repartition gelsolin into TIF actin. Further, the Ca++ activated initial increase in TIF concurrent with a fall in TSF without a change in total F-actin or G-actin content suggest that TIF grows initially only by TSF annealing/cross-linking to TIF. Gelsolin may regulate these events. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: colchicine binding site ; MTC ; cod microtubules ; bovine microtubules ; MAPs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Isolated microtubules from cod (Gadus morhua) are apparently more stable to colchicine than bovine microtubules. In order to further characterize this difference, the effect of the colchicine analogue 2-methoxy-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4,6-cyclo heptatrien-1-one (MTC) was studied on assembly, as measured by turbidity and sedimentation analysis, and on polymer morphology. MTC has the advantage to bind fast and reversible to the colchicine binding site of tubulin even at low temperatures. It was found to bind to one site in cod brain tubulin, with affinity (6.5 ± 1.5) × 105M 1at both low or high temperature, similarly to bovine brain tubulin. However, the effect of the binding differed. At substoichiometric concentrations of MTC bovine brain microtubule assembly was almost completely inhibited, while less effect was seen on the mass of polymerized cod microtubule proteins. A preformed bovine tubulin-colchicine complex inhibited the assembly of both cod and bovine microtubules at substoichiometric concentrations, but the effect on the assembly of cod microtubules was less. At higher concentrations (5 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-3M), MTC induced a large amount of cold-stable spirals of cod proteins, whereas abnormal polymers without any defined structure were formed from bovine proteins. Spirals of cod microtubule proteins were only formed in the presence of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), indicating that the morphological effect of MTC can be modulated by MAPs. The effects of colchicine and MTC differed. At 10-5M colchicine no spirals were formed, while at 10-4M and 10-3M, a mixture of spirals and aggregates was found. The morphology of the spirals differed both from vinblastine spirals and from the spirals previously found when cod microtubule proteins polymerize in the presence of high Ca2concentrations. The present data show that even if the colchicine binding site is conserved between many different species, the bindings have different effects which seem to depend on intrinsic properties of the different tubulins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 34-44 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; MTOC ; mitosis ; MPM-2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In diverse cell types, monoclonal antibody MPM-2 recognizes a class of phosphorylated proteins related to microtubule organizing centers and abundant during mitosis. We have used this antibody in an attempt to identify the spatial and temporal localization of putative microtubule organizing centers in endosperm cells of the higher plant Haemanthus. Our results show that MPM-2 recognized epitope is present in interphase cells and enriched in mitotic cells. In interphase the antibody usually stains cytoplasmic granules. During the interphase-prophase transition immunoreactive material appears in the nucleus, at the nuclear envelope, and in association with microtubules. Concomitantly, we observed an increase of immunoreactivity of the cytoplasm. During mitosis the phosphorproteins recognized by MPM-2 are detected in the cytoplasm, in association with microtubules of the spindle, the phragmoplast, and in the newly-formed cell plate. After completion of mitosis, only the cell plate and cytoplasmic granules are MPM-2 positive. Extraction of the cells with Triton X-100 prior to fixation removes staining of the cytoplasm by MPM-2. The detergent resistant immunoreactive material remains associated with surrounding the nucleus microtubules of the prophase spindle, the core of kinetochore fibers, and the phragmoplast. In the phragmoplast, however, segments of microtubules which are distal to the cell plate are depleted of MPM-2.These data demonstrate that microtubule arrays of endosperm cells are phosphorylated during mitosis. Thus, similar to animal cells, interphase and mitotic microtubules of higher plants have different properties. Additionally, the localization of detergent resistant MPM-2 antigen points to the difference in microtubule nucleation/organization between higher plant and animal cells.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; cane-shaped bend ; principal bend ; calcium ; membrane depolarization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the mechanism of the flagellar quiescence in sperm, we examined the effect of electric stimulation of individual spermatozoa of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Stimulation with a suction electrode attached to the sperm head elicited a flagellar quiescence response, in which the sperm showed a typical cane-shaped bend in the proximal region of the flagellum when the electrode was used as anode. Cathodic stimulation also induced quiescence, but was much less effective than anodic stimulation. During the quiescence response, which lasted for 1-3 s, no new bend was initiated, and subsequently the flagellum resumed normal beating. The quiescence response required the presence of Ca2+ (〉2 mM) in sea water, and was inhibited by Co2+ and La3+. At low Ca2+ concentrations (2-5 mM), the angle of the cane-shaped bend was smaller than that at 10 mM Ca2+; thus the angle of the cane-shaped bend, characteristic of the quiescence response is dependent on Ca2+ concentration. These results suggest membrane, followed by an influx of Ca2+ into the flagellum through Ca2+ channels. The increase in Ca2+ concentration within the flagellum affects the amount of sliding and thus produces a cane-shaped proximal bend of various angles, white inhibiting both the propagation of the proximal bend (principal bend) and the formation of a new reverse bend.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 285-300 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule dynamics ; β-tubulin ; mitosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtubule (MT) dynamics vary both spatially and temporally within cells and are thought to be important for proper MT cellular function. Because MT dynamics appear to be closely tied to the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of β-tubulin subunits, we examined the importance of MT dynamics in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae by introducing a T107K point mutation into a region of the single β-tubulin gene, TUB2, known to affect the assembly-dependent GTPase activity of MTs in vitro. Analysis of MT dynamic behavior by video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, revealed that T107K subunits slowed both the growth rates and catastrophic disassembly rates of individual MTs in vitro. In haploid cells tub2-T107K is lethal; but in tub2-T107K/tub2-590 heterozygotes the mutation is viable, dominant, and slows cell-cycle progression through mitosis, without causing wholesale disruption of cellular MTs. The correlation between the slower growing and shortening rates of MTs in vitro, and the slower mitosis in vivo suggests that MT dynamics are important in budding yeast and may regulate the rate of nuclear movement and segregation. The slower mitosis in mutant celis did not result in premature cytokinesis and cell death, further suggesting that cell-cycle control mechanisms “sense” the mitotic slowdown, possibly by monitoring MT dynamics directly. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 310-323 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic apparatus ; sea urchin ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A protein component of 62-kDa (p62) in the mitotic apparatus of the sea urchin embryo has been shown to be important for the proper progression of mitosis [Dinsmore and Sloboda, 1989: Cell 57:127-134]. To study the subcellular distribution of p62 during the cell cycle of sea urchin embryos, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was used coupled to a modified detergent extraction procedure. The improved fluorescent images obtained by this procedure provide new information concerning the subcellular localization of p62 during the cell cycle that could not be obtained with previous conventional staining procedures [Johnston and Sloboda, 1992: J. Cell Biol. 119:843-854]. Using affinity purified antibodies to p62, we observed a cell cycle-dependent localization of p62 to the chromosomes/chromatin. Prior to nuclear envelope breakdown of the first or second cell cycle, p62 localizes to chromatin in the nucleus. During mitosis, p62 associates with the region of the spindle occupied by the microtubules of the mitotic apparatus. As anaphase proceeds, but before the nuclear envelope reforms, p62 becomes progressively associated with the chromosomes. Thus, p62 is incorporated into the forming interphase nucleus due to its association with chromosomes during late anaphase, rather than by active translocation into the newly formed daughter nuclei through the nuclear pores. The protein is not unique to marine embryos, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence of Y-1 cells, a mouse adrenal tumor cell line In these cells, the localization of p62 is similar to the localization of the protein in echinoderm embryos, suggesting its possible function in mitotic progression in mammalian somatic cells as well. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: colcemid ; kinesin ; actin ; topographic guidance ; micromachined substrata ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fibroblats cultured on grooved substrata align themselves and migrate in the direction of the grooves, a phenomenon called contact guidance. Microtubules have been deemed important for cell polarization, directed locomotion, and contact guidance. Because microtubules were the first cytoskeletal element to align with the grooves when fibroblasts spread on grooved substrata, we investigated the consequences of eliminating the influence of microtubules by seeding fibro-blasts onto smooth and grooved micromachined substrata in the presence of colcemid. Fibroblasts were examined by time-lapse cinematography and epifluorescence or confocal microscopy to determine cell shape and orientation and the distribution of cytoskeletal or associated elements including actin filaments, vinculin, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and kinesin.As expected, cells spreading on smooth surfaces in the presence of colcemid did not polarize or locomote. Surprisingly however, by 24 hours, cells spread on grooves in the presence of colcemid were morphologically indistinguishable from controls spread on grooves. Both groups were aligned and polarized with the direction of the grooves and demonstrated directional locomotion along the grooves. In the absence of microtubules, kinesin localized to some of the aligned stress fibers and to leading edges of cells spreading on grooves. The grooved substratum compensated for the microtubule deficiency by organizing and maintaining an aligned actin filament framework. Thus, microtubules are not required to establish or maintain stable, polarized cell shapes or directed locomotion, provided an alternate oriented cytoskeletal component is available.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; Chlamydomonas ; mutant ; high-frequency vibration ; nanometer-scale measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flageliar axoneme of the mutant pf18 lacking the central pair does not beat, but undergoes a nanometer-scale, high-frequency oscillation (hyper-oscillation) in the presence of ATP [Yagi et al., 1994: Cell Motil, Cytoskeleton 29:177-185]. The present study demonstrates that the amplitude of the hyper-oscillation increases significantly in the simultaneous presence of ATP and ADP. In addition, the hyper-oscillation under these conditions sometimes takes on an exceptionally simple asymmetric pattern, in which the maximal shearing velocity exceeds 50 μm/sec, much higher than the maximal velocity of ordinary dynein-microtubule sliding. The asymmetric oscillation thus appears to be at least partly driven by an internal elastic force. Its amplitude suggests that the axoneme has an elastic component that can be stretched by as long as 0.1 μm. Analyses of the asymmetric pattern further suggests that the axonemal dyneins have a tendency to attach to and detach from the doublets cooperatively and that the mechanochemical cycle of dynein has an inherent refractory period of about 2 msec, during which dynein cannot interact with microtubules.
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    Keywords: Ascaris sperm ; motility ; computer-assisted motion analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Computer-assisted methods have been employed to obtain a high resolution description of pseudopod expansion, cellular translocation, and the subcellular dynamics of MSP fiber complexes in the motile sperm of the nematode Ascaris suum. Although Ascaris sperm translocating in a straight line or along a curved path do not retract their pseudopod or significantly alter pseudopod shape, they move in a cyclic fashion, with an average period between velocity peaks of 0.35 × 0.05 min, which is independent of the forward velocity of sperm translocation. Expansion is confined to a central zone at the distal edge of the pseudopod for sperm translocating in a straight line and to a left-handed or right-handed lateral zone in the direction of turning, for sperm translocating along a curved path. For cells translocating in a straight line, the branch points and kinks of MSP fiber complexes move in a retrograde direction in relation to the substratum at an average velocity of 11 μm per min which is independent of the forward velocity of sperm translocation. The distal (anterior) end of a fiber complex, however, moves distally at the speed of sperm translocation when it emanates from the expansion zone, but when it is displaced to a nonexpanding surface of the pseudopod, it stops moving distally. When a cell is anchored to the substratum and is, therefore, nonmotile, the velocity of fiber complexes moving in a retrograde direction doubles. The unique aspects of pseudopod and MSP fiber complex dynamics in Ascaris are compared to the dynamics of pseudopod formation and actin filament dynamics in traditional actin-based amoeboid cells, and the treadmill model for MSP polymerization is reassessed in light of the discovery that fiber complex branch points move proximally (posteriorly) at a fixed rate.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 323-332 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: adherens junction ; cytoskeleton ; intercellular junction ; tight junction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We previously reported the expression of ZO-1 in cell types that do not form tight junctions. Here we compare the molecular environments of ZO-1 in epithelial cells, primary cultures of astrocytes and in the non-epithelial S180 sarcoma cell line. ZO-1 co-localizes with a subset of actin filament in all cell types. In astrocytes, ZO-1 is found concentrated in discrete bands at points of cell-cell contact. Indirect immunofluorescent microscopy shows that these bands of ZO-1 co-localize with the adherens junction proteins vinculin and α-actinin, and with the antigen recognized by a pan-cadherin antibody. In contrast, ZO-1 in S180 cells, which exhibit limited cell-cell interactions, is diffusely distributed over the plasma membrane, with concentrations in lamellipodia where actin filaments accumulate. ZO-1 does not co-localize with vinculin at focal adhesions in this cell type. Analysis of ZO-1 immunoprecipitation profiles from different cell types, performed under conditions previously demonstrated to maintain interactions between ZO-1, ZO-2 and p130 from the MDCK epithelial cell line, show that the proteins which co-precipitate with ZO-1 vary with cell type. Precipitation of polypeptides at 165 kDa, potentially ZO-2, and 65 kDa occurs in both a mouse kidney tubule epithelial cell line and the non-epithelial S180 cells. No proteins specifically associate with ZO-1 immunoprecipitated from astrocytes. Spectrin, α-actinin, vinculin and cadherin are not detected in immunoblots of ZO-1 immunoprecipitates from any cell type. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 26-36 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; motor proteins ; axonal transport ; mitosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report the cloning and sequencing of genomic DNA encoding a cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In a contiguous stretch of 35,103 bp of DNA from the left arm of linkage group I, we have found a gene that is predicted to encode a protein of 4,568 amino acids. This gene is composed of 15 exons and 14 relatively short introns, and it has significant homology of the other dynein heavy chains in the databases. The deduced molecular mass of the derived polypeptide is 512,624 Da. As with other dynein heavy chains that have been sequenced to date, it contains four GXXGXGK(S/T) motifs that form part of the consensus sequence for nucleotide triphosphate-binding domains. Comparison of axonemal and cytoplasmic dynein heavy chains shows that regions of homology among all dyneins are clustered in the carboxyl terminal two-thirds of the polypeptide, whereas the amino terminal one-third of the heavy chains may contain domains that specify functions that differ between axonemal and cytoplasmic forms of the dynein heavy chain. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 95-97 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 106-109 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; cilia and flagella ; protein kinase and phosphatase ; dynein-driven microtubule sliding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The following is a summary of physiological and pharmacological studies of the regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding in Chlamydomonas flagella. The experimental basis for the study is described, and data indicating that an axonemal cAMP-dependent protein kinase can regulate inner arm dynein activity are reviewed. In addition, preliminary data are summarized indicating that an axonemal type 1 phosphatase can also regulate dynein-drive microtubule sliding velocity. It is predicted that the protein kinase, phosphatase, and an inner dynein arm component form a regulatory complex in the axoneme.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: membrane localization ; ATPase activity ; actin binding ; calmodulin ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although the specific functions of myosin I motors are not known, their localization to membrane structures suggests a function in membrane motility. Different myosin I isoforms in the same cell or in different cells can possess different localizations. To determine if the localization and biochemical activity of the best-characterized mammalian myosin I, chicken intestinal epithelium brush border myosin I, was dependent on determinants of the membrane or actin cytoskeleton specific to epithelial cells, we transfected the cDNA for the heavy chain of this myosin into COS cells. Transient transfection of COS cells with the chicken brush border myosin I heavy chain resulted in the production of recombinant myosin I. Recombinant brush border myosin I localized to protrusions of the plasma membrane, particularly at spreading cell edges, and also to unknown cytoplasmic structures. Some cells expressing particularly high levels of brush border myosin I possessed a highly irregular surface. Recombinant brush border myosin I purified from COS cells bound to actin filaments in an ATP-dependent manner and decorated actin filaments to form a characteristic appearance. The recombinant myosin also catalyzed calcium-sensitive, actin-activated MgATPase activity similar to that of the native enzyme. Thus, any cellular factor required for the general membrane localization or biochemical activity of brush border myosin I is present in COS cells as well as intestinal epithelium.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: review ; fascin ; actin ; actin bundling proteins ; filopodia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that was first isolated from cytoplasmic extracts of sea urchin eggs [Kane, 1975: J. Cell Biol. 66:305-315] and was the first bundling protein to be charactrized in vitro. Subsequent work has shown that fascin bundles actin filaments in fertilized egg microvilli and filopodia of phagocytic coelomocytes [Otto et al., 1980: Cell Motil. 1:31-40; Otto and Bryan, 1981: Cell Motil. 1:179-192]. Fifteen years later, the molecular cloning of sea urchin fascin [Bryan et al., 1993: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:9115-9119] has led to the identification and characterization of homologous proteins in Drosophila [Cant et al., 1994: J. Cell Biol. 125:369-380], Xenopus [Holthuis et al., 1994: Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1219:184-188], rodents [Edwards et al., 1995: J. Biol. Chem. 270:10764-10770], and humans [Duh et al., 1994: DNA Cell Biol. 13:821-827; Mosialos et al., 1994: J. Virol. 68:7320-7328] that bundle actin filaments into structures which stabilize cellular processes ranging from mechanosensory bristles to the filopodia of nerve growth cones. Fascin has emerged from relative obscurity as an exotic invertebrate egg protein to being recognized as a widely expressed protein found in a broad spectrum of tissues and organisms. This purpose of this review is to relate the early studies done on sea urchin and HeLa cell fascins to the recent molecular biology that defines a family of bundling proteins, and discuss the current state of knowledge regarding fascin structure and function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 173-186 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule dynamics ; microinjection ; centripetal transport ; pinocytotic vesicles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Study of microtubule (MT) dynamics in cells has largely been restricted to events occurring over relatively short periods in nonmotile or stationary cell in culture. By using the antioxidant, Oxyrase, we have reduced the sensitivity of fluorescent MTs to photodamage and this has allowed us to image fluorescent MTs with good temporal resolution over much longer periods of time. We have used our enhanced imaging capabilities to examine MT dynamics in fibroblasts moving directionally into a wound. We found that MTs in these cells exhibited dynamic instability similar to that reported for other cells. More interestingly, we found a novel dynamic behavior of the MTs in wihch entire MTs were moved inward from the leading edge toward the cell nucleus. This centripetal transport (CT) of MTs only occurred to those MTs that were oriented with their long axis parallel to the leading edge; radially oriented MTs were not transported centripetally. Both small bundles of MTs and individual MTs were observed to undergo CT at a rate of 0.63 × 0.37 μm/min. This rate was similar to the rate of CT of latex beads applied to the cell surface and of endogenous pinocytotic vesicles in the cytoplasm. When we imaged both MTs and pinocytotic vesicles, we found that the pinocytotic vesicles were ensheathed by a small group of parallel MTs that moved centripetally in concert with the vesicles. Conversely, we found many instances of MTs moving centripetally without associated vesicles. When cells were treated with nocodazole to depolymerize MTs rapidly, the rate of pinocytotic vesicle CT was inhibited by 75%. This suggests that centripetal transport of MTs may be involved in the movement of pinocytotic vesicles in cells. In conclusion, our results show that MTs in motile cells are redistributed by a novel mechanism, CT, that does not require changes in polymer length. The centripetally transported MTs may play a role in transporting pinocytotic vesicles in the cell. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: caldesmon ; over-expression ; cell cycle ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Caldesmon is an actin, calmodulin, tropomyosin, and myosin binding protein implicated in the regulation of actomyosin interactions. We have invesigated the effect of overexpression of the higher molecular weight smooth muscle isoform of caldesmon on mouse L cell physiology. Mouse L(TK-) cell were transfected stably with plasmids carrying the TK+ gene and a full length human smooth muscle caldesmon cDNA under control of the adenovirus major late promoter. Two clones displaying four and eight times the level of the endogenous mouse high molecular weight caldesmon were isolated. These cells acquire a distinct phenotype characterized by an altered morphology, including an increased number of processes and larger area due to enhanced cell spreading, and a significantly slower growth rate than that of untransfected control cells, or cells transfected with the TK+ gene alone. The majority of the overexpressed caldesmon appears to be active and localized on cytoskeleton structures as determined by detergent lysis. Immuno-fluorescence analysis of the clones revealed that the caldesmon is localized as punctate staining on stress-fibers and in membrane ruffles. The immunofluores-cence images suggest that caldesmon overexpressing cells have more total filaments than control cells. The effects of excess caldesmon on cell mobility are ambiguous: one clone displayed increased motility compared to the control, while the motility of the second clone was decreased relative to the control. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; intermediate filaments ; vimentin ; microtubules ; myoepithelial cells ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Salivary gland neoplastic myoepithelial cells in culture form very thin cytoplasmic processes in which the vimentin network is well dispersed. These vimentin filaments can be individually visualized by immunofluorescence. In this study, we have analyzed the role of microtubules in the distension and organization of the vimentin filament network found in these cells. We find that vimentin filaments colocalize along microtubules; however, a significant number of filaments can also be found in microtubule-free domains. Additionally, vimentin filaments are absent from large domains of microtubule inhibitor nocodazole did not cause any retraction of the distended vimentin network. This observation suggests that the structural integrity of microtubules is not important for the stability of the vimentin network. Combining procedures for transient disruption of vimentin filaments and microtubules we observed that, in the absence of microtubules, the vimentin network could reassemble in the perinuclear region but was unable to extend toward the cell periphery. The dispersion of vimentin filaments to the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm could only be observed upon microtubule reassembly. This indicates that microtubules are not required for the stability of the vimentin network, but the dispersion of vimentin filaments to the peripheral cytoplasm depends on active interactions with microtubules. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 17-25 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: rotation ; twisting ; microtubule-dynein complex ; 22S dynein ; dynein-track ; ATP ; sliding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Applying a new in vitro motility assay system for microtubules and 22S dynein, we recently reported on an ATP-induced extrusion of microtubules from microtubule-dynein α- and β-complexes [Mimori and Miki-Noumura, 1994:Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 27:180-191]. In the present study, we prepared a γ-complex by copolymerizing porcine brain tubulin and Tetrahymena ciliary 22S dynein, and examined the ATP-induced microtubule movement from the γ-complex. The extrusion process appeared quite similar to that of the β-complex. The sliding velocity was 18.39 ± 2.20 m̈m/sec, which was a value comparable to that of trypsin-digested flagellar axonemes [Yano and Miki-Noumura, 1980:J. Cell Sci. 44:169-186]. Higher velocity may be due to a densely arranged dynein-track with the same polarity, which was detached from the γ-complex and absorbed in rows on a glass surface of the slide. Sometimes a free-floating microtubule in the perfusion chamber was observed riding and sliding on the dynein-track remaining on the slide after extrusion.Unexpectedly, we found that when the front part of the microtubule was fixed to a glass surface, a continuous sliding microtubule at the rear part on the dyneintrack often transformed into a left-handed helix, and subsequently a twisted helix with several turns. The helix formation may be due to some rigidity in the microtubule and a right-handed torque component in the sliding force of 22S dynein. The addition of ATP may release some distortion accumulated in the complex structure during copolymerization of tubulin and 22S dynein, inducing reverse rotation of the microtubule. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 50-66 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-binding proteins ; platelet activation ; F-actin affinity chromatography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Platelets circulate in the blood as discoid cells which, when activated, change shape by polymerizing actin into various structures, such as filopodia and stress fibers. In order to understand this process, it is necessary to determine how many other proteins are involved. As a first step in defining the full complement of actin-binding proteins in platelets, filamentous (F)-actin affinity chromatography was used. This approach identified 〉30 different proteins from ADP-activated human blood platelets which represented 4% of soluble protein. Although a number of these proteins are previously identified platelet actin-binding proteins, many others appeared to be novel. Fourteen different polyclonal antibodies were raised against these apparently novel proteins and used to sort them into nine categories based on their molecular weights and on their location in the sarcomere of striated muscle, in fibroblasts and in spreading platelets. Ninety-three percent of these proteins (13 of 14 proteins tested) were found to be associated with actin-rich structures in vivo.Four distinct actin filament structures were found to form during the initial 15 min of activation on glass: filopodia, lamellipodia, a contractile ring encircling degranulating granules, and thick bundles of filaments resembling stress fibers. Actin-binding proteins not localized in the discoid cell became highly concentrated in one or another of these actin-based structures during spreading, such that each structure contains a different complement of proteins. These results present crucial information about the complexity of the platelet cytoskeleton, demonstrating that four different actin-based structures form during the first 15 min of surface activation, and that there remain many as yet uncharacterized proteins awaiting further investigation that are differentially involved in this process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 208-220 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Key words: stereocilia, N-acetylated sugars, proline receptor, nematocyst discharge ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hair bundles located on tentacles of sea anemones are morphodynamic mechanoreceptors employed to regulate discharge of nematocysts into swimming prey. Activation of chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars is known to induce anemone hair bundles to elongate while shifting discharge to lower frequencies matching those produced by calmly swimming prey. In the continued presence of N-acetylated sugars, activation of proline receptors is known to induce hair bundles to shorten while shifting nematocyst discharge to higher frequencies presumed to correspond to movements produced by wounded, struggling prey. In the present study, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) causes stereocilia to become more intensely fluorescent in confocal optical sections of phalloidin-stained specimens, suggesting that receptors for N-acetylated sugars initate processes to increase the density of F-actin within stereocilia. Computer analysis of electron micrographs is consistent with this interpretation for large diameter stereocilia but not for small diameter stereocilia. In the continued presence of NANA, proline causes flurescence intensity of phalloidin to decrease to or below control levels. DNaseI uniformly stains large diameter stereocilia, suggesting that these stereocilia contain a pool of G-actin. Fluorescence intensity of DNaseI in stereocilia is significantly less bright in specimens exposed to NANA alone than in specimens exposed to proline in the continued presence of NANA. It appears that whereas activated receptors for NANA induce G-actin to polymerize in large diameter stereocilia, activated receptors for proline induce F-actin to depolymerize, restoring G-actin pools. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 229-246 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes ; fluorescence polarization ; actin ; confocal microscopy ; mutant ; infections ; PtK2 cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During its motion inside host cells, Listeria monocytogenes promotes the formation of a column of actin filaments that extends outward from the distal end of the moving bacterium. The column is constructed of short actin filaments that polymerize at the bacteria-column interface. To get a measure of filament organization in the column, Listeria grown in cultured PtK2 cells were studied with steady state fluorescence polarization, confocal microscopy, and whole cell intermediate voltage electron microscopy. Although actin filament ordering was higher in nearby stress fibers than in the Listeria-associated actin, four distinct areas of ordering could be observed in fluorescence polarization ratio images of bacteria: (1) the surface of the bacteria, (2) the cytoplasm next to the bacteria, (3) the outer shell of the actin column, and (4) the core of the column. Filaments were preferentially oriented parallel to the long axis of the column with highest ordering along the long axis of the bacterial surface and in the shell of the tail. The lowest ordering was in the core (where filaments are possibly also shorter with respect to the cup and the shell), whereas in the adjacent cytoplasm, filaments were oriented perpendicular to the column. A mutant of Listeria that can polymerize actin around itself but cannot move intracellularly does not have its actin organized along the bacterial surface. Thus the alignment of the actin filaments along the bacterial surfaces may be important for the intracellular movement. These conclusions are also supported by confocal microscopy and whole mount electron microscopic data that also reveal that actin filaments can be deposited asymmetrically around the long axis of the bacteria, a distribution that may affect the direction of motility of Listeria monocytogenes inside infected cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; purification ; methods ; kinetics ; Cap Z ; chickens ; antibodies ; blotting ; immuno-affinity purification ; immunoabsorbance ; muscle proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gel-filtration is commonly used to remove contaminants from conventional actin prepared by the method of Spudich and Watt. It has been shown that this procedure removes the majority of a factor that reduces the low-shear viscosity of actin. We have previously reported that this factor is Cap Z, a barbed end capping protein. We now establish that, even after gel-filtration, enough Cap Z can be present in conventionally prepared actin to affect events occurring at the barbed ends of actin filaments. We also demonstrate that the concentration of Cap Z can be reduced to more than a log below the KD for binding of Cap Z to actin by either (1) immunoabsorbtion of conventionally prepared actin with anti-Cap Z antibodies, or (2) an additional cycle of polymerization/depolymerization followed by repeat gel-filtration. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 194-207 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fetal rat brain ; tyrosine kinases ; c-src ; fyn ; lyn ; SH2 domain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetal rat brain (E18) expresses at least three c-src-like, membrane-associated non-receptor tyrosine kinases: c-src, fyn, and lyn. c-src and fyn are the most abundant and are highly enriched in a subcellular fraction of nerve growth cones (GCPs). To study the cytoskeletal association of these tyrosine kinases, Triton X-100-resistant fractions were prepared from GCPs. All three non-receptor tyrosine kinases are associated with the cytoskeleton to a significant degree with the relative affinities: fyn 〉 c-src 〉 lyn. The binding is sensitive to ionic strength and to phosphotyrosine, but not to phosphoserine or phosphothereonine. To investigate the regulation of this association we used phosphatese inhibitors to increase phosphotyrosine levels in GCPs. This resulted in the release of c-src from the cytoskeleton. Under these conditions tyrosine phosphorylation was increased selectively in released c-src and primarily on tyrosine 527. Cytoskeletally bound c-src had a higher specific kinase activity than Triton X-100-soluble c-src. These findings indicate that src family members interact in a regulated manner with the cytoskeleton in non-transformed cells. This regulation is explained by a model in which c-src binds to the cytoskeleton via its SH2 domain and is released when phosphorylated tyrosine-527 binds to this domain intramolecularly, inhibiting kinase activity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; heavy chains ; flagella ; cilia ; outer arms ; inner arms ; polyclonal antibodies ; affinity-purification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: While studying cAMP-dependent dynein α-heavy chain phosphorylation, we found previously [Stephens and Prior, 1992: J. Cell Sci. 103:999-1012] that high salt extraction of sperm flagella from the mussel Mytilus edulis or the clam Spisula solidissima removed most visible dynein arms, accompanied by an amount of Mg+2-ATPase that correlated with the mass of dynein α-and β-heavy chains removed. However, although almost devoid of ATPase activity, such extracted axonemes retained one third of the heavy chain mass as two sets of electrophoretically-distinct, vanadate-cleavable, non-phosphorylated proteins. To explore the nature of these dynein-like proteins, antibodies to the α- and β-heavy chains were blot affinity-purified from a rabbit antiserum raised against gradient-purified Spisula 18-20S flagellar outer arm dynein. Although able to recognize common epitopes of the opposite chain type, neither the α-nor the β-heavy chain antibody recognized the tightly-bound proteins in either species, proving that they are immunologically distinct. While the β-antibody recognized its heavy chain homolog in gill cilia, the α-antibody did not, demonstrating immunological distinction between flagellar and ciliary dynein α-heavy chains. Immunization of a mouse with nitrocellulose strips containing one of the two tightly-bound Spisula flagellar proteins produced an antiserum that cross-reacted with each tightly-bound protein in both species and also recognized α- and β-heavy chains. The anti-molluscan serum cross-reacted strongly with sea urchin sperm flagellar dynein B-, C-, and D-bands, considered to be inner arm components, but not with sea urchin outer arm α- or β-heavy chains. These data indicate that the electro-phoretically and immunologically distinct, tightly-bound proteins of molluscan flagella are inner arm dynein heavy chains. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neurofilament ; axoplasm ; axonal cytoskeleton ; giant axon ; squid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have used axoplasm from the squid giant axon to investigate the effects of anionic and cationic polypeptides on the mobility and organization of axonal neurofilaments (NFs). Intact cylinders of axoplasm were extruded from squid giant axons into an excess volume of artificial axoplasm solution. In a previous study on the mobility of NFs in extruded axoplasm, we showed that these polymers disperse freely and diffusively into the surrounding solution, thereby expanding the axoplasmic cross-sectional area [Brown and Lasek, 1993: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 26:313-324]. In the present study, we found that 83nm-long (“long-chain”) polylysine, a synthetic multivalent cationic protein, inhibited the radial expansion of isolated axoplasm and condensed the axoplasm, thereby reducing the cross-sectional area. Equivalent concentrations of a 7nm-long (“short-chain”) polylysine did not inhibit the expansion of axoplasm and did not cause the axoplasm to condense. Inhibition of the expansion of axoplasm by long-chain polylysine was dependent on the polylysine concentration; condensation of axoplasm was observed at concentrations of 0.01 mg/ml (0.27 μM) or greater. Electron microscopy of the condensed axoplasm showed that the NFs were aligned side-by-side and in parallel in closely-packed bundles. Equivalent concentrations of 91nm-long (“long-chain”) polyglutamate, a synthetic multivalent anionic protein, partially inhibited the expansion of axoplasm but did not cause the NFs to bundle and did not cause the axoplasm to condense. These studies indicate that cationic proteins bind tightly to the highly charged anionic surfaces of NFs and can link them together into compact bundles in a charge-dependent and length-dependent manner. The tightly packed organization of these cross-linked NFs differs from the normal loose organization of NFs in healthy axons. However, tightly bundled NFs are sometimes found in certain neuropathologies, such as giant axonal neuropathy.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 82-82 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 87-92 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; contact guidance ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; orientation ; cytochalasin ; colcemid ; taxol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of the cytoskeleton and cell attachments in the alignment of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts to ridge and groove substratum topography was investigated using confocal scanning microscopy. This was carried out with normal cells and cells treated with the cytoskeleton modifiers cytochalasin D, colcemid, and taxol. Actin was localised with fluorescent phalloidin. Tubulin, Vinculin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 were visualised by indirect immunofluoresence. The spreading, elongation, and orientation of the cells after 24 h of culture in these conditions were measured on grooves of 5, 10, and 25 μm width and 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μm depth. We have also observed events over the first 30 min of cell attachment. Five minutes after cell attachment, F-actin condensations were seen close to the intersection of groove wall and ridge top, that is, at a topographic discontinuity. The condensations were often at right angles to the groove edge and showed a periodicity of 0.6 μm. Vinculin arrangement at the early stages of cell spreading was similar to that of actin. Organisation of the microtubule system followed later, becoming obvious at about 30 min after cell plating. The Curtis and Clark theory (that cell react to topography primarily at lines of discontinuity in the substratum by actin nucleation) is supported by these results. The use of cytoskeletal poisons did not entirely abolish cell reaction to grooves. Colocemid increased cell spreading and reduced cell orientation and elongation. Cytochalasin D reduced cell spreading, orientation, and elongation. Taxol reduced cell elongation but did not affect cell spreading and orientation. We conclude that the aggregation of actin along groove/ridge boundaries is a primary driving event in determining fibroblast orientation on microgrooved substrata.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: neurofilament ; phosphorylation ; cdk5 ; cdc2 ; cyclin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using dephosphorylated neurofilament (NF) proteins as substrates, the kinase with a higher activity for in the dephosphorylated NF-H than the phosphorylated form of NF-H was searched for in the porcine brain extract. Most NF-H kinase activity in the brain extract pelleted with microtubules. The NF-H kinase purified from a high salt extract of the microtubule pellets was composed of cdk5 and a 26 kDa protein, a fragment of the 35 kDa regulatory subunit of cdk5. In contrast to the association of the active kinase with microtubules, each of uncomplexed cdk5 and the 35 kDa regulatory subunit was differently distributed in the supernatant fraction and the pellet, respectively, by ultracentrifugation of the brain extract. Dephosphorylated forms of NF-H and NF-M became reactive to antibodies recoginizing in vivo phosphorylation sites (SM131, 34, and 36, JJ31 and 51) by phosphorylation with cdk5/p26. cdk5/p26 showed similar enzymatic properties to p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase; the substrate specificity and inhibition by a p34cdc2 kinase specific inhibitor, butyrolactone I. However, p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase was distinguished from cdk5/p26 by its binding to p13suc1 protein and by its reactivity to anti-p34cdc2 antibodies. In spite of similar enzymatic properties of cdk5/p26 and p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase, cdk5/26 did not display M-phase promoting activity when assayed with a cell-free system of Xenopus egg extract. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: thymosin β4 ; actin ; stress fibers ; cleavage furrows ; cytokinesis ; cell spreading ; PtK2 cells ; microinjection ; transfection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) binds to G-actin in vitro and inhibits actin polymerization. We studied the effects of incresing Tβ4 concentration within living PtK2 cells, comparing its effects on the disassembly of stress fibers and membrane-associated actin with its ability to inhibit cytokinesis and cell spreading after mitosis. We chose PtK2 cells for the study because these cells have many striking actin bundles in both stress fibers and cleavage furrows. They also have prominent concentrations of membrane-associated actin and remain flattened during mitosis. We have found that PtK2 cells contain an endogenous homologue of Tβ4 at a concentration (approximately 28 μM) sufficient to complex a third or more of the cell's unpolymerized actin. Intracellular Tβ4 concentrations were increased by three different methods: (1) microinjection of an RSV vector containing a cDNA for Tβ4; (2) transfection with the same vector; and (3) microinjection of purified Tβ4 protein. The plasmid coding for Tβ4 was microinjected into PtK2 cells together with fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin as a reporter molecule. Immediately after microinjection fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin was detected in a periodic pattern along the stress fibers just as in control cells injected solely with the reporter. However, after 13 h, cells microinjected with reporter and plasmid showed marked disassembly of the fiber bundles. PtK2 cells transfected with this RSV vector for 2-3 days showed disassembly of stress fibers as detected by rhodamine-phalloidin staining; in these cells the membrane actin was also greatly diminished or absent and the border of the cells was markedly retracted. Microinjection of pure Tβ4 protein into interphase PtK2 cells induced disassembly of the stress fibers within 10 min, while membrane actin appeared only somewhat reduced. If the PtK2 cells were mitotic, Similar microinjection of pure thymosin β4 protein at times from early prophase to metaphase resulted in an unusual pattern of delayed cytokinesis. Furrowing occurred but at a much slower rate than in controls and the amount of actin in the cleavage furrow was greatly reduced. The cells constricted to apparent completion, but after about 30 min the furrow re-gressed, forming a binucleate cell, much as after treatment with cytochalasin B or D. Postcytokinesis spreading of these Tβ4-injected cells was often inhibited. These experiments suggest that an insufficient number of actin filaments prolongs the contractile phase of cytokinesis and abolishes the final sealing process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. I 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 103-105 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 121-124 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 46-54 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sliding disintegration ; Tetrahymena ; active site ; ribose-modified ATP ; dynein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Axonemal sliding involves both sliding velocity and the extent of sliding, that is how many doublets slide. It is clear that axonemes cannot beat if all doublets were to slide simultaneously, thus sliding extent is important. Using the turbidimetric assay of sliding disintegration of Tetrahymena axonemes, we examined the sliding extent and the effect of ADP, ATP, and ATP analogs on the sliding extent. Of course, ATP is necessary to produce sliding disintegration, but ATP alone did not produce extensive sliding disintegration. The addition of ADP allowed greater extent of sliding disintegration. The additions of higher ATP concentration even in the presence of ADP inhibited sliding disintegration. We also observed sliding disintegration using ribose-modified ATP analogs, anthraniloylATP, and methylanthraniloylATP. The extent of sliding disintegration was proportional to the analog concentration. Thus in contrast to ATP, higher analog concentration was not inhibitory. These results indicate that high ATP concentration acts to inhibit the extent of sliding disintegration and that ADP relieves this inhibition. We propose a model in which the affinity of multiple cooperative active sites are regulated by binding of ATP or ADP to a regulatory site. This model provides a mechanism by which nucleotides regulate the extent of sliding necessary for effective axonemal bending. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 90-94 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 98-102 
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    Keywords: dynein ; mutants ; in vitro motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chlamydomonas flagella contain as many as 11 different dynein heavy chains, three in the outer arm and eight in the inner. Several lines of evidence suggest that these different dyneins are functionally diverse. This diversity may be important for the generation of axonemal undulating movement.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 32 (1995), S. 125-128 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 26-37 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myosin ; myosin-I ; unconventional myosin ; brush border ; epithelia ; membrane ; phospholipid ; fluorescence microscopy ; actin ; calmodulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Brush border myosin-I (BBMI) is associated with the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells where it probably plays a structural role. BBMI also has been identified on Golgi-derived vesicles in intestinal epithelial cells where it may translocate vesicles into the brush border. However, the mechanochemical activity of BBMI bound to a phospholipid membrane has not been described. This study reports that phospholipid membrane-associated BBMI displays ATPase activity when bound to phospholipids, but does not move actin filaments when associated with a phospholipid bilayer. BBMI does not bind significantly to brush border membrane lipids, which contain about 16% phosphatidylserine (PS), in either a pelleting or planar membrane assay. Similarly, planar membranes containing 20% PS do not bind a significant amount of BBMI. Increasing the concentration of PS to 40% does result in the binding of BBMI to both vesicles and planar membranes. This binding is enhanced with increased Ca2+ concentrations. BBMI retains its ATPase activity when bound to phospholipid vesicles containing 40% PS. However, BBMI attached to a phospholipid bilayer surface does not move actin filaments, even though the amount of BBMI bound to the lipid surface, as reflected by the number of actin filaments associated with bilayer-bound BBMI, is sufficient to observe motility in control experiments. When membrane fluidity is reduced by adding cholesterol to the membrane lipids containing 40% PS, BBMI still binds to the membrane, but again no actin filament motility is observed. The lack of binding by BBMI to brush border membrane lipids and the absence of membrane-associated BBMI mechanical activity suggest that factors in addition to membrane lipids are necessary for membrane-associated myosin-I motility. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; post-translational modification ; glutamylation ; tyrosination ; dipeptide antibodies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two monoclonal antibodies, GLU-1 and A1.6, raised against γ-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid dipeptide (Glu-Glu) and Ca2+ -dependent ATPase from Paramecium, respectively, recognized the dipeptide Glu-Glu sequence. Whereas the antibodies immunofluorescently stained very few, if any, cytoskeletal fibers in cultured mammalian cells, almost all interphase as well as mitotic spindle microtubules became visible after treatment of cells with carboxypeptidase A. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated intense cross-reaction of the antibodies to the α-tubulin subunit. α-Tubulin isotypes produced as fusion proteins in bacteria were labeled by both the antibodies only when the proteins did not contain a tyrosine residue at the C terminus, indicating that GLU-1 and A1.6 specifically recognize the detyrosinated from of α-tubulin. When microtubule protein purified from brain was probed, not only α-but also, to a lesser extent, β-tubulin were revealed by the dipeptide antibodies. A synthetic tripeptide YED containing one glutamyl group linked to the second residue of the peptide via the γ position was also recognized by the antibodies. Since this peptide sequence corresponds to the amino acid sequence of polyglutamyated class IIIβ isotype at amino acid position 437 to 439, it is suggested that GLU-1 and A1.6 are able to recognize the glutamylated form of β-tubulin. These results indicate that the C-terminal Glu-Glu sequence displays strong antigenicity, and the antibodies recognize the sequence present in the C terminus of the detyrosinated form of α-tubulin and the glutamyl side chain of β-tubulin. Particularly strong immunoreaction was detected with ciliary and flagellar microtubules; thus, stable axonemal microtubules appear to be rich in post-translationally modified tubulin subunits. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 252-260 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axoneme ; ciliary regulation ; cyclic nucleotides ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the ciliated protozoan Paramecium, swimming direction is regulated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the ciliary membrane. In response to depolarizing stimuli, intraciliary Ca2+ rises, triggering reversal of the ciliary power stroke and backward swimming. One class of Ca2+ -unresponsive behavioral mutants of Paramecium, atalanta mutants, cannot swim backward even though they have functional Ca2+ channels in their ciliary membrane. Several atalanta mutants were characterized with regard to several Ca2+ -dependent activities, but no significant difference between wild type and the mutants was detected. However, one allelic group, atalanta A (initially characterized by Hinrichsen and Kung [1984: Genet. Res. Camb. 43:11-20]), showed a helical swimming path of opposite handedness from that of wild-type cells when detergent-permeabilized cells (“models”) were reactivated with MgATP. When cGMP-dependent protein kinase purified from wild-type cells was added to atalanta A models, the handedness of the swimming path was reversed. Cyclic GMP stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of several proteins in isolated cilia, and the pattern of phosphoproteins was very similar for wild type and atalanta mutants, with one exception: a protein of 59 kDa was phosphorylated much less in the mutant ata A. When ciliary proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and then phosphorylated “on blot” by purified cGMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphoprotein patterns were similar in wild type and ata mutants except that a 48 kDa protein (p48) from ata A3 was more heavily phosphorylated. This difference in p48 phosphorylation was also observed with cGMP-dependent protein kinase purified from ata A3 mutant cells. Ciliary p48 may be part of the mechanism that regulates the orientation of the ciliary power stroke. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 31 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: MAP5 ; high-molecular weight MAPs ; tubulin ; actin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A simple procedure for the purification of MAP1B from bovine brain is described. The procedure requires two ion-exchange chromatographic steps and results in 〉95% pure MAP1B with a typical recovery of about 25-30 mg/kg of brain tissue. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified protein shows that it is composed of a high molecular mass (330kDa) heavy chain and two low molecular mass (32kDa and 18kDa) associated light chains. The estimated stoichiometry of heavy chain:light chain is 1:2 and 1:0.2 mole/mole protein for the 32kDa and 18kDa light chains respectively. Western blotting, using monospecific monoclonal antibodies, shows that only the heavy chain is recognised by the anti-MAP1B antibody and is not immunostained by either the MAP1A or MAP2 monoclonal antibodies. Purified MAP1B binds efficiently to both unpolymerised tubulin and polymerised tubulin and co-sediments with taxol-stabilised microtubules. Co-incubation experiments show that MAP2 can compete with MAP1B binding to microtubules, indicating common or overlapping sites. However, MAP1B binds to neither G-actin nor F-actin nor co-sediments with F-actin, suggesting that it is not an actin-binding protein.
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