ALBERT

Note: Contents Contributors Part I. Alaska's Past and Present Environment 1. The Conceptual Basis of LTER Studies in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, john Yarie, Keith Van Cleve, and Leslie A. Viereck 2. Regional Overview of Interior Alaska / James E. Beget, David Stone, and David L Verbyla 3. State Factor Control of Soil Formation in Interior Alaska / Chien-Lu Ping, Richard D. Boone, Marcus H. Clark, Edmond C. Packee, and David K. Swanson 4. Climate and Permafrost Dynamics of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Larry D. Hinzman, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Kenji Yoshikawa 5. Holocene Development of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Andrea H. Lloyd, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Jason A. Lynch, Valerie Barber, and Nancy H. Bigelow Part II. Forest Dynamics 6. Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Distribution in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Teresa Hollingsworth, David F. Murray, Leslie A. Viereck, and Marilyn D. Walker 7. Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Keith Van Cleve, Christopher L. Fastie, Robert A. Ott, Daniel Mann, and Jill F. Johnstone 8. Mammalian Herbivore Population Dynamics in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric Rexstad and Knut Kielland 9. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects and Their Pathogens in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Richard A. Werner, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Barbara L. Illman 10. Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Mark W. Oswood, Nicholas F. Hughes, and Alexander M. Milner Part III. Ecosystem Dynamics 11. Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska / John Yarie and Keith Van Cleve 12. The Role of Fine Roots in the Functioning of Alaskan Boreal Forests / Roger W. Ruess, Ronald L. Hendrick, Jason C. Vogel, and Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson 13. Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Knut Kielland, John P. Bryant, and Roger W. Ruess 14. Microbial Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Joshua P. Schimel and F. Stuart Chapin III 15. Patterns of Biogeochemistry in Alaskan Boreal Forests / David W. Valentine, Knut Kielland, F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, and Keith Van Cleve Part IV. Changing Regional Processes 16. Watershed Hydrology and Chemistry in the Alaskan Boreal Forest: The Central Role of Permafrost / Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, Kevin C. Petrone, Jeremy B. Jones, and Phyllis C. Adams 17. Fire Trends in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric S. Kasischke, T. Scott Rupp, and David L. Verbyla 18. Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska / Tricia L. Wurtz, Robert A. Ott, and John C. Maisch 19. Climate Feedbacks in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / A. David McCuire and F. Stuart Chapin III 20. Communication of Alaskan Boreal Science with Broader Communities / Elena B. Sparrow, Janice C. Dawe, and F. Stuart Chapin III 21. Summary and Synthesis: Past and Future Changes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, Roger W. Ruess, Marilyn W. Walker, Richard D. Boone, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Larry D. Hinzman, Jeremy B. Jones, Clenn P. Juday, Eric S. Kasischke, Knut Kielland, Andrea H. Lloyd, Mark W. Oswood, Chien-Lu Ping, Eric Rexstad, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Joshua P. Schimel, Elena B. Sparrow, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson, David W. Valentine, Keith Van Cleve, David L. Verbyla, Leslie A. Viereck, Richard A. Werner, Tricia L. Wurtz, and John Yarie Index

Note: Оглавление Роль В.Г. Зольникова в изучении мерзлотных почв Зольников Василий Георгиевич (к столетию со дня рождения) / Л.Г. Еловская Роль В.Г. Зольникова в изучении почвенного покрова Якутии / Д.Д. Саввинов Роль Центрального музея почвоведения им. В.В. Докучаева в исследовании мерзлотных почв России / Б.Ф. Апарин Региональные проблемы изучения мерзлотных почв Микростроение органопрофиля мерзлотных почв криолитозоны Забайкалья / В.М. Корсунов, В.М. Чиркова Криогенные почвы юга Восточной Сибири и вопросы их картографирования / В.А. Кузьмин Микроструктура почвенного покрова северной части О.Большевик (архипелаг Северная Земля) / Б.Ф. Апарин, В.Б. Апарин О количественной оценке разнообразия почв / А.И. Куликов, Е.Д. Канаева, М.А. Куликов К вопросу о мерзлотных почвах Юго-Восточного Алтая / Е.Н. Смоленцева Формы серы в мерзлотных почвах притундровых лесов Енисейского Севера / Т.В. Пономарева Влияние растительного покрова и микрорельефа на азотный фонд почв бугорковой тундры Сибири / К. Биази, В. Ванек, О. Русалимова, К. Кайзер, Х. Мейер, П. Барсуков, А. Рихтер Состав гумуса мерзлотных почв мелкодолинных ландшафтов Лено-Амгинского междуречья / М.В. Оконешникова, Р.В. Десяткин Особенности микробных комплексов островных почв дельты р. Селенга как показатели мерзлотности, обусловленной влиянием оз. Байкал / Э.О. Макушкин, Н.Д. Сорокин, В.М. Корсунов, Е.Ю. Шахматова, Е.Н. Афанасова Проблемы эволюции мерзлотных почв Центральной Якутии / А.П. Чевычелов, В.П. Скрыбыкина, А.А. Перк Особенности распространения доминирующих типов мерзлотных почв бассейна р. Биллях / Я.Р. Герасимов, Г.Н. Саввинов Биохимические и геохимические особенности почв урбанизированных территорий (на примере г. Мирный, Западная Якутия) / М.В. Щелчкова, Я.Б.Легостаева Экология мерзлотных почв Метанообразование в мерзлых почвах / А. Брушков, М. Фукуда Методические проблемы почвенно-геохимических исследований в экологии / Б.С. Ягнышев Криотурбации мерзлотных почв Севера при глобальном изменении климата (разнообразие, экология) / П.П. Гаврильев, Р.Н. Иванова Динамика гидротермических поясов / А.И. Дмитриев Влияние температурного режима почвы на радиальный прирост стволов лиственницы в Центральной Якутии / А.Н. Николаев, П.П. Федоров Сезонная динамика теплофизических свойств аласных почв / В.С. Макаров Изменение пространственной структуры растительного покрова аласа как показатель динамики почвенных условий / М.Х. Николаева, А.Р. Десяткин Агрофизические свойства мерзлотных палевых осолоделых почв Центральной Якутии / А.П. Пестерев Связь радиального прироста лиственницы Каяндера с температурным режимом почв / П.П. Федоров, А.Н. Николаев Естественные радионуклиды и радиоцезий в почвах тундровой и таежной зон Якутии / П.И. Собакин, А.П. Чевычелов Средняя годовая температура почвогрунтов на подошве деятельного слоя Западной Якутии и ее зависимость от средней годовой температуры воздуха / И.С. Васильев Баланс органогенного углерода в мерзлотных лесных экосистемах / Т.Х. Максимов, Б.И. Иванов, А.Й. Долман, Е.Й. Муре, А.П. Максимов, А.В. Кононов, Т. Ота, М. Хейманп Исследования динамики промерзания мерзлотных таежных почв около г. Якутска / П.Я. Константинов Охрана и рациональное использование мерзлотных почв Мерзлотно-экологическое районирование агроземель на примере Мегино-Кангаласского улуса / П.В. Ефремов Классификация геокриологических и почвенных процессов по степени опасности и безопасности для сельскохозяйственного освоения / П.П. Гаврильев Влияние погодных условий на солевой режим и продуктивность аласных дерново-луговых почв / А.Р. Десяткин, М.Х. Николаева Ритмика обводнения аласных почв Лено-Амгинского междуречья / Н.П. Босиков Урожайность зерновых в зависимости от варианта обработки и водно-физических свойств мерзлотной палевой осолоделой почвы / С.И. Баишев Почвенный покров и его деградация в окрестностях города Мирный / П.П. Данилов, Г.Н. Саввинов Особенности почвенного покрова территории месторождения "Таборное" / В.Г. Тарабукина, В.С. Макаров, В.С. Боескоров , English translation of Table of contents The role of V.G. Zolnikov in the study of permafrost soils Zolnikov Vasily Georgievich (on the occasion of the centenary of his birth) / L.G. Elovskaya The role of V.G. Zolnikov in the study of the soil cover of Yakutia / D.D. Savvinov The role of the Central Museum of Soil Science named after. V.V. Dokuchaev in the study of permafrost soils in Russia / B.F. Aparin Regional problems of studying permafrost soils Microstructure of the organoprofile of permafrost soils in the permafrost zone of Transbaikalia / V.M. Korsunov, V.M. Chirkova Cryogenic soils of the south of Eastern Siberia and issues of their mapping / V.A. Kuzmin Microstructure of the soil cover in the northern part of O. Bolshevik (Severnaya Zemlya archipelago) / B.F. Aparin, V.B. Aparin On the quantitative assessment of soil diversity / A.I. Kulikov, E.D. Kanaeva, M.A. Kulikov On the issue of frozen soils in South-Eastern Altai / E.N. Smolentseva Forms of sulfur in frozen soils of tundra forests of the Yenisei North / T.V. Ponomareva The influence of vegetation cover and microrelief on the nitrogen pool of soils in the hummock tundra of Siberia / K. Biasi, V. Vanek, O. Rusalimova, K. Kaiser, H. Meyer, P. Barsukov, A. Richter Composition of humus in permafrost soils in shallow valley landscapes of the Lena-Amga interfluve / M.V. Okoneshnikova, R.V. Desyatkin Features of microbial complexes of island soils of the river delta Selenga as indicators of permafrost caused by the influence of the lake. Baikal / E.O. Makushkin, N.D. Sorokin, V.M. Korsunov, E.Yu. Shakhmatova, E.N. Afanasova Problems of evolution of permafrost soils in Central Yakutia / A.P. Chevychelov, V.P. Skrybykina, A.A. Perk Features of the distribution of the dominant types of permafrost soils in the river basin. Billyakh / Ya.R. Gerasimov, G.N. Savvinov Biochemical and geochemical features of soils in urbanized areas (on the example of the city of Mirny, Western Yakutia) / M.V. Shchelchkova, Ya.B.Legostaeva Ecology of frozen soils Methane formation in frozen soils / A. Brushkov, M. Fukuda Methodological problems of soil-geochemical research in ecology / B.S. Yagnyshev Cryoturbation of permafrost soils of the North under global climate change (diversity, ecology) / P.P. Gavrilyev, R.N. Ivanova Dynamics of hydrothermal belts / A.I. Dmitriev The influence of soil temperature on the radial growth of larch trunks in Central Yakutia / A.N. Nikolaev, P.P. Fedorov Seasonal dynamics of thermophysical properties of alass soils / V.S. Makarov Changes in the spatial structure of the alas plant cover as an indicator of the dynamics of soil conditions / M.Kh. Nikolaeva, A.R. Desyatkin Agrophysical properties of frozen pale yellow solodized soils of Central Yakutia / A.P. Pesterev Relationship between the radial growth of Cajander larch and the temperature regime of soils / P.P. Fedorov, A.N. Nikolaev Natural radionuclides and radiocesium in soils of the tundra and taiga zones of Yakutia / P.I. Sobakin, A.P. Chevychelov Average annual soil temperature at the base of the active layer of Western Yakutia and its dependence on the average annual air temperature / I.S. Vasiliev Organogenic carbon balance in permafrost forest ecosystems / T.Kh. Maksimov, B.I. Ivanov, A.Y. Dolman, E.Y. Mure, A.P. Maksimov, A.V. Kononov, T. Ota, M. Heymanp Study of the dynamics of freezing of frozen taiga soils near the city of Yakutsk / P.Ya. Konstantinov Protection and rational use of permafrost soils Permafrost-ecological zoning of agricultural lands using the example of the Megino-Kangalassky ulus / P.V. Efremov Classification of geocryological and soil processes according to the degree of danger and safety for agricultural development / P.P. Gavriliev The influence of weather conditions on the salt regime and productivity of alas sod-meadow soils / A.R. Desyatkin, M.Kh. Nikolaev Rhythm of watering of alass soils of the Lena-Amga interfluve / N.P. Bosikov Grain yield depending on the treatment option and water-physical properties of frozen pale-yellow soil / S.I. Baishev Soil cover and its degradation in the vicinity of the city of Mirny / P.P. Danilov, G.N. Savvinov Features of the soil cover of the territory of the Tabornoe deposit / V.G. Tarabukina, V.S. Makarov, V.S. Fighters , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies

Note: Inhalt Vorwort und Dank Widmung Frühes Wissen um den Nordpol Der Globus des Johannes Schöner von 1515 Theodor de Bry als Verleger von Barentsz und Hudsons Polarfahrten Die Globen von Andreae (1717), Doppelmayr (1730 und 1792) und Klinger (1792) in der Frankfurter Stadtbibliothek »Zwei Grönländer« im Prehn'schen Kabinett Die Nordfahrt des Georg Berna 1861 Das Personal Die Reise Der Beginn deutscher Polarforschung Das offene Polarmeer? Die erste Versammlung Deutscher Meister und Freunde der Erdkunde am 23. und 24. Juli 1865 in Frankfurt am Main Die Erste Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1868 Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1869/1870 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872-1874 Julius Payer vor 1871 Carl Weyprecht vor 1871 Die Vorexpedition von 1871 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872 bis 1874 Carl Weyprecht nach 1874: Die Begründung der Internationalen Polarjahre Julius Payer nach 1874 Nachruhm Erstes Internationales Polarjahr und Kontinentalverschiebung Das Erste Internationale Polarjahr Der Frankfurter Verein für Geographie und Statistik Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Theodor Lerner, Polarfahrer Andrée, »Fauna Árctica« und die Bäreninsel Eine Überwinterung auf Spitzbergen Die Rettungsexpedition von 1913 Forschen für Senckenberg Auf nach Grönland! Die Erste Hessische Grönlandexpedition von Hans Krüger und Fritz Klute 1925 Waldemar Coste und der Film »Milak der Grönlandjäger« 1926 Die Zweite Hessische Grönlandexpedition 1929/1930 und das Verschwinden Hans Krügers Friedrich Sieburg und Anne Schmücker als Propagandisten Grönlands Johannes Georgi »im Eis vergraben« 1930/1931 Die Internationalen Polarjahre Und der Südpol? Georg von Neumayers unermüdliche Agitation Die drei deutschen Expeditionen in antarktische Gewässer Anhang Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: Literaturverz. S. 265 - 280

Note: Inhalt Zu diesem Buch Begriffsklärungen 1. Kompetenzfelder 2. Information und Kommunikation 3. Techniken, Methoden, Werkzeuge etc A Umfassende Kommunikationsmodelle 1. Das Modell von Paul Watzlawick 1.1 Die systemtheoretische Grundlage 1.2 Die fünf Kommunikationsregeln Literatur 2. Die Transaktionsanalyse 2.1 Analyse der Persönlichkeitsstruktur 2.2 Analyse von Transaktionen 2.3 Die vier menschlichen Grundeinstellungen 2.4 Die Spielanalyse Literatur 3. Das Modell von Friedemann Schulz von Thun 3.1 Die vier Seiten einer Nachricht 3.2 Die vier Ohren des Empfängers Literatur 4. Das Modell von Thomas Gordon 4.1 Die Führungskraft als Problemlöser 4.2 Senden von Ich-Botschaften 4.3 Das Lösen von Führungsproblemen Literatur 5. Systemische Gesprächsführung 5.1 Ziel der systemischen Gesprächsführung 5.2 Regeln systemischer Gesprächsführung 5.3 Typische Schritte im Prozess einer systemischen Beratung Literatur 6. Neuro-Linguistisches Programmieren (NLP) 6.1 Zum Hintergrund des Namens 6.2 Zweck und Anwendungsbereiche des NLP 6.3 Schlüsselbegriffe und Kerntechniken 6.4 Regeln zur Kommunikationsverbesserung Literatur 7. Themenzentrierte Interaktion (TZI) 7.1 Die drei Faktoren der TZI 7.2 Die drei Axiome der TZI 7.3 Die Postulate der TZI 7.4 Die Hilfsregeln der TZI Literatur B Teilaspekte der Kommunikation 1. Fragetechniken 1.1 Funktionen von Fragen 1.2 Frageformen 1.3 Regeln für ein richtiges Frageverhalten Literatur 2. Zuhörtechniken 2.1 Zuhören als persönliche Arbeitstechnik 2.2 Passives Zuhören 2.3 Aktives Zuhören 2.4 Kommunikationsfördernde Zuhörtechniken 2.5 Analytisches Zuhören Literatur 3. Feedback 3.1 Sinn und Zweck des Feedbacks 3.2 Die Ausgangssituation 3.3 Feedback richtig geben Literatur 4. Körpersprache 4.1 Hintergrund und Wirkungsweise der Körpersprache 4.2 Interpretation der Körpersprache 4.3 Körpersprache im Gespräch und bei Verhandlungen Literatur 5 Gesprächsführung 5.1 Grund und Ziel von Gesprächen 5.2 Organisatorische Vorbereitungen 5.3 Gesprächsdurchführung Literatur C Besondere Kommunikationszwecke 1. Rhetorik 1.1 Tipps zur Sprache 1.2 Tipps zur inhaltlichen Gestaltung Literatur 2. Präsentation und Mediennutzung 2.1 Die Vorbereitung 2.2 Die Durchführung 2.3 Die Medien Literatur 3. Lehrmethoden 3.1 Dozentenorientierte Methoden 3.2 Teilnehmerorientierte Methoden Literatur 4. Die Moderationsmethode 4.1 Der Moderator 4.2 Visualisierung 4.3 Frage- und Antworttechniken 4.4 Die Moderation Literatur 5. Diskussions- und Konferenztechniken 5.1 Vorbereitung der Diskussion bzw. Konferenz 5.2 Gestaltung der Diskussion bzw. Konferenz 5.3 Diskussions- und Konferenzmethoden Literatur 6. Die Fünfsatztechnik 6.1 Grundstruktur des Fünfsatzes 6.2 Fünfsatzformen Literatur 7. Verhandlungstechniken 7.1 Grundaspekt Nr. 1: Menschen und Probleme trennen 7.2 Grundaspekt Nr. 2: Auf Interessen statt auf Positionen konzentrieren 7.3 Grundaspekt Nr. 3: Entscheidungsmöglichkeiten mit Vorteilen für beide Seiten entwickeln 7.4 Grundaspekt Nr. 4: Neutrale Kriterien zur Ergebnisbewertung entwickeln 7.5 Mit Widerstand umgehen Literatur 8. Argumentationstechniken 8.1 Signalwörter für Prämissen und Konklusionen 8.2 Regeln für gekonntes Argumentieren 8.3 Typische Argumentationsmuster Literatur 9. Open Space 9.1 Die Prinzipien des Open Space 9.2 Empfehlungen für Open Space Literatur 10. Mediation 10.1 Grundlagen 10.2 Die acht Phasen des Mediationsprozesses 10.3 Das Harvard-Konzept als Mediationsvariante Literatur 11. Wirkungsvoll schreiben 11.1 Die Vorbereitungen 11.2 Methoden zum Strukturieren eines Textes 11.3 Auf die Feinheiten achten Literatur 12. Empfängerorientiert korrespondieren 12.1 Regel Nr. 1: Schreiben Sie in kurzen Sätzen 12.2 Regel Nr. 2: Setzen Sie Tätigkeitswörter (Verben) ein 12.3 Regel Nr. 3: Meiden Sie „Hauptwortzusammen-setzungen" 12.4 Regel Nr. 4: Gehen Sie im ersten Satz positiv auf den Adressaten ein 12.5 Regel Nr. 5: Setzen Sie den Sie-Stil ein 12.6 Regel Nr. 6: Gliedern und ordnen Sie Zahlen und Daten übersichtlich 12.7 Regel Nr. 7: Steigern Sie die Anschaulichkeit Ihrer Aussagen 12.8 Regel Nr. 8: Formulieren Sie mit Aktiv-Konstruktionen 12.9 Regel Nr. 9: Drücken Sie sich knapp und präzise aus 12.10 Regel Nr. 10: Aktivieren Sie im Schlusssatz den Empfänger Literatur 13. Das Verkaufsgespräch 13.1 Phase Nr. 1: Kontakt schaffen 13.2 Phase Nr. 2: Bedarf ermitteln 13.3 Phase Nr. 3: Produkt präsentieren 13.4 Phase Nr. 4: Argumentieren 13.5 Phase Nr. 5: Gelungen abschließen Literatur 14. Das Mitarbeitergespräch 14.1 Das richtige Kommunikationsverhalten im Mitarbeitergespräch 14.2 Kooperation statt Konfrontation: Das richtige Verhalten im Kritikgespräch Literatur 15. Das Bewerbergespräch 15.1 Phasen eines Bewerbergespräches 15.2 Interviewformen 15.3 Fragen im Bewerbergespräch Literatur Stichwortverzeichnis

Note: Contents Preface Part I Anatomy of a cyclone 1 Anatomy of a cyclone 1.1 A 'typical' extra-tropical cyclone 1.2 Describing the atmosphere 1.3 Air masses and fronts 1.4 The structure of a typical extra-tropical cyclone Review questions 2 Mathematical methods in fluid dynamics 2.1 Scalars and vectors 2.2 The algebra of vectors 2.3 Scalar and vector fields 2.4 Coordinate systems on the Earth 2.5 Gradients of vectors 2.6 Line and surface integrals 2.7 Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of reference 2.8 Advection Review questions 3 Properties of fluids 3.1 Solids, liquids, and gases 3.2 Thermodynamic properties of air 3.3 Composition of the atmosphere 3.4 Static stability 3.5 The continuum hypothesis 3.6 Practical assumptions 3.7 Continuity equation Review questions 4 Fundamental forces 4.1 Newton's second law: F=ma 4.2 Body, surface, and line forces 4.3 Forces in an inertial reference frame 4.4 Forces in a rotating reference frame 4.5 The Navier-Stokes equations Review questions 5 Scale analysis 5.1 Dimensional homogeneity 5.2 Scales 5.3 Non-dimensional parameters 5.4 Scale analysis 5.5 The geostrophic approximation Review questions 6 Simple steady motion 6.1 Natural coordinate system 6.2 Balanced flow 6.3 The Boussinesq approximation 6.4 The thermal wind 6.5 Departures from balance Review questions 7 Circulation and vorticity 7.1 Circulation 7.2 Vorticity 7.3 Conservation of potential vorticity 7.4 An introduction to the vorticity equation Review questions 8 Simple wave motions 8.1 Properties of waves 8.2 Perturbation analysis 8.3 Planetary waves Review questions 9 Extra-tropical weather systems 9.1 Fronts 9.2 Frontal cyclones 9.3 Baroclinic instability Review questions Part II Atmospheric phenomena 10 Boundary layers 10.1 Turbulence 10.2 Reynolds decomposition 10.3 Generation of turbulence 10.4 Closure assumptions Review questions 11 Clouds and severe weather 11.1 Moist processes in the atmosphere 11.2 Air mass thunderstorms 11.3 Multi-cell thunderstorms 11.4 Supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes 11.5 Mesoscale convective systems Review questions 12 Tropical weather 12.1 Scales of motion 12.2 Atmospheric oscillations 12.3 Tropical cyclones Review questions 13 Mountain weather 13.1 Internal gravity waves 13.2 Flow over mountains 13.3 Downslope windstorms Review questions 14 Polar weather 14.1 Katabatic winds 14.2 Barrier winds 14.3 Polar lows Review questions 15 Epilogue: the general circulation 15.1 Fueled by the Sun 15.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 15.3 The zonal mean circulation 15.4 The angular momentum budget 15.5 The energy cycle Appendix A - symbols Appendix Β - constants and units Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Preface Remarks, Definitions, Units Part I Typology of Uranium Deposits Part II Uranium in Asia – Overview Chapter 1 China, Peoples Republic of Chapter 2 India Chapter 3 Indonesia Chapter 4 Iran, Islamic Republic Chapter 5 Japan Chapter 6 Kazakhstan Chapter 7 Kyrgyzstan Chapter 8 Mongolia Chapter 9 Pakistan Chapter 10 Russian Federation, Asian Territory Chapter 11 South Korea Chapter 12 Tajikistan Chapter 13 Turkey Chapter 14 Turkmenistan Chapter 15 Uzbekistan Chapter 16 Vietnam Chapter 17 Middle East Countries with Uraniferous Phosphorite Bibliography Subject Index Geographical Index U Minerals Index

Note: Inhalt Vorwort zur 12. Auflage Hinweise für die Benutzung A Einführung in die Terminologie und Nomenklatur 1. Terminologie 1.1. Herkunft und Entwicklung der botanischen Fachsprache 1.2. Einflüsse auf die Terminologie im 19./20. Jahrhundert 1.3. Einteilung der Botanik 1.4. Philologische Grundlagen der Terminologie (Lautlehre) 1.4.1. Schrift und Schreibweise 1.4.2. Aussprache 1.4.3. Betonung 1.4.4. Silbentrennung 1.4.5. Bindevokale, Prä- und Suffixe in Komposita 2. Nomenklatur 2.1. Grundibrderungen an wissenschaftliche Pflanzennamen 2.2. Überblick über die Taxa und ihre Benennung 2.3. Gattungsnamen 2.4. Artnamen 2.5. Autorennamen 2.6. Namen unterhalb der Art 2.7. Sortennamen 2.8. Bastardnamen 2.9. Wiedergabe von Namen im Deutschen 3. Symbole und Abkürzungen 3.1. Zeichen (Symbole) 3.2. Feststehende Abkürzungen 3.3. Abkürzungen 3.4. Abkürzungen für Baumschulen 3.5. Jungpflanzen - Altersbezeichnungen B Lexikalischer Hauptteil: Erklärung von Pflanzennamen und botanischen Fachwörtern C Verzeichnis der deutschen Pflanzennamen D Verzeichnis von Autorennamen (Taxa-Benenner) und ihren Abkürzungen E System der Pflanzen F System der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands G Verzeichnis von Autoren pflanzensoziologischer Einheiten Mitteleuropas mit den häufig verwendeten Abkürzungen ihrer Namen H Literatur

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume V of the Russian Edition, Salicaceae-Portulacaceae Preface to Volume VI of the Russian Edition, Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY XX / Salicaceae — Willow Family GENUS 1 / Populus - Poplar GENUS 2 / Chosenia - Chosenia GENUS 3 / Salix - Willow FAMILY XXI / Betulaceae — Birch Family GENUS 1 / Betula - Birch GENUS 2 / Alnaster - Green Alder GENUS 3 / Alnus - Alder FAMILY XXII / Urticaceae — Nettle Family GENUS 1 / Urtica - Nettle FAMILY XXIII / Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family GENUS 1 / Oxyria - Mountain Sorrel GENUS 2 / Rumex - Dock, Sorrel GENUS 3 / Rheum - Rhubarb GENUS 4 / Koenigia - Koenigia GENUS 5 / Polygonum - Knotweed, Smartweed FAMILY XXIV / Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family GENUS 1 / Chenopodium - Goosefoot GENUS 2 / Monolepis - Monolepis GENUS 3 / Atriplex - Orache GENUS 4 / Corispermum - Bugseed FAMILY XXV / Portulacaceae — Purslane Family GENUS 1 / Claytonia - Spring Beauty GENUS 2 / Montia - Blinks FAMILY XXVI / Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family GENUS 1 / Stellaria - Chickweed, Stitchwort GENUS 2 / Cerastium - Mouse-ear Chickweed GENUS 3 / Sagina - Pearlwort GENUS 4 / Minuartia - Minuartia GENUS 5 / Honkenya - Sea Sandwort GENUS 6 / Arenaria - Sandwort GENUS 7 / Moehringia - Groue Sandwort GENUS 8 / Merckia - Mercfo'a GENUS 9 / Spergula - Corn Spurry GENUS 10 / Spergularia - Sand Spurry GENUS 11 / Agrostemma - Corn Cockle GENUS 12 / Viscaria - Catchfly GENUS 13 / Silene - Campion GENUS 14 / Lychnis - Lychnis GENUS 15 / Coronaria - Ragged Robin GENUS 16 / Gastrolychnis - Gastrolychnis GENUS 17 / Gypsophila - Baby's-breath GENUS 18 / Dianthus - Pink FAMILY XXVII / Faeoniaceae — Peony Family GENUS 1 /Paeonia - Peony FAMILY XXVIII / Ranunculaceae — Buttercup Family GENUS 1 / Caltha - Marsh Marigold GENUS 2 / Trollius - Globe Flower GENUS 2a / Coptis - Goldthread GENUS 3 / Aquilegia - Columbine GENUS 4 / Delphinium - Larkspur GENUS 5 / Aconitum - Monkshood GENUS 6 7 Anemone - Anemone GENUS 7 / Pulsatilla - Pasque Flower GENUS 8 / Atragene - Alpine Clematis GENUS 9 / Oxygraphis - Oxygraphis GENUS 10 / Beckwithia - Beckwithia GENUS 11 / Batrachium - White Water Crowfoot GENUS 12 / Ranunculus - Buttercup GENUS 13 / Thalictrum - Meadow Rue APPENDIX I / Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 5 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Salicaceae-Ranunculaceae Index of Plant Names

Note: Auch u.d.T.:auch als Online-Dokument verfügbar: http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_jg1999.pdf

Note: Contents G01S91 Introduction to special section on changes in the Arctic freshwater system: identification, attribution, and impacts at local and global scales (DOI 10.1029/2007JG000615) / Charles Vörösmarty, Larry Hinzman, and Jonathan Pundsack Theme 1: Documenting the State and Trajectories of Change in Arctic Land-Ocean-Atmospheric Subsystems G04S54 The arctic freshwater system: Changes and impacts (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000353) / Daniel White, Larry Hinzman, Lilian Alessa, John Cassano, Molly Chambers, Kelly Falkner, Jennifer Francis, William J. Gutowski Jr., Marika Holland, R. Max Holmes, Henry Huntington, Douglas Kane, Andrew Kliskey, Craig Lee, James McClelland, Bruce Peterson, T Scott Rupp, Fiamma Straneo, Michael Steele, Rebecca Woodgate, Daqing Yang, Kenji Yoshikawa, and Tingjun Zhang G04S50 Recent Eurasian river discharge to the Arctic Ocean in the context of longer-term dendrohydrological records (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000333) / G. M. MacDonald, K. V. Kremenetski, L. C. Smitz, and H. G. Hidalgo G04S53 Temporal and spatial variations in maximum river discharge from a new Russian data set (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000352) / A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, M A. Rawlins, L. C. Smith, and T M. Pavelsky G04S47 Rising minimum daily flows in northern Eurasian rivers: A growing influence of groundwater in the high-latitude hydro logic cycle (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000327) / Laurence C. Smith, Tamlin M Pavelsky, Glen M. MacDonald, Alexander I. Shiklomanov, and Richard B. Lammers G04S59 Variability in river temperature, discharge, and energy flux from the Russian pan-Arctic landmass (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000370) / Richard B. Lammers, Jonathan W. Pundsack, and Alexander I. Shiklomanov G04S57 Nutrient (N, P) loads and yields at multiple scales and subbasin types in the Yukon River basin, Alaska (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000366) / Mark M. Dornblaser and Robert G. Striegl G04S60 Recent changes in nitrate and dissolved organic carbon export from the upper Kuparuk River, North Slope, Alaska (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000371) / J. W. McClelland, M. Stieglitz, Feifei Pan, R. M. Holmes, and B. J. Peterson Theme 2: Attribution: Sources ofHydrologic System Change in the Arctic G04S42 Response of Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity and associated precipitation to climate change, as represented by the Community Climate System Model (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000286) / Joel Finnis, Marika M. Holland, Mark C. Serreze, and John J. Cassano G04S49 Predicted changes in synoptic forcing of net precipitation in large Arctic river basins during the 21st century (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000332) / John J. Cassano, Petteri Uotila, Amanda H Lynch, and Elizabeth N. Cassano G04S45 A multimodel simulation of pan-Arctic hydrology (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000303) / A. G. Slater, T J. Bohn, J. L. McCreight, M C. Serreze, and D. P. Lettenmaier G04S43 Spring and aufeis (icing) hydrology in Brooks Range, Alaska (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000294) / Kenji Yoshikawa, Larry D. Hinzman, and Douglas L. Kane G04S46 Application ofTopoFlow, a spatially distributed hydrological model, to the Imnavait Creek watershed, Alaska (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000326) / Imke Schramm, Julia Boike, W Robert Bolton, and Larry D. Hinzman G04S44 Arctic tundra shrub invasion and soot deposition: Consequences for spring snowmelt and near-surface air temperatures (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000297) / John E. Strack, Roger A. Pielke Sr. , and Glen E. Liston G04S51 Chemical characteristics offulvic acids from Arctic surface waters: Microbial contributions and photochemical transformations (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000343) / Rose M Cory, Diane M. McKnight, Yu-Ping Chin, Penney Miller, and Chris L. Jaros G04S58 Impacts of climate warming and permafrost thaw on the riverine transport of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Kara Sea (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000369) / Karen E. Frey, James W McClelland, Robert M. Holmes, and Laurence C. Smith Theme 3: Impacts and Feedbacks from Arctic Freshwater Cycle Change G04S48 Relative sensitivity of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to river discharge into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000330) / Asa K Rennermalm, Eric F. Wood, Andrew J. Weaver, Michael Eby, and Stephen J. Dery G04S41 Arctic freshwater export in the 20th and 21st centuries (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000274) / Torben Koenigk, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Helmuth Haak, and Johann Jungclaus G04S55 Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000354) / Marika M. Holland, Joel Finnis, Andrew P. Barrett, and Mark C. Serreze G04S52 Potential impacts of a changing Arcfic on community water sources on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska (DOI 10.1029/2006JG000351) / Molly Chambers, Daniel White, Robert Busey, Larry Hinzman, Lilian Alessa, and Andrew Kliskey There is no G04S56 in this volume. Author Index

Note: Contents Introduction / A.G. Georgiadi, A.N. Zolotokrylin CHAPTER 1. SUBARCTIC TUNDRA 1.1. Characteristics of subarctic polygon and a complex of field experimental investigations / A.G. Georgiadi 1.2. Landscapes and their characteristics 1.2.1. Types and distribution over territory / R.V. Desyatkin, L.D. Hinzman 1.2.2. Seasonal changes of spectral characteristics of landscapes by data of remote sensing measurements / V.B. Malyshev, N. S. Ozerov 1.3. The active layer of subarctic landscapes: typology and geography 1.3.1. Spatial variabi!ity of the active layer thickness / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 1.3.2. Hydrophysical characteristics of the seasonal-melting layer / A.G. Georgiadi,V.G. Onischenko 1.4. Radiation and thermal characteristics of landscapes in the summer period 1.4.1. Systematization of experimental information on albedo and surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.4.2. Analysis of experimental information on the surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin, V.V. Vinogradova 1.5. Heat exchange in tundra landscapes 1.5.1. Structure of heat exchange and its seasonal features / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.5.2. Theoretical analysis of the process of heat transfer in the surface thawed layer of soil grounds / A.B. Kazansky, A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.6. Features of water regime and water exchange in tundra 1.6.1. Water regime and water balance of river basins by results of experimental measurements / A.G. Georgiadi 1.6.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different year seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 2. CENTRAL PLAIN TAIGA 2.1. Geographical characteristics of Spasskaya Pad polygon / A.N. Fedorov 2.2. Types of landscapes, their distribution over territory and seasonal dynamics / A.N. Fedorov, Ya. I. Torgovkin, S.P. Varlamov 2.3. Characteristics of the active layer and its physical properties 2.3.1. Spatial and seasonal variability of the active layer thickness 2.3.1.1. Inter-landscape variability of the seasonal-thawing layer thickness / I.S. Vasiliev 2.3.1.2. Variability of the active layer thickness at experimental sites / E.Yu. Gerasimov 2.3.1.3. Freezing of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.3.2. Physical properties of soils of the seasonal-thawing layer under larch forest / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 2.3.3. Inter-landscape differences of physical properties of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov, I.S. Ugarov, R.N. Argunov 2.3.4. Features of thermal conductivity of soil grounds / V.G. Onischenko, I.S. Lisker, A.G. Georgiadi 2.4. Radiation balance and thermal regime of landscapes 2.4.1. Radiation balance and its components / I.S. Ugarov 2.4.2. Temperature regime of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.4.3. Temperature regime of the upper layers of perennially frozen grounds / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.5.Heat exchange in permafrost landscapes of plain taiga / P.P. Gavriliev 2.6. Features of heat and moisture balance in taiga-alas landscapes / R.V. Desyatkin, I. Ishii, Kh. Yabuki, A.R. Desyatkin, P.P. Fedorov, T.N. Semenova 2.7. Turbulent energy- and moisture exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over thermally heterogeneous surface (over the Lena River lowland in the Yakutsk area) / M.A. Strunin 2.7.1. Some aspects of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations using the aircraft laboratory 2.7.2. Aircraft experiment of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations in the Yakutsk area 2.7.2.1. Aicraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigations of ABL 2.7.2.2. Scheme and conditions of the aircraft experiment 2.7.2.3. Radiosounding, surface measurements and satellite observations 2.7.2.4. Turbulence and turbulent fluxes data processing and analyzing 2.7.3. Some features of the convective boundary layer (CBL) development over thermally heterogeneous surface 2.7.3.1. Seasonal variability of turbulent fluxes 2.7.3.2. Fine spatial ABL structure 2.7.3.3. Conditions of appearance and development of the mesoscale thermal internal boundary layer (MTIBL) inside the CBL 2.7.3.4. Appearance of the local circulation over thermal mesoscale patch on the underlying surface 2.7.3.5. The local circulation and the problem of energy balance in the atmospheric boundary layer 2.7.3.6. Conditions of applying the scaling models for the CBL developing over heterogeneous underlying surface 2.7.3.7. The spectral structure of fluxes 2.7.3.8. Flux separating into turbulent and mesoscale portions 2.7.3.9. Separating approach models for mesoscale and turbulent fluxes in the CBL 2.7.3.10. Some f eatures of mesoscale and turbulent fluxes seasonal variations 2.7.4. The main results of observations of the CBL, developing over the thermally heterogeneous surface 2.8 Moisture exchange in plain taiga landscape 2.8.1. Moisture regime of the active layer 2.8.1.1. Landscape features of moisture dynamics of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov, R.N. Argunov 2.8.1.2. Spatial and temporal distribution of moisture reserves in the active layer / A.N. Fedorov, Ya.I.Torgovkin, R.N. Arguniov, P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Vasiliev, J.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.8.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 3. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN TAIGA 3.1. Natural conditions of the region / V.S. Vuglinsky, M.L. Markov 3.1.1. Climate 3.1.2. Relief and geological structure 3.1.3. Permafrost and hydrogeological conditions 3.1.4. Hydrography and hydrological conditions 3.1.5. Interrelationship of surface and underground waters, underground alimentation of rivers 3.1.5.1. lntraannual dynamics of water exchange of rivers with drained aquifers 3.1.5.2. Seasonal glaciation and its impact upon formation of river runoff 3.2. Results of study of regularities of heat- and moisture exchange at an experimental SHI Mogot polygon / N.G. Vasilenko, S.A. Zhuravin 3.2.1. General characteristics of the Mogot polygon and program of investigations 3.2.2. Landscape and soil characteristics of catchments of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.1. Landscapes of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.2. Landscape-hydrology complexes 3.2.2.3. Types of soils and their water physical characteristics 3.2.3. Features of climate in the region of the Mogot polygon 3.2.4. Radiation and heat balances 3.2.4.1. Radiation balance 3.2.4.2. Heat balance 3.2.5. Water balance 3.2.5.1. Methods of identification of the main components of water balance 3.2.5.2. Features of fo rmation of water balance elements 3.2.5.3. Results of calculation of water balances List of literature SUPPLEMENT TO PART 2.7. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING THE AIRCRAFT LABORATORY / M.A. Strunin S.2.7.1. Methods of wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity and turbulence measurements based on aircraft data S.2.7.2. Aircraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigation of the atmosphere S.2.7.3. Database of aircraft observations and preliminary data processing S.2.7.4. Errors of turbulent fluxes calculations based on aircraft data S.2.7.5. Methods of spectral analysis of turbulence data S.2.7.6. Calculations of spectral characteristics of fluctuations based on Fourier analysis S.2.7.7. Using the wavelet-transformations for the spectral analysis List of literature to Supplement 2.7 , In kyrillischer Schrift , Einführung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations

Note: Contents Preface 1 The evidence for cryospheric change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The geomorphic and hydrologic effects of cryospheric change 1.3 Sub-arctic and alpine hydrology 1.4 Glacier loss and mountain permafrost 1.5 Permafrost 1.6 The carbon balance of the cryosphere 1.7 River and lake ice break-up and freeze-up 1.8 Ocean circulation 1.9 The mass balance of the polar ice sheets 1.10 Sea level 1.11 Importance of sea ice. 1.12 Ecological impacts 1.13 Socio-economic effects 1.14 Conclusions (Text word count-including figure captions and tables but excluding references- 9,015) 2 The monitoring of cryospheric change 2.1 Introduction 2.2 In situ measurements 2.2.1 Land surface air temperature 2.2.2 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 2.2.3 Sea ice 2.2.4 Ice sheets and alpine glaciers 2.2.5 Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground 2.2.6 River runoff 2.2.7 River and lake ice freeze-up and break-up 2.3 Conclusions 3 Processes of cryospheric change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Snow and ice as energy regulators 3.2.1 The energetics of the snow surface 3.2.2 The energetics of the snowpack 3.2.3 The energetics of glaciers 3.2.4 The energetics of sea ice and various terrain types 3.2.5 Permafrost 3.3 Snow and ice reservoir functions 3.3.1 Mass budget for snow 3.3.2 Mass balance for glacier ice 3.3.3 The mass balance of an ice sheet 3.3.4 Mass balance of sea ice 3.4 Snowfall 3.4.1 Interception by vegetation 3.4.2 Snow accumulation 3.4.3 Snow cover structure 3.5 Snow avalanches 3.6 Snow melt, runoff and streamflow generation 3.7 Snow chemistry 3.8 Snow ecology 3.9 Glacier melt 3.10 Formation of an ice cover 3.11 River and lake ice 3.12 Sediment budgets 4 Patterns of the contemporary cryosphere at local to global scales 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Remote sensing observations 4.3 Land and sea surface temperature 4.3.1 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 4.3.2 Sea ice 4.3.3 Ice sheets & glaciers: estimation of volume 4.3.4 Ice sheets & glaciers: mass balance components 4.3.5 Permafrost 4.3.6 River runoff 4.3.7 River and lake ice freeze-up/break-up 4.4 Numerical Models 4.5 Conclusions: validation, coordinated projects and climate data records 5 The evidence for past cryospheric changes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The uniqueness of the Quaternary Period 5.3. Initiation of glacial ages 5.4 Reconstructing extent of glacial environments 5.5 Extreme events 5.6 Ice sheet modelling 5.6.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 5.6.2 Greenland 5.6.3 North America: Innuitian, Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets 5.6.4 British Isles, Scandinavian and Barents ice sheets 5.6.5 The Patagonian and New Zealand ice caps 5.7 Non-glacial Quaternary environments 5.7.1 Late Quaternary permafrost in North America and Europe 5.7.2 Treeline variations 5.7.3 Climatic snowline 5.7.4 Glacier fluctuations 5.7.5 Paraglaciation 6 The transience of the cryosphere and transitional landscapes 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The landscape as palimpsest 6.2 Glacial landscapes: macro scale 6.2.1 Cirque landscapes 6.2.2 Fjord and strandflat landscapes 6.3 Periglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.4 Paraglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.5 Glacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.5.1 The transition from glacial to fluvial dominance 6.6 Proglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.6.1 Glacifluvial landforms 6.6.2 The Channeled Scablands 6.6.3 Sub-glacial channels 6.6.4 Sub-glacial, ice-marginal and supraglacial sediment-landform associations 6.7 Periglacial landscapes: medium scale 6.7.1 The transition from periglacial to fluvial dominance 6.8 Paraglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.9 Glacial landscapes: local-scale 6.9.1 Primary glacigenic deposits 6.9.2 Small scale erosional forms 6.10 Proglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.11 Periglacial landscapes: local scale 6.13 Paraglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.13 Landscape resistance, collapse and recovery 6.14 Transitional landscapes at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene timescales 7 Cryospheric change and vulnerability at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene time scales 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Panarchy 7.2.1 Panarchy, sustainability and transformability 7.2.2 Collapse and the vulnerability of socio-economic systems 7.3 Changing ice cover and biomes since the Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.1 The Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.2 The Holocene Optimum 7.4 The first explorers in North America 7.5 Implications of cryospheric change/collapse 7.5.1 Snow quantity 7.5.2 Snow quality 7.5.3 River and lake ice 7.5.4 Permafrost 7.5.5 Glaciers 7.5.6 River basins 7.5.7 Sea ice 7.5.8 Ice sheets 7.5.9 Sea level change 7.5.10 Carbon sequestration 7.5.11 Vegetation 7.5.12 Polar bears 7.5.13 Human health 7.5.14 Persistent organic pollutants 7.5.15 Socio-cultural conditions and health status 7.5.16 Livelihoods and socio-economic conditions 7.5.17 Governance 7.6 Concluding thoughts References Index

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION Objectives of the Investigations / FRANZ TESSENSOHN ARCHITECTURE OF THE FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT Northern Segment Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of Brøggerhalvøya and Blomstrandhalvøya 1 : 40,000 / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, KERSTIN SAALMANN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Nappe Stacking on Brøggerhalvøya, NW Spitsbergen / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & GEOFF M. MANBY Foreland-Thrust Belt Relationships SE of Kongsfjorden and the Function of the Pretender Fault / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & FRIEDHELM THIEDIG Emergence of Basement-Dominated Nappes in Oscar II Land: Implications for Shortening Estimates / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS The Southern Margin of the Belt of Emergent Thrusting on the North Coast of Isfjorden / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & WERNER VON GOSEN Permo-Carboniferous Slivers Infolded in the Basement of Western Oscar II Land / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Central Segment Basement-Cored Folds in Nordenskiold Land / NIKOS LYBERIS & GEOFF M. MANBY Involvement of Basal Tertiary Strata in the Fold-Belt Deformation in Nordenskiold Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, HANS-JURGEN PAECH & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Thrust Tectonics North of Van Keulenfjorden / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structure of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Wedel Jarlsberg Land / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Southern Segment Polyphase Deformation in the Eastern Hornsund Area / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Decollement Structures in the Triassic South of Hornsund / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Involvement of the Hornsund High in the Fold-Belt Deformation / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structural Setting of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Southern Sørkapp Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Stress Patterns in the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Role of the Tertiary Compressive Structures in the Central Basin, Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH The Relationship of the Ny-Alesund Tertiary to the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, KERSTIN SAALMANN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Structures in the Tertiary Sediments of the Forlandsundet Graben / WERNER VON GOSEN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Coalification in Post-Caledonian Sediments on Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH & JOACHIM KOCH TIMING Paleontology Paleogene Calcareous Nannofossils from the Firkanten and Sarsbukta Formations on Spitsbergen / PAVEL CEPEK Conflicting Interpretations of the Tertiary Biostratigraphy of Spitsbergen and New Palynological Results / PAVEL CEPEK & WILFRIED KRUTZSCH New Biostratigraphic Data from West Spitsbergen Based on Conodonts / FRIEDRICH W. LUPPOLD Conodont Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and Permian Strata from Brøggerhalvøya and the Billefjorden Trough / WERNER BUGGISCH, MICHAEL JOACHIMSKI, HARALD LÜTZNER, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HEIKO HÜNEKE An Upper Cretaceous Microflora from Spitsbergen / WILFRIED KRUTZSCH Isotope Geochronology K/Ar Dating Attempts on Rocks from the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt and the Central Basin / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM HENJES-KUNST & STEFAN KRUMM CONCLUSION The Evolution of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / CASE TEAM , Zusammenfassungen in englischer, deutscher und russischer Sprache

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part I: The Need for Diversity Management Chapter 1 - The Business Case for Diversity Chapter 2 - Introduction to Diversity Measurement Part II: The Diversity Return-on-Investment (DROI) Process Chapter 3 - Introduction to the Diversity ROI Process Chapter 4 - Planning and Collecting Data Chapter 5 - Evaluating Diversity's Contribution Chapter 6 - Track and Assess Progress Part III: Building a Diversity Scorecard Chapter 7 - Basic Diversity Scorecard Components Chapter 8 - Diversity Leadership Commitment Perspective Chapter 9 - Workforce Profile Perspective Chapter 10 - Workplace Culture/Climate Perspective Chapter 11 - Learning and Growth Perspective Chapter 12 - Diverse Customer/Community Partnership Perspective Chapter 13 - Financial Impact Perspective Chapter 14 - Building Your Diversity Scorecard Part IV: Implementation Issues Chapter 15 - Achieving Strategic Alignment from Top to Bottom Chapter 16 - Implementing the Diversity Scorecard Process Appendix A - Hubbard Diversity Measurement and Productivity (DM&P) Institute: Creating Applied Sciences for Measuring Diversity Performance and Results Index About the Author

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Planet Earth and Earth systems 1.1 Comparative planetology 1.2 Unique Earth 1.3 Earth systems snapshots 1.4 Measuring Earth 1.5 Whole Earth 1.6 Subtle, interactive Earth Further reading Chapter 2 Matters of state and motion 2.1 Matters of state 2.2 Thermal matters 2.3 Quantity of matter 2.4 Motion matters: kinematics 2.5 Continuity: mass conservation of fluids Further reading Chapter 3 Forces and dynamics 3.1 Quantity of motion: momentum 3.2 Acceleration 3.3 Force, work, energy, and power 3.4 Thermal energy and mechanical work 3.5 Hydrostatic pressure 3.6 Buoyancy force 3.7 Inward acceleration 3.8 Rotation, vorticity, and Coriolis force 3.9 Viscosity 3.10 Viscous force 3.11 Turbulent force 3.12 Overall forces of fluid motion 3.13 Solid stress 3.14 Solid strain 3.15 Rheology Further reading Chapter 4 Flow, deformation, and transport 4.1 The origin of large-scale fluid flow 4.2 Fluid flow types 4.3 Fluid boundary layers 4.4 Laminar flow 4.5 Turbulent flow 4.6 Stratified flow 4.7 Particle settling 4.8 Particle transport by flows 4.9 Waves and liquids 4.10 Transport by waves 4.11 Granular gravity flow 4.12 Turbidity flows 4.13 Flow through porous and granular solids 4.14 Fractures 4.15 Faults 4.16 Solid bending, buckling, and folds 4.17 Seismic waves 4.18 Molecules in motion: kinetic theory, heat conduction, and diffusion 4.19 Heat transport by radiation 4.20 Heat transport by convection Further reading Chapter 5 Inner Earth processes and systems 5.1 Melting, magmas, and volcanoes 5.2 Plate tectonics Further reading Chapter 6 Outer Earth processes and systems 6.1 Atmosphere 6.2 Atmosphere-ocean interface 6.3 Atmosphere-land interface 6.4 Deep ocean 6.5 Shallow ocean 6.6 Ocean-land interface: coasts 6.7 Land surface Further reading Appendix Brief mathematical refresher or study guide Cookies Index

Note: Contents Contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 Part 1: Applied statistical theory 1.2 Part 2: The case studies 1.3 Data, software and flowcharts 2 Data management and software 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data management 2.3 Data preparation 2.4 Statistical software 3 Advice for teachers 3.1 Introduction 4 Exploration 4.1 The first steps 4.2 Outliers, transformations and standardisations 4.3 A final thought on data exploration 5 Linear regression 5.1 Bivariate linear regression 5.2 Multiple linear regression 5.3 Partial linear regression 6 Generalised linear modelling 6.1 Poisson regression 6.2 Logistic regression 7 Additive and generalised additive modelling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The additive model 7.3 Example of an additive model 7.4 Estimate the smoother and amount of smoothing 7.5 Additive models with multiple explanatory variables 7.6 Choosing the amount of smoothing 7.7 Model selection and validation 7.8 Generalised additive modelling 7.9 Where to go from here 8 Introduction to mixed modelling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The random intercept and slope model 8.3 Model selection and validation 8.4 A bit of theory 8.5 Another mixed modelling example 8.6 Additive mixed modelling 9 Univariate tree models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pruning the tree 9.3 Classification trees 9.4 A detailed example: Ditch data 10 Measures of association 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Association between sites: Q analysis 10.3 Association among species: R analysis 10.4 Q and R analysis: Concluding remarks 10.5 Hypothesis testing with measures of association 11 Ordination — First encounter 11.1 Bray-Curtis ordination 12 Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis 12.1 The underlying principle of PCA 12.2 PCA: Two easy explanations 12.3 PCA: Two technical explanations 12.4 Example of PCA 12.5 The biplot 12.6 General remarks 12.7 Chord and Hellinger transformations 12.8 Explanatory variables 12.9 Redundancy analysis 12.10 Partial RDA and variance partitioning 12.11 PCA regression to deal with collinearity 13 Correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis 13.1 Gaussian regression and extensions 13.2 Three rationales for correspondence analysis 13.3 From RGR to CCA13.4 Understanding the CCA triplot 13.5 When to use PCA, CA, RDA or CCA 13.6 Problems with CA and CCA 14 Introduction to discriminant analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assumptions 14.3 Example 14.4 The mathematics 14.5 The numerical output for the sparrow data 15 Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling 15.1 Principal coordinate analysis 15.2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling 16 Time series analysis — Introduction 16.1 Using what we have already seen before 16.2 Auto-regressive integrated moving average models with exogenous variables 17 Common trends and sudden changes 17.1 Repeated LOESS smoothing 17.2 Identifying the seasonal component 17.3 Common trends: MAFA 17.4 Common trends: Dynamic factor analysis 17.5 Sudden changes: Chronological clustering 18 Analysis and modelling of lattice data 18.1 Lattice data 18.2 Numerical representation of the lattice structure 18.3 Spatial correlation 18.4 Modelling lattice data 18.5 More exotic models 18.6 Summary 19 Spatially continuous data analysis and modelling 19.1 Spatially continuous data 19.2 Geostatistical functions and assumptions 19.3 Exploratory variography analysis 19.4 Geostatistical modelling: Kriging 19.5 A full spatial analysis of the bird radar data 20 Univariate methods to analyse abundance of decapod larvae 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The data 20.3 Data exploration 20.4 Linear regression results 20.5 Additive modelling results 20.6 How many samples to take? 20.7 Discussion 21 Analysing presence and absence data for flatfish distribution in the Tagus estuary, Portugal 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Data and materials 21.3 Data exploration 21.4 Classification trees 21.5 Generalised additive modelling 21.6 Generalised linear modelling 21.7 Discussion 22 Crop pollination by honeybees in Argentina using additive mixed modelling 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Experimental setup 22.3 Abstracting the information 22.4 First steps of the analyses: Data exploration 22.5 Additive mixed modelling 22.6 Discussion and conclusions 23 Investigating the effects of rice farming on aquatic birds with mixed modelling 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The data 23.3 Getting familiar with the data: Exploration 23.4 Building a mixed model 23.5 The optimal model in terms of random components 23.6 Validating the optimal linear mixed model 23.7 More numerical output for the optimal model 23.8 Discussion 24 Classification trees and radar detection of birds for North Sea wind farms 24.1 Introduction 24.2 From radars to data 24.3 Classification trees 24.4 A tree for the birds 24.5 A tree for birds, clutter and more clutter 24.6 Discussion and conclusions 25 Fish stock identification through neural network analysis of parasite fauna 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Horse mackerel in the northeast Atlantic 25.3 Neural networks 25.4 Collection of data 25.5 Data exploration 25.6 Neural network results 25.7 Discussion 26 Monitoring for change: Using generalised least squares, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the Mantel test on western Montana grasslands 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The data 26.3 Data exploration 26.4 Linear regression results 26.5 Generalised least squares results 26.6 Multivariate analysis results 26.7 Discussion 27 Univariate and multivariate analysis applied on a Dutch sandy beach community 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The variables 27.3 Analysing the data using univariate methods 27.4 Analysing the data using multivariate methods 27.5 Discussion and conclusions 28 Multivariate analyses of South-American zoobenthic species — spoilt for choice 28.1 Introduction and the underlying questions 28.2 Study site and sample collection 28.3 Data exploration 28.4 The Mantel test approach 28.5 The transformation plus RDA approach 28.6 Discussion and conclusions 29 Principal component analysis applied to harbour porpoise fatty acid data 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The data 29.3 Principal component analysis 29.4 Data exploration 29.5 Principal component analysis results 29.6 Simpler alternatives to PCA 29.7 Discussion 30 Multivariate analyses of morphometric turtle data — size and shape 30.1 Introduction 30.2 The turtle data 30.3 Data exploration 30.4 Overview of classic approaches related to PCA 30.5 Applying PCA to the original turtle data 30.6 Classic morphometric data analysis approaches 30.7 A geometric morphometric approach 31 Redundancy analysis and additive modelling applied on savanna tree data 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study area 31.3 Methods 31.4 Results 31.5 Discussion 32 Canonical correspondence analysis of lowland pasture vegetation in the humid tropics of Mexico 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The study area 32.3 The data 32.4 Data exploration 32.5 Canonical correspondence analysis results 32.6 African star grass 32.7 Discussion and conclusion 33 Estimating common trends in Portuguese fisheries landings 33.1 Introduction 33.2 The time series data 33.3 MAFA and DFA 33.4 MAFA results 33.5 DFA results 33.6 Discussion 34 Common trends in demersal communities on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Data 34.3 Time series analysis 34.4 Discussion 35 Sea level change and salt marshes in the Wadden Sea: A time series analysis 35.1 Interaction between hydrodynamical and biological factors 35.2 The data 35.3 Data exploration 35.4 Additive mixed modelling 35.5 Additive mixed modelling results 35.6 Discussion 36 Time series analysis of Hawaiian waterbirds 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Endangered Hawaiian waterbirds 36.3 Data exploration 36.4 Three ways to estimate trends 36.5 Additive mixed modelling 36.6 Sudden breakpoints 36.7 Discussion 37 Spatial modelling of forest community features in the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Study area 37.3 Data exploration 37.4 Models of boreality without spatial auto-correlation 37.5 Models of boreality with spatial auto-correlation 37.6 Conclusion References Index

Note: Contents 1.0 PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.1 THE CANADIAN FOREST FIRE DANGER RATING SYSTEM'S FIRE WEATHER lNDEX 2.2 C-BAND SAR BACKSCATTER FROM BURNED BOREAL FORESTS 2.3 C-BAND SAR BACKSCATTER FROM UNBURNED BOREAL FORESTS 2.4 PREVIOUS FIRE-DANGER ANALYSIS USING ERS-SAR DATA 3.0 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND SAMPLING STRATEGY 3.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTIONS 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 4.0 RESULTS OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS 4.1 PERMANENT SITES 4.2 SURFACE MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS 5.0 RESULTS OF SAR VERSUS FIRE DANGER CODES 5.1 ANALYSIS OF DONNELLY FLATS SAR BACKSCATTER VERSUS FIRE CODES 5.2 ANALYSIS OF SAR BACKSCATTER FROM 1HE HAJDUKOVICH CREEK 94 BURN VERSUS FIRE DANGER 5.3 COMBINATION OF TOK, HAJDUKOVICH CREEK, AND DONNELLY FLATS BACKSCATTER FOR FIRE DANGER ASSESSMENT 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.0 OUTREACH ACTIVITIES REFERENCES Figures 1,3,4,5

Note: Aus dem Engl. und Amerikan. übers.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 2 Experimental Research on Frost and Salt Heaving of Highway Foundation Soils in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions in Gansu Province, Northwestern China / G. Li, W. Yu, H. Jin, Y. Sheng, J. Qi, and L. Lü Effects of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps on Sediment Chemistry, Submerged Macrophyte Biomass, and Invertebrate Abundance of Upland Tundra Lakes / P.S. Mesquita, F.J. Wrona, and T.D. Prowse The Vault Creek Tunnel (Fairbanks Region, Alaska): A Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Permafrost Record / H. Meyer, K. Yoshikawa, L. Schirrmeister, and A. Andreev Properties of Eroding Coastline Soils Along Elson Lagoon Barrow, Alaska / G.J. Michaelson, C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, M.T. Jorgenson, and F. Dou The Application of Tritium in Permafrost Ground-Ice Studies / F.A. Michel Twenty Years of Permafrost Research on the Furggentälti Rock Glaciers, Western Alps, Switzerland / D. Mihajlovic, B. Staub, A. Nussbaum, B. Krummenacher, and H. Kienholz Convective Heat Exchange Between Rivers and Floodplain Taliks / V.M. Mikhailov Geophysical Study of Talik Zones, Western Yakutia / S. Milanovskiy, S. Velikin, and V. Istratov Seasonally Frozen Ground Effects on the Dynamic Response of High-Rise Buildings / R. Miranda, Z. Yang, and U. Dutta Seasonal Thermal Regime of a Mid-Latitude Ventilated Debris Accumulation / S. Morard, R. Delaloye, and J. Dorthe Genetic, Morphological, and Statistical Characterization of Lakes in the Permafrost-Dominated Lena Delta / A. Morgenstern, G. Grosse, and L. Schirrmeister Vegetation and Permafrost Changes in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / N. Moskalenko Experimental Study of Thermal Properties for Frozen Pyroclastic Volcanic Deposits (Kamchatka, Kluchevskaya Volcano Group) / R.G. Motenko, E.P. Tikhonova, and A.A. Abramov Spatial Analysis of Glacial Geology, Surficial Geomorphology, and Vegetation in the Toolik Lake Region: Relevance to Past and Future Land-Cover Changes / C.A. Munger, D.A. Walker, H.A. Maier, and T.D. Hamilton Choosing Geotechnical Parameters for Slope Stability Assessments in Alpine Permafrost Soils / P. Nater, L.U. Arenson, and S.M. Springman A Permafrost Observatory at Barrow, Alaska: Long-Term Observations of Active-Layer Thickness and Permafrost Temperature / F. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, D.A. Streletskiy, V.E. Romanovsky, K. Yoshikawa, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Decadal Results from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) Program (Plenary Paper) / F.E. Nelson, N.I. Shiklomanov, K.M. Hinkel, and J. Brown Modeling Observed Differential Frost Heave Within Non-Sorted Circles in Alaska / D.J. Nicolsky, V.E. Romanovsky, G.S. Tipenko, and D.A. Walker Engineering-Induced Environmental Hazards in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / F. Niu, J. Xu, Z. Lin, and P. Wang Comparison of Simulated 2D Temperature Profiles with Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Data at the Schilthorn Crest, Switzerland / J. Noetzli, C. Hilbich, C. Hauck, M. Hoelzle, and S. Gruber The Effect of Fines Content and Quality on Frost Heave Susceptibility of Crushed Rock Aggregates Used in Railway Track Structure / A. Nurmikolu and P. Kolisoja Contemporary Permafrost Degradation of Northern European Russia / N. Oberman MAGST in Mountain Permafrost, Dovrefjell, Southern Norway, 2001–2006 / R.S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, T. Eiken, and J.L. Sollid Effects of Changing Climate and Sea Ice Extent on Pechora and Kara Seas Coastal Dynamics / S.A. Ogorodov Solifluction Lobes in Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain): Morphometry and Palaeoenvironmental Changes / M. Oliva, L. Schulte, and A. Gómez Ortiz Cyanobacteria Within Cryptoendolithic Habitats: The Role of High pH in Biogenic Rock Weathering in the Canadian High Arctic / C.R. Omelon, W.H. Pollard, F.G. Ferris, and P.C. Bennett Thermal State of Permafrost in Alaska During the Fourth Quarter of the Twentieth Century (Plenary Paper) / T.E. Osterkamp Field Trials of Surface Insulation Materials for Permafrost Preservation / J.M. Oswell and J.R. Everts The State of Subsea Permafrost in the Western Laptev Nearshore Zone / P.P. Overduin, V. Rachold, and M.N. Grigoriev Sources of Discrepancy Between CCSM Simulated and Gridded Observation-Based Soil Temperature Over Siberia: The Influence of Site Density and Distribution / D. Pai Mazumder and N. Mölders Remote Sensing-Based Study of Vegetation Distribution and Its Relation to Permafrost in and Around the George Lake Area, Central Alaska / S.K. Panda, A. Prakash, and D.N. Solie Electrical Freezing Potentials During Permafrost Aggradation at the Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment, Western Arctic Coast, Canada / V.R. Parameswaran and C.R. Burn Managing Permafrost Data: Past Approaches and Future Directions / M.A. Parsons, S.L. Smith, V.E. Romanovsky, N.I. Shiklomanov, H.H. Christiansen, P.P. Overduin, T. Zhang, M.R. Balks, and J. Brown Regional Geocryological Dangers Associated with Contemporary Climate Change / A.V. Pavlov and G.V. Malkova Wedge Structures in Southernmost Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego) / A. Perez-Alberti, A. Coronato, M.C. Casais, M. Valcarcel-Diaz, and J. Rabassa Modeling Interaction Between Filterable Solutions and Frozen Ground / G.Z. Perlshtein and G.S. Tipenko Russian Approaches to Permafrost Engineering (Plenary Paper) / G. Perlshtein Numerical Modeling of Differential Frost Heave / R.A. Peterson Energy Balance Response of a Shallow Subarctic Lake to Atmospheric Temperature and Advective Persistence / Richard M. Petrone, Wayne R. Rouse, and L. Dale Boudreau Numerical Analysis of Forced and Natural Convection in Waste-Rock Piles in Permafrost Environments / H.N. Pham, L.U. Arenson, and D.C. Sego Effects of Ground Temperature and Slope Deformation on the Service Life of Snow-Supporting Structures in Mountain Permafrost: Wisse Schijen, Randa, Swiss Alps / M. Phillips and S. Margreth Classification of Arctic Tundra Soils Along the Beaufort Sea Coast, Alaska / C.L Ping, L.A. Lynn, G.J. Michaelson, M.T. Jorgenson, Y.L. Shur, and M. Kanevskiy Thermal Diffusivity Variability in Alpine Permafrost Rock Walls / P. Pogliotti, E. Cremonese, U. Morra Di Cella, S. Gruber, and M. Giardino Massive Ground Ice in the Eureka Sound Lowlands, Canadian High Arctic / W.H. Pollard and N. Couture Long-Term Monitoring of Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement in the Northern Taiga of West Siberia / O. Ponomareva and Y. Shur The Permafrost of the Imuruk Lake Basaltic Field Area (Alaska) and Astrobiological Implications / O. Prieto-Ballesteros, D.C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Torres Redondo, M. Fernández-Sampedro, M.P. Martín Redondo, J.A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. Gómez-Ortiz, and F. Gómez What Dictates the Occurrence of Zero Curtain Effect? / J. Putkonen Definition of Warm Permafrost Based on Mechanical Properties of Frozen Soil / J. Qi and J. Zhang Active Layer Temperature Monitoring in Two Boreholes in Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic: First Results for 2000–2006 / M. Ramos, G. Vieira, J.J. Blanco, S. Gruber, C. Hauck, M.A. Hidalgo, and D. Tomé Circumpolar Relationships Between Permafrost Characteristics, NDVI, and Arctic Vegetation Types / M.K. Raynolds and D.A. Walker Rock Glacier Distribution and the Lower Limit of Discontinuous Mountain Permafrost in the Nepal Himalaya / D. Regmi Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation Design Issues: A Case Study / C.H. Riddle, J.W. Rooney, and G.W. Carpenter Estimating Active Layer and Talik Thickness from Temperature Data: Implications from Modeling Results / D.W. Riseborough Mesoscale and Detailed Geocryological Mapping as a Basis for Carbon Budget Assessment (East European Russian Arctic, CARBO-North Project) / F.M. Rivkin, J.V. Vlasova, A.P. Popova, G. Mazhitova, P. Kuhry, I.S. Parmuzin, and I.V. Chehina Permafrost Degradation and Influx of Biogeogases into the Atmosphere / E. Rivkina and G. Kraev Observations and Considerations on Destabilizing Active Rock Glaciers in the European Alps / I. Roer, W. Haeber

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 1 Initial Disturbance and Recovery Measurements from Military Vehicle Traffic on Seasonal and Permafrost Terrain / R.T. Affleck, S.A. Shoop, C.M. Collins, and E. Clark Erosion of the Barrow Environmental Observatory Coastline 2003–2007, Northern Alaska / A. Aguirre, C.E. Tweedie, J. Brown, and A. Gaylord Pore Water and Effective Pressure in the Frozen Fringe During Soil Freezing / S. Akagawa, S. Hiasa, S. Kanie, and S.L. Huang Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard / H.J. Akerman Forecasting Chemical Thawing of Frozen Soil as a Result of Interaction with Cryopegs / V.I. Aksenov, N.G. Bubnov, G.I. Klinova, A.V. Iospa, and S.G. Gevorkyan Permafrost and Cryopegs of the Anabar Shield / S.V. Alexeev, L.P. Alexeeva, and A.M. Kononov A First Estimate of Mountain Permafrost Distribution in the Mount Cook Region of New Zealand’s Southern Alps / S. Allen, I. Owens, and C. Huggel The Perennial Springs of Axel Heiberg Island as an Analogue for Groundwater Discharge on Mars / D.T. Andersen, W.H. Pollard, and C.P. McKay Geotechnical Considerations for Cut-Off Wall in Warm Permafrost / S.L. Anderson, T.G. Krzewinski, and J. Swendseid Water Chemistry of Hydrogenous Taliks in the Middle Lena / N.P. Anisimova and N.A. Pavlova A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils / L.U. Arenson, T.F. Azmatch, and D.C. Sego Impact of the August 2000 Storm on the Soil Thermal Regime, Alaska North Slope / D.E. Atkinson and L. Hinzman Global Simulation of Permafrost Distribution in the Past, Present, and Future Using the Frost Number Method / T. Aus der Beek and E. Teichert Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring Periglacial Processes in Permafrost Areas: Terrestrial Laser Scanning at the Hinteres Langtalkar Rock Glacier, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, and A. Bauer Permafrost Temperatures and Erosion Protection at Shishmaref, Alaska / M.T. Azelton and J.E. Zufelt Measuring Ice Lens Growth and Development of Soil Strains during Frost Penetration Using Particle Image Velocimetry (GeoPIV) / T.F. Azmatch, L.U. Arenson, D.C. Sego, and K.W. Biggar Evidence of Permafrost Formation Two Million Years Ago in Central Alaska / J.E. Beget, P. Layer, D. Stone, J. Benowitz, and J. Addison Recent Advances in Mapping Deep Permafrost and Gas Hydrate Occurrences Using Industry Seismic Data, Richards Island Area, Northwest Territories, Canada / G. Bellefleur, K. Ramachandran, M. Riedel, T. Brent, and S. Dallimore Massive Ground Ice on the Ural Coast of Baydaratskaya Bay, Kara Sea, Russia / N.G. Belova, V.I. Solomatin, and F.A. Romanenko A Direct Method for Obtaining Thermal Conductivity of Gravel Using TP02 Probes / H. Bing, P. He, N.I. Koemle, and W. Feng The Effect of Near-Freezing Temperatures on the Stability of an Underground Excavation in Permafrost / K.L. Bjella Distribution of Permafrost Types and Buried Ice in Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica / J.G. Bockheim, I.B. Campbell, M. Guglielmin, and J. López-Martínez Estimation of Ice Wedge Volume in the Big Lake Area, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada / J.A. Bode, B.J. Moorman, C.W. Stevens, and S.M. Solomon High Resolution DEM Extraction from Terrestrial LIDAR Topometry and Surface Kinematics of the Creeping Alpine Permafrost: the Laurichard Rock Glacier Case Study (Southern French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and S. Jaillet Comparison of Exposure Ages and Spectral Properties of Rock Surfaces in Steep, High Alpine Rock Walls of Aiguille du Midi, France / R. Böhlert, S. Gruber, M. Egli, M. Maisch, D. Brandová, W. Haeberli, S. Ivy-Ochs, M. Christl, P.W. Kubik, and P. Deline Heat and Water Transfer Processes in Permafrost-Affected Soils: A Review of Field- and Modeling-Based Studies for the Arctic and Antarctic (Plenary Paper) / J. Boike, B. Hagedorn, and K. Roth Estimation of Hydraulic Properties in Permafrost-Affected Soils Using a Two-Directional Freeze-Thaw Algorithm / W.R. Bolton, J. Boike, and P.P. Overduin Engineering Solutions for Foundations and Anchors in Mountain Permafrost / C. Bommer, H.R. Keusen, and M. Phillips Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Interactions in the Hyporheic Zones of Arctic Streams that Drain Areas of Continuous Permafrost / W.B. Bowden, M.J. Greenwald, BM.N. Gooseff, BJ.P. Zarnetske, BJ.P. McNamara, J. Bradford, and T. Brosten Geomorphology and Gas Release from Pockmark Features in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada / R.G. Bowen, S.R. Dallimore, M.M. Côté, J.F. Wright, and T.D. Lorenson Current Capabilities in Soil Thermal Representations Within a Large-Scale Hydrology Model for Regions of Continuous Permafrost / L.C. Bowling, K.A. Cherkauer, and J.C. Adam Effects of Soil Cryostructure on the Long-Term Strength of Ice-Rich Permafrost Near Melting Temperatures /M.T. Bray Warming of Cold Permafrost in Northern Alaska During the Last Half-Century / M.C. Brewer and H. Jin Characterization and Classification of Topsoils as a Tool to Monitor Carbon Pools in Frost-Affected Soils / G. Broll and C. Tarnocai The International Permafrost Association: 1983–2008 / J. Brown, H. French, and C. Guodong Experimental Study of the Thermal Conductivity of Frozen Sediments Containing Gas Hydrates / B.A. Buhanov, E.M. Chuvilin, O.M. Guryeva, and P.I. Kotov Permafrost Dynamics Within an Upper Lena River Tributary: Modeled Impact of Infiltration on the Temperature Field Under a Plateau / S. Buldovich, N. Romanovskiy, G. Tipenko, D. Sergeev, and V. Romanovsky Permafrost Distributions on the Seward Peninsula: Past, Present, and Future / R.C. Busey, L.D. Hinzman, J.J. Cassano, and E. Cassano Soil and Permafrost Properties in the Vicinity of Scott Base, Antarctica / I.B. Campbell and G.G.G.Claridge Patterned Ground Features and Vegetation: Examples from Continental and Maritime Antarctica / N. Cannone and M. Guglielmin Rainfall-Runoff Hydrograph Characteristics in A Discontinuous Permafrost Watershed and Their Relation to Ground Thaw / S.K. Carey and C.M. DeBeer Innovative Designs of the Permafrost Roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Plenary Paper) / G. Cheng, Q. Wu, and W. Ma Does Permafrost Deserve Attention in Comprehensive Climate Models? / J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, P. Kuhry, V. Romanovsky, and J. Walsh Trace Gas Budgets of High Arctic Permafrost Regions (Plenary Paper) / T.R. Christensen, T. Friborg, and M. Johansson Interannual Variations in Active Layer Thickness in Svalbard / H.H. Christiansen and O. Humlum Experimental Study of the Self-Preservation Effect of Gas Hydrates in Frozen Sediments / E.M. Chuvilin and O.M. Guryeva Effects of Recent Climate Change on High Mountains of Western North America / J.J. Clague A Model of Permafrost Distribution and Disturbance Sensitivity for Denali National Park, Using Soil-Ecological Site Inventory Information / M.H. Clark A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Assess the Impact of Global Climate Change on Infrastructure in Cold Regions / J. Clarke, C. Fenton, A. Gens, R. Jardine, C. Martin, D. Nethercot, S. Nishimura, S. Olivella, C. Reifen, P. Rutter, F. Strasser, and R. Toumi Freezeback of an Anthropogenic Talik Within Tailings at Nanisivik Mine, Canada / G. Claypool, J.W. Cassie, and R. Carreau Geologic Controls on the Occurrence of Permafrost-Associated Natural Gas Hydrates / T.S. Collett Laboratory Simulations of Martian Debris Flows / F. Costard, E. Védie, M. Font, and J.L. Lagarde Modeling the Erosion of Ice-Rich Deposits Along the Yukon Coastal Plain / N.J. Couture, M.A. Hoque, and W.H. Pollard Dynamics of Patterned Ground Evolution / J.G.A. Croll Legacy and Accomplishments of Frozen Ground Engineering Studies in Alaska 60 Years Ago / M. Cysewski and Y. Shur High-Resolution Surface and Subsurface Survey of a Non-Sorted Circle System / R. Daanen, V. Romanovsky, D. Walker, and M. LaDouceur Effect of Adsorbed Cations on Unfrozen Water in Silty Soil as Det

Note: Contents Section I - Introduction Chapter 1 - Methods for Assessing Soil C Pools / J.M Kimble, R. Lal and R.F Follett Section II - Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation Chapter 2 - Methodology for Sampling and Preparation for Soil Carbon Determination / J.M Kimble, R.B. Grossman and S.E. Samson-Liebig Chapter 3 - Importance of Soil Bulk Density and Methods of Its Measurement / R. Lal and J.M Kimble Chapter 4 - The Effects of Terrain Position and Elevation on Soil C in the Southern Appalachians / P. V Bolstad and J.M Vose Chapter 5 - Approaching "Functional" Soil Organic Matter Pools through Particle-Size Fractionation: Examples for Tropical Soils / C. Feller, J. Balesdent, B. Nicolardot and C. Cerri Chapter 6 - Spatial Variability: Enhancing the Mean Estimate of Organic and Inorganic Carbon in a Sampling Unit / P. Wilding, L.R. Drees and L. C. Nordt Chapter 7 - Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Using the U.S. Soil Survey / R.B. Grossman, D.S. Harms, D.F. Kingsbury, R.K Shaw and A.B. Jenkins Cbapter 8 - Organic Carbon Methods, Microbial Biomass, Root Biomass and Sampling Design under Development by NRCS / C.D. Franks, J.M Kimble, S.E. Samson-Liebig and TM Sobecki Section III - Assessment of Carbon Pools Chapter 9 - Characterization of Soil Organic Carbon Pools / HH Cheng and J.M Kimble Chapter 10 - Measuring and Comparing Soil Carbon Storage / B.H Ellert, HH Janzen andB. McConkey Chapter 11 - Estimating Total System C in Smallhold Farming Systems of the East African Highlands / P.L. Woomer, NK Karanja, and E.W. Murage Chapter 12 - Assessment and Significance of Labile Organic C Pools in Forest Soils / P.K Khanna, B. Ludwig, J. Bauhus and C. O'Hara Section IV - Assessment and Analytical Techniques Chapter 13 - Interlaboratory Carbon Isotope Measurements on Five Soils / R.F. Follett and E.G. Pruessner Chapter 14 - The Determination of Soil C Pool Sizes and Turnover Rates: Biophysical Fractionation and Tracers / E.A. Paul, SJ Morris and S. Bohm Chapter 15 - Ecozone and Soil Profile Screening for C-Residence Time, Rejuvenation, Bomb 14C Photosynthetic 613C Changes / H W. Scharpenseel, E.M Pfeiffer and P. Becker-Heidmann Chapter 16 - Use of 13C Isotopes to Determine Net Carbon Sequestration in Soil under Ambient and Elevated CO2 / W.R. Horwath, C: van Kessel, U Hartwig and D. Harris Chapter 17 - Methods Using Amino Sugars as Markers for Microbial Residues in Soil / W. Amelung Chapter 18 - Characterization of Soil Organic Matter / C.L. Ping, G.J. Michaelson, X Y Dai and R.J. Candler Chapter 19 - Fractionating Soil in Stable Aggregates Using a Rainfall Simulator / G.C. Starr, R. Lal and J.M Kimble Chapter 20 - Toward an Efficient Method for Measuring Total Organic Carbon Stocks in Forests / G.R. Smith Chapter 21 - Soil Organic Matter Evaluation / R.A. Rossell, J.C. Gasparoni and J.A. Galantini Chapter 22 - The Development of the KMnO4 Oxidation Technique to Determine Labile Carbon in Soil and Its Use in a Carbon Management Index / G. Blair, R. Lefray, A. Whitbread, N Blair and A. Conteh Chapter 23 - Effects of Soil Morphological and Physical Properties on Estimation of Carbon Storage in Arctic Soils / G.J. Michaelson, C.L. Ping and J.M Kimble Chapter 24 - Estimation of Particulate and Total Organic Matter by Weight Loss-on-Ignition / C.A. Camberdella, A.M Gajda, J. W. Doran, B.J. Wienhold and T.A. Kettler Chapter 25 - Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Inorganic and Organic Carbon Fractions in Soil and Litter / B. Ludwig and P.K Khanna Chapter 26 - Development of Rapid Instrumental Methods for Measuring Soil Organic Carbon / G. W. McCarty and J.B. Reeves III Chapter 27 - Soil Quality Evaluations of Alternative and Conventional Management Systems in the Great Plains / A.M Gajda, J. W. Doran, T.A. Kettler, B.J. Wienhold, J.L. Pikul, Jr. and C.A. Cambardella Section V - Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Chapter 28 - 137Cs for Measuring Soil Erosion and Redeposition: Application for Understanding Soil Carbon / J.C. Ritchie Chapter 29 - Assessing the Impact of Erosion on Soil Organic Car\:〉0n Pools and Fluxes / G. C. Starr, R. Lal, JM Kimble and L. Owens Chapter 30 - Assessing Water Erosion Impacts on Soil Carbon Pools and Fluxes / P.A. Jacinthe, R. Lal and JM Kimble Chapter 31 - Soil Organic Carbon Erosion Assessment by Cesium-137 / Y. Hao, R. Lal, L.B. Owens and RC. Izaurralde Section VI - Modeling and Scaling Procedures Chapter 32 - A Simple Model to Estimate Soil Carbon Dynamics at the BOREAS Northern Study Area, Manitoba, Canada / G. Rapalee Chapter 33 - Methods Used to .Create the North American Soil Organic Carbon Digital Database / R. Lacelle, S. Waltman, N Bliss and F. Orozco-Chavez Chapter 34 - Basic Principles for Soil Carbon Sequestration and Calculating Dynamic Country-Level Balances Including Future Scenarios / O. Andren and T Kiitterer Chapter 35 - Examining the Carbon Stocks of Boreal Forest Ecosystems at Stand and Regional Scales / JS. Bhatti, MJ Apps and lL Jiang Chapter 36 - Predicting Broadscale CStores of Woody Detritus from Plot Data / ME. Harmon, 0.N Krankina, M Yatskov and E. Matthews Chapter 37 - Soil C Dynamics: Measurement, Simulation and Site-to-Region Scale-Up / R.C. Izaurralde, Kll Haugen-Kozyra, D.C. Jans, WB. McGill, R.F. Grant and JC. Hiley . Chapter 38 - Some Factors Affecting the Distribution of Carbon in Soils of a Dry land Agricultural System in Southwestern Australia / R.J Harper and R.J. Gilkes Chapter 39 - A National Inventory of Changes in Soil Carbon from National Resources Inventory Data / MD. Eve, K. Paustian, R. Follett and E.T. Elliott Section VII - Economics and Policy Issues Chapter 40 - Assessing the Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture / L. Tweeten, B. Sohngen and J Hopkins Chapter 41 - Climate Change Policy and the Agricultural Sector / D. Zilberman and D. Sunding Chapter 42 - Approaches to Assessing Carbon Credits and Identifying Trading Mechanisms / A. Manale Section VIII - Synthesis Chapter 43 - Methodological Challenges: Toward Balancing Soil C Pools and Fluxes / R. Lal, JM Kimble and R.F. Follett Index

Note: Contents Preface / by Douglas L. Kane & Daqing Yang Overview of water balance determinations for high latitude watersheds / Douglas L. Kane & Daqing Yang Water balance of a snowy watershed in Hokkaido, Japan / Yoshiyuki Ishii, Yuji Kodama, Ryo Nakamura & Nobuyoshi Ishikawa Features of water balance for small mountainous watersheds in East Siberia: Kolyma Water Balance Station case study / Sergei A. Zhuravin Estimation of annual water balance in Siberian tundra using a new land surface model / Hiroyuki Hiroshima, Tetsuo Ohata, Yuji Kodama & Hironori Yabuki Summer water balance in an Arctic tundra basin, eastern Siberia / Yoshiyuki Ishii, Yuji Kodama, Norifumi Sato & Hironori Yabuki Water balance of small Russian catchments in the southern mountainous Taiga Zone: "Mogot" case study / Ninel G. Vasilenko Features of forest-steppe small basins water balance: the Nizhnedevitsk Water Balance Station case study / Sergei A. Zhuravin Water balances of experimental watersheds in the Valdai Branch of the State Hydrological Institute (SHI), Russia / J. A. Balonishnikova, O. I. Krestovsky & V. A. Shutov Extensive studies in boreal wetland watersheds in northwestern Russia / Vladimir A. Shutov Water balances of the northern catchments of Finland Pertti Seuna & Jarmo Linjama Water balance studies in two catchments on Spitsbergen, Svalbard / Ånund Killingtveit Estimation of water balance in and around the Mittivakkat Glacier basin, Ammassalik Island, southeast Greenland / Bent Hasholt & Sebastian H. Mernild Water balance in a west Greenlandic watershed Christian Helweg Queen Elizabeth Islands: water balance investigations / Kathy L. Young & Ming-Ko Woo Hydrological processes and water balance for the Dead Creek Watershed of southeastern Manitoba, 1982—1995 / Garry Thome & Janice Hawkins Evaporation studies in small NWT watersheds / Bob Reid & Derek Faria The water balance of wetland-dominated permafrost basins / W.L. Quinton, M. Hayashi, K. E. Blais, N. Wright & A. Peitroniro Wolf Creek Research Basin water balance studies / J. Richard Janowicz, Newell Hedstrom, John Pomeroy, Raoul Granger & Sean Carey A multi-year hydrological data set for two research basins in the Mackenzie Delta region, NW Canada / Philip Marsh, Cuyler Onclin & Mark Russell Water balance dynamics of three small catchments in a Sub-Arctic boreal forest / W. Robert Bolton, Larry Hinzman & Kenji Yoshikawa Hydrological cycle on the north slope of Alaska / Douglas L. Kane,Robert E. Gieck, Danielle C. Kitover, Larry D. Hinzman, James P. McNamara & Daqing Yang Queen Elizabeth Islands: problems associated with water balance research / Kathy L. Young & Ming-Ko Woo Winter streamflow as a source of uncertainty in water balance calculations / Stuart Hamilton Diagnostic model analysis of spatial mass, energy and melt distribution in a catchment in northeast Greenland / Carl Egede Boggild Key word index Author index

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Zugl.: Marburg (Lahn), Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2004 u.d.T.: Gutmann, Mathias: Die Medialität des Erfahrens

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Goals of this Book 1.2 Current Status of Resources 1.2.1 Ozone Hole 1.2.2 Water-Borne Soil Erosion 1.2.3 Loss of Biodiversity 1.3 Impact of Resource Degradation 1.4 Nature of Resource ;Degradation 1.5 Nature of Resource Management 1.5.1 Strategic Management 1.5.2 Process or Regional Management 1.5.3 Operational Management 1.5.4 Relationship between These Levels of Management 1.6 Nature of Regional Resource Management Information Systems 1.7 Geographic Information in Resource Management 1.8 Structure of this Book Reference Chapter2 Physical Principles of Remote Sensing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2.2 Radiometric Terms and Definitions 2.2.3 Energy Radiated by the Sun and the Earth 2.2.4 Effects of the Atmosphere 2.2.5 Correction of Remotely Sensed Data for Attenuation through the Atmosphere 2.2.5 .1 Atmospheric Correction Using Field Data 2.2.5.2 Atmospheric Correction Using Numerical Atmospheric Models 2.2.6 Measurement of Radiance and Irradiance 2.2.6.1 Collecting Optics 2.2.6.2 Filter Unit 2.2.6.3 Detectors 2.2.6.4 Output Device 2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 2.3.1 Nature of Reflectance 2.3.1.1 Reflectance within the Boundary Layer 2.3.2 Reflectance of Water Surfaces 2.3.3 Reflectance Characteristics of Soils 2.3.4 Reflectance of Vegetation 2.3.5 Reflectance Characteristics of Green Leaves 2.3.6 Reflectance Characteristics of Dead Leaves 2.3.7 Vegetative Canopy Reflectance 2.3.8 Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function of Surfaces 2.4 Passive Sensing Systems 2.4.1 The Camera 2.4.1.1 Lens Cone 2.4.1.2 Magazine or Digital Back 2.4.1.3 Camera Body 2.4.1.4 Suspension Mount 2.4.1.5 Light Sensitive Cell Arrays 2.4.1.6 Measurement of Resolution in Image Data 2.4.2 Acquisition of Aerial Photography with a Framing Camera 2.4.2.1 Effects of Height Differences on an Aerial Photograph 2.4.2.2 Types of Lens Cones 2.4.3 The Scanner 2.4.4 The Moving Mirror Scanner 2.4.4.1 Resolution of Scanner Data 2.4.4.2 Thermal Scanner Data 2.4.4.3 Sources of Error in Oscillating Mirror Scanner Imagery 2.4.5 Push broom Scanners 2.5 Active Sensing Systems 2.5 .1 Introduction 2.5.2 The Geometry of Radar Systems 2.5 .2.1 Resolution of Radar Data 2.5.2.2 Effect of Height Displacements 2.5.3 The Attenuation and Scattering of Radar in the Atmosphere 2.5 .4 The Information Content of Radar Imagery 2.5.4.1 Surface Roughness and Slope 2.5.4.2 Inhomogeneity 2.5.4.3 Dielectric Properties 2.5.4.4 Resonance-Sized Objects 2.5.4.5 Wavelength 2.5.4.6 Polarisation 2.5.5 Radar Interferometry 2.5.6 Summary 2.6 Hyperspectral Image Data 2.6.1 Definition 2.6.2 Applications of Hyperspectral Image Data 2.7 Hypertemporal Image Data 2.7.1 Introduction 2.8 Platforms 2.8.1 Terrestrial Platforms 2.8.2 Balloon 2.8.3 Helicopter or Boat 2.8.4 Manned and Unmanned Aircraft 2.8.4.1 Hot Spots 2.8.5 Planning an Aerial Sortie 2.8.6 Satellite Platform 2.9 Satellite Sensor Systems Additional Reading References Chapter 3 Visual Interpretation and Map Reading 3.1 Overview 3.1.1 Remotely Sensed Data and Visual Interpretation 3.1.2 Effects of Height Differences on Remotely Sensed Images 3.2 Stereoscopy 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Monocular Vision 3.2.3 Binocular Vision 3.2.4 Binocular Perception of Colour 3.2.5 General Principles of Stereoscopic Vision 3.2.6 Methods of Stereoscopic Viewing 3.2.7 Physical Methods of Separation Using Stereoscopes 3.2.8 Viewing with a Stereoscope 3.2.9 Optical Methods of Separation 3.2.9.1 Coloured Anaglyph 3.2.9.2 Polarising Filters 3.2.10 Construction of a Stereo-Triplet 3.3 Measuring Height Differences in a Stereoscopic Pair of Photographs 3.3.1 Principle of the Floating Mark 3.3.2 Parallax Bar 3.3.3 Vertical Exaggeration 3.3.4 Displacements due to Height Differences man Aenal Photograph 3.3.5 Derivation of the Parallax Bar Formulae 3.3.6 Characteristics of the Parallax Bar Equation 3.4 Planimetric Measurements on Aerial Photographs 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Determination of Scale 3.4.3 Measurement of Distances 3.4.3.1 Graduated Rule or Scale 3.4.3.2 Paper Strip 3.4.3.3 Length of String 3.4.3.4 Odometer 3.4.4 Measurement of Areas 3.4.4.1 Dot Grid 3.4.4.2 Digitiser 3.4.5 Transfer of Planimetric Detail by the Use of the Anharmoruc Ratio 3.4.5.1 Paper Strip Method 3.4.5.2 Projective Nets 3.4.6 Proportional Dividers 3.5 Perception of Colour 3.6 Principles of Photographic Interpretation 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Levels of Interpretation 3.6.2.1 Image Reading 3.6.2.2 Image Analysis 3.6.2.3 Image Interpretation 3.6.3 Principles of Object Recognition 3.6.3.1 Size 3.6.3.2 Shape 3.6.3.3 Shadow 3.6.3.4 Colour or Tone 3.6.3 .5 Pattern and Texture 3.6.4 Interpretation Strategies 3.6.4.1 Location and Association 3.6.4.2 Temporal Change 3.6.4.3 Convergence of Evidence 3.6.5 Interpretation Procedure 3.7 Visual Interpretation of lmages 3.7.1 Visual Interpretation of Thermal Image Data 3.7.2 Visual Interpretation of Radar Image Data 3.8 Maps and Map Reading 3.8.1 Map Projections 3.8.1.1 Definition of the Mathematical Shape of the Portion of the Earth 3.8.1.2 Specify How the Curved Surface of the Earth is to be Unfolded onto a Flat Sheet 3.8.2 Mapping Systems and Map Types 3.8.3 Map Co-ordinates and Bearings 3.8.4 Establishing One's Location on a Map 3.8.5 Map Reading on a Topographic.Map 3.8.6 Terrain Classification Further Reading References Chapter4 Image Processing 4.1 Overview 4.1.1 Pre-Processing 4.1.2 Enhancement 4.1.3 Classification 4.1.4 Estimation 4.1.5 Temporal Analysis 4.2 Statistical Considerations 4.2.1 Probability Density Functions 4.2.1.1 Binomial Distribution 4.2.1.2 Normal Distribution 4.2.2 Correlation 4.2.3 Statistical Characteristics of Satellite Scanner Data 4.2.4 Measures of Distance 4.2.5 Shannon's Sampling Theorem 4.2.6 Autocorrelation and Variograms 4.2.7 Frequency Domain 4.2.7.1 Scaling 4.2.7.2 Shifting 4.2.7.3 Convolution 4.2.8 Least Squares Method of Fitting 4.3 Pre-Processing of Image Data 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Rectification 4.3.2.1 Theoretical Basis for Rectification 4.3.2.2 Correction for Systematic Errors 4.3.2.3 Fitting Image Data to Ground Control 4.3.2.4 Resampling the Image Data 4.3.2.5 Windowing and Mosaicing 4.3.2.6 Rectification in Practice 4.3 .3 Radiometric Calibration 4.3.4 Atmospheric Correction 4.3.4.1 Use of a Linear Model for Atmospheric Correction 4.3.4.2 Atmospheric Correction Using Atmospheric Models 4.4 The Enhancement of Image Data 4.4.1 Radiometric Enhancement 4.4.1.1 Display of an Image 4.4.1.2 Pseudo-Colour Density Slice 4.4.1.3 Linear Enhancement 4.4.1.4 Non-Linear Enhancements 4.4.1.5 Piecewise Linear Stretch 4.4.1.6 Histogram Equalisation 4.4.2 Spectral Enhancements 4.4.2.1 Ratioing 4.4.2.2 Orthogonal Transformations 4.4.2.3 Vegetation Indices 4.4.2.4 Fourier Transformation 4.4.3 Spatial Transformations of Image Data 4.4.3.1 Measurement of Texture 4.4.3.2 Edge Detection 4.4.3.3 Removal of Regular Noise in Image Data 4.4.3.4 Analysis of Spatial Correlation: The Variogram 4.4.3.5 Image Segmentation 4.4.3 .6 Object Patterns and Object Sizes: The ALV Function 4.4.4 Temporal Enhancements 4.4.4.1 Temporal Enhancement 4.4.4.2 Principal Components 4.4.4.3 Temporal Distance Images 4.4.4.4 Fourier Analysis of Hypertemporal Data 4.5 Analysis of Mixtures or End Member Analysis 4.5.1 Linear End Member Model 4.5.2 Characteristics of the Linear End Member Model 4.5.3 Identification of End Members 4.5.4 Implementation of the Linear End Member Algorithm 4.6 Image Classification 4.6.1 Principles of Classification 4.6.2 Discriminant Function Classifiers 4.6.2.1 Development of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier 4.6.2.2 Summary 4.6.2.3 Characteristics of the Discriminant Function Family of Classifiers 4.6.2.4 Implementation of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier 4.6.3 Fuzzy Classifiers 4.6.4 Neural Network Classifiers 4.6.5 Hierarchical Classifiers 4.6.6 Classification Strategies 4.6.6.1 Types of Classes 4.6.6.2 Selecting Classes and Classifiers 4.6.6.3 Im

Note: INHALT: Vorwort / J. H. Schroeder I GRUNDLAGEN I-1 Geologie des Untergrundes I-1.1 Der präquartäre Untergrund I-1.1.1 Geologische Entwicklung / W. Stackebrandt & H. Beer I-1.1.2 Geschichte und ausgewählte Ergebnisse der geologischen Tiefenerkundung / J. Kopp I-1.1.3 Wirtschaftliche Nutzung des tieferen Untergrundes / W. Stackebrandt I-1.2 Die Quartärbasis / H. Jortzig I-1.3 Das Quartär I-1.3.1 Quartär-Sedimentologie und -Stratigraphie / J. H. Schroeder mit Beiträgen von L. Lippstreu, R. Weiße, H. Ziermann & R. Zwirner I-1.3.2 Quartäre Fossilien aus dem Potsdamer Raum / N. Hermsdorf I-2 Oberflächennahe Glazialgeologie und Geomorphologie / R. Weiße I-2.1 Überblick I-2.2 Zur Geschichte der Erforschung I-2.3 Grundsätze der Aufnahme und Interpretation I-2.4 Morphographie des Potsdamer Gebietes I-2.5 Naturräumlicher Überblick I-2.6 Ausgewählte glazigene Sedimente (Tille) I-2.7 Glaziale Baustiltypen der Potsdamer Umgebung I-2.8 Die Entstehung der Ländchen- (Insel-, Platten-) Niederungs-Struktur I-2.9 Periglaziale Oberflächenformen und Strukturen I-3 Böden im Raum Potsdam / D. Knothe I-4 Klima und Vegetation I-4.1 Spätglaziale und holozäne Klimaentwicklung am Beispiel des großen Fercher Kesselmoors / V. Rowinsky I-4.2 Jungholozäne Vegetations- und Moorentwicklung / A. Brande, M. Müller & S. Wolters I-4.3 Vegetationskundliche Übersicht für die Gegenwart / H.-D. Krausch I-5 Die Entwicklung der Landnutzung / H.-D. Krausch II EXKURSIONEN II-1 Potsdamer Kulturlandschaft / R. Weiße II-2 Glazial- und Periglazialrelief der hohen Stauchmoräne der Kahleberge mit aufgesetzten Kames / R. Weiße II-3 Relief, Baustil und Genese des Templiner Innensanders / R. Weiße II-4 Nuthe-Niederung / R. Weiße, A. Brande & W. Linder II-5 Satzendmoräne auf gestauchtem Sockel in der Fresdorfer Heide / R. Weiße II-6 Die weichselkaltzeitliche Caputher Niedertau- (Kames-) Hügellandschaft / R. Weiße II-7 Die periglazial zertalte Stauch(end)moräne Wietkikenberg / R. Weiße II-8 Ferch und die Gletschertorrinne / R. Weiße II-9 Die Natur-Kulturlandschaft Petzow / R. Weiße II-10 Aussicht vom Fuchsberg; gestauchte Glindower Grundmoränenplatte / R. Weiße II-11 Die Ziegeleigruben Glindow; Geschichte der Ziegelproduktion / R. Weiße II-12 Die Dünen bei Bliesendorf / M. Müller, M. Böse & A. Brande II-13 Der Kiessandzug von Bochow-Damsdorf / R. Weiße II-14 Phöben II-14.1 Gestapelter Geschiebemergel an der Phöbener Kerbstauch(end)moräne / R. Weiße II-14.2 Siedlungsentwicklung im Bereich der Fundstelle Phöben 9 / R. Bräunig & J. Henker II-15 Der Kahle Berg bei Zachow / R. Weiße mit einem Beitrag von N. Hermsdorf II-16 Weichselkaltzeitlicher Sand-Durchspießungsrücken Mühlenberg bei Buchow-Karpzow / R. Weiße mit einem Beitrag von N. Hermsdorf III ERGÄNZENDE BEITRÄGE III-1 Hydrogeologische Verhältnisse / A . Hermsdorf, B. Rechlin III-2 Salzwasserquellen in Brandenburg / W. Schirrmeister lll-3 Hydrographie der Potsdamer Havelgewässer / E- Jungfer lII-4 Bodenschätze im Potsdamer Havelland: Geschichte der Nutzung / G . Stackebrandt III-5 Sedimentärgeschiebe im Exkursionsgebiet, insbesondere in der Kiesgrube Fresdorfer Heide / G . Engelhardt III-6 Geotope und deren Schutz / D. Göllnitz III-7 Naturschutz in der Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung / U. Hermel & R. Weiße III-8 Die "Römerschanze" bei Potsdam-Sacrow / B. Gramsch IV QUELLEN IV-1 Literatur / Alle Autoren IV-2 Karten / W. Bartmann V FACHWÖRTER / M . Müller VI INDIVIDUELLES EXKURSIONSVERZEICHNIS.

Note: Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Französisch

Note: Contents Overview Introduction 1 The Canadian Forest 2 Early Forest Use 3 Industrialization of the Forests 4 The Rise of Forest Conservation 5 Sustainable Forest Management Conclusion Sources Further Reading Index

Note: Preface 1. Characteristics of volcanic rifted margins Martin A. Menzies, Simon L. Klemperer, Cynthia J. Ebinger, and Joel Baker 2. Crust and upper mantle structure in East Africa: Implications for the origin of Cenozoic rifting and volcanism and the formation of magmatic rifted margins Andrew A. Nyblade 3. Development of the Lebombo rifted volcanic margin of southeast Africa M.K. Watkeys 4. Extension and uplift of the northern Rio Grande Rift: Evidence from ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, south-central Colorado and northern New Mexico Daniel P. Miggins, Ren A. Thompson, Charles L. Pillmore, Lawrence W. Snee, and Charles R. Stern 5. Lithospheric mantle beneath Arabia: A Pan-African protolith modified by the Afar and older plumes, rather than a source for continental flood volcanism? Joel Baker, Gilles Chazot, Martin A. Menzies, and Matthew Thirlwall 6. Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous tholeiitic magmatism in the passive margins of northeastern Madagascar Leone Melluso, Vincenzo Morra, Pietro Brotzu, Massimo D'Antonio, and Lucia Bennio 7. Silicic volcanism: An undervalued component of large igneous provinces and volcanic rifted margins Scott E. Bryan, Teal R. Riley, Dougal A. Jerram, Christopher J. Stephens, and Philip T Leat 8. Volcanology and fades architecture of flood basalts Dougal A. Jerram 9. East Greenland coast-parallel dike swarm and its role in continental breakup Martin Bromann Klausen and Hans Christian Larsen 10. Crustal architecture of South Atlantic volcanic margins W.U. Mohriak, B.R. Rosendahl, J.P. Turner, and S.C. Valente 11. Volcanic passive margin of Namibia: A potential fields perspective B. Corner, J. Cartwright, and R. Swart 12. Petrophysical modeling of high seismic velocity crust at the Namibian volcanic margin R.B. Trumbull, S.V. Sobolev, and K. Bauer

Note: Contents Foreword, by Professor Dr. Martin Bopp Preface Acknowledgements 1. EXPERIMENTS ON SPORES AND GEMMAE Spore Germination in Liverwort - Jungermanniales, Marchantiales, Anthocerotales, Sphaerocarpales; Types of Spore Germination in Mosses - Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Tetraphidales, Bryales Factors Affecting Spore Germination - Light, Temperature, Sugars, Minerals, Growth Regulators, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), OtheT Factors Mechanism of Spore Germination Experiments on Gemmae - light, Temperature, Humidity and other Physical Factors, Growth Regulators, Nitrogenous Substances, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), Other Chemical Factors References 2. PROTONEMAL DIFFERENTIATION AND BUD FORMATION IN MOSSES Protonemal Differentiation Bud Formation Factors Affecting Bud Formation - Light, Temperature, Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, Adenine and Amino Acids, Minerals and Chelates Vitamins, Abscisic Acid, Sugars, pH, Influence of Other Organisms References. 3. REGENERATION Potentialities of Various Organs for Regeneration - Regeneration from Leaves, Regeneration from Setae Morphology of Régénérants Factors Affecting Regeneration - Light. Radiation, pH, Season, Humidity. Wounding, Temperature, Size of the Fragment Reserve Food Material. Location in the Plant, Age, Correlative Inhibition. Polarity and Apical Dominance Changes Occurring in Regenerating Cells References 4. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Factors Affecting Gametangial Induction - Light Duration, Light Level, Light Quality. Temperature, Temperature-Photoperiod Interaction. Humidity. Hydration. Carbohydrates. Nitrogenous Substances, Growth Regulators, Chelating Agents, pH and Other Factors References 5. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS IN LIFE CYCLE Apogamy - Occurrence of Apogamy in Diplophase and Haplophase, Spore Production in Apogamous Sporophytes, Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes from Callus, Factors Controlling Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes: Exogenous Factors, Endogenous Factors, Differentiation of Sporophyte and Gametophyte, Role of Calyptra in Sporogon Development Apospory Callus Formation and its Differentiation - Formation of Callus. Differentiation in Callus Controls in Differentiation Alternation of Generations References 6. PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS Spore Germination - Liverworts, Mosses Growth - Liverworts, Mosses Vegetative Propagation - Liverworts, Mosses Metabolism - Liverworts. Mosses; Senescence Bud Induction in Mosses Tropic Responses - Liverworts, Mosses References. 7. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES Spore Protonema Stem Leaf Gametangia - Antheridium Gametogenesis - Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis Sporogenesis - Spore Sac or Tapetum. Fluctuation in Plastid Number, Structural Changes in Plastids, Cytoplasm, and Other Organelles. Meiosis. Spore Wall Formation Sporophyte-Ganietophyte Junction Seta Histoenzymological Studies - Localization of Enzymes in the Haustorial Foot References 8. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BRYOPHYTES Antibiotics Growth Substances - Specified Growth Substances, Non-specified Growth Substances Lipids - Alkanes, Fatty Acids, Cuticular Components Terpenoids - Monoterpenoids, Sesquiterpenoids, Ditetpenoids, Triterpenoids and Sterols Flavonoids - Flavones, Isoflavones, Flavonols, Dihydrofiavonoids and Biflavonyls, Aurones and Chalcones, Acylated Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins, Sphagnorubins Lignins; Other Constitutents - Carotenoids, Carbohydrates, Organic Acids, Dihydrostilbenes, Enzymes, Amino Acids and Quinones, Inorganic Compounds, Miscellaneous, Antitumour Activities, Allergenic Activities References 9. BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION Heavy Metals - Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Mercury, Arsenates, Chromium, Nickel. Vanadium Stability Pattern of Metal Ions Metal Tolerance - Copper Mosses, Peat Mosses Gaseous Pollutants - Sulphur dioxide. Fluorides, Ozone Radionuclides (Radio Isotopes) - Cesium. Strontium, Uranium; Radiations References. 10. PROTOPLAST CULTURE Isolation of Protoplasts - Mechanical Method, Enzymatic Method, Source Material for Protoplasts, Factors Affecting Protoplast Isolation: Culture of Protoplasts—Liquid Culture Agar Plating of Protoplasts: Regeneration of Protoplasts - Factors Affecting Regeneration Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybrids Induction and Isolation of Mutants References. 11. CONDUCTION IN BRYOPHYTES External Conduction - Gametophyte. Sporophyte, Significance of External Conduction Internal Conduction - Cells Involved in Conduction, Anatomy of the Horizontal Axis, Midribs and Leaf Traces. Conducting Strand in Seta and Capsule, Development and Structure of Mature Conducting Tissues. The Interphase, Internal Conduction of Water, Conduction of Organic Compounds; Evolutionary Trends in the Conducting Strands References. 12. WATER RELATIONS Absorption and Conduction of Water - Endohydric.' Ectohydric, Myxohydric Water Holding Capacity and Growth Rate Desiccation and Rehydration Mechanism of Damage Growth-Forms References SUBJECT INDEX PLANT INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Discovery 1.2 General Introduction 1.3 Just for Fun — An Isotope Biography of Mr. Polychaete Chapter 2. Isotope Notation and Measurement Overview 2.1 The Necessary Minimum for Ecologists 2.2 Why Use the 5 Notation? 2.3 Why Is 8 a Good Substitute for % Heavy Isotope? 2.4 8 and the Ratio-of-Ratios 2.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 3. Using Stable Isotope Tracers Overview 3.1 Isotope Circulation in the Biosphere 3.2 Landscape Ecology and Isotope Maps 3.3 Community Ecology and Invasive Species in Food Webs 3.4 Life History Ecology and Animal Migrations 3.5 Plants, Microbes, and Scaling Up 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4. Isotope Chi ("I Chi") Overview 4.1 Chocolate Isotopes 4.2 Oxygen in the Sea 4.3 Equations for Isotope Chi ("I Chi") 4.4 Building an I Chi Gain-Loss Model, Step by Step 4.5 Errors in I Chi Models 4.6 Exact Equations for I Chi Models 4.7 Cows in a Pasture 4.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 5. Mixing Overview 5.1 Isotope Mixing in Food Webs 5.2 Isotope Sourcery 5.3 Mixing Mechanics 5.4 Advanced Mixing Mechanics 5.5 Mixing Assumptions and Errors or the Art and Wisdom of Using Isotope Mixing Models 5.6 River Sulfate and Mass-Weighted Mixing 5.7 A Special Muddy Case and Mixing Through Time 5.8 The Qualquan Chronicles and Mixing Across Landscapes 5.9 Dietary Mixing, Turnover, and a Stable Isotope Clock 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6. Isotope Additions Overview 6.1 Addition Addiction 6.2 The Golden Spike Award for Isotopes 6.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 7. Fractionation Overview 7.1 Fractionation Fundamentals 7.2 Isotopium and Fractionation in Closed Systems 7.3 A Strange and Routine Case 7.4 A Genuine Puzzle — Fractionation or Mixing? 7.5 Cracking the Closed Systems 7.6 Equilibrium Fractionation, Subtle Drama in the Cold 7.7 A Supply/Demand Model for Open System Fractionation 7.8 Open System Fractionation and Evolution of the Earth's Sulfur Cycle 7.9 Open System Legacies 7.10 Conducting Fractionation Experiments 7.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 8. Scanning the Future Overview 8.1 The Isotope Scanner 8.2 Mangrove Maude 8.3 The Beginner's Advantage—Imagine! 8.4 Chapter Summary Appendix. Important Isotope Equations and Useful Conversions Index Supplemental Electronic Materials on the Accompanying CD A. Chapter 1 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems B. Chapter 2 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems Technical Supplement 2A: Measuring Spiked Samples Technical Supplement 2B: Ion Corrections Technical Supplement 2C: The Ratio Notation and The Power of 1 C. Chapter 3 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems D. Chapter 4 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets E. Chapters 5 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets F. Chapter 6 Color Figure and Cartoon Problems I Chi Spreadsheet Technical Supplement 6A: How Much Isotope Should I Add? Technical Supplement 6B: Noisy Data and Data Analysis with Enriched Samples G. Chapter 7 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets Technical Supplement 7A: A Chemist's View of Isotope Effects Technical Supplement 7B: Derivations of Closed System Isotope Equations H. Chapter 8 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I. All Problems for Chapters 1-8 J. All Answers to Problems for Chapters 1-8 K. All Figures and Cartoons L. All I Chi Spreadsheets M. A Reading List

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Постановление Межведомственного стратиграфического комитета о региональной стратиграфической схеме палеогеновых и неогеновых отложений востока Сибирской платформы Введение 1. Основные новые материалы 2. Общая стратиграфическая шкала 3. Магнитостратиграфическая шкала (полярность) 4. Региональные стратиграфические подразделения 5. Корреляция местных стратиграфических разрезов 6. Вновь установленные стратиграфические подразделения 7. Стратиграфические схемы смежных регионов 8. Основные задачи дальнейших исследований Заключение Список литературы Памяти О.В. Гриненко , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents On author Introduction Chapter 1. Special features of ice-segregation in freezing rocks Chapter 2. Cenozoic history and stratigraphic-genetic division of northern part of West Siberia Chapter 3. Genetic types of permafrost Chapter 4. Epigenetic permafrost 4.1. Cryogenic structure and iciness of sand deposits 4.2. General regularities of cryogenic of clayey deposits 4.3. Cryogenic structure and iciness of clayey deposits different in age and genesis 4.4. Wedge ice Chapter 5. Syngenetic permafrost 5.1. Composition and cryogenic structure of lagoon marine deposits 5.2. Composition and cryogenic structure of alluvial deposits 5.3. Composition and cryogenic structure of lacustrine, lacustrine-swamp and deluvial-solifluction deposits 5.4. Wedge-ice and ice-ground veins Chapter 6. Composition and cryogenic structure of the marine deposits of the Kara Sea shelf off the Yamal Peninsula Chapter 7. Tectonic control over rocks cryogenic structure and iciness of sediments Chapter 8. Nature of permafrost salinity and composition of pore solutions Chapter 9. Massive ice beds 9.1. Distribution, occurrence conditions and morphometry of ices 9.2. Composition and genesis of enclosing deposits 9.3. Results of integrated studies of massive ice beds and enclosing deposits 9.4. Influence of massive ice beds on relief-forming processes 9.5. Relationship between massive ice beds and geologytectonic composition 9.6. Massive ice beds genesis Chapter 10. General regularities of permafrost composition and structure in West Siberia Abstract References , Оглавление Об авторе Введение Глава 1. Особенности льдовыделения в промерзающих породах Глава 2. История геологического развития и стратиграфическое расчленение отложений севера Западной Сибири в кайнозое Глава 3. Генетические типы мерзлых толщ Глава 4. Эпигенетические мерзлые толщи 4.1. Криогенное строение и льдистость песчаных пород 4.2. Общие закономерности криогенного строения глинистых пород 4.3. Криогенное строение и льдистость глинистых пород различного возраста и генезиса 4.4. Повторно-жильные льды Глава 5. Сингенетические мерзлые толщи 5.1. Состав и криогенное строение лагунно-морских и морских отложений 5.2. Состав и криогенное строение аллювиальных отложений 5.3. Состав и криогенное строение озерных, озерно-болотных и делювиально-солифлюкционных отложений 5.4. Повторно-жильные льды и ледогрунтовые жильные образования Глава 6. Состав и криогенное строение морских отложений Приямальского шельфа Карского моря Глава 7. Влияние тектонических структур на криогенное строение и льдистость пород Глава 8. Природа засоленности мерзлых пород и состав поровых растворов9 Глава 9. Пластовые залежи подземного льда 9.1. Закономерности распространения, условия залегания и морфометрия льдов 9.2. Состав и генезис вмещающих отложений 9.3. Результаты комплексного изучения пластовых залежей льда и вмещающих пород в 9.4. Влияние пластовых льдов на процессы рельефо-образования 9.5. Связь пластовых льдов с геолого-тектоническим строением 9.6. Происхождение пластовых залежей льда Глава 10. Общие закономерности формирования состава и строения криогенной толщи Западной Сибири Abstract Список литературы , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE OFFICE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE POLAR REGIONS: AN URGENT NEED FOR PROTECTION A. EXTREME BUT FRAGILE REGIONS 1. The Arctic Ocean 2. Antarctica B. FRANCE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTARCTICA TREATY 1. The origins of the treaty and the Antarctic system 2. Mining a suspended issue 3. Tourism: a new peaceful threat? II. THE POLES: THEIR KEY ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE A. UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE FUTURE CLIMATE 1. Recent ice cores from Greenland 2. lce cores from Antarctica 3. Ocean core samples: the transpolar link 4. The future of glacial core sampling B. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION 1. The general circulation system 2. The importance of the creation of cold, deep waters 3. The Antarctic Ocean, a carbon sink C. THE POLAR REGIONS AT THE HEART OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Will the Arctic ice shelf disappear in the summer? 2. Will Greenland melt completely? 3. Can a diagnosis be made concerning the assessment of Antarctica's mass? III. FRANCE'S FIRST-CLASS BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A. AN EXCEPTIONAL HERITAGE 1. A unique geographic situation 2. 40 to 50 years of continuous observations B. ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Understanding the adaptation to extreme environments C. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 1. The equipment of animals 2. Hormonal, molecular and genetic research 3. The implications for the organization of research IV. OBSERVING THE EARTH, OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE A. OBSERVATORIES FOR THE EARTH AND THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1. Seismology 2. Measuring gravity and terrestrial magnetism 3. Studying the stratosphere and monitoring the ozone layer '1. Observing the ionosphere B. ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY: A NEW FIELD 1. Recognizing this fast-growing discipline 2. Concordia: the best site in the world/or astronomic observations? 3. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica 4. Measuring cosmic radiation V. PREPARING THE SPACE MISSIONS IN ANTARCTICA A. PREPARING AND VALIDATING THE SATELLITE MISSIONS 1. Space and the polar regions: preparation complementarity 2. Validating on the ground observations made from space B. PREPARING MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS AND MOON OR MARS-BASED STATIONS 1. Concordia - a unique research site 2. Studying behaviour in an extreme environment 3. Physiological studies C. TESTING EXPLORATION MATERIAL 1. American examples and projects 2. European perspectives VI. FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS A. DEVELOPING FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, STRENGTHENING ITS PRESENCE IN ANTARCTICA 1. Developing France's Arctic presence 2. Strengthening our presence in the southern regions B. IPEV (THE FRENCH PAUL-EMILE VICTOR INSTITUTE), AN AGENCY OF MEANS VII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A NECESSITY AND A GOAL A. HOW TO ENCOURAGE A EUROPEAN PROCESS? 1. The European Union: a sufficient framework? 2. The practical and political limitations of cooperation 3. Towards an Italian-German-French engine? B. WHAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE IPY? 1. Excellence, proximity and longevity: three key criteria for cooperation 2. Developing a network for the stations VIII. THE RAPPORTEUR'S CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 1. Strategic regions 2. Regions to protect 3. Essential regions for understanding climate change 4. Life in the polar regions: of great value to humanity 5. The polar regions: an observatory for the Earth 6. Strongly support the development of astronomy at Concordia 7. Take advantage of the polar regions' complementarity with the space missions 8. Strengthen France's presence in the polar regions 9. Reorganize France's presence in the polar regions 10. Better coordinate polar research 11. Solve the problem of insufficient funding for polar-research logistics 12. Define a French strategy for European and international cooperation APPENDICES SPEAKERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 MARCH 2007 SEMINAR: "OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE" PART ONE: LUNCH-DEBATE I. MR. HENRI REVOL, PRESIDENT OF THE OPECST II. MR. JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE PART TWO: OFFICIAL OPENING SESSION I. INTRODUCTION A. MR. CHRISTIAN GAUDIN, SENATOR, RAPPORTEUR FOR THE OPECST B. MS. CATHERINE BRECHIGNAC, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) C. MR. MICHEL JARRAUD, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION D. MR. CHRISTIAN COINTAT, SENATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ARTIC STUDY GROUP II. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE BY MR. CHRISTIAN PONCELET, PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE III. THEMATIC DEBATE-THE POLES: INDICATORS AND EVIDENCE FOR MANKIND A. MS. NELLY OLIN, MINISTER OF ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT B. MS. VALERIE MASSON-DELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST, CEA C. MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST, CNRS D. MS. JOELLE ROBERT-LAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST, CNRS E. DEBATE IV. CLOSING SPEECHES A. MR. FRAN〈;:OIS GOULARD, MINISTER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH B. HIS SERENE HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT II OF MONACO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. VALERIE MASSONDELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST - CEA APPENDIX 2: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. JOELLE ROBERTLAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST - CNRS APPENDIX 3: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST- CNRS

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2006

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: Windows and Macintosh

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 1: Molekulare Architektur des Lebens 1. Chemie - Basis des Lebens 1.1 Vier Elemente dominieren die belebte Natur 1.2 Molekülmodelle stellen Bindungen und räumliche Anordnung der Atome dar 1.3 Substituenten am Kohlenstoffatom haben funktionelle Bedeutung 1.4 Isomerie bereichert die Molekülvielfalt 1.5 Nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen sind elektrostatischer Natur 1.6 Wasser hat eine geordnete Struktur 1.7 Wasser ist eine reaktive Verbindung 1.8 Biologische Flüssigkeiten sind gepuffert 1.9 Zellen stehen unter osmotischem Druck 2. Biomoleküle - Bausteine des Lebens 2.1 Vier Klassen von Biomolekülen dominieren die Chemie des Lebens 2.2 Monosaccharide sind die Grundbausteine der Kohlenhydrate 2.3 Aldohexosen sind Monosaccharide mit pyranähnlichem Ringgerüst 2.4 Disaccharide sind über glykosidische Bindungen verknüpft 2.5 Polysaccharide sind wichtige Speicher- und Gerüststoffe 2.6 Nucleotide sind die Bausteine von Nucleinsäuren 2.7 Polynucleotide haben eine Direktionalität 2.8 Der genetische Informationsfluss läuft von der DNA über RNA zum Protein 2.9 Der Bausatz der Proteine umfasst 20 Aminosäuren 2.10 Aminosäuren unterscheiden sich in ihren Seitenketten 2.11 Aminosäuren wirken als Säuren und Basen 2.12 Aminosäuren sind Glieder einer Polypeptidkette 2.13 Triacylglycerine sind Prototypen von Lipiden 2.14 Phospholipide und Glykolipide sind Komponenten von Biomembranen 2.15 Lipide organisieren sich spontan zu Membranen 3. Zellen - Organisation des Lebens 3.1 Die präbiotische Entwicklung schuf Protobionten 3.2 Die biologische Evolution erklärt Einheitlichkeit und Vielfalt des Lebens 3.3 Eukaryotische Zellen sind gekammert 3.4 Zellorganellen strukturieren das Cytoplasma 3.5 Der eukaryotische Zellteilungszyklus verläuft in vier Phasen 3.6 Zellen differenzieren sich und bilden Verbände 3.7 Zellen sind offene Systeme und funktionieren als Energiewandler 3.8 zunehmende Unordnung ist eine wichtige Triebkraft chemischer Reaktionen 3.9 Die Freie Energie bestimmt das Gleichgewicht einer Reaktion 3.10 Biochemische Reaktionen sind gekoppelt 3.11 Leben ist durch spezifische Systemeigenschaften charakterisiert Tafelteil Funktionelle Gruppen • Lipide • Kohlenhydrate • Aminosäuren • Nucleotide • Vitamine • Signalstoffe Teil II: Struktur und Funktion von Proteinen 4. Proteine - Werkzeuge der Zelle 4.1 Liganden binden an Proteine und verändern deren Konformation 4.2 Enzyme binden Substrate und setzen sie zu Produkten um 4.3 Liganden kommunizieren über allosterische Effekte 4.4 Die Bindung und Hydrolyse von Nucleotiden steuert Motorproteine 4.5 Regulatorproteine werden oft über Phosphorylierung gesteuert 4.6 Enzyme passen sich metabolischen Bedürfnissen an 4.7 Proteine können auf mechanische Spannung reagieren 5. Ebenen der Proteinarchitektur 5.1 Die Proteinstruktur ist hierarchisch gegliedert 5.2 Aminosäuren werden zu Polypeptidketten verknüpft 5.3 Polypeptide können nach ihrer Synthese modifiziert werden 5.4 Planare Peptidbindungen bilden das Rückgrat der Proteine 5.5 Die a-Helix ist ein prominentes Sekundärstrukturelement 5.6 ß-Faltblätter und ß-Schleifen bilden ausgedehnte Sekundärstrukturen 5.7 Sekundärstrukturelemente bilden wiederkehrende Motive 5.8 Nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen stabilisieren die Tertiärstruktur 5.9 Globuläre Proteine falten sich zu kompakten Strukturen 5.10 Mehrere Untereinheiten bilden die Quartärstruktur der Proteine 5.11 Proteine falten sich schrittweise in ihre native Konformation 5.12 Proteine können reversibel denaturieren 5.13 Proteine können maßgeschneidert werden 6. Proteine auf dem Prüfstand 6.1 Proteine müssen für die Aufreinigung in wässriger Lösung vorliegen 6.2 Die Gelfiltrationschromatographie trennt Proteine nach ihrer Größe 6.3 Die lonenaustauschchromatographie trennt Proteine unterschiedlicher Ladung 6.4 Die Affinitätschromatographie nutzt die spezifischen Bindungseigenschaften von Proteinen 6.5 Die Elektrophorese analysiert Proteingemische qualitativ 6.6 Die isoelektrische Fokussierung trennt Proteine nach Neutralpunkten 6.7 Die Kapillarelektrophorese kombiniert hohe Trennschärfe mit kurzen Trennzeiten 6.8 Antikörpersonden identifizieren Proteine 6.9 Enzymimmuntests quantifizieren Proteine in komplexen Gemischen 7. Erforschung der Proteinstruktur 7.1 Die Edman-Sequenzierung entziffert die Primärstruktur eines Proteins 7.2 Die chemische Synthese von Peptiden erfolgt im Merrifield-Verfahren 7.3 Die Massenspektrometrie bestimmt exakt Protein- und Peptidmassen 7.4 Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse entschlüsselt Proteinkonformationen 7.5 Die Kernresonanzspektroskopie untersucht Proteine in Lösung 8. Proteine als Strukturträger 8.1 Strukturproteine bilden die Matrix des Bindegewebes 8.2 Posttranslationale Modifikationen stabilisieren die Tripelhelix 8.3 Chemische Quervernetzung stabilisiert die Kollagenfibrillen 8.4 Störungen in der Kollagenbildung führen zu schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen 8.5 Elastin verleiht dem Bindegewebe Flexibilität 8.6 Proteoglykane und Glykosaminoglykane verleihen Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Kompressionskräfte 8.7 Adhäsionsproteine sind wichtige Komponenten der extrazellulären Matrix 9. Proteine als molekulare Motoren 9.1 Skelettmuskelfasern enthalten geordnete Bündel aus Proteinfilamenten 9.2 Dicke und dünne Filamente gleiten bei der Kontraktion aneinander vorbei 9.3 Myosinköpfe binden und hydrolysieren ATP 9.4 Die Struktur des Myosinkopfs ist im atomaren Detail bekannt 9.5 Ein elektrischer Reiz löst die Muskelkontraktion aus 9.6 Glatte Muskulatur kontrahiert nach reversibler Phosphorylierung von Myosin 9.7 Die Duchenne-Muskeldystrophie beruht auf einem Defekt im Dystrophingen 10. Dynamik sauerstoffbindender Proteine 10.1 Myoglobin bindet Sauerstoff mittels einer prosthetischen Gruppe 10.2 Die Sauerstoffdissoziationskurve von Myoglobin ist hyperbolisch 10.3 Hämoglobin ist ein tetrameres Protein 1 10.4 Die Sauerstoffbindung des Hämoglobins ist kooperativ 10.5 Oxy- und Desoxyhämoglobin unterscheiden sich in ihrer Raumstruktur 10.6 Zwei unterschiedliche Modelle beschreiben kooperatives Verhalten 10.7 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerat bindet in der zentralen Pore des Hämoglobins 10.8 Protonierung von Hämoglobin erleichtert die O2-Abgabe in den Kapillaren 10.9 Hämoglobinopathien beruhen auf molekularen Defekten von Hämoglobin 10.10 Eisen wird mithilfe spezialisierter Proteine resorbiert, transportiert und gespeichert 11. Proteine als molekulare Katalysatoren 11.1 Enzyme haben eine hohe Substrat- und Reaktionsspezifität 11.2 Das aktive Zentrum wird von reaktiven Aminosäuren gebildet 11.3 Enzyme werden nach Art der katalysierten Reaktion klassifiziert 11.4 Der Übergangszustand liegt zwischen Edukt und Produkt einer Reaktion 11.5 Enzyme setzen die freie Aktivierungsenergie von Reaktionen herab 12. Mechanismen der Katalyse 12.1 Enzyme nutzen unterschiedliche Katalysestrategien 12.2 Enzyme binden bevorzugt den Übergangszustand 12.3 Lactat-Dehydrogenase überträgt stereospezifisch Hydridionen 12.4 Die katalytische Triade ist das Herzstück im aktiven Zentrum von Trypsin 12.5 Trypsin bildet eine kovalentes Acyl-lntermediat 12.6 Proteasen haben vielfältige biologische Aufgaben 12.7 Ribozyme sind katalytisch aktive Ribonucleinsäuren 13. Regulation der Enzymaktivität 13.1 Geschwindigkeitskonstanten charakterisieren chemische Reaktionen 13.2 Die Michaelis-Menten-Gleichung beschreibt eine einfache Enzymkinetik 13.3 Michaelis-Konstante und Wechselzahl sind Kenngrößen von Enzymen 13.4 Die Enzymkinetik hilft bei der Untersuchung von Enzymmechanismen 13.5 Kompetitive Inhibitoren binden an das aktive Zentrum und verhindern den Substratzutritt 13.6 Hohe Substratkonzentrationen heben die kompetitive Inhibition auf 13.7 Kovalent bindende Inhibitoren hemmen irreversibel 13.8 Allosterische Regulatoren modulieren die Enzymaktivität 13.9 Heteroallosterische Effektoren binden an regulatorische Untereinheiten 13.10 Reversible Phosphorylierung reguliert

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2008 , Table of contents Kurzfassung Abstract Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Arctic environmental dynamics 1.1.2 Freshwater ostracods and their use in palaeoenvironmental studies 1.1.3 Permafrost and periglacial environment 1.2 Aims and approaches 1.3 Study region 1.3.1 Study sites 1.3.2 Geological characteristics 1.3.3 Climate 1.3.4 Periglacial freshwaters 1.4 Synopsis Chapter 2: Arctic freshwater ostracods from modern periglacial environments in the Lena River Delta (Siberian Arctic, Russia): geochemical applications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area and types of water bodies 2.4 Materials and methods 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the ostracod habitats 2.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges of their habitats 2.5.3 Ostracod geochemistry 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 2.6.2 Element ratios in ostracods and ambient waters 2.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracods and ambient waters 2.7 Conclusions Chapter 3: Evaporation effects as reflected in freshwaters and ostracod calcite from modern environments in Central and Northeast Yakutia (East Siberia, Russia) 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.4 Material and methods 3.4.1 Field work 3.4.2 Water analyses 3.4.3 Ostracod analyses 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.5.2 Ostracod taxonomy and environmental ranges 3.5.3 Stable isotopes in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.5.4 Element ratios in host waters and ostracod calcite 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes and ponds 3.6.2 Ostracod taxonomy, biogeography, and environmental ranges 3.6.3 Stable isotopes in ostracod calcite 3.6.4 Element ratios in ostracod calcite 3.7 Conclusions Chapter 4: Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dimitri Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Regional setting 4.4 Material and methods 4.4.1 Field methods and cryolithology 4.4.2 Geochronology 4.4.3 Sedimentology and stable isotopes 4.4.4 Palaeoecological proxies 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Geochronology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology 4.5.1.1 Eemian sequences 4.4.1.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.2 Stable isotope ground ice records 4.5.3 Pollen studies 4.5.3.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.3.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.5.4 Ostracod studies 4.5.4.1 Eemian sequences 4.5.4.2 Late Glacial/Holocene sequences 4.6 Discussion and Interpretation 4.6.1 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Eemian 4.6.2 Local palaeoenvironmental changes during the Late Glacial/Holocene 4.6.3 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of ostracod calcite δ18O data 4.7 Conclusions Chapter 5: Synthesis 5.1 Taxonomy and ecology of ostracods 5.2 Geochemistry of ostracods 5.3 Indicator potential of freshwater ostracods in late Quaternary permafrost deposits 5.4 Outlook Appendix I: Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits in the Siberian Arctic I.1 Abstract I.2 Introduction I.3 Study area and geological background I.4 Materials and methods I.5 Results and interpretations I.5.1 Ostracode zone I I.5.2 Ostracode zone II I.5.3 Ostracode zone III I.5.4 Ostracode zone IV I.5.5 Ostracode zone V I.5.6 Ostracode zone VI I.6 Conclusions 125 Appendix II: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia II.1 Abstract II.2 Introduction II.3 Regional setting II.4 Material and methods II.4.1 Sedimentology and cryolithology II.4.2 Geochronology II.4.3 Stable isotopes II.3.4 Palaeoecological proxies II.5 Results II.5.1 Lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, and cryolithology II.5.1.1 Unit I II.5.1.2 Unit II II.5.1.3 Unit III II.5.1.4 Unit IV II.5.1.5 Unit V II.5.2 Geochronology II.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of ground ice II.5.4 Palynological studies II.5.5 Plant macrofossils II.5.6 Ostracod remains II.5.7 Insect remains II.5.8 Mammal remains II.6 Discussion II.6.1 Local stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation II.6.2 Beringian palaeoenvironmental context II.7 Conclusions Supplementary data A Supplementary data B Supplementary data C Appendix III: Data tables from Chapters 2 and 3 Appendix IV: References Acknowledgements

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Lund, Lund University, 2002 , Contents Introduction Study areas Methods Results - summaries of papers Fieldwork and authorship contributions Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Discussion Glaciations and landsystems Ice-sheet limits The nature of glacial cycles Conclusions Implications and ideas for the future Acknowledgements Svensk sammanfattning References Appendices I: Alexanderson, J.H. 2000: Landsat mapping of ice-marginal features on the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia – image interpretation versus geological reality. Geological Quarterly 44(1) , 15-25. II: Alexanderson, H. , Hjort, C., Möller, P., Antonov, O. & Pavlov, M. 2001: The North Taymyr ice-marginal zone, Arctic Siberia – a preliminary overview and dating. Global and Planetary Change 31(1-4), 427-445. III: Alexanderson, H. , Adrielsson, L., Hjort, C., Möller, P., Antonov, O., Eriksson, S. & Pavlov, M. 2002: Depositional history of the North Taymyr ice-marginal zone, Siberia – a landsystem approach. Journal of Quaternary Science 17(4) , 361-382. IV: Adrielsson, L. & Alexanderson, H.: Two cycles of ice-sheet and coastal mountain glaciation in central East Greenland. Manuscript submitted to Boreas.

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Alltägliche Probleme. - 1.2 Uni- und multivariate Daten. - 1.3 Wege ins Statistiklabyrinth. - 2 Statistische Grundlagen. - 2.1 Einführung in die Terminologie. - 2.2 Datentypen -Skalenniveaus. - 2.3 Korrelation. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.5 Lineare Regression. - 2.6 Multiplelineare Regression. - 2.7 Unimodale Modelle - die Gauß'sche Regression. - 2.8 Logistische und Gauß'sche logistische Regression. - 2.9 Interaktionen. - 2.10 Gewichtetes Mittel. - 2.11 Partielle Analysen. - 3 Datenmanipulationen. - 3.1 Normalverteilung und Transformationen. - 3.2 Standardisierungen. - 3.3 Transponieren, Umkodieren und Maskieren. - 4 Ähnlichkeits- und Distanzmaße. - 4.1 Qualitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.2 Quantitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.3 Distanzmaße. - 4.4 Vergleich der geschilderten Koeffizienten. - 5 Ordinationen - das Prinzip. - 5.1 Dimensionsreduktion als Analysestrategie. - 5.2 Polare Ordination. - 6 Korrespondenzanalyse (CA). - 6.1 Das Prinzip. - 6.2 Mathematische Artefakte - Probleme der CA. - 6.3 DCA {Detrended Correspondence Analysis). - 6.4 Zusammenfassendes zu Problemen der CA und DCA. - 7 Interpretation von CA und DCA. - 7.1 Zur Skalierung und Interpretation der Ordinationsdiagramme. - 7.2 Umweltvariablen-Interaktionen von Effekten. - 7.3 Ordination und Umweltdaten. - 8 Kanonische Ordination (constrained ordination). - 8.1 Prinzip der Kanonischen Korrespondenzanalyse (CCA). - 8.2 Interpretation eines CCA-Diagramms. - 8.3 Forward selection bei kanonischen Ordinationen. - 8.4 Überprüfung einer CCA. - 9 Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA). - 9.1 Das Prinzip - geometrische Herleitung. - 9.2 Das Prinzip - der mathematische Ansatz. - 9.3 Optionen bei einer PCA. - 9.4 Stärken und Schwächen der PCA. - 9.5 Faktorenanalyse. - 10 Lineare Methoden und Umweltdaten: PCA und RDA. - 10.1 Indirekte Ordination. - 10.2 Kanonische Ordination - Prinzip der Redundanzanalyse. - 10.3 Interpretation einer RDA. - 11 Partielle Ordination und variance partitioning. - 11.1 Kovariablen. - 11.2 Partielle PCA, CA, DCA. - 11.3 Partielle kanonische Ordination. - 11.4 Variance partitioning. - 12 Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.1 Der andere Weg zum Ziel. - 12.2 Metrische Multidimensionale Skalierung - Hauptkoordinatenanalyse. - 12.3 Nichtmetrische Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.3.1 Das Prinzip. - 12.3.2 NMDS - Optionen und Probleme. - 12.3.3 Ablauf einer NMDS. - 13 Klassifikation - das Prinzip. - 13.1 Das Wesen von Klassifikationen. - 13.2 Die wichtigsten Klassifikationsstrategien. - 14 Agglomerative Klassifikationsverfahren. - 14.1Clusteranalyse - Grundlagen. - 14.2 Auswertung von Dendrogrammen. - 15 Divisive Klassifikationsverfahren. - 15.1 Ordination Space Partitioning. - 15.2 TWINSPAN. - 15.3 Ablauf einer TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 15.4 Kritik an der TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 16 Sonstige Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Gruppenstrukturen. - 16.1 Nichthierarchische agglomerative Verfahren. - 16.2 Nichthierarchische divisive Verfahren. - 16.3 Numerische "treue"-basierte Verfahren. - 16.4 Diskriminanzanalyse. - 16.4.1 Das Prinzip. - 16.4.2 Voraussetzungen. - 16.4.3 Gütekriterien/Prüfung der Ergebnisse. - 17 Permutationsbasierte Tests. - 17.1 Das Prinzip von Permutationstests. - 17.2 Test auf Signifikanz von Ordinationsachsen. - 17.3 Mantel-Test. - 17.4 Gruppenvergleiche - Mantel-Tests und MRPP. - 17.5 Procrustes-Analysen. - 17.6 Indicator Species Analysis. - 17.7 Ausblick Randomisierungsverfahren. - Literatur. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Note: Contents: 1 The Arctic Ocean: Boundary Conditions and Background Information. - 1.1 Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean. - 1.2 The Arctic Ocean: Modern Status and Recent Climate Change. - 1.3 The Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Ocean: Overview and Perspectives. - 1.4 Geochemical Proxies Used for Organic Carbon Source Identification in Arctic Ocean Sediments. - 2 Modern Terrigenous Organic Carbon Input to the Arctic Ocean. - 2.1General Introduction. - 2.2 River Input. - 2.3 Organic Carbon Input to the Artic Seas Through Coastal Erosion. - 2.4 The Role of Arctic Sea Ice in Transporting and Cycling Terrestrial Organic Matter. - 2.5 Aeolian Input. - 2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 3 Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Major Algal Groups and Their Distribution. - 3.3 Limitation and Control of Primary Production 3.4 Primary Production and Growth Rate. - 3.5 Seasonality. - 3.6 Distribution of Primary Production. - 3.7 Mesozooplankton . - 3.8 Primary Production - Impact of Climate Change. - 3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks . - 4 The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter for the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Riverine DOM on Arctic Shelves and Beyond. - 4.3 Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Fluxes of Marine DOM in the Central Arctic Ocean. - 4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Arctic Ocean Sea Floor. - 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What do we Know About Vertical Carbon Flux from the Arctic Ocean?. - 5.3 Case Studies. - 5.4 Regional Variability in POC Export Flux in the Arctic Ocean Determined Using 234Th as a Tracer. - 5.5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Sea floor of the Arctic Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality and Processes. - 5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 6 The Benthos of Arctic Seas and its Role for the Organic Carbon Cycle at the Seafloor. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Origin and Evolution of Arctic Habitats and Species. - 6.3 Food Supply of the Arctic Benthos: Sources and Pathways. - 6.4 Benthic Communities of the Arctic Seas. - 6.5 Organic Carbon Utilization by the Arctic Benthos. - 6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 7 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: Sources, Variability, Burial, and Paleoenvironmental Significance. - 7.1 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: A General Introduction. - 7.2 The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon. - 7.3 The Continental Margin of the North Bering - Chukchi Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon. - 7.4 The East Siberian Sea: Distribution, Sources, and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.5 The Laptev Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.6 The Kara Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.7 The Barents Sea: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 7.8 Northern Fram Strait und Yermak Plateau: Distribution, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon and Paleoenvironmental Implications. - 7.9 The Central Arctic Ocean: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon. - 8 Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Global Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks. - 8.3 Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks. - 8.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - 9 References.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Einführung 1 Sauberer Code 1.1 Code, Code und nochmals Code 1.2 Schlechter Code 1.3 Die Lebenszykluskosten eines Chaos Das große Redesign in den Wolken Einstellung Das grundlegende Problem Sauberen Code schreiben - eine Kunst? Was ist sauberer Code? 1.4 Denkschulen 1.5 Wir sind Autoren 1.6 Die Pfadfinder-Regel 1.7 Vorläufer und Prinzipien 1.8 Zusammenfassung 2 Aussagekräftige Namen 2.1 Einführung 2.2 Zweckbeschreibende Namen wählen 2.3 Fehlinformationen vermeiden 2.4 Unterschiede deutlich machen 2.5 Aussprechbare Namen verwenden 2.6 Suchbare Namen verwenden 2.7 Codierungen vermeiden Ungarische Notation Member-Präfixe Interfaces und Implementierungen 2.8 Mentale Mappings vermeiden 2.9 Klassennamen 2.10 Methodennamen 2.11 Vermeiden Sie humorige Namen 2.12 Wählen Sie ein Wort pro Konzept 2.13 Keine Wortspiele 2.14 Namen der Lösungsdomäne verwenden 2.15 Namen der Problemdomäne verwenden 2.16 Bedeutungsvollen Kontext hinzufügen 2.17 Keinen überflüssigen Kontext hinzufügen 2.18 Abschließende Worte 3 Funktionen 3.1 Klein! Blöcke und Einrückungen 3.2 Eine Aufgabe erfüllen Abschnitte innerhalb von Funktionen 3.3 Eine Abstraktionsebene pro Funktion Code Top-down lesen: die Stepdown-Regel 3.4 Switch-Anweisungen 3.5 Beschreibende Namen verwenden 3.6 Funktionsargumente Gebräuchliche monadische Formen Flag-Argumente Dyadische Funktionen Triaden Argument-Objekte Argument-Listen Verben und Schlüsselwörter 3.7 Nebeneffekte vermeiden Output-Argumente 3.8 Anweisung und Abfrage trennen 3.9 Ausnahmen sind besser als Fehler-Codes Try/Catch-Blöcke extrahieren Fehler-Verarbeitung ist eine Aufgabe Der Abhängigkeitsmagnet Error.java 3.10 Don't Repeat Yourself 3.11 Strukturierte Programmierung 3.12 Wie schreibt man solche Funktionen? 3.13 Zusammenfassung 3.14 SetupTeardownlnduder 4 Kommentare 4.1 Kommentare sind kein Ersatz für schlechten Code 4.2 Erklären Sie im und durch den Code 4.3 Gute Kommentare Juristische Kommentare Informierende Kommentare Erklärung der Absicht Klarstellungen Warnungen vor Konsequenzen TODO-Kommentare Verstärkung Javadocs in öffentlichen APIs 4.4 Schlechte Kommentare Geraune Redundante Kommentare Irreführende Kommentare Vorgeschriebene Kommentare Tagebuch-Kommentare Geschwätz Beängstigendes Geschwätz Verwenden Sie keinen Kommentar, wenn Sie eine Funktion oder eine Variable verwenden können Positionsbezeichner Kommentare hinter schließenden Klammern Zuschreibungen und Nebenbemerkungen Auskommentierter Code HTML-Kommentare Nicht-lokale Informationen Zu viele Informationen Unklarer Zusammenhang Funktions-Header Javadocs in nicht-öffentlichem Code Beispiel 5 Formatierung 5.1 Der Zweck der Formatierung 5.2 Vertikale Formatierung Die Zeitungs-Metapher Vertikale Offenheit zwischen Konzepten Vertikale Dichte Vertikaler Abstand Vertikale Anordnung 5.3 Horizontale Formatierung Horizontale Offenheit und Dichte Horizontale Ausrichtung Einrückung Dummy-Bereiche 5.4 Team-Regeln 5.5 Uncle Bobs Formatierungsregeln 6 Objekte und Datenstrukturen 6.1 Datenabstraktion 6.2 Daten/Objekt-Anti-Symmetrie 6.3 Das Law of Demeter Zugkatastrophe Hybride Struktur verbergen 6.4 Datentransfer-Objekte Active Record 6.5 Zusammenfassung 7 Fehler-Handling 7.1 Ausnahmen statt Rückgabe-Codes 7.2 Try-Catch-Finally-Anweisungen zuerst schreiben 7.3 Unchecked Exceptions 7.4 Ausnahmen mit Kontext auslösen 7.5 Definieren Sie Exception-Klassen mit Blick auf die Anforderungen des Aufrufers 7.6 Den normalen Ablauf definieren 7.7 Keine Null zurückgeben 7.8 Keine Null übergeben 7.9 Zusammenfassung 8 Grenzen 8.1 Mit Drittanbieter-Code arbeiten 8.2 Grenzen erforschen und kennen lernen 8.3 log4J kennen lernen 8.4 Lern-Tests sind besser als kostenlos 8.5 Code verwenden, der noch nicht existiert 8.6 Saubere Grenzen 9 Unit-Tests 9.1 Die drei Gesetze der TDD 9.2 Tests sauber halten Tests ermöglichen die -heiten und -keiten 9.3 Saubere Tests Domänenspezifische Testsprache Ein Doppelstandard 9.4 Ein assert pro Test Ein Konzept pro Test 9.5 F.I.R.S.T 9.6 Zusammenfassung 10 Klassen 10.1 Klassenaufbau Einkapselung 10.2 Klassen sollten klein sein! Fünf Methoden sind nicht zu viel, oder? Das Single-Responsibility-Prinzip Kohäsion Kohäsion zu erhalten, führt zu vielen kleinen Klassen 10.3 Änderungen einplanen Änderungen isolieren 11 Systeme 11.1 Wie baut man eine Stadt? 11.2 Konstruktion und Anwendung eines Systems trennen Trennung in main Factories Dependency Injection 11.3 Aufwärtsskalierung Cross-Cutting Concerns 11.4 Java-Proxies 11.5 Reine Java-AOP-Frameworks 11.6 AspectJ-Aspekte 11.7 Die Systemarchitektur testen 11.8 Die Entscheidungsfindung optimieren 11.9 Standards weise anwenden, wenn sie nachweisbareinen Mehrwert bieten 11.10 Systeme brauchen domänenspezifische Sprachen 11.11 Zusammenfassung 12 Emergenz 12.1 Saubere Software durch emergentes Design 12.2 Einfache Design-Regel 1: Alle Tests bestehen 12.3 Einfache Design-Regeln 2-4: Refactoring 12.4 Keine Duplizierung 12.5 Ausdrucksstärke 12.6 Minimale Klassen und Methoden 12.7 Zusammenfassung 13 Nebenläufigkeit 13.1 Warum Nebenläufigkeit? Mythen und falsche Vorstellungen 13.2 Herausforderungen 13.3 Prinzipien einer defensiven Nebenläufigkeitsprogrammierung Single-Responsibility-Prinzip Korollar: Beschränken Sie den Gültigkeitsbereich von Daten Korollar: Arbeiten Sie mit Kopien der Daten Korollar: Threads sollten voneinander so unabhängig wie möglich sein 13.4 Lernen Sie Ihre Library kennen Thread-sichere Collections 13.5 Lernen Sie Ihre Ausführungsmodelle kennen Erzeuger-Verbraucher Leser-Schreiber Philosophenproblem 13.6 Achten Sie auf Abhängigkeiten zwischen synchronisierten Methoden 13.7 Halten Sie synchronisierte Abschnitte klein 13.8 Korrekten Shutdown-Code zu schreiben, ist schwer 13.9 Threaded-Code testen Behandeln Sie gelegentlich auftretende Fehler als potenzielle Threading-Probleme Bringen Sie erst den Nonthreaded-Code zum Laufen Machen Sie Ihren Threaded-Code pluggable Schreiben Sie anpassbaren Threaded-Code Den Code mit mehr Threads als Prozessoren ausführen Den Code auf verschiedenen Plattformen ausführen Code-Scheitem durch Instrumentierung provozieren Manuelle Codierung Automatisiert 13.10 Zusammenfassung 14 Schrittweise Verfeinerung 14.1 Args-Implementierung Wie habe ich dies gemacht? 14.2 Args: der Rohentwurf Deshalb hörte ich auf Über inkrementelle Entwicklung 14.3 String-Argumente 14.4 Zusammenfassung 15 JUnit im Detail 15.1 Das JUnit-Framework 15.2 Zusammenfassung 16 Refactoring von SerialDate 16.1 Zunächst bring es zum Laufen! 16.2 Dann mach es richtig! 16.3 Zusammenfassung 17 Smells und Heuristiken 17.1 Kommentare C1: Ungeeignete Informationen C2: Überholte Kommentare C3: Redundante Kommentare C4: Schlecht geschriebene Kommentare C5: Auskommentierter Code 17.2 Umgebung E1: Ein Build erfordert mehr als einen Schritt E2: Tests erfordern mehr als einen Schritt 17.3 Funktionen F1: Zu viele Argumente F2: Output-Argumente F3: Flag-Argumente F4: Tote Funktionen 17.4 Allgemein G1: Mehrere Sprachen in einer Quelldatei G2: Offensichtliches Verhalten ist nicht implementiert G3: Falsches Verhalten an den Grenzen G4: Übergangene Sicherungen G5: Duplizierung G6: Auf der falschen Abstraktionsebene codieren G7: Basisklasse hängt von abgeleiteten Klassen ab G8: Zu viele Informationen G9: Toter Code G10: Vertikale Trennung G11: Inkonsistenz G12: Müll G13: Künstliche Kopplung G14: Funktionsneid G15: Selektor-Argumente G16: Verdeckte Absicht G17: Falsche Zuständigkeit G18: Fälschlich als statisch deklarierte Methoden G19: Aussagekräftige Variablen verwenden G20: Funktionsname sollte die Aktion ausdrücken G21: Den Algorithmus verstehen G22: Logische Abhängigkeiten in physische umwandeln G23: Polymorphismus statt If/Else oder Switch/Case verwenden G24: Konventionen beachten G25: Magische Zahlen durch benannte Konstanten ersetzen G26: Präzise sein G27: Struktur ist wichtiger als Konvention G28: Bedingungen einkapseln G29: Negative Bedingunge

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction and Background Chapter 1. Introduction to the Arctic: Significance and History 1.1 The Arctic Ocean and Its Significance for the Earth's Climate System 1.2 History of Arctic Ocean Research 1.3 Plate Tectonic Evolution and Palaeogeography 1.4 Glaciations in Earth's History Chapter 2. Modern Physiography, Hydrology, Climate, and Sediment Input 2.1 Bathymetry and Physiography 2.2 Oceanic Circulation Pattern and Water-Mass Characteristics 2.3 Sea-Ice Cover: Extent, Thickness, and Variability 2.4 Primary Production and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2.5 River Discharge 2.6 Permafrost 2.7 Coastal Erosion 2.8 Aeolian Input 2.9 Modern Sediment Input: A Summary Part 2: Processes and Proxies Chapter 3. Glacio-Marine Sedimentary Processes 3.1 Sea-Ice Processes: Sediment Entrainment and Transport 3.2 Ice Sheet- and Iceberg-Related Processes 3.3 Sediment Mass-Wasting Processes 3.4 Turbidite Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean Chapter 4. Proxies Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean 4.1 Lithofacies Concept 4.2 Grain-Size Distribution 4.3 Proxies for Sources and Transport Processes of Terrigenous Sediments 4.4 Trace Elements Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction 4.5 Micropalaeontological Proxies and Their (Palaeo-) Environmental and Stratigraphical Significance 4.6 Stable Isotopes of Foraminifers 4.7 Organic-Geochemical Proxies for Organic-Carbon Source and Palaeoenvironment Part 3: The Marine-Geological Record 5 Modern Environment and its record in surface sediments 5.1 Terrigenous (non-biogenic) components in Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for provenance and modern transport processes 5.2 Organic-Carbon Content: Terrigenous Supply versus Primary Production Chapter 6. Quaternary Variability of Palaeoenvironment and Its Sedimentary Record 6.1 The Stratigraphic Framework of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Background, Problems, and Perspectives 6.2 Variability of Quaternary Ice Sheets and Palaeoceanographic Characteristics: Terrestrial, Model, and Eurasian Continental Margin Records 6.3 Circum-Arctic Glacial History, Sea-Ice Cover, and Surface-Water Characteristics: Quaternary Records from the Central Arctic Ocean 6.4 Accumulation of Particulate Organic Carbon at the Arctic Continental Margin and Deep-Sea Areas During Late Quaternary Times Chapter 7. Mesozoic to Cenozoic Palaeoenvironmental Records of High Northern Latitudes 7.1 Mesozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment 7.2 Cenozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment Chapter 8. Open Questions and Future Geoscientific Arctic Ocean Research 8.1 Quaternary and Neogene Climate Variability on Sub-Millennial to Milankovich Time Scales 8.2 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic History of the Arctic Ocean References Index