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  • Other Sources  (2,498)
  • Meteorology and Climatology  (1,785)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 2010-2014  (1,781)
  • 1975-1979  (717)
Collection
  • Other Sources  (2,498)
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Cosmic-ray propagation and containment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The cosmic rays are an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, and their propagation and containment is a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic-ray gas pressure, P, comparable to the magnetic pressure B super 2/ 8 pi, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic-ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic-ray production rate and may be anything from 100,000 to more than 10 million years. It is evident from the decay of Be(10) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 283-299
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  • 2
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    Small scale local gamma ray features (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In order to draw implications from nearby gamma-ray emission, the different ways that can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of matter on each line of sight are investigated. It is shown that, within present uncertainties, the cosmic ray intensity inside molecular clouds within 1 kpc from the sun is the same as the cosmic ray intensity measured at the sun. In the last part, what can be learned from a comparison of far infrared and gamma-ray data is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 229-236
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  • 3
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    The nonthermal radiation in the galaxy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC 891, indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. In several galaxies, the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total H(I) content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 189-202
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  • 4
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    Very high-energy gamma ray astronomy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Recent results in ground-based very high-energy (less than 10 to the eleventh power eV) gamma-ray astronomy are reviewed. The various modes of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique are described, and the importance of cosmic ray rejection methods is stressed. The positive detections (at approximately less than 10 to the 12th power eV) of the Crab pulsar that suggest a very flat spectrum and time-variable pulse phase are discussed. Observations of other pulsars (particularly Vela) suggest that these features may be general. The steady flux upper limits for the Crab Nebula are thus reconsidered, and a new value of the implied (Compton-synchrotron) magnetic field in the Nebula is reported. Evidence that a 4.8-hour modulated effect was detected at E sub gamma is less than 10 to the 12th power eV from Cyg X-3 is strengthened in that the exact period originally proposed agrees well with a recent determination of the X-ray period. The southern sky observations are reviewed, and the significance of the detection of an active galaxy (NGC 5128) is considered for source models and future observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 81-98
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  • 5
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma-ray energies show striking similarities. The measured pulsed intensity from Vela at energies greater than 50 MeV was found to be .000013 sq cm/sec. The energy spectrum is not consistent with a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 53-64
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  • 6
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    Low- and medium-energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observation of 0.2 to 100 MeV-diffuse gamma-radiation emitted from a galaxy provides information on the intensities of 5 to 50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and approximately less than 50-MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV, which is dominant over the pi-decay emission generated in high-energy nuclear collisions. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma-rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low energy cosmic rays in the inner galaxy if the gamma-ray are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1 to 100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized, and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-80
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  • 7
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    COS-B observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B experiment has observed approximately one-fourth of the galactic disk, including the galactic-center region, the galactic anticenter, and the Vela region. A completely automatic analysis of the events recorded during these observations reveals a galactic gamma ray emission from the three regions. In the galactic center and Vela regions, the disk emission distribution was measured. From these data, the existence of a local (less than 1 kpc) and a distant (greater than 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 41-44
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  • 8
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    The COS-B experiment and mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high-energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive of X-rays of 2 to 12 keV. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented, and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 29-40
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  • 9
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    COS-B observations of localized sources of gamma-ray emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In October 1975, the high-energy gamma-ray flux from the Vela pulsar measured by COS-B was found to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. This factor is too large to be accounted for by error in the COS-B calibration or analysis. This is supported by a comparison of the COS-B measurement of the narrow-line component from the galactic center region with the flux derived from the measurements of SAS-2; the COS-B flux comes out about 15 percent lower than the SAS-2 figure. It is interesting to note that a glitch in the pulsar period took place about 1 month prior to the COS-B observation; the previous glitch occurred about 1.5 years before the SAS-2 observation. The increased rotational energy loss after the glitch cannot simply explain the increased gamma-ray luminosity. If the two phenomena are related, the gamma-ray emission, absorption, or beaming process must be extremely sensitive to changes in rotational parameters. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45-52
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  • 10
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 2: Localized sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR 1818-04 and PSR 1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Because the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. PSR 1818-04 has a gamma ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, whereas the luminosities of PSR 1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations yielded upper limits to gamma ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars. For five of the closest pulsars, upper limits for gamma ray luminosity are found to be at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of the Crab pulsar. Gamma ray enhancement near the Milky Way satellite galaxy and the galactic plane in the Cygnus region is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 15-26
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  • 11
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 1: Diffuse emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitudes 310 deg and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7 kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315, 330, 345, 0, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with galactic features and components such as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic-ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 3-14
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  • 12
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
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  • 13
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    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
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  • 14
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
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  • 15
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    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
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  • 16
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
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  • 17
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    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 18
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    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
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  • 19
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    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
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  • 20
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    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
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  • 21
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
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  • 22
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    Prediction of energetic particle disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The prediction of fluxes of energetic particles of solar or magnetospheric origin is addressed. Topics include the prediction of the properties of the particle populations generated by magnetospheric storms and substorms, and the prediction of long term variations in the populations of magnetospheric particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 415-432
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  • 23
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
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  • 24
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
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  • 25
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    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
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  • 26
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 27
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results. 2. Localized sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Gamma-ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR1818-04 and PSR1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Since the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma-ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma-ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. Using distance estimates it is found that PSR1818-04 has a gamma-ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, while the luminosities of PSR1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. This survey of SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations has also yielded upper limits to gamma-ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 12-22
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  • 28
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    COS-B observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the galactic disc (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the first months of operation, COS-B has observed galactic high energy gamma rays from the galactic disc. In the galactic center and Vela regions the disc emission distribution was measured. From these data the existence of a local ( 1 kpc) and a distant ( 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 39-44
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  • 29
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    Interstellar helium flow experiment MA-088 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Interstellar Helium Glow Experiment (MA-088) studied the motion of helium in the local interstellar medium as that medium passed through the solar system to determine several poorly known properties of the local interstellar gas. The instrument used was a photometer sensitive to two solar extreme ultraviolet spectral lines that are resonantly scattered by helium gas. The instrument surveyed the entire celestial sphere during a series of slow, rolling maneuvers by the Apollo spacecraft. The equipment operated properly, and usable data were obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 15 p
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  • 30
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on recent observations of the galactic gas and gamma ray distributions, the galactic cosmic ray distribution is deduced. This distribution is identical to that of supernova remnants (within experimental error), strongly supporting the hypothesis that most observed cosmic rays are produced by supernovas in our own galaxy. The average age of the cosmic ray sources is suggested, from the character of their distribution, to be about 30 million years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; July 21
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    High-energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the emission of high-energy (exceeding 100 Mev) gamma-rays from the galactic disk has been developed and compared with recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma-rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter, (2) the cosmic-ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms, and (3) the matter in the Galaxy is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density-wave theory and experimental data on the matter distribution that is available, including the 21-cm H I line emission, continuum emission from H II regions, and data currently being used to estimate the H2 density. The calculated galactic-longitude distribution of gamma rays is in good agreement with the SAS-2 observations in relative shape and absolute flux. As a corollary, the nonuniform cosmic-ray distribution of this model tends to support the galactic origin of the fraction of cosmic rays which is important in the production of high-energy photons. Modifications of the basic model show that the gamma-ray flux is relatively sensitive to large variations of the assumed distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 199; July 1
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  • 32
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7 - Evidence for a single spectrum (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral observations of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are each consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 plus or minus 2 per year, higher than the 5 plus or minus 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40 percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 33
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    Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Alfven and Mendis (1977) conclusion that dust grains in galaxies render the universe opaque to cosmic microwave background at a red shift ratio equal to 40 is challenged by a calculation of the opacity of galactic dust grains to the microwave background radiation from the time of decoupling at emission red shift ratio equal to 1500 to the present in the standard big bang model. In the present calculation, evolutionary effects on grain opacity and abundance are estimated. At wavelengths used in studying the microwave background, the optical depth of the grains is found to be 0.18 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.03, and 0.05 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.5. The results indicate that microwave background can provide information on an early dense phase of the universe.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 2
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  • 34
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    The cosmic-ray antiproton flux - An upper limit near that predicted for secondary production (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data gathered from a balloon flight of a superconducting-magnet spectrometer have been examined for the presence of cosmic-ray antiprotons. The ratio of antiprotons to protons, p(-)/p, in cosmic rays was found to be (0.03 + or - 3.3) ten-thousandths in the rigidity interval from 4.2 to 12.5 GV. The 95%-confidence-level upper limit for p(-)/p is thus 0.00066. This upper limit is in strong contradiction to the prediction of the closed-galaxy model of Rasmussen and Peters (1975), but is not inconsistent with the prediction of the modified closed-galaxy model of Peters and Westergaard (1977). It is nearly equal to the predictions of conventional propagation models. This result provides an independent confirmation of the absence of primary antimatter in the cosmic rays at a level of approximately a few ten-thousandths.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 35
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    Background of a shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer at balloon altitudes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The background data obtained from an actively shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer flown on a balloon were analyzed and a preliminary model was developed to explain background features including the intensity and time profile of line emission. These features can be explained by a combination of secondary radiation originating in the CsI shield and atmospheric secondary radiation leaking through it.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 462-472
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  • 36
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    Gamma-ray line emission above 8 MeV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra of energetic nuclei within astrophysical sources may be determined by studying gamma-ray line emissions above 8 MeV. Excited states which can be produced by inelastic scattering, charge exchange, and spallation reactions in the abundant nuclear species were considered in order to identify nuclear lines which may contribute to the gamma spectrum. The cross sections for production of most high-energy states are sparsely measured. Those which were determined are comparable to the cross section for production of the 15.11 MeV level in C-12 with few exceptions. The branching ratios for gamma-ray and particle emission are, however, better known. Of those states considered, 44 measured branching ratios greater than 40% for emission of a gamma-ray with energy above 8 MeV. For twelve more states the branching ratios, although not yet determined, are expected to be small. The gamma-ray emission from other individual nuclear states is not likely to be as great as that that for the 15.11 MeV state in C-12.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 323-329
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  • 37
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    Galactic center iron line emission (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data from the Goddard Space Flight Center experiment on HEAO 1 were examined for galactic center iron line emission. Evidence for a 6.8 keV line from the summed flux within 10 deg longitude and 10 deg latitude of the galactic center was found; however, firm limits cannot be put on the intrinsic line width. If the line emission is diffuse and cosmic-ray-induced, the calculations of Bussard et al (1978) yield an upper limit to c-12 4.44 MeV line emission, which is not inconsistent with the results of Haymes et al (1975). Significant contributions to the iron line from discrete sources can not be ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 302-309
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  • 38
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    Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The measured intensities of certain gamma rays of specific energies escaping from a planetary surface can be used to determine the abundances of a number of elements. The fluxes of the more intense gamma-ray lines emitted from 32 elements were calculated using current nuclear data and existing models for the source processes. The source strengths for neutron-capture reactions were modified from those previously used. The fluxes emitted form a surface of average lunar composition are reported for 292 gamma-ray lines. These theoretical fluxes were used elsewhere to convert the data from the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometers to elemental abundances and can be used with measurements from future missions to map the concentrations of a number of elements over a planet's surface. Detection sensitivities for these elements are examined and applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy for future orbiters to Mars and other solar-system objects are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 98-148
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  • 39
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    Detection of anisotropy in the cosmic blackbody radiation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Anisotropy has been detected in the cosmic blackbody radiation with a 33-GHz (0.9 cm) twin-antenna Dicke radiometer flown to an altitude of 20 km aboard a U-2 aircraft. In data distributed over two-thirds of the Northern Hemisphere, an anisotropy is observed, which is well fitted by a first-order spherical harmonic with an amplitude of (3.5 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the -3rd deg K, and direction 11.0 plus or minus 0.6 h right ascension and 6 plus or minus 10 deg declination. This observation is readily interpreted as due to motion of the earth relative to the radiation with a velocity of 390 plus or minus 60 km/sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 39; Oct. 3
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  • 40
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    Whence cometh /and goeth/ Jupiter's high energy electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jupiter's decimetric emission is universally identified as synchrotron radiation from about 10 MeV electrons. These electrons radiate away their energy in a few months and hence must be continuously replaced. A theory in which electrons are injected at Jupiter's magnetopause and radially diffuse toward the planetary surface, gaining energy in the process is summarized. The radial diffusion coefficient in the inner magnetosphere is determined. This diffusion coefficient, which also holds for protons, is sufficiently small that the inner Galilean satellites can wipe out large fractions of the incoming proton and electron fluxes. The reduction of the proton flux is extremely important to the survival of the Pioneer experimental payloads.
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  • 41
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    On propagation direction of ring current proton ULF waves observed by ATS 6 at 6.6 R sub E (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From June 11 to September 16, 1974, the NOAA low-energy proton detector on board the ATS 6 satellite observed 71 cases of ultralow-frequency oscillations of proton flux intensities. The oscillation periods varied from 40 s to 6 min, and the events were observed most frequently during moderate geomagnetic conditions. The flux oscillations occurred at various local times, yet almost two thirds of the events were detected in the near-dusk region of the magnetosphere. For a majority of the events in this set a substantial phase shift in flux oscillation was detected between different energy channels and/or between two oppositely oriented detector telescopes. The phase shift is mainly due to the finite gyroradius effect of the protons gyrating in the geomagnetic field. By examining this finite gyroradius effect on the perturbed particle distribution function associated with the wave in a nonuniform magnetic field, the propagation direction of the wave from particle observations made by a single spacecraft is determined
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 42
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    The cosmic far-infrared background at high galactic latitudes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far-infrared background fluxes from various cosmic sources are predicted. These fluxes lie near the high-frequency side of the blackbody radiation spectrum. The sources could account for a significant fraction of the background radiation at frequencies above 400 GHz, which might be misinterpreted as a 'Comptonization' distortion of the blackbody radiation. Particular attention is paid to the possible contributions from external galaxies, from rich clusters of galaxies, and from galactic dust emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 43
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    SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray observations of the Vela pulsar. II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of additional data from SAS-2 experiment and improvements in the orbit-attitude data and analysis procedures have produced revised values for the flux from the Vela gamma-ray source. The pulsar phase plot shows two peaks, neither of which is in phase with the single radio pulse.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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  • 44
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    Final SAS-2 gamma-ray results on sources in the galactic anticenter region (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Final results are presented for SAS-2 observations of high-energy gamma-rays from the galactic anticenter region. Three main gamma-ray features are shown to characterize this region: a localized source associated with the Crab Nebula and its pulsar, another localized source near galactic coordinates 195 deg, +5 deg, and a general enhancement of the diffuse background 10 to 15 deg south of the galactic plane, which is associated with the Gould Belt. For the Crab, it is found that the radiation is mostly pulsed, the pulsed fraction increases with energy, and the intensity of the radiation in the main and interpulse peaks is approximately the same. The other localized source, provisionally designated as gamma 195+5, is found to have a harder spectrum than the Crab but no obvious radio counterpart; emission from an external galaxy is ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 213
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  • 45
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    Consequences of using nonlinear particle trajectories to compute spatial diffusion coefficients (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a study of cosmic ray propagation in interstellar and interplanetary space, a perturbed orbit resonant scattering theory for pitch angle diffusion in a slab model of magnetostatic turbulence is slightly generalized and used to compute the diffusion coefficient for spatial propagation parallel to the mean magnetic field. This diffusion coefficient has been useful for describing the solar modulation of the galactic cosmic rays, and for explaining the diffusive phase in solar flares in which the initial anisotropy of the particle distribution decays to isotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 46
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    Observation of gamma rays with a 4.8 hour periodicity from Cygnus X-3 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energetic (exceeding 35 MeV) gamma-rays have been observed from the direction of Cygnus X-3 with the SAS-2 gamma-ray telescope. The statistical significance of the excess above the galactic and diffuse radiation is approximately 4.5 sigma. In addition, the gamma-ray flux is modulated at the 4.8-hr period observed in the X-ray and infrared regions, and within the statistical error is in phase with this emission. The flux above 100 MeV has an average value of about 4.4 millionths photon/sq cm per sec. If the distance to Cygnus X-3 is 10 kpc, this flux implies a luminosity of more than 10 to the 37th power erg/s if the radiation is isotropic and about 10 to the 36th power erg/s if the radiation is restricted to a cone of 1 steradian, as it might be in a pulsar. Upper limits are presented for the gamma-ray flux from other known or suspected periodic X-ray sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 47
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    Observations of galactic gamma-rays and their implications for galactic structure studies (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The status of our knowledge on galactic gamma-rays and the large-scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the Galaxy is reviewed and reexamined on the basis of new data obtained by the SAS-2 satellite and the European COS-B satellite. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four galactic regions of various thickness - the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk, and exodisk - are defined. Bremsstrahlung and pion-decay gamma-rays are associated with the first two regions, and Compton gamma-rays and synchrotron radiation with the latter two. The galactic contribution to the observed high-latitude gamma-ray background is evaluated and is shown to account reasonably for the observed spectrum at high latitudes between 35 and 200 MeV when added onto the extragalactic background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 48
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    Scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope: Feasibility calculations and measured attenuation characteristics (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A candidate hodoscope uses arrays of scintillator fibers, followed by an image intensifier and imaging system such as that proposed for the X-ray shadowgraph. A literature search was performed to ascertain the experience of other workers with hodoscopes using this or similar principles. Calculations were performed to determine the feasibility of candidate systems and some laboratory experiments were performed to attempt to check these numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 45-58
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  • 49
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    Mirroring in the Fokker-Planck coefficient for cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in homogeneous magnetic turbulence (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering, appropriate for cosmic rays in homogeneous stationary magnetic turbulence is computed without making any specific assumptions concerning the statistical symmetries of the random field. The Fokker-Planck coefficient obtained can be used to compute the parallel diffusion coefficient for high-energy cosmic rays propagating in the presence of strong turbulence, or for low-energy cosmic rays in the presence of weak turbulence. Because of the generality of magnetic turbulence allowed for in the analysis, special interplanetary magnetic field features, such as discontinuities or particular wave modes, can be included rigorously.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Feb. 1
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  • 50
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    Primary gamma-rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within our Galaxy, cosmic rays can reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to gamma-rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy gamma radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the Galaxy and are not concentrated in the center of the Galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extra-galactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are probably not at the density seen near the earth.
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  • 51
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    Theory of fluctuations of extended air showers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the probability distribution functions of shower characteristics for primary protons at sea level. The calculation was based on the following model of the elementary event: the interaction paths are 90 g/sq cm for nucleons and 120 g/sq cm for pions. The nonelasticity coefficient for nucleons is uniformly distributed between 0.1 and 0.9, and for pions it is equal to 1. Isobaric pions are taken into account. The spectra of secondary particles were determined using Cocconi's approximation formula. The calculation for the nuclei was carried out on the assumption of a breakup of the nucleus into component nucleons. The mean number of particles and the variances of the distributions for electrons when the number of muons was fixed, and for muons when the number of electrons was fixed, were calculated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 394-397
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  • 52
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    Determination of coupling coefficients at various zenith angles of the basis of the cosmic ray azimuth effect (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The value of EW asymmetry and coupling coefficients at different zenith angles were measured by means of a double coincidence crossed telescope which gives an opportunity to measure simultaneously the intensity of the cosmic ray hard component at zenith angles from 0 to 84 deg in opposite azimuths. The advantages of determining the coupling coefficients by the cosmic ray azimuth effect as compared to their measurement by the latitudinal effect are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 380-384
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  • 53
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    Study of cosmic ray motion in cosmic space near the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are presented on experimental installations developed in the cosmic ray variations laboratory in Kazgu (Alma-Ata). Various experiments on modelling the interaction of plasma with the geomagnetic field as well as the plasma distribution in quiet and disturbed fields are described. The characteristics of the meson supertelescope using scintillators (effective area, 10 sq m) for vertical alignments designed to study microvariations of the cosmic rays and their interrelation with magnetospheric fluctuations and the study of solar wind parameters are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 372-379
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  • 54
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    Distortion of the altitude dependence and energy spectrum of the neutron component near the earth's surface (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the altitude distribution of slow (cadmium difference) and fast (supercadmium) neutrons from 2000 m down to sea level are given. The neutron energy spectrum is calculated by the cadmium ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 361-365
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  • 55
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    Measurement of spectra and neutron fluxes on artificial earth satellites from the Cosmos series (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were carried out at the altitudes of 200 to 400 km to determine the spectra and fluxes of fast neutrons inside the hermetically sealed artificial earth satellites of the Cosmos series. The detectors used were nuclear emulsions of the B9 and BR types and an emulsion of the P9 type, filled with Li and P. Spectra and fluxes of neutrons in the range of energies from thermal energies to 10 MeV are presented. Neutron doses are also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 252-255
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  • 56
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    The possibility of using superconductive systems in the analysis of the composition of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The experimental results on the use of superconductive systems onboard of spacecraft are described. To ensure low temperatures in the cryostat under weightlessness, helium was used at a pressure above the critical pressure. In flight, the temperature was controlled at six points, while the pressure and intensity of the magnetic field were controlled in the solenoids. The methodical test proved it possible to mount special installations on satellites, with extensive magnetic fields based on superconductive alloys, and particularly, low weights and low power consumption magnetic analyzers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 256-260
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  • 57
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    Measurement of proton spectra on satellites from the Cosmos series of artificial satellites (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1966-1967 measurements were performed at altitudes from 200 to 400 km to determine the fluxes and spectra of protons by means of nuclear emulsions of the BR-2 and Ya-2 types. The proton spectra within the range up to 8 BeV are presented. The spectra obtained are the basis for estimating radiation hazards.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 247-251
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  • 58
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    The study of cosmic rays on the proton artificial earth satellite (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigations were carried out with the space stations of the Proton series to study the physics of cosmic rays. The SEZ-13 device for the search of particles with a fractional electrical charge and the SEZ-11 device for the measurement of high energy electrons were mounted on the Proton-3 satellite. The mode of action of the SEZ-11 device differed from that of the SEZ-12 device used in the Proton-1 and Proton-2 satellites for similar purposes. Some of the results that were obtained are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 227-246
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  • 59
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    A study of cosmic rays on the artificial moon satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the period from the end of August 1966 to January 1967 the primary cosmic radiation fluxes beyond the terrestrial magnetosphere were measured by means of the equipment mounted on the satellites Luna-11 and Luna-12. The altitude dependence of cosmic rays near the lunar surface as well as the intensity of protons and electrons of solar origin in the moon's vicinity were determined. The correlation of proton intensity with the parameters characterizing the solar and geomagnetic activities and the specific features of the angular distribution of the proton flux as revealed during measurements are given. Data on electron fluxes studied on September 1 and 8, 1966, when short term increases in the electron intensity were observed are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 206-226
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  • 60
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    Calculations of the cosmic ray modulation in interplanetary space taking into account the possible dependence of the transport travel for the scattering of the particles and of the velocity of the solar winds on the angles they make with the helioequator plane: The case of isotropic diffusion (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied by the magnetic heterogeneities stream on the assumption that the diffusion coefficient is reduced whereas the solar wind velocity is increased with the growth of the angle between the sun's rotation axis and the direction of solar plasma motion. The stationary plane problem of isotropic diffusion is solved as it applies to two cases: (1) with due account of particle retardation by the antiphermium mechanism; and (2) without an account of the above mechanism. This problem is solved by the grid method in the polar coordinate system. The results of the calculations are followed by a discussion of the method of solution and of the errors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 170-205
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  • 61
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    Comparison of the results of simultaneous cosmic ray measurements in the stratosphere at the Olenia and Apatity stations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of regular measurements of the cosmic ray intensity in the stratosphere obtained by high latitudinal stations during September-December 1966 are compared. The present paper estimates the agreement between the results obtained by closely located stations by means of various radiosondes. The assumption about the substantial contribution of auroral X-ray radiation to the fluctuation of the radiosonde counting rate at high altitudes is confirmed.
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    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 138-141
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    The cosmic ray burst on 28 January 1967 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The solar cosmic ray flare which took place on January 28, 1967, is analyzed. Energy responses and the diffusion coefficient are determined. Periodic variations of the cosmic rays with an amplitude of 0.10 to 0.20% and a period of 35 to 40 min are discovered during the decrease phase of the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 120-124
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  • 63
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    Solar activity and cosmic rays in the period 1963-1965 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The interrelation between the intensity of cosmic rays and various indices of solar activity during January 1963 to June 1965 is studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 112-119
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  • 64
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    The relation between the chemical composition of solar cosmic rays and the duration spectrum of radiosplashes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The comparison of durations of the centimeter and meter components of the radiosplashes corresponding to the chromospheric flares with the known chemical composition of the radiated nuclei has shown a greater duration of the centimeter component for the splashes wherein protons are dominating, and vice versa. A conclusion is made about the interrelation of heavy nucleus emission and the processes which occur in the upper layers of the solar corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 106-111
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  • 65
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    Energy spectrum of galactic electrons in the energy range 2 x 10 to the 10 power - 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New experimental data on the energy spectrum of galactic electrons up to the energies approximately 2 x 10 to the 11th power eV were obtained in the summer of 1967 by a scintillation telescope lifted to the stratosphere at 32 km. The geometrical factor of the telescope was 1200 sq cm steradians, i.e., three times as great as the geometrical factor of previously employed installations. The results confirm previous measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 102-105
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  • 66
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    Theory of cosmic ray variations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The initial anisotropic and isotropic spaces of solar cosmic ray spreading in interplanetary space are compared with the results of direct observations in the region adjacent to the earth's orbit and with the results of explorations of the eleven-year and twenty-seven-day variations of the cosmic rays in more distant regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NA; p 1-101
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  • 67
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    Source position loci for the gamma-ray bursts recorded October 20 and November 10, 1977 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Further constraints are imposed on the sites of the gamma-ray bursts recorded Oct. 20 and Nov. 10, 1977 with the Prognoz 6 satellite and the Helios 2 spacecraft. The loci of the burst sources are 1.7-arcmin-wide bands in which no X-ray sources, pulsars, supernova remnants, or galaxies brighter than 13m occur.
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  • 68
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    SAS-2 observations of the diffuse gamma radiation in the galactic latitude interval from 10 to 90 deg in both hemispheres (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of all the second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) gamma-ray data for galactic latitudes higher than 10 deg in both hemispheres has shown that the intensity varies with galactic latitude, being larger near 10 deg than 90 deg. For energies above 100 MeV the gamma-ray data are consistent with a latitude distribution of the form I(b) = C1 + C2/sin b, with the second term being dominant. This result suggests that the radiation above 100 MeV is coming largely from local regions of the galactic disk. Between 35 and 100 MeV, a similar equation is also a good representation of the data, but here the two terms are comparable. These results indicate that the diffuse radiation above 35 MeV consists of two parts, one with a relatively hard galactic component and the other an isotropic steep spectral component which extrapolates back well to the low-energy (less than 10 MeV) diffuse radiation. The steepness of the diffuse isotropic component places significant constraints on possible theoretical models of this radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 69
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    Radio-emitting electrons and cosmic ray confinement (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence from radio data obtained at frequencies of 10 to 8000 MHz for steepening of the observed background-radio-continuum spectra in the directions of the galactic Anticenter (A) and Halo Minimum (H) is used to deduce quantitative information on the variation of the magnetic field with distance from the galactic plane. The radio data are analyzed in the framework of the cosmic-ray diffusion model developed by Bulanov and Dogel (1975), and some inferences are drawn regarding the injection spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons as well as their propagation in the Galaxy. The results indicate that: (1) radio-spectrum steepening is centered around 200 MHz in the direction of H and around 330 MHz in the direction of A, implying a lower mean magnetic field toward H and supporting the existence of a radio halo; (2) an injection electron spectrum with a single power law up to the lowest energies cannot explain the radio observations satisfactorily in terms of the diffusion model; and (3) the observed spectral steepening can be satisfactorily understood as being due partly to the deviation from a power-law injection spectrum below a few GeV and partly to the first break arising from electron energy losses in approximately the same energy region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 49; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 70
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    Cosmic-ray electrons and galactic radio emission - A conflict (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis which takes into account the observed energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons above 5 GeV and calculated mean magnetic field data shows that the observed spectral index of the radio continuum in the Galaxy is in conflict with some of the cosmic-ray electron measurements. It is found that the absolute intensities of cosmic-ray electrons measured by some of the experimenters are so low that they cannot be reconciled either with the interstellar magnetic field limits or with the extent of the galactic disk toward the anticenter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 265; Feb. 3
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  • 71
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    Local and large scale galactic gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the gas-to-dust ratio suggests that interstellar reddening may provide an accurate way of assessing column densities in various directions in the Galaxy. A gamma ray intensity of 7.25 x 10 to the -5th E sub B-V photon/sq cm/s/sterad is predicted for regions of the Galaxy where the medium cosmic ray density is equal to that observed close to the sun. It is found that in the longitude range of about 0-180 degrees, the large scale cosmic ray distribution producing the gamma rays follows that of extreme population I stars put in evidence by giant H II regions, and that of molecular hydrogen traced by carbon monoxide emission. The gamma-ray production exhibits a maximum at R roughly equal to 5 kpc, and practically vanishes at R not less than 11 kpc, beyond the location of the outermost H II regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 50; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 72
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    No new limit on size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that the results of Carter et al. (1976), who derived an upper limit to the balloon intensity of small gamma-ray bursts at about 100 below the extrapolated known size spectrum and therefore concluded that the gamma-ray bursts are of galactic origin, are entirely consistent with the -1.5 index power-law extrapolation, so that no conclusion regarding the origin of gamma-ray bursts can be drawn. A reply of Carter et al. is published. Points at issue include: (1) whether a selection criterion of three successive 0.6-sec increases in the gamma-ray count rate ignores a significant or only a small number of events, (2) whether the spectra of all bursts extend below 100 keV, the satellite energy threshold, and (3) the required correction for the distortion of a horizontal, flat detector.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 73
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    Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that the 'surface of last scattering' of the observed microwave background radiation corresponds to the distribution of dust in galaxies or protogalaxies with a temperature of about 110 K at the epoch corresponding to Z roughly equal to 40. This is in contrast with the plasma temperature of over 3,000 K at an earlier epoch (Z greater than about 1,000), as given by the canonical model of big bang cosmologies. In view of this, the claim that the microwave background radiation lends strong support to hot big bang cosmologies is without foundation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 74
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    Search for gamma-ray bursts with coincident balloon flights (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dual balloon experiments were flown at separations of over 1,500 km in an attempt to determine whether cosmic gamma-ray bursts could be detected in the size region of 10 to the -7th power to several times 10 to the -6th power erg per sq cm, that is, below the apparent bend in the size spectrum of Vela events as described by Strong and Klebesadel. Fluctuations of the counting rates of photons above 150 keV with temporal structures from microseconds to several minutes were compared in order to detect coincident or associated responses from the two instruments. No coincident gamma-ray burst events were detected. Associated counting rate increases were detected, presenting a background, event-confusing problem for any single gamma-ray burst instrument beneath the earth's trapped radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
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  • 75
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    A search for a general gradient in the solar wind speed at low solar latitudes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Long-term averages of solar-wind-speed data obtained in the ecliptic plane from July 1964 through December 1975 have been examined for a regular variation in flow speed associated with earth's yearly excursion to latitudes of plus or minus 7.25 deg about the solar equator. Regular speed modulations of about 70 km/s peaking at the highest latitudes are discernible from mid-1964 through 1966 and from early 1969 to early 1971. During the remainder of this 11.5-year interval, the modulations in speed seem to be aperiodic. A superposed epoch analysis of all the data fails to reveal a general solar latitude gradient in the solar-wind flow for these 11.5 years. It is concluded that with near-earth observations, a latitude dependence of the flow speed is too small to be detected on a regular basis against a background 'noise' of solar-wind streams, which vary in longitude, latitude, and time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 76
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    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers the consistency of positrons and electrons with a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the Galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency is found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 77
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    Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution measurement of the iron group nuclei was performed with the intention of determining individual abundances in the cosmic ray flux at the earth of particles with z = 22 to 30. Of the three types of dE/dx detectors used in the experiment, pulse ion chambers, Cerenkov radiators and scintillators, the first has the best z resolution over a wide range of particle z and energy. The plastic scintillators define the particle acceptance cone of the telescope while the Cerenkov detector aids in rejection of low energy particle background and measurement of particle velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 1-44
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  • 78
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    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250 GeV (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to about 250 GeV have been studied by using balloon-borne detectors. The detectors were large-area ionization calorimeters which sampled showering particles frequently and demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% in calibration tests. On one of the flights a time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and to test background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. The results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 79
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    Superconducting magnets for space flight (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The operating principle and application of superconducting magnetic spectrometers for cosmic ray analysis are described. Magnetic spectrometer experiments are thought to be possible in the areas of charge composition and its possible energy dependence, isotopic separation up to several GeV/n, electrons and positrons energy spectra, galactic secondary antiprotons, searches for primordial antimatter, searches for substructure in energy spectra, and gamma ray astronomy. Operational problems associated with the magnets are discussed, and a possible shuttle payload is also described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 91-96
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  • 80
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    Observations of low energy gamma-ray bursts with SAS-2 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present paper reports on the low-energy gamma-ray bursts observed by the plastic scintillator anticoincidence dome of the Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2) gamma-ray telescope. SAS-2 detected two events observed by other satellites and discovered one which was subsequently confirmed by other satellite observations. Two events seen by other satellites were not detected by SAS-2, probably due to earth occultation. The event detection threshold for SAS-2 was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 255; May 15
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  • 81
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    Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current theory of solar modulation can be used to argue that the cosmic-ray component at low energies, which is observed to have an anomalous composition, is not of galactic origin, i.e., it is not a component of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. The current theory predicts, from quite general considerations, that an unreasonably large intensity of cosmic rays, by many orders of magnitude, would be required in the interstellar medium to account for the observed fluxes. Conceivably, the current modulation theory could be modified so that only reasonable interstellar fluxes are predicted. One such modification involves an unusual scheme for particle diffusion in the interplanetary medium. Particles are assumed to diffuse not as a result of their own motion among small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, but rather in a process in which they are trapped between time-varying constrictions in the large-scale field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; May 15
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  • 82
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    Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the interaction histories of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei with intergalactic radiation fields, using improved estimates of these fields and empirical determinations of photonuclear cross sections, including multinuclear disintegrations for nuclei up to Fe-56. Intergalactic and galactic energy-loss rates and nucleon-loss rates for nuclei up to Fe-56 are also given. Astrophysical implications are discussed in terms of expected features in the cosmic-ray spectrum between 10 to the 18th and 10 to the 21st power eV for the universal and supercluster origin hypotheses. The results of these calculations indicate that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays cannot be universal in origin regardless of whether they are protons or nuclei. Both the supercluster and galactic origin hypotheses, however, are possible regardless of nuclear composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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  • 83
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    Three-dimensional interplanetary stream magnetism and energetic particle motion (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic rays interact with mesoscale configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field. A technique is presented for calculating such configurations in the inner solar system, which are due to streams and source conditions near the sun, and maps of magnetic field are constructed for some plausible stream and source conditions. One effect of these mesoscale configurations on galactic cosmic rays is shown to be an out-of-the-ecliptic gradient drift sufficient to explain Forbush decreases. The effects on solar energetic particles include small polar drifts due to the field gradients and a possibly large modification of the time-intensity profiles and anisotropy characteristics due to the formation of mirror configurations in space. If a diffusion model is applicable to solar particles, the true diffusion coefficient will be masked by the effects of streams. A conceptual model which incorporates these ideas and those of several other models is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 84
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    Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 12C*(15.11 MeV) and 12C*(4.44 MeV) as probes of energetic particle spectra (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma-rays relative to the flux 4.44 MeV gamma-rays was calculated from measured cross sections for excitation of the corresponding states of 12C and from experimental determinations of the branching ratios for direct de-excitation of these states to the ground state. Because of the difference in threshold energies for excitation of these two levels, the relative intensities in the two lines are particularly sensitive to the spectral distribution of energetic particles which excite the corresponding nuclear levels. For both solar and cosmic emission, the observability of the 15.11 MeV line is expected to be enhanced by low-source background continuum in this energy range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. In Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 213-217
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  • 85
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    Galactic gamma rays and the cosmic-ray halo problem (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Detailed models of diffused halos of various sizes are considered. In such models, the scale perpendicular to the plane has a strong effect in determining the distribution of cosmic rays. Radial distributions were calculated for cylindrical coordinate models. The implied gamma-ray longitude distributions were then calculated and compared with the SAS-2 data. Assuming the sources to be supernova remnants or pulsars, only cosmic-ray nucleon halo models with an upper limit scale height of about 3 kpc provide a good fit to the gamma ray data. Consideration of the gamma-ray latitude data gives a half thickness of 2 + or - 2 kpc for the cosmic ray electron halo.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 171-177
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  • 86
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    Celestial diffuse gamma-ray emission observed by SAS-2 and its interpretation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A clearly established diffuse celestial gamma-ray component was seen by SAS-2 above 35 MeV, after examining several regions of the sky at different latitudes, including the north celestial pole. For energies above 100 MeV the gamma ray results are consistent with an equation of the form I(b)=C1+C2/sin b with the second term being dominant, suggesting that the radiation above 100 MeV comes largely from the local regions of the galactic disk. Between 35 and 100 MeV, a similar equation is also a reasonable representation of the data, but here the two terms are comparable, with the first, or isotropic term, actually being the larger one. In addition to indicating that the diffuse radiation is partially galactic, these results imply a steepness for the energy spectrum of the diffuse isotropic component which places significant constraints on possible theoretical models of this radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 191-200
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  • 87
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    Observations of celestial X-ray sources above 20 keV with the high-energy scintillation spectrometer on board OSO-8 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High-energy X-ray spectra of the Crab Nebula, Cyg XR-1, and Cen A were determined from observations with the scintillation spectrometer onboard the OSO-8 satellite, launched in June 1975. Each of these sources was observed over two periods of 8 days or more, allowing a search for day-to-day and year-to-year variations in the spectral and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission. No variation in the light curve of the Crab pulsar was found from observations which span a 15-day period in March 1976, with demonstrable phase stability. Transitions associated with the binary phase of Cyg XR-1 and a large change in the emission from Cen A are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 67-73
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  • 88
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    Diffuse gamma radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for an investigation of the intensity, energy spectrum, and spatial distribution of the diffuse gamma radiation detected by SAS 2 away from the galactic plane in the energy range above 35 MeV. The gamma-ray data are compared with relevant data obtained at other wavelengths, including 21-cm emission, radio continuum radiation, and the limited UV and radio information on local molecular hydrogen. It is found that there are two quite distinct components to the diffuse radiation, one of which shows a good correlation with the galactic matter distribution and continuum radiation, while the other has a much steeper energy spectrum and appears to be isotropic at least on a coarse scale. The galactic component is interpreted in terms of its implications for both local and more distant regions of the Galaxy. The apparently isotropic radiation is discussed partly with regard to the constraints placed on possible models by the steep energy spectrum, the observed intensity, and an upper limit on the anisotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 89
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    High resolution spectroscopy from low altitude satellites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The P 78 1 satellite to be placed in a synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 550-660 km will carry two identical high resolution spectrometers each consisting of a single (approximately 85 cc) intrinsic germanium IGE detector. The payload also includes a pair of phoswitch scintillators, an array of CdTe detectors and several particle detectors, all of which are mounted on the wheel of the satellite. The intrinsic high purity IGE detectors receive cooling from two Stirling cycle refrigerators and facilitate the assembly of large and complex detector arrays planned for the next generation of high sensitivity instruments such as those planned for the gamma ray observatory. The major subsystems of the spectrometer are discussed as well as its capabilities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 529-540
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  • 90
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    Theory of the accretion column and cyclotron radiation in X ray pulsars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energetics of the decelerating matter in the accretion column of X-ray pulsars is considered, in particular the Coulomb process. A two zone model is presented to account for the continuum and cyclotron line emission, incorporating a fan-beam radiation scheme, which appears able to explain the observed properties.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 425-433
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  • 91
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    Cyclotron emission in neutron star magnetospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kinematic aspects of cyclotron emission in superstrong magnetic fields are reviewed to suggest characteristic features which might be useful in confirming the nature of the reported line feature near 50 keV in the spectrum of Her X-1. The role of the inverse process of cyclotron absorption is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 394-403
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  • 92
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    Measurements of 15.11-MeV gamma-ray flux produced in the reactions C-12(p, p')-C-12*(15.11 MeV) and O-16(p, p' alpha)-C-12*(15.11 MeV) (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays which are emitted from the corresponding states of C-12 are a sensitive measure of the spectrum of exciting particles in solar flares and other cosmic sources. Emission of 15.11 MeV gamma rays may result not only from the direct excitation of C-12 but also from the interaction O-16 (p,p' alpha) C-12* sup 15.11 MeV. Although the cross sections for the direct reaction was studied extensively, the cross section for the spallation interaction with O-16 is not reported in the literature. Preliminary measurements demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the production of 15.11 MeV gamma rays by proton interactions with O-16 using the University of Maryland cyclotron facility. For both carbon and oxygen targets the flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays is being measured relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays. The gamma ray emission from de-excitation of the giant dipole resonances is being measured.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 502-511
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  • 93
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    Confidence about line features in Her X-1 spectrum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon borne X-ray telescope was flown Aire-surl'Adour, France to search for pulsation of the X-ray source HER X1. The source was measured for about 3500 s relative exposure larger than 0.75 and features were detected at 57.5 plus or minus 7.5 keV and 135 plus or minus 10 keV in the spectrum. Data were reanalyzed in terms of possibility of gain shift encoder. The very strong dependence of the line features on such a shift is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 346-370
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  • 94
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    Gamma-ray lines from neutron stars as probes of fundamental physics (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The detection of gamma-ray lines produced at the surface of neutron stars will serve to test both the strong and gravitational interactions under conditions unavailable in terrestrial laboratories. Observation of a single redshifted gamma-ray line, combined with an estimate of the mass of the star will serve as a strong constraint on allowable equations of state of matter at supernuclear densities. Detection of two redshifted lines arising from different physical processes at the neutron star surface can provide a test of the strong principle of equivalence. Expected fluxes of nuclear gamma-ray lines from accreting neutron stars were calculated, including threshold, radiative transfer and redshift effects. The most promising probes of neutron star structure are the deuterium formation line and the positron annihilation line. Detection of sharp redshifted gamma-ray lines from X-ray sources such as Cyg X-1 would argue strongly in favor of a neutron star rather than black hole identification for the object.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 275-282
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  • 95
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    Cosmic-ray composition measurements with high-energy ionization spectrometers (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Element abundances of cosmic rays for elements Li through Si with energy above 0.8 GeV/amu were measured on a balloon-borne instrument containing a total absorption ionization spectrometer. Statistical techniques were used to analyze the five measurements of each particle to determine its charge and energy. The technique allows a determination of systematic errors to be made. Corrections for Landau fluctuations, spark-chamber inefficiency, and background particles were included. Comparison with other published results is made. There are differences in the shapes of the differential spectra determined from measurements using different techniques, and our intensities still lie somewhat below those of other workers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 12
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  • 96
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    Cosmic ray antiproton and positron production in the interstellar medium (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have calculated the energy spectra of cosmic ray secondary antiprotons and positrons using the latest available data on inclusive reactions. Using the measured positron spectrum, we have found that the amount of matter traversed by the cosmic rays in the few GeV region to be 4.7 (+ or - 1.5) g/sq cm of interstellar hydrogen. The computed antiproton to proton ratio is about .0004 for energies 5-10 GeV. This is sufficient to make observations of antiprotons feasible from balloon flights. We have also pointed out the type of information that can be obtained if accurate information of the spectra of these two components becomes available.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 37; Oct. 197
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  • 97
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    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Corotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (i.e., 0.1-10 MeV per nucleon) particle event observed at 1 AU. The radial dependence of these events has been studied between 1 and 4 AU using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP-7, Pioneer-10, and Pioneer-11. It had been expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead, it is observed that from event to event, the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 4 AU. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 98
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    Interpretation of the pulsed gamma-ray emission from Vela (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma-ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed-of-light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift (with respect to the radio) of the gamma-ray emission, and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X- and gamma-ray fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 99
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    SAS-2 observations of high energy gamma rays from discrete sources (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The SAS-2 identified six localized high energy (greater than 35 MeV) gamma ray sources. Four of these are the radio pulsars, PSR 0531+21, PSR 0833-45, PSR 1818-04, and PSR 1717-46 discovered in a search of 75 radio pulsars. The fact that only one of these is observed in X-rays, and the significant differences in pulse profiles in the gamma ray and radio observations, leads to the speculation that different mechanisms are involved.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 45-53
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  • 100
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    SAS-2 gamma-ray results from the galactic plane and their implications for galactic structure and galactic cosmic-ray dynamics (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The final SAS-2 results related to high energy galactic gamma-ray emission show a strong correlation with galactic structural features seen at other wavelenghts, when the known gamma-ray sources are subtracted. Theoretical considerations and analysis of the gamma-ray data suggest that the galactic cosmic rays are dynamically coupled to the interstellar matter through the magnetic fields, and hence the cosmic ray density is enhanced where the matter density is greatest on the scale of the galactic arms. This concept has been explored in a galactic model that assumes: (1) cosmic rays are galactic and not universal; (2)on the scale of the galactic arms, the cosmic ray column (surface) density is proportional to the total interstellar gas column density; (3)the cosmic ray scale height is significantly larger than the scale height to the matter; and (4) ours is a spiral galaxy characterized by an arm to interarm density ratio of over 2:1.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Advan. in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; p 95-104
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