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  • Photosynthesis
  • 2015-2019  (26)
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  • 1
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    [This Week in Science] Sometimes, red light means grow (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-03
    Description: Author: Nicholas S. Wigginton
    Keywords: Photosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: In 2005 and 2010 the Amazon basin experienced two strong droughts, driven by shifts in the tropical hydrological regime possibly associated with global climate change, as predicted by some global models. Tree mortality increased after the 2005 drought, and regional atmospheric inversion modelling showed basin-wide decreases in CO2 uptake in 2010 compared with 2011 (ref. 5). But the response of tropical forest carbon cycling to these droughts is not fully understood and there has been no detailed multi-site investigation in situ. Here we use several years of data from a network of thirteen 1-ha forest plots spread throughout South America, where each component of net primary production (NPP), autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration is measured separately, to develop a better mechanistic understanding of the impact of the 2010 drought on the Amazon forest. We find that total NPP remained constant throughout the drought. However, towards the end of the drought, autotrophic respiration, especially in roots and stems, declined significantly compared with measurements in 2009 made in the absence of drought, with extended decreases in autotrophic respiration in the three driest plots. In the year after the drought, total NPP remained constant but the allocation of carbon shifted towards canopy NPP and away from fine-root NPP. Both leaf-level and plot-level measurements indicate that severe drought suppresses photosynthesis. Scaling these measurements to the entire Amazon basin with rainfall data, we estimate that drought suppressed Amazon-wide photosynthesis in 2010 by 0.38 petagrams of carbon (0.23-0.53 petagrams of carbon). Overall, we find that during this drought, instead of reducing total NPP, trees prioritized growth by reducing autotrophic respiration that was unrelated to growth. This suggests that trees decrease investment in tissue maintenance and defence, in line with eco-evolutionary theories that trees are competitively disadvantaged in the absence of growth. We propose that weakened maintenance and defence investment may, in turn, cause the increase in post-drought tree mortality observed at our plots.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doughty, Christopher E -- Metcalfe, D B -- Girardin, C A J -- Amezquita, F Farfan -- Cabrera, D Galiano -- Huasco, W Huaraca -- Silva-Espejo, J E -- Araujo-Murakami, A -- da Costa, M C -- Rocha, W -- Feldpausch, T R -- Mendoza, A L M -- da Costa, A C L -- Meir, P -- Phillips, O L -- Malhi, Y -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):78-82. doi: 10.1038/nature14213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. ; Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden. ; Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco, Apartado Postal Nro 921, Cusco, Peru ; Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Av. Irala 565, Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. ; Universidade Federal do Para, Instituto de Geociencias, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Rua Augusto Correa, n degrees 01, CEP 66075 - 110, Belem, Para, Brazil. ; IPAM Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia Rua Horizontina, 104, Centro, 78640-000 Canarana, Mato Grosso, Brazil. ; Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK. ; 1] School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK [2] Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Droughts ; *Forests ; Photosynthesis ; Trees/cytology/metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Editors' Choice] Making the most of too much sun (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-18
    Description: Author: Pamela J. Hines
    Keywords: Photosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010 (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-04
    Description: The climatic impact of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is usually quantified in terms of radiative forcing, calculated as the difference between estimates of the Earth's radiation field from pre-industrial and present-day concentrations of these gases. Radiative transfer models calculate that the increase in CO2 since 1750 corresponds to a global annual-mean radiative forcing at the tropopause of 1.82 +/- 0.19 W m(-2) (ref. 2). However, despite widespread scientific discussion and modelling of the climate impacts of well-mixed greenhouse gases, there is little direct observational evidence of the radiative impact of increasing atmospheric CO2. Here we present observationally based evidence of clear-sky CO2 surface radiative forcing that is directly attributable to the increase, between 2000 and 2010, of 22 parts per million atmospheric CO2. The time series of this forcing at the two locations-the Southern Great Plains and the North Slope of Alaska-are derived from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer spectra together with ancillary measurements and thoroughly corroborated radiative transfer calculations. The time series both show statistically significant trends of 0.2 W m(-2) per decade (with respective uncertainties of +/-0.06 W m(-2) per decade and +/-0.07 W m(-2) per decade) and have seasonal ranges of 0.1-0.2 W m(-2). This is approximately ten per cent of the trend in downwelling longwave radiation. These results confirm theoretical predictions of the atmospheric greenhouse effect due to anthropogenic emissions, and provide empirical evidence of how rising CO2 levels, mediated by temporal variations due to photosynthesis and respiration, are affecting the surface energy balance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feldman, D R -- Collins, W D -- Gero, P J -- Torn, M S -- Mlawer, E J -- Shippert, T R -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):339-43. doi: 10.1038/nature14240. Epub 2015 Feb 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 74R-316C, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; 1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 74R-316C, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] University of California-Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 307 McCone Hall, MC 4767, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science and Engineering Center, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. ; 1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 74R-316C, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] University of California-Berkeley, Energy and Resources Group, Berkeley, 310 Barrows Hall, MC 3050, California 94720, USA. ; Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 131 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental and Computational Sciences, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Cell Respiration ; Greenhouse Effect/statistics & numerical data ; *Infrared Rays ; Models, Theoretical ; *Observation ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high-starch low-methane rice (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: Atmospheric methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, and is responsible for about 20% of the global warming effect since pre-industrial times. Rice paddies are the largest anthropogenic methane source and produce 7-17% of atmospheric methane. Warm waterlogged soil and exuded nutrients from rice roots provide ideal conditions for methanogenesis in paddies with annual methane emissions of 25-100-million tonnes. This scenario will be exacerbated by an expansion in rice cultivation needed to meet the escalating demand for food in the coming decades. There is an urgent need to establish sustainable technologies for increasing rice production while reducing methane fluxes from rice paddies. However, ongoing efforts for methane mitigation in rice paddies are mainly based on farming practices and measures that are difficult to implement. Despite proposed strategies to increase rice productivity and reduce methane emissions, no high-starch low-methane-emission rice has been developed. Here we show that the addition of a single transcription factor gene, barley SUSIBA2 (refs 7, 8), conferred a shift of carbon flux to SUSIBA2 rice, favouring the allocation of photosynthates to aboveground biomass over allocation to roots. The altered allocation resulted in an increased biomass and starch content in the seeds and stems, and suppressed methanogenesis, possibly through a reduction in root exudates. Three-year field trials in China demonstrated that the cultivation of SUSIBA2 rice was associated with a significant reduction in methane emissions and a decrease in rhizospheric methanogen levels. SUSIBA2 rice offers a sustainable means of providing increased starch content for food production while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation. Approaches to increase rice productivity and reduce methane emissions as seen in SUSIBA2 rice may be particularly beneficial in a future climate with rising temperatures resulting in increased methane emissions from paddies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, J -- Hu, C -- Yan, X -- Jin, Y -- Chen, Z -- Guan, Q -- Wang, Y -- Zhong, D -- Jansson, C -- Wang, F -- Schnurer, A -- Sun, C -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):602-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14673. Epub 2015 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China [2] Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden [2] Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. ; Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China. ; The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, K8-93 Richland, Washington 99352, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/methods/trends ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Cycle ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Food Supply/methods ; Genotype ; Global Warming/prevention & control ; Greenhouse Effect/*prevention & control ; Hordeum/*genetics ; Methane/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oryza/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Rhizosphere ; Seeds/metabolism ; Starch/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 6
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    Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: Atmospheric monitoring of high northern latitudes (above 40 degrees N) has shown an enhanced seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the 1960s, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The much stronger increase in high latitudes relative to low ones suggests that northern ecosystems are experiencing large changes in vegetation and carbon cycle dynamics. We found that the latitudinal gradient of the increasing CO2 amplitude is mainly driven by positive trends in photosynthetic carbon uptake caused by recent climate change and mediated by changing vegetation cover in northern ecosystems. Our results underscore the importance of climate-vegetation-carbon cycle feedbacks at high latitudes; moreover, they indicate that in recent decades, photosynthetic carbon uptake has reacted much more strongly to warming than have carbon release processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forkel, Matthias -- Carvalhais, Nuno -- Rodenbeck, Christian -- Keeling, Ralph -- Heimann, Martin -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- Zaehle, Sonke -- Reichstein, Markus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):696-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4971. Epub 2016 Jan 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. CENSE, Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-driven and Simulation Science, 07743 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Photosynthesis ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Great Barrier Reef (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-16
    Description: Coral bleaching events threaten the sustainability of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Here we show that bleaching events of the past three decades have been mitigated by induced thermal tolerance of reef-building corals, and this protective mechanism is likely to be lost under near-future climate change scenarios. We show that 75% of past thermal stress events have been characterized by a temperature trajectory that subjects corals to a protective, sub-bleaching stress, before reaching temperatures that cause bleaching. Such conditions confer thermal tolerance, decreasing coral cell mortality and symbiont loss during bleaching by over 50%. We find that near-future increases in local temperature of as little as 0.5 degrees C result in this protective mechanism being lost, which may increase the rate of degradation of the GBR.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ainsworth, Tracy D -- Heron, Scott F -- Ortiz, Juan Carlos -- Mumby, Peter J -- Grech, Alana -- Ogawa, Daisie -- Eakin, C Mark -- Leggat, William -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 15;352(6283):338-42. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. ; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA. Marine Geophysical Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia. ; Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. ; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/cytology/*physiology ; Cell Count ; Cell Death ; *Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Dinoflagellida/cytology/physiology ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Hot Temperature ; Photosynthesis ; Pigments, Biological/*physiology ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Interaction and signalling between a cosmopolitan phytoplankton and associated bacteria (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: Interactions between primary producers and bacteria impact the physiology of both partners, alter the chemistry of their environment, and shape ecosystem diversity. In marine ecosystems, these interactions are difficult to study partly because the major photosynthetic organisms are microscopic, unicellular phytoplankton. Coastal phytoplankton communities are dominated by diatoms, which generate approximately 40% of marine primary production and form the base of many marine food webs. Diatoms co-occur with specific bacterial taxa, but the mechanisms of potential interactions are mostly unknown. Here we tease apart a bacterial consortium associated with a globally distributed diatom and find that a Sulfitobacter species promotes diatom cell division via secretion of the hormone indole-3-acetic acid, synthesized by the bacterium using both diatom-secreted and endogenous tryptophan. Indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan serve as signalling molecules that are part of a complex exchange of nutrients, including diatom-excreted organosulfur molecules and bacterial-excreted ammonia. The potential prevalence of this mode of signalling in the oceans is corroborated by metabolite and metatranscriptome analyses that show widespread indole-3-acetic acid production by Sulfitobacter-related bacteria, particularly in coastal environments. Our study expands on the emerging recognition that marine microbial communities are part of tightly connected networks by providing evidence that these interactions are mediated through production and exchange of infochemicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amin, S A -- Hmelo, L R -- van Tol, H M -- Durham, B P -- Carlson, L T -- Heal, K R -- Morales, R L -- Berthiaume, C T -- Parker, M S -- Djunaedi, B -- Ingalls, A E -- Parsek, M R -- Moran, M A -- Armbrust, E V -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):98-101. doi: 10.1038/nature14488. Epub 2015 May 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Chemistry Faculty, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. ; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. ; Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diatoms/cytology/genetics/*metabolism/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Metabolomics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/cytology/genetics/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Rhodobacteraceae/genetics/*metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Transcriptome ; Tryptophan/metabolism
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  • 9
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    In situ imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the global ocean (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: Planktonic organisms play crucial roles in oceanic food webs and global biogeochemical cycles. Most of our knowledge about the ecological impact of large zooplankton stems from research on abundant and robust crustaceans, and in particular copepods. A number of the other organisms that comprise planktonic communities are fragile, and therefore hard to sample and quantify, meaning that their abundances and effects on oceanic ecosystems are poorly understood. Here, using data from a worldwide in situ imaging survey of plankton larger than 600 mum, we show that a substantial part of the biomass of this size fraction consists of giant protists belonging to the Rhizaria, a super-group of mostly fragile unicellular marine organisms that includes the taxa Phaeodaria and Radiolaria (for example, orders Collodaria and Acantharia). Globally, we estimate that rhizarians in the top 200 m of world oceans represent a standing stock of 0.089 Pg carbon, equivalent to 5.2% of the total oceanic biota carbon reservoir. In the vast oligotrophic intertropical open oceans, rhizarian biomass is estimated to be equivalent to that of all other mesozooplankton (plankton in the size range 0.2-20 mm). The photosymbiotic association of many rhizarians with microalgae may be an important factor in explaining their distribution. The previously overlooked importance of these giant protists across the widest ecosystem on the planet changes our understanding of marine planktonic ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biard, Tristan -- Stemmann, Lars -- Picheral, Marc -- Mayot, Nicolas -- Vandromme, Pieter -- Hauss, Helena -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- Guidi, Lionel -- Kiko, Rainer -- Not, Fabrice -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):504-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17652. Epub 2016 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversite en Milieu Marin UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688 Roscoff, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV) UMR7093, Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. ; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; *Biota ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Sequestration ; Earth (Planet) ; Microalgae/metabolism ; *Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Rhizaria/classification/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Symbiosis ; Zooplankton/classification/*isolation & purification/metabolism
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  • 10
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    Plankton networks driving carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-11
    Description: The biological carbon pump is the process by which CO2 is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, exported through sinking particles, and finally sequestered in the deep ocean. While the intensity of the pump correlates with plankton community composition, the underlying ecosystem structure driving the process remains largely uncharacterized. Here we use environmental and metagenomic data gathered during the Tara Oceans expedition to improve our understanding of carbon export in the oligotrophic ocean. We show that specific plankton communities, from the surface and deep chlorophyll maximum, correlate with carbon export at 150 m and highlight unexpected taxa such as Radiolaria and alveolate parasites, as well as Synechococcus and their phages, as lineages most strongly associated with carbon export in the subtropical, nutrient-depleted, oligotrophic ocean. Additionally, we show that the relative abundance of a few bacterial and viral genes can predict a significant fraction of the variability in carbon export in these regions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851848/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851848/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guidi, Lionel -- Chaffron, Samuel -- Bittner, Lucie -- Eveillard, Damien -- Larhlimi, Abdelhalim -- Roux, Simon -- Darzi, Youssef -- Audic, Stephane -- Berline, Leo -- Brum, Jennifer R -- Coelho, Luis Pedro -- Espinoza, Julio Cesar Ignacio -- Malviya, Shruti -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Dimier, Celine -- Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie -- Picheral, Marc -- Poulain, Julie -- Searson, Sarah -- Tara Oceans Consortium Coordinators -- Stemmann, Lars -- Not, Fabrice -- Hingamp, Pascal -- Speich, Sabrina -- Follows, Mick -- Karp-Boss, Lee -- Boss, Emmanuel -- Ogata, Hiroyuki -- Pesant, Stephane -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Wincker, Patrick -- Acinas, Silvia G -- Bork, Peer -- de Vargas, Colomban -- Iudicone, Daniele -- Sullivan, Matthew B -- Raes, Jeroen -- Karsenti, Eric -- Bowler, Chris -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):465-70. doi: 10.1038/nature16942. Epub 2016 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. ; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Evolution Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France. ; Ecole Normale Superieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversite en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France. ; LINA UMR 6241, Universite de Nantes, EMN, CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; CEA - Institut de Genomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. ; Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France. ; Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France. ; Dept of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA. ; Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan. ; PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; CNRS, UMR 8030, CP 5706 Evry, France. ; Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP 5706 Evry, France. ; Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona E0800, Spain. ; Max-Delbruck-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Dinoflagellida/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Expeditions ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Viral ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plankton/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology/parasitology ; Synechococcus/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism/virology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Boreal and temperate trees show strong acclimation of respiration to warming (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: Plant respiration results in an annual flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere that is six times as large as that due to the emissions from fossil fuel burning, so changes in either will impact future climate. As plant respiration responds positively to temperature, a warming world may result in additional respiratory CO2 release, and hence further atmospheric warming. Plant respiration can acclimate to altered temperatures, however, weakening the positive feedback of plant respiration to rising global air temperature, but a lack of evidence on long-term (weeks to years) acclimation to climate warming in field settings currently hinders realistic predictions of respiratory release of CO2 under future climatic conditions. Here we demonstrate strong acclimation of leaf respiration to both experimental warming and seasonal temperature variation for juveniles of ten North American tree species growing for several years in forest conditions. Plants grown and measured at 3.4 degrees C above ambient temperature increased leaf respiration by an average of 5% compared to plants grown and measured at ambient temperature; without acclimation, these increases would have been 23%. Thus, acclimation eliminated 80% of the expected increase in leaf respiration of non-acclimated plants. Acclimation of leaf respiration per degree temperature change was similar for experimental warming and seasonal temperature variation. Moreover, the observed increase in leaf respiration per degree increase in temperature was less than half as large as the average reported for previous studies, which were conducted largely over shorter time scales in laboratory settings. If such dampening effects of leaf thermal acclimation occur generally, the increase in respiration rates of terrestrial plants in response to climate warming may be less than predicted, and thus may not raise atmospheric CO2 concentrations as much as anticipated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reich, Peter B -- Sendall, Kerrie M -- Stefanski, Artur -- Wei, Xiaorong -- Rich, Roy L -- Montgomery, Rebecca A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 31;531(7596):633-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17142. Epub 2016 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55108, USA. ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2753, Australia. ; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. ; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland 20137, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; Darkness ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Global Warming ; North America ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/classification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    In retrospect: A century of phage lessons (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rohwer, Forest -- Segall, Anca M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 3;528(7580):46-8. doi: 10.1038/528046a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Viral Information Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacteriophages/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Cyanobacteria/genetics/metabolism/virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; Oncogenes/genetics ; Photosynthesis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/history ; Synthetic Biology/trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    The effect of salinity on morphological and molecular characters and physiological responses of Nostoc sp. ISC 101 (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Taking into account the high potential of cyanobacteria to tolerate salinity stress, researches have evaluated the morphological and physiological behavior of these microorganisms in recent years. This study is conducted to investigate the impact of different concentrations of NaCl on the morphological and physiological traits of Nostoc sp. ISC 101. Biometrical and morphological observations are carried out by light and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that vegetative cells and heterocysts were wider in control treatment in comparison with samples under different amounts of salinity. Akinete formation began in 3% NaCl and reached to highest level in 5%. The relative degeneration of structure of the cells in 5% salt was demonstrated. According to physiological impresses of salt it was found that growth rate decreased with increasing salinity. Total chlorophyll content stimulated in 1% salinity, but in the higher concentration it decreased vice versa. The rate of APC, PE, PC increased in 1% salinity, although in high level concentration they would be diminished. Photosynthesis rate was also decreased with increasing salinity but it was stimulated slightly in 1% NaCl. All in consequence, despite of acclimation of this strain to marine environment, not much tolerance was seen in the mentioned treatments, and increasing salinity to upper than 1% NaCl had destructive effects, and cyanobacterium maintained its growth rate at slightly saline environments.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biology ; Physiology ; Growth ; Morphology ; Nostoc ; Photosynthesis ; Salinity ; SEM ; 16S rRNA ; Morphological ; Physiological
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.907-917
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    A model suite of green algae within the Scenedesmaceae for investigating contrasting desiccation tolerance and morphology (2018)
    The Company of Biologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Company of Biologists, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Cell Science 131 (2018): jcs212233, doi:10.1242/jcs.212233.
    Description: Microscopic green algae inhabiting desert microbiotic crusts are remarkably diverse phylogenetically, and many desert lineages have independently evolved from aquatic ancestors. Here we worked with five desert and aquatic species within the family Scenedesmaceae to examine mechanisms that underlie desiccation tolerance and release of unicellular versus multicellular progeny. Live cell staining and time-lapse confocal imaging coupled with transmission electron microscopy established that the desert and aquatic species all divide by multiple (rather than binary) fission, although progeny were unicellular in three species and multicellular (joined in a sheet-like coenobium) in two. During division, Golgi complexes were localized near nuclei, and all species exhibited dynamic rotation of the daughter cell mass within the mother cell wall at cytokinesis. Differential desiccation tolerance across the five species, assessed from photosynthetic efficiency during desiccation/rehydration cycles, was accompanied by differential accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected using a dye sensitive to intracellular ROS. Further comparative investigation will aim to understand the genetic, ultrastructural and physiological characteristics supporting unicellular versus multicellular coenobial morphology, and the ability of representatives in the Scenedesmaceae to colonize ecologically diverse, even extreme, habitats.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Division of Integrative Organismal Systems [1355085 to Z.G.C.], an anonymous donor [to Z.G.C.], the Marine Biological Laboratory [to M.B.] and the Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) [48938 to Z.G.C.], a Department of Energy, Office of Science User Facility sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
    Description: 2019-04-10
    Keywords: ROS ; Photosynthesis ; Multiple fission ; Scenedesmus ; Enallax ; Tetradesmus
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    A phytoplankton model for the allocation of gross photosynthetic energy including the trade‐offs of diazotrophy (2018)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 123 (2018): 1796-1816, doi:10.1029/2017JG004263.
    Description: Gross photosynthetic activity by phytoplankton is directed to linear and alternative electron pathways that generate ATP, reductant, and fix carbon. Ultimately less than half is directed to net growth. Here we present a phytoplankton cell allocation model that explicitly represents a number of cell metabolic processes and functional pools with the goal of evaluating ATP and reductant demands as a function of light, nitrate, iron, oxygen, and temperature for diazotrophic versus nondiazotrophic growth. We employ model analogues of Synechoccocus and Crocosphaera watsonii, to explore the trade‐offs of diazotrophy over a range of environmental conditions. Model analogues are identical in construction, except for an iron quota associated with nitrogenase, an additional respiratory demand to remove oxygen in order to protect nitrogenase and an additional ATP demand to split dinitrogen. We find that these changes explain observed differences in growth rate and iron limitation between diazotrophs and nondiazotrophs. Oxygen removal imparted a significantly larger metabolic cost to diazotrophs than ATP demand for fixing nitrogen. Results suggest that diazotrophs devote a much smaller fraction of gross photosynthetic energy to growth than nondiazotrophs. The phytoplankton cell allocation model model provides a predictive framework for how photosynthate allocation varies with environmental conditions in order to balance cellular demands for ATP and reductant across phytoplankton functional groups.
    Description: DOC | NOAA | Climate Program Office (CPO) Grant Number: NA100AR4310093; National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Number: EF‐0424599; Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education (CMORE) Grant Number: NSF EF‐0424599; NOAA Global Carbon Program Grant Number: NA100AR4310093
    Description: 2018-11-01
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Diazotroph ; Photosynthesis ; Resource allocation ; Biogeochemistry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Divergent responses of Atlantic coastal and oceanic Synechococcus to iron limitation (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2015): 9944-9949, doi:10.1073/pnas.1509448112.
    Description: Marine Synechococcus are some of the most diverse and ubiquitous phytoplankton, and iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that limits productivity in many parts of the ocean. To investigate how coastal and oceanic Atlantic Synechococcus strains acclimate to Fe availability, we compared the growth, photophysiology, and quantitative proteomics of two Synechococcus strains from different Fe regimes. Synechococcus strain WH8102, from a region in the southern Sargasso Sea that receives substantial dust deposition, showed impaired growth and photophysiology as Fe declined, yet utilized few acclimation responses. Coastal WH8020, from the dynamic, seasonally variable New England shelf, displayed a multi-tiered, hierarchical cascade of acclimation responses with different Fe thresholds. The multi-tiered response included changes in Fe acquisition, storage, and photosynthetic proteins, substitution of flavodoxin for ferredoxin, and modified photophysiology, all while maintaining remarkably stable growth rates over a range of Fe concentrations. Modulation of two distinct ferric uptake regulator (Fur) proteins that coincided with the multi-tiered proteome response was found, implying the coastal strain has different regulatory threshold responses to low Fe availability. Low nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the open ocean may favor the loss of Fe response genes when Fe availability is consistent over time, whereas these genes are retained in dynamic environments where Fe availability fluctuates and N and P are more abundant.
    Description: This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology to K.R.M.M. (NSF 1103575), National Science Foundation Oceanography grants OCE-1220484, OCE-0928414, OCE-1233261, OCE- 1155566, OCE-1131387, and OCE-0926092, as well as Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grants 3782 and 3934.
    Keywords: Iron adaptation ; Synechococcus ; Photosynthesis ; Quantitative proteomics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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    Chlorophyll fluorescence tracks seasonal variations of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a temperate forest (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Change Biology 23 (2017): 2874-2886, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13590.
    Description: Accurate estimation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) remains a challenge despite its importance in the global carbon cycle. Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) has been recently adopted to understand photosynthesis and its response to the environment, particularly with remote sensing data. However, it remains unclear how ChlF and photosynthesis are linked at different spatial scales across the growing season. We examined seasonal relationships between ChlF and photosynthesis at the leaf, canopy, and ecosystem scales, and explored how leaf-level ChlF was linked with canopy-scale solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in a temperate deciduous forest at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. Our results show that ChlF captured the seasonal variations of photosynthesis with significant linear relationships between ChlF and photosynthesis across the growing season over different spatial scales (R2=0.73, 0.77 and 0.86 at leaf, canopy and satellite scales, respectively; p〈0.0001). We developed a model to estimate GPP from the tower-based measurement of SIF and leaf-level ChlF parameters. The estimation of GPP from this model agreed well with flux tower observations of GPP (R2=0.68; p〈0.0001), demonstrating the potential of SIF for modeling GPP. At the leaf scale, we found that leaf Fq’/Fm’, the fraction of absorbed photons that are used for photochemistry for a light adapted measurement from a pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer, was the best leaf fluorescence parameter to correlate with canopy-SIF yield (SIF/APAR, R2=0.79; p〈0.0001). We also found that canopy-SIF and SIF-derived GPP (GPPSIF) were strongly correlated to leaf-level biochemistry and canopy structure, including chlorophyll content (R2=0.65 for canopy-GPPSIF and chlorophyll content; p〈0.0001), leaf area index (LAI) (R2=0.35 for canopy-GPPSIF and LAI; p〈0.0001), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (R2=0.36 for canopy-GPPSIF and NDVI; p〈0.0001). Our results suggest that ChlF can be a powerful tool to track photosynthetic rates at leaf, canopy, and ecosystem scales.
    Description: This research was supported by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research Grant DE-SC0006951, National Science Foundation Grants DBI-959333 and AGS-1005663, and the University of Chicago and the MBL Lillie Research Innovation Award to J. Tang, National Science Foundation of China Grants (41671421) to Y. Zhang, and China Scholarship Council (CSC) to H. Yang.
    Description: 2017-12-14
    Keywords: Solar induced fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Gross primary production ; Chlorophyll ; Vegetation indices ; Carbon cycle
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    Community production modulates coral reef pH and the sensitivity of ecosystem calcification to ocean acidification (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 745–761, doi:10.1002/2016JC012326.
    Description: Coral reefs are built of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced biogenically by a diversity of calcifying plants, animals, and microbes. As the ocean warms and acidifies, there is mounting concern that declining calcification rates could shift coral reef CaCO3 budgets from net accretion to net dissolution. We quantified net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and production (NEP) on Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea, over a 2 week period that included a transient bleaching event. Peak daytime pH on the wide, shallow reef flat during the nonbleaching period was ∼8.5, significantly elevated above that of the surrounding open ocean (∼8.0–8.1) as a consequence of daytime NEP (up to 112 mmol C m−2 h−1). Diurnal-averaged NEC was 390 ± 90 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1, higher than any other coral reef studied to date despite comparable calcifier cover (25%) and relatively high fleshy algal cover (19%). Coral bleaching linked to elevated temperatures significantly reduced daytime NEP by 29 mmol C m−2 h−1. pH on the reef flat declined by 0.2 units, causing a 40% reduction in NEC in the absence of pH changes in the surrounding open ocean. Our findings highlight the interactive relationship between carbonate chemistry of coral reef ecosystems and ecosystem production and calcification rates, which are in turn impacted by ocean warming. As open-ocean waters bathing coral reefs warm and acidify over the 21st century, the health and composition of reef benthic communities will play a major role in determining on-reef conditions that will in turn dictate the ecosystem response to climate change.
    Description: NSF Grant Number: 1220529
    Description: 2017-07-31
    Keywords: Coral reef ; Ocean acidification ; Calcification ; Photosynthesis ; Coral bleaching
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    Using canopy greenness index to identify leaf ecophysiological traits during the foliar senescence in an oak forest (2018)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecosphere 9 (2018): e02337, doi:10.1002/ecs2.2337.
    Description: Camera‐based observation of forest canopies allows for low‐cost, continuous, high temporal‐spatial resolutions of plant phenology and seasonality of functional traits. In this study, we extracted canopy color index (green chromatic coordinate, Gcc) from the time‐series canopy images provided by a digital camera in a deciduous forest in Massachusetts, USA. We also measured leaf‐level photosynthetic activities and leaf area index (LAI) development in the field during the growing season, and corresponding leaf chlorophyll concentrations in the laboratory. We used the Bayesian change point (BCP) approach to analyze Gcc. Our results showed that (1) the date of starting decline of LAI (DOY 263), defined as the start of senescence, could be mathematically identified from the autumn Gcc pattern by analyzing change points of the Gcc curve, and Gcc is highly correlated with LAI after the first change point when LAI was decreasing (R2 = 0.88, LAI 〈 2.5 m2/m2); (2) the second change point of Gcc (DOY 289) started a more rapid decline of Gcc when chlorophyll concentration and photosynthesis rates were relatively low (13.4 ± 10.0% and 23.7 ± 13.4% of their maximum values, respectively) and continuously reducing; and (3) the third change point of Gcc (DOY 295) marked the end of growing season, defined by the termination of photosynthetic activities, two weeks earlier than the end of Gcc curve decline. Our results suggested that with the change point analysis, camera‐based phenology observation can effectively quantify the dynamic pattern of the start of senescence (with declining LAI) and the end of senescence (when photosynthetic activities terminated) in the deciduous forest.
    Description: Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions in Discipline of Environmental Science and Engineer in Nanjing Forest University; China Scholarship Council Grant Number: 201506190095; Brown University Seed Funds for International Research Projects on the Environment
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Digital camera ; Leaf area index ; Phenology ; Photosynthesis ; Senescence
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    Seasonal patterns of canopy photosynthesis captured by remotely sensed sun-induced fluorescence and vegetation indexes in mid-to-high latitude forests : a cross-platform comparison (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science of The Total Environment 644 (2018): 439-451, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.269.
    Description: Characterized by the noticeable seasonal patterns of photosynthesis, mid-to-high latitude forests are sensitive to climate change and crucial for understanding the global carbon cycle. To monitor the seasonal cycle of the canopy photosynthesis from space, several remote sensing based indexes, such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and leaf area index (LAI), have been implemented within the past decades. Recently, satellite-derived sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) has shown great potentials of providing retrievals that are more related to photosynthesis process. However, the potentials of different canopy measurements have not been thoroughly assessed in the context of recent advances of new satellites and proposals of improved indexes. Here, we present a cross-site intercomparison of one emerging remote sensing based index of phenological index (PI) and two SIF datasets against the conventional indexes of NDVI, EVI and LAI to capture the seasonal cycles of canopy photosynthesis. NDVI, EVI, LAI and PI were calculated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements, while SIF were evaluated from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) observations. Results indicated that GOME-2 SIF was highly correlated with gross primary productivity (GPP) and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) during the growing seasons. Key phenological metrics captured by SIF from GOME-2 and OCO-2 matched closely with photosynthesis phenology as inferred by GPP. However, the applications of OCO-2 SIF for phenological studies may be limited only for a small range of sites (at site-level) due to a limited spatial sampling. Among the MODIS estimations, PI and NDVI provided most reliable predictions of start of growing seasons, while no indexes accurately captured the end of growing seasons.
    Description: This work was supported by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41676176 and 41676182), the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation, Assessment Program (Grant No. 312231103). This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the 440 Central Universities
    Description: 2020-07-11
    Keywords: Phenology ; Remote sensing ; Photosynthesis ; OCO-2 ; SIF ; NDVI ; EVI ; PI ; LAI
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    Artemia population changes on Orumieh Lake (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Estimation of Artemia resources on Uromieh Lake during (years2002-2003) showed huge reduction of Artemia cysts and biomass stocks than the previous years. Reduction of average annual precipitation in west Azerbaijan province during last 6 years than previous years from 32centimeter to 21centimeter has reduced the annual entered waters from the lakes basin rivers into the lake from(3.5-4.0)billion cubic meters to(1.8)billion cubic meters. During this period the entered fresh water in to the lake has been reduced, however the evaporation rate from 5750 square kilometer of Lake Surface has been continued at 3to4billion cubic meters per year. In spite of the fact that there are more than 5 billion tons salts on Uromieh Lake and that about 2 billion cubic meters of lake water is decreased annually due to negative balance between entered water and evaporation rate from Lake Surface, the water salinity on the lake has increased From 220 g/l in 1999 up to high saturated level atthe present. Increasing salinity on lake water up to high saturated level has caused to salt precipitate on lakes bottom and the Ionic exchange between lake water and beds natural precipitates that necessary to provide needed ions to photosynthesis was interrupted, so that the quality and quantity of primary productions on the lake has decreased and the lake has change to oligotrophic condition and in some seasons the turbidity of the lake has increased up to 5 meters. Above mentioned integrated factors have reduced Artemia stocks on lake during a few last years and this has resulted in stopping the cysts and biomass harvesting.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Artemia ; Population ; Biomass ; Cyst ; Salinity ; Photosynthesis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 59pp.
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  • 22
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    Проблема интегральной оценки токсического влияния на фотосинтетические организмы в водных экосистемах (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The article presents a methodical approach to the integral assessment of the toxic effect of various toxicants on photosensitive organisms. The toxic compounds, affecting aquatic organisms in general and the process of photosynthesis of proteins in particular, are characterized. Calculation of the new index WESI is based on the idea of residual concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in case of suppression of the photosynthetic process by toxic elements, namely, the activity of chlorophyll. Calculation of the index WESI is carried out using a simple formula based on the results of classification to the rank of concentrations of nitrate nitrogen or phosphates and saprobity indices S. A model for conducting an ecological classification from the ecosystem perspective for the purpose of calculating the index WESI is shown. Classification tables are presented for 9 ranks graded from the ecological point of view. A description of the ecosystem status index WESI that has been developed, a detailed procedure for its calculation, and examples of its application to various water bodies of Eurasia are given. The way of application of the index WESI in monitoring and environmental mapping is shown, as well as the criteria for its change for the decision-making system when assessing the state of a water body and for preserving the diversity of aquatic organisms under conditions of toxic effects on primary producers.
    Description: В статье представлен методический подход к интегральной оценке токсического влияния разнообразных токсикантов на фотосинтезирующие организмы. Охарактеризованы токсические соединения, воздействующие на водные организмы в целом и на процесс фотосинтеза белков в частности. В основе расчета нового индекса WESI лежит представление об остаточных концентрациях питательных элементов азота и фосфора в случае подавления токсическими элементами фотосинтетического процесса, а именно активности хлорофилла. Расчет индекса WESI проводится с использованием простой формулы по результатам классифицирования до ранга концентраций нитратного азота или фосфатов и индексов сапробности S. Показана модель проведения экологической классификации по экосистемным представлениям в целях расчета индекса WESI. Даны классификационные таблицы с экологической точки зрения по 9 рангам. Представлено описание разработанного Индекса состояния экосистемы WESI, подробная методика расчета и указаны примеры применения индекса на различных водных объектах Евразии. Показан путь применения индекса WESI в мониторинге и экологическом картографировании, а также критерии его изменения для системы принятия решений при оценке состояния водного объекта и для сохранения разнообразия организмов в условиях токсического воздействия на первичных продуцентов.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Toxicology ; Aquatic organisms ; Mapping ; Ecosystem management ; Photosynthesis ; Primary producers ; Nitrates ; Phosphates ; Chlorophyll
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.39-43
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  • 23
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    Spatio-temporal features of the nutrients dynamics in the northeastern Black Sea (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Spatio-temporal dynamics of nutrients in the deep and coastal waters of the Black Sea for the longterm period of 1996–2018 was investigated. The research was carried out in the spring (March–April–May) and summer-autumn (August–September) periods of the year. Samples were collected at a standard depth down to 200 m. It has been shown that in the deep-water area of the Black Sea, seasonal dynamics of nutrients and their distribution extremes are closely related to biological and hydrological processes in the water column. During upwelling phenomena, supplementing of the active layer with mineral nitrogen and phosphorus is observed. Accumulation of organic forms of nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds during a photosynthetic process is accompanied by depletion of their mineral constituent. The dynamics of biogenic compounds in the coastal part of the sea are much less susceptible to seasonal variation. The main feature of the vertical distribution of biogenic substances in coastal waters is their highest concentration in the surface layer. Among the dynamic factors in the coastal zone, upwelling is of great importance. Detailed analysis of multi-year data from two periods (1960–1970 and 1996–2018) showed the identity of the vertical distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the deep sea with an increase in the portion of the organic component in the active layer in the modern period in comparison with 1960–1970.
    Description: В работе проведено исследование пространственно-временной динамики биогенных веществ в глубоководной и прибрежной акваториях Черного моря за многолетний период 1996–2018 гг. Исследования осуществлялись в весенний (март–апрель–май) и летне-осенний (август–сентябрь) сезоны года. Отбор проб проводили по стандартным горизонтам до глубины 200 м. Показано, что на глубоководной акватории Черного моря сезонная динамика и экстремумы распределения биогенных веществ тесно связаны с биологическими и гидрологическими процессами в водной толще. При подъеме глубинных вод отмечено пополнение деятельного слоя минеральными азотом и фосфором. Накопление органических форм азот- и фосфорсодержащих соединений при фотосинтезе сопровождается истощением их минеральной составляющей. Динамика биогенных соединений в прибрежной части моря в гораздо меньшей степени подвержена сезонной изменчивости. Главной особенностью вертикального распределения биогенных веществ в прибрежной зоне является их максимум в поверхностном слое. Среди гидродинамических факторов в прибрежной зоне большое значение имеет апвеллинг. Анализ многолетних данных двух периодов 1960–1970 и 1996–2018 гг. показал идентичность вертикального распределения концентраций азота и фосфора в глубоководной части моря с увеличением доли органической составляющей в деятельном слое в современный период в сравнении с 1960–1970 гг.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biogenic matter ; Coastal waters ; Deep-sea waters ; Organic matter ; Seasonal variations ; Phosphorus ; Coastal upwelling ; Nitrogen compounds ; Photosynthesis ; Long-term records
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.7-19
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  • 24
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    NADPH-dependent extracellular superoxide production is vital to photophysiology in the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Diaz, J. M., Plummer, S., Hansel, C. M., Andeer, P. F., Saito, M. A., & McIlvin, M. R. NADPH-dependent extracellular superoxide production is vital to photophysiology in the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (33), (2019): 16448-16453, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1821233116.
    Description: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide drive rapid transformations of carbon and metals in aquatic systems and play dynamic roles in biological health, signaling, and defense across a diversity of cell types. In phytoplankton, however, the ecophysiological role(s) of extracellular superoxide production has remained elusive. Here, the mechanism and function of extracellular superoxide production by the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica are described. Extracellular superoxide production in T. oceanica exudates was coupled to the oxidation of NADPH. A putative NADPH-oxidizing flavoenzyme with predicted transmembrane domains and high sequence similarity to glutathione reductase (GR) was implicated in this process. GR was also linked to extracellular superoxide production by whole cells via quenching by the flavoenzyme inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and oxidized glutathione, the preferred electron acceptor of GR. Extracellular superoxide production followed a typical photosynthesis-irradiance curve and increased by 30% above the saturation irradiance of photosynthesis, while DPI significantly impaired the efficiency of photosystem II under a wide range of light levels. Together, these results suggest that extracellular superoxide production is a byproduct of a transplasma membrane electron transport system that serves to balance the cellular redox state through the recycling of photosynthetic NADPH. This photoprotective function may be widespread, consistent with the presence of putative homologs to T. oceanica GR in other representative marine phytoplankton and ocean metagenomes. Given predicted climate-driven shifts in global surface ocean light regimes and phytoplankton community-level photoacclimation, these results provide implications for future ocean redox balance, ecological functioning, and coupled biogeochemical transformations of carbon and metals.
    Description: This work was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Ford Foundation (to J.M.D.), the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grants OCE 1225801 (to J.M.D.) and OCE 1246174 (to C.M.H.), a Junior Faculty Seed Grant from the University of Georgia Research Foundation (to J.M.D.), and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (to S.P.). The FIRe was purchased through a NSF equipment improvement grant (1624593).The authors thank Melissa Soule for assistance with LC/MS/MS analysis of peptide samples.
    Keywords: Reactive oxygen species ; Photosynthesis ; Oxidative stress ; Biogeochemistry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 25
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    Submesoscale hotspots of productivity and respiration : insights from high-resolution oxygen and fluorescence sections (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 130 (2017): 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2017.10.005.
    Description: Modeling studies have shown that mesoscale and submesoscale processes can stimulate phytoplankton productivity and export production. Here, we present observations from an undulating, towed Video Plankton Recorder (VPR-II) in the tropical Atlantic. The VPR-II collected profiles of oxygen, fluorescence, temperature and salinity in the upper 140 m of the water column at a spatial resolution of 1 m in the vertical and 〈2 km in the horizontal. The data reveal remarkable "hotspots", i.e. locations 5 to 10 km wide which have elevated fluorescence and decreased oxygen, both of which are likely the result of intense submesoscale upwelling. Based on estimates of source water, estimated from identical temperature and salinity surfaces, hotspots are more often areas of net respiration than areas of net production — although the inferred changes in oxygen are subject to uncertainty in the determination of the source of the upwelled waters since the true source water may not have been sampled. We discuss the spatial distribution of these hotspots and present a conceptual model outlining their possible generation and decline. Simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar in the mixed layer from a shipboard mass spectrometer provide estimates of rates of surface net community production. We find that the subsurface biological hotspots are often expressed as an increase in mixed layer rates of net community production. Overall, the large number of these hotspots support the growing evidence that submesoscale processes are important drivers in upper ocean biological production.
    Description: Funding for this work came from the National Science Foundation (R.H.R.S. and D.J.M) (OCE-0925284, OCE-1048897, and OCE- 1029676) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (D.J.M.) (NNX08AL71G and NNX13AE47G).
    Keywords: Net Community Production ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Oxygen ; Fluorescence ; Patchiness ; Hotspots ; O2/Ar
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 26
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    Dark production of extracellular superoxide by the coral Porites astreoides and representative symbionts (2017)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 3 (2016): 232, doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00232.
    Description: The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide has been implicated in both beneficial and detrimental processes in coral biology, ranging from pathogenic disease resistance to coral bleaching. Despite the critical role of ROS in coral health, there is a distinct lack of ROS measurements and thus an incomplete understanding of underpinning ROS sources and production mechanisms within coral systems. Here, we quantified in situ extracellular superoxide concentrations at the surfaces of aquaria-hosted Porites astreoides during a diel cycle. High concentrations of superoxide (~10's of nM) were present at coral surfaces, and these levels did not change significantly as a function of time of day. These results indicate that the coral holobiont produces extracellular superoxide in the dark, independent of photosynthesis. As a short-lived anion at physiological pH, superoxide has a limited ability to cross intact biological membranes. Further, removing surface mucus layers from the P. astreoides colonies did not impact external superoxide concentrations. We therefore attribute external superoxide derived from the coral holobiont under these conditions to the activity of the coral host epithelium, rather than mucus-derived epibionts or internal sources such as endosymbionts (e.g., Symbiodinium). However, endosymbionts likely contribute to internal ROS levels via extracellular superoxide production. Indeed, common coral symbionts, including multiple strains of Symbiodinium (clades A to D) and the bacterium Endozoicomonas montiporae LMG 24815, produced extracellular superoxide in the dark and at low light levels. Further, representative P. astreoides symbionts, Symbiodinium CCMP2456 (clade A) and E. montiporae, produced similar concentrations of superoxide alone and in combination with each other, in the dark and low light, and regardless of time of day. Overall, these results indicate that healthy, non-stressed P. astreoides and representative symbionts produce superoxide externally, which is decoupled from photosynthetic activity and circadian control. Corals may therefore produce extracellular superoxide constitutively, highlighting an unclear yet potentially beneficial role for superoxide in coral physiology and health.
    Description: This work was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Ford Foundation (JD), the National Science Foundation under grants OCE 1225801 (JD) and OCE 1233612 (AA), the Ocean and Climate Change Institute of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (CH), a BIOS Grant in aid award (SM), the Sidney Stern Memorial Trust (CH and AA), as well as an anonymous donor.
    Keywords: Coral ; Superoxide ; Reactive oxygen species ; Photosynthesis ; Symbiodinium ; Stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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