ALBERT

Description: Global climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Large-scale analyses have generally focused on the impacts of climate change on the geographic ranges of species and on phenology, the timing of ecological phenomena. We used long-term monitoring of the abundance of breeding birds across Europe and the United States to produce, for both regions, composite population indices for two groups of species: those for which climate suitability has been either improving or declining since 1980. The ratio of these composite indices, the climate impact indicator (CII), reflects the divergent fates of species favored or disadvantaged by climate change. The trend in CII is positive and similar in the two regions. On both continents, interspecific and spatial variation in population abundance trends are well predicted by climate suitability trends.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, Philip A -- Mason, Lucy R -- Green, Rhys E -- Gregory, Richard D -- Sauer, John R -- Alison, Jamie -- Aunins, Ainars -- Brotons, Lluis -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Campedelli, Tommaso -- Chodkiewicz, Tomasz -- Chylarecki, Przemyslaw -- Crowe, Olivia -- Elts, Jaanus -- Escandell, Virginia -- Foppen, Ruud P B -- Heldbjerg, Henning -- Herrando, Sergi -- Husby, Magne -- Jiguet, Frederic -- Lehikoinen, Aleksi -- Lindstrom, Ake -- Noble, David G -- Paquet, Jean-Yves -- Reif, Jiri -- Sattler, Thomas -- Szep, Tibor -- Teufelbauer, Norbert -- Trautmann, Sven -- van Strien, Arco J -- van Turnhout, Chris A M -- Vorisek, Petr -- Willis, Stephen G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 1;352(6281):84-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4858.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Conservation Ecology Group, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. ; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. ; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. ; United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA. ; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. ; Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia. ; Center for Mediterranean Forest Research, Centre Tecnologic Forestal de Catalunya, InForest JRU, Solsona 25280, Spain. REAF, Cerdanyola del Valles 08193, Catalonia, Spain. CSIC, Cerdanyola del Valles 08193, Catalonia, Spain. ; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK. ; MITO2000 National Committee; c/o Dream Italia, Via Garibaldi 3, 52015, Pratovecchio-Stia, Arezzo, Italy. ; Ogolnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptakow, Odrowaza 24,05-270 Marki, Poland. ; Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland. ; BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20 Block D Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, County Wicklow, Ireland. ; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise Street 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Estonian Ornithological Society, Veski 4, 51005 Tartu, Estonia. ; Sociedad Espanola de Ornitologia/BirdLife Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053 Madrid. Spain. ; European Bird Census Council, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Dansk Ornitologisk Forening-BirdLife Denmark and University of Aarhus, Vesterbrogade 140, 1620 Kobenhavn V, Denmark. ; European Bird Census Council-Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Placa Leonardo da Vinci 4-5, 08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; Section for Science, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway. ; UMR7204 Sorbonne Universites-MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, CESCO, CRBPO, CP 135, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. ; The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 17, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. ; Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden. ; The British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK. ; Natagora, Departement Etudes, Rue Nanon 98, B-5000 Namur, Belgium. ; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43 Olomouc, Czech Republic. ; Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland. ; Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyiregyhaza, Sostoi ut 31/b, 4400 Nyiregyhaza, Hungary. ; BirdLife Austria, Museumsplatz 1/10/8, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. ; Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. (Federation of German Avifaunists), An den Speichern 6, D-48157 Munster, Germany. ; Statistics Netherlands, Post Office Box 24500, 2490 HA The Hague, Netherlands. ; Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Post Office Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands. Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43 Olomouc, Czech Republic. Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme, Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Belidle 252/34, CZ-15000 Prague 5, Czech Republic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27034371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 29;351(6272):448-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6758.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. aem1@st-andrews.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26823412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farrell, Anthony P -- Franklin, Craig E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 8;351(6269):132-3. doi: 10.1126/science.351.6269.132-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. farrellt@mail.ubc.ca. ; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26744399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Atmospheric monitoring of high northern latitudes (above 40 degrees N) has shown an enhanced seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) since the 1960s, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The much stronger increase in high latitudes relative to low ones suggests that northern ecosystems are experiencing large changes in vegetation and carbon cycle dynamics. We found that the latitudinal gradient of the increasing CO2 amplitude is mainly driven by positive trends in photosynthetic carbon uptake caused by recent climate change and mediated by changing vegetation cover in northern ecosystems. Our results underscore the importance of climate-vegetation-carbon cycle feedbacks at high latitudes; moreover, they indicate that in recent decades, photosynthetic carbon uptake has reacted much more strongly to warming than have carbon release processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forkel, Matthias -- Carvalhais, Nuno -- Rodenbeck, Christian -- Keeling, Ralph -- Heimann, Martin -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- Zaehle, Sonke -- Reichstein, Markus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):696-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4971. Epub 2016 Jan 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. CENSE, Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. matthias.forkel@geo.tuwien.ac.at ncarval@bgc-jena.mpg.de. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-driven and Simulation Science, 07743 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Coral bleaching events threaten the sustainability of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Here we show that bleaching events of the past three decades have been mitigated by induced thermal tolerance of reef-building corals, and this protective mechanism is likely to be lost under near-future climate change scenarios. We show that 75% of past thermal stress events have been characterized by a temperature trajectory that subjects corals to a protective, sub-bleaching stress, before reaching temperatures that cause bleaching. Such conditions confer thermal tolerance, decreasing coral cell mortality and symbiont loss during bleaching by over 50%. We find that near-future increases in local temperature of as little as 0.5 degrees C result in this protective mechanism being lost, which may increase the rate of degradation of the GBR.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ainsworth, Tracy D -- Heron, Scott F -- Ortiz, Juan Carlos -- Mumby, Peter J -- Grech, Alana -- Ogawa, Daisie -- Eakin, C Mark -- Leggat, William -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 15;352(6283):338-42. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. ; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA. Marine Geophysical Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia. ; Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Australia. ; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alley, Richard B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 8;352(6282):151-2. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf4837.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. rba6@psu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27124443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Climate change impacts on vertebrates have consequences for marine ecosystem structures and services. We review marine fish, mammal, turtle, and seabird responses to climate change and discuss their potential for adaptation. Direct and indirect responses are demonstrated from every ocean. Because of variation in research foci, observed responses differ among taxonomic groups (redistributions for fish, phenology for seabirds). Mechanisms of change are (i) direct physiological responses and (ii) climate-mediated predator-prey interactions. Regional-scale variation in climate-demographic functions makes range-wide population dynamics challenging to predict. The nexus of metabolism relative to ecosystem productivity and food webs appears key to predicting future effects on marine vertebrates. Integration of climate, oceanographic, ecosystem, and population models that incorporate evolutionary processes is needed to prioritize the climate-related conservation needs for these species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sydeman, William J -- Poloczanska, Elvira -- Reed, Thomas E -- Thompson, Sarah Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):772-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9874.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Bodega Marine Laboratory/University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA. wsydeman@faralloninstitute.org. ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia. Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia. ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Warming of the oceans and consequent loss of dissolved oxygen (O2) will alter marine ecosystems, but a mechanistic framework to predict the impact of multiple stressors on viable habitat is lacking. Here, we integrate physiological, climatic, and biogeographic data to calibrate and then map a key metabolic index-the ratio of O2 supply to resting metabolic O2 demand-across geographic ranges of several marine ectotherms. These species differ in thermal and hypoxic tolerances, but their contemporary distributions are all bounded at the equatorward edge by a minimum metabolic index of ~2 to 5, indicative of a critical energetic requirement for organismal activity. The combined effects of warming and O2 loss this century are projected to reduce the upper ocean's metabolic index by ~20% globally and by ~50% in northern high-latitude regions, forcing poleward and vertical contraction of metabolically viable habitats and species ranges.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deutsch, Curtis -- Ferrel, Aaron -- Seibel, Brad -- Portner, Hans-Otto -- Huey, Raymond B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 5;348(6239):1132-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1605.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. cdeutsch@uw.edu. ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Biological Sciences Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. ; Alfred Wegener Institute, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045435" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate forests beyond thresholds of sustainability. Interactions from increasing temperatures, drought, native insects and pathogens, and uncharacteristically severe wildfire are resulting in forest mortality beyond the levels of 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic stressors, such as atmospheric pollution and invasive species, further weaken trees in some regions. Although continuing climate change will likely drive many areas of temperate forest toward large-scale transformations, management actions can help ease transitions and minimize losses of socially valued ecosystem services.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Millar, Constance I -- Stephenson, Nathan L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9933.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA 94710, USA. cmillar@fs.fed.us. ; U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Self-organized spatial vegetation patterning is widespread and has been described using models of scale-dependent feedback between plants and water on homogeneous substrates. As rainfall decreases, these models yield a characteristic sequence of patterns with increasingly sparse vegetation, followed by sudden collapse to desert. Thus, the final, spot-like pattern may provide early warning for such catastrophic shifts. In many arid ecosystems, however, termite nests impart substrate heterogeneity by altering soil properties, thereby enhancing plant growth. We show that termite-induced heterogeneity interacts with scale-dependent feedbacks to produce vegetation patterns at different spatial grains. Although the coarse-grained patterning resembles that created by scale-dependent feedback alone, it does not indicate imminent desertification. Rather, mound-field landscapes are more robust to aridity, suggesting that termites may help stabilize ecosystems under global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonachela, Juan A -- Pringle, Robert M -- Sheffer, Efrat -- Coverdale, Tyler C -- Guyton, Jennifer A -- Caylor, Kelly K -- Levin, Simon A -- Tarnita, Corina E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 6;347(6222):651-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1261487.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. ; Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. ctarnita@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ecological partnerships, or mutualisms, are globally widespread, sustaining agriculture and biodiversity. Mutualisms evolve through the matching of functional traits between partners, such as tongue length of pollinators and flower tube depth of plants. Long-tongued pollinators specialize on flowers with deep corolla tubes, whereas shorter-tongued pollinators generalize across tube lengths. Losses of functional guilds because of shifts in global climate may disrupt mutualisms and threaten partner species. We found that in two alpine bumble bee species, decreases in tongue length have evolved over 40 years. Co-occurring flowers have not become shallower, nor are small-flowered plants more prolific. We argue that declining floral resources because of warmer summers have favored generalist foraging, leading to a mismatch between shorter-tongued bees and the longer-tubed plants they once pollinated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller-Struttmann, Nicole E -- Geib, Jennifer C -- Franklin, James D -- Kevan, Peter G -- Holdo, Ricardo M -- Ebert-May, Diane -- Lynn, Austin M -- Kettenbach, Jessica A -- Hedrick, Elizabeth -- Galen, Candace -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1541-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0868. Epub 2015 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biological Sciences Department, Natural Sciences Building Rm NS247, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. nmillstrutt@gmail.com. ; Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA. ; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. ; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. ; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. ; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. ; Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lambertucci, Sergio A -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wilson, Rory P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 1;348(6234):502-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6743. Epub 2015 Apr 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Bariloche, 8400, Argentina. slambertucci@comahue-conicet.gob.ar. ; Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, Swansea University, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Vegetation structure is a key determinant of ecosystems and ecosystem function, but paleoecological techniques to quantify it are lacking. We present a method for reconstructing leaf area index (LAI) based on light-dependent morphology of leaf epidermal cells and phytoliths derived from them. Using this proxy, we reconstruct LAI for the Cenozoic (49 million to 11 million years ago) of middle-latitude Patagonia. Our record shows that dense forests opened up by the late Eocene; open forests and shrubland habitats then fluctuated, with a brief middle-Miocene regreening period. Furthermore, endemic herbivorous mammals show accelerated tooth crown height evolution during open, yet relatively grass-free, shrubland habitat intervals. Our Patagonian LAI record provides a high-resolution, sensitive tool with which to dissect terrestrial ecosystem response to changing Southern Ocean conditions during the Cenozoic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dunn, Regan E -- Stromberg, Caroline A E -- Madden, Richard H -- Kohn, Matthew J -- Carlini, Alfredo A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):258-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1260947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. dunnr@u.washington.edu. ; Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA. ; Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larson, Christina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 29;348(6238):954. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6238.954-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larson, Christina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 29;348(6238):953-4. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6238.953.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Escobar, Herton -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):812. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6224.812.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nazareno, Alison G -- Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1427. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6229.1427-a. Epub 2015 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, 05508-900, Brazil. alisongn@pg.ffclrp.usp.br. ; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25814573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Tropical forests house over half of Earth's biodiversity and are an important influence on the climate system. These forests are experiencing escalating human influence, altering their health and the provision of important ecosystem functions and services. Impacts started with hunting and millennia-old megafaunal extinctions (phase I), continuing via low-intensity shifting cultivation (phase II), to today's global integration, dominated by intensive permanent agriculture, industrial logging, and attendant fires and fragmentation (phase III). Such ongoing pressures, together with an intensification of global environmental change, may severely degrade forests in the future (phase IV, global simplification) unless new "development without destruction" pathways are established alongside climate change-resilient landscape designs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lewis, Simon L -- Edwards, David P -- Galbraith, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):827-32. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9932.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. s.l.lewis@leeds.ac.uk. ; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. ; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vitule, Jean Ricardo Simoes -- Azevedo-Santos, Valter M -- Daga, Vanessa Salete -- Lima-Junior, Dilermando Pereira -- de Magalhaes, Andre Lincoln Barroso -- Orsi, Mario Luis -- Pelicice, Fernando Mayer -- Agostinho, Angelo Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1427-8. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6229.1427-b. Epub 2015 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratorio de Ecologia e Conservacao (LEC), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil. biovitule@gmail.com. ; Laboratorio de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho," Campus de Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil. ; Laboratorio de Ecologia e Conservacao (LEC), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil. ; Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Campus Medio Araguaia, Pontal do Araguaia, MT, 78698-000, Brazil. ; Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del Rei, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Tecnologias para o Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, Ouro Branco, MG, 36420-000, Brazil. ; Museu de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil. ; Nucleo de Estudos Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Porto Nacional, TO, 77500-000, Brazil. ; Nucleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUPELIA)/DBI, UEM, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25814574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):1037. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6252.1037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Marine taxa are threatened by anthropogenic impacts, but knowledge of their extinction vulnerabilities is limited. The fossil record provides rich information on past extinctions that can help predict biotic responses. We show that over 23 million years, taxonomic membership and geographic range size consistently explain a large proportion of extinction risk variation in six major taxonomic groups. We assess intrinsic risk-extinction risk predicted by paleontologically calibrated models-for modern genera in these groups. Mapping the geographic distribution of these genera identifies coastal biogeographic provinces where fauna with high intrinsic risk are strongly affected by human activity or climate change. Such regions are disproportionately in the tropics, raising the possibility that these ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to future extinctions. Intrinsic risk provides a prehuman baseline for considering current threats to marine biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finnegan, Seth -- Anderson, Sean C -- Harnik, Paul G -- Simpson, Carl -- Tittensor, Derek P -- Byrnes, Jarrett E -- Finkel, Zoe V -- Lindberg, David R -- Liow, Lee Hsiang -- Lockwood, Rowan -- Lotze, Heike K -- McClain, Craig R -- McGuire, Jenny L -- O'Dea, Aaron -- Pandolfi, John M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 1;348(6234):567-70. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6635.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. sethf@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Department of Earth and Environment, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA. ; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research, Cambridge CB1 2FB, UK. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada. ; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA. ; Environmental Science Program, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1A5, Canada. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. ; Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. ; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada. ; National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. ; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogt, Meike -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1466-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. meike.vogt@env.ethz.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waller, Donald -- Ash, Jeremy -- Paulson, Alison -- Sonnier, Gregory -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):747-8. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6262.747-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. dmwaller@wisc.edu. ; Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Steffen et al. (Research Articles, 13 February 2015, p. 736) recently assessed current global freshwater use, finding it to be well below a corresponding planetary boundary. However, they ignored recent scientific advances implying that the global consumptive use of freshwater may have already crossed the associated planetary boundary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaramillo, Fernando -- Destouni, Georgia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1217. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9629. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. fernando.jaramillo@natgeo.su.se. ; Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The boreal forest, one of the largest biomes on Earth, provides ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from local to global. Currently, about two-thirds of the area covered by this biome is under some form of management, mostly for wood production. Services such as climate regulation are also provided by both the unmanaged and managed boreal forests. Although most of the boreal forests have retained the resilience to cope with current disturbances, projected environmental changes of unprecedented speed and amplitude pose a substantial threat to their health. Management options to reduce these threats are available and could be implemented, but economic incentives and a greater focus on the boreal biome in international fora are needed to support further adaptation and mitigation actions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gauthier, S -- Bernier, P -- Kuuluvainen, T -- Shvidenko, A Z -- Schepaschenko, D G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):819-22. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada. sylvie.gauthier@rncan.gc.ca. ; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada. ; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. ; Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lozier, Jeffrey D -- Cameron, Sydney A -- Duennes, Michelle A -- Strange, James P -- Williams, Paul H -- Goulson, David -- Brown, Mark J F -- Morales, Carolina -- Jepsen, Sarina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 16;350(6258):286-7. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6258.286-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. jlozier@ua.edu. ; Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. ; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK. ; Evolution, Behaviour, and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK. ; School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK. ; Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. ; The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR 97232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Although it has far-reaching consequences for humanity, attention to climate change impacts on the ocean lags behind concern for impacts on the atmosphere and land. Understanding these impacts, as well as society's diverse perspectives and multiscale responses to the changing oceans, requires a correspondingly diverse body of scholarship in the physical, biological, and social sciences and humanities. This can ensure that a plurality of values and viewpoints is reflected in the research that informs climate policy and may enable the concerns of maritime societies and economic sectors to be heard in key adaptation and mitigation discussions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allison, Edward H -- Bassett, Hannah R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):778-82. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8721.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) summer on the sea ice or, where it melts, on shore. Although the physiology of "ice" bears in summer is unknown, "shore" bears purportedly minimize energy losses by entering a hibernation-like state when deprived of food. Such a strategy could partially compensate for the loss of on-ice foraging opportunities caused by climate change. However, here we report gradual, moderate declines in activity and body temperature of both shore and ice bears in summer, resembling energy expenditures typical of fasting, nonhibernating mammals. Also, we found that to avoid unsustainable heat loss while swimming, bears employed unusual heterothermy of the body core. Thus, although well adapted to seasonal ice melt, polar bears appear susceptible to deleterious declines in body condition during the lengthening period of summer food deprivation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whiteman, J P -- Harlow, H J -- Durner, G M -- Anderson-Sprecher, R -- Albeke, S E -- Regehr, E V -- Amstrup, S C -- Ben-David, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 17;349(6245):295-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8623. Epub 2015 Jul 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. ; Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. ; U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA. ; Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. ; Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. ; Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA. ; Polar Bears International, Bozeman, MT 59772, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26185248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Jaramillo and Destouni claim that freshwater consumption is beyond the planetary boundary, based on high estimates of water cycle components, different definitions of water consumption, and extrapolation from a single case study. The difference from our analysis, based on mainstream assessments of global water consumption, highlights the need for clearer definitions of water cycle components and improved models and databases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerten, Dieter -- Rockstrom, Johan -- Heinke, Jens -- Steffen, Will -- Richardson, Katherine -- Cornell, Sarah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1217. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0031. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Domain of Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. gerten@pik-potsdam.de. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Research Domain of Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The impacts of climate extremes on terrestrial ecosystems are poorly understood but important for predicting carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models typically assume that vegetation recovery from extreme drought is immediate and complete, which conflicts with the understanding of basic plant physiology. We examined the recovery of stem growth in trees after severe drought at 1338 forest sites across the globe, comprising 49,339 site-years, and compared the results with simulated recovery in climate-vegetation models. We found pervasive and substantial "legacy effects" of reduced growth and incomplete recovery for 1 to 4 years after severe drought. Legacy effects were most prevalent in dry ecosystems, among Pinaceae, and among species with low hydraulic safety margins. In contrast, limited or no legacy effects after drought were simulated by current climate-vegetation models. Our results highlight hysteresis in ecosystem-level carbon cycling and delayed recovery from climate extremes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderegg, W R L -- Schwalm, C -- Biondi, F -- Camarero, J J -- Koch, G -- Litvak, M -- Ogle, K -- Shaw, J D -- Shevliakova, E -- Williams, A P -- Wolf, A -- Ziaco, E -- Pacala, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 31;349(6247):528-32. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1833.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. ; DendroLab and Graduate Program of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA. ; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Avda. Montanana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain. ; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. ; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA. ; Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, UT 84401, USA. ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26228147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):369. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6246.369.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):367-9. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6246.367.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Appenzeller, Tim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):806-9. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6250.806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solow, Andrew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1444-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2132. Epub 2015 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. asolow@whoi.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries-climate change and biosphere integrity-have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steffen, Will -- Richardson, Katherine -- Rockstrom, Johan -- Cornell, Sarah E -- Fetzer, Ingo -- Bennett, Elena M -- Biggs, Reinette -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- de Vries, Wim -- de Wit, Cynthia A -- Folke, Carl -- Gerten, Dieter -- Heinke, Jens -- Mace, Georgina M -- Persson, Linn M -- Ramanathan, Veerabhadran -- Reyers, Belinda -- Sorlin, Sverker -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):1259855. doi: 10.1126/science.1259855. Epub 2015 Jan 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. will.steffen@anu.edu.au. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Department of Natural Resource Sciences and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Centre for Studies in Complexity, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa. ; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison WI 53706 USA. ; Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. ; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Research Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. ; Research Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. ; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnegatan 87D, SE-10451 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. ; Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The most recent comprehensive assessment carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has concluded that "Human influence on the climate system is clear," a headline statement that was approved by all governments in consensus. This influence will have long-lasting consequences for ecosystems, and the resulting impacts will continue to be felt millennia from now. Although the terrestrial impacts of climate change are readily apparent now and have received widespread public attention, the effects of climate change on the oceans have been relatively invisible. However, the world ocean provides a number of crucial services that are of global significance, all of which come with an increasing price caused by human activities. This needs to be taken into account when considering adaptation to and mitigation of anthropogenic climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stocker, Thomas F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):764-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre of Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. E-mail: stocker@climate.unibe.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Jeremy T -- Pindar, Alana -- Galpern, Paul -- Packer, Laurence -- Potts, Simon G -- Roberts, Stuart M -- Rasmont, Pierre -- Schweiger, Oliver -- Colla, Sheila R -- Richardson, Leif L -- Wagner, David L -- Gall, Lawrence F -- Sikes, Derek S -- Pantoja, Alberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 16;350(6258):287. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6258.287.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada. jkerr@uottawa.ca. ; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada. ; Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N, Canada. ; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. ; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK. ; Department of Zoology, Universite de Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium. ; Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, 06120, Germany. ; Wildlife Preservation Canada, Guelph, ON, N1H 6J2, Canada. ; Gund Institute, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. ; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Entomology Division, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. ; University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. ; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: For many species, geographical ranges are expanding toward the poles in response to climate change, while remaining stable along range edges nearest the equator. Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients. We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species' northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects are independent of changing land uses or pesticide applications and underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Jeremy T -- Pindar, Alana -- Galpern, Paul -- Packer, Laurence -- Potts, Simon G -- Roberts, Stuart M -- Rasmont, Pierre -- Schweiger, Oliver -- Colla, Sheila R -- Richardson, Leif L -- Wagner, David L -- Gall, Lawrence F -- Sikes, Derek S -- Pantoja, Alberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 10;349(6244):177-80. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa7031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N6N5. jkerr@uottawa.ca. ; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N6N5. ; Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Reading, UK. ; Department of Zoology, Universite de Mons, Mons, Belgium. ; Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany. ; Wildlife Preservation Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. ; Gund Institute, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. ; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Entomology Division, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ; University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA. ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subarctic Agricultural Research Unit, Fairbanks, AK, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gramling, Carolyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):821. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6224.821.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gramling, Carolyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):818-21. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6224.818. Epub 2015 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pulla, Priyanka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1024-7. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6264.1024.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1404-5. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6229.1404.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25814562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Climate change is predicted to alter marine phytoplankton communities and affect productivity, biogeochemistry, and the efficacy of the biological pump. We reconstructed high-resolution records of changing plankton community composition in the North Pacific Ocean over the past millennium. Amino acid-specific delta(13)C records preserved in long-lived deep-sea corals revealed three major plankton regimes corresponding to Northern Hemisphere climate periods. Non-dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria dominated during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (950-1250 Common Era) before giving way to a new regime in which eukaryotic microalgae contributed nearly half of all export production during the Little Ice Age (~1400-1850 Common Era). The third regime, unprecedented in the past millennium, began in the industrial era and is characterized by increasing production by dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. This picoplankton community shift may provide a negative feedback to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMahon, Kelton W -- McCarthy, Matthew D -- Sherwood, Owen A -- Larsen, Thomas -- Guilderson, Thomas P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1530-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9942. Epub 2015 Nov 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany. ; Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 3;349(6243):7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8698. Epub 2015 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt Editor-in-Chief Science Journals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kleypas, Joan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 5;348(6239):1086-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aab4122.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA. kleypas@ucar.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The most prominent pattern in global marine biogeography is the biodiversity peak in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Yet the processes that underpin this pattern are still actively debated. By reconstructing global marine paleoenvironments over the past 3 million years on the basis of sediment cores, we assessed the extent to which Quaternary climate fluctuations can explain global variation in current reef fish richness. Comparing global historical coral reef habitat availability with the present-day distribution of 6316 reef fish species, we find that distance from stable coral reef habitats during historical periods of habitat loss explains 62% of the variation in fish richness, outweighing present-day environmental factors. Our results highlight the importance of habitat persistence during periods of climate change for preserving marine biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellissier, Loic -- Leprieur, Fabien -- Parravicini, Valeriano -- Cowman, Peter F -- Kulbicki, Michel -- Litsios, Glenn -- Olsen, Steffen M -- Wisz, Mary S -- Bellwood, David R -- Mouillot, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1016-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1249853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musee 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. CESAB (Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite)-FRB (Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite), Immeuble Henri Poincare, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857 Aix-en-Provence cedex 3, France. ; Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Center for Ocean and Ice, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI Water and Environment, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. david.mouillot@univ-montp2.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Shawn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):872. doi: 10.1126/science.1258584.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. shawn.marshall@ucalgary.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Oceanic transports of heat, salt, fresh water, dissolved CO2, and other tracers regulate global climate change and the distribution of natural marine resources. The time-mean ocean circulation transports fluid as a conveyor belt, but fluid parcels can also be trapped and transported discretely by migrating mesoscale eddies. By combining available satellite altimetry and Argo profiling float data, we showed that the eddy-induced zonal mass transport can reach a total meridionally integrated value of up to 30 to 40 sverdrups (Sv) (1 Sv = 10(6) cubic meters per second), and it occurs mainly in subtropical regions, where the background flows are weak. This transport is comparable in magnitude to that of the large-scale wind- and thermohaline-driven circulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Zhengguang -- Wang, Wei -- Qiu, Bo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 18;345(6194):322-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1252418. Epub 2014 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical Oceanography Lab, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China. ; Physical Oceanography Lab, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China. wei@ouc.edu.cn. ; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The ongoing global glacier retreat is affecting human societies by causing sea-level rise, changing seasonal water availability, and increasing geohazards. Melting glaciers are an icon of anthropogenic climate change. However, glacier response times are typically decades or longer, which implies that the present-day glacier retreat is a mixed response to past and current natural climate variability and current anthropogenic forcing. Here we show that only 25 +/- 35% of the global glacier mass loss during the period from 1851 to 2010 is attributable to anthropogenic causes. Nevertheless, the anthropogenic signal is detectable with high confidence in glacier mass balance observations during 1991 to 2010, and the anthropogenic fraction of global glacier mass loss during that period has increased to 69 +/- 24%.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marzeion, Ben -- Cogley, J Graham -- Richter, Kristin -- Parkes, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):919-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1254702. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Austria. ben.marzeion@uibk.ac.at. ; Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada. ; Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):588. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6171.588.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun's hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun's hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sydeman, W J -- Garcia-Reyes, M -- Schoeman, D S -- Rykaczewski, R R -- Thompson, S A -- Black, B A -- Bograd, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):77-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1251635.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. wsydeman@comcast.net. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. ; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. ; Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 1352 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-2097, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rau, Greg H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):739. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6198.739-c. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ghrau@sbcglobal.net.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nisbet, Euan G -- Dlugokencky, Edward J -- Bousquet, Philippe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):493-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1247828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pine Island Glacier has thinned and accelerated over recent decades, significantly contributing to global sea-level rise. Increased oceanic melting of its ice shelf is thought to have triggered those changes. Observations and numerical modeling reveal large fluctuations in the ocean heat available in the adjacent bay and enhanced sensitivity of ice-shelf melting to water temperatures at intermediate depth, as a seabed ridge blocks the deepest and warmest waters from reaching the thickest ice. Oceanic melting decreased by 50% between January 2010 and 2012, with ocean conditions in 2012 partly attributable to atmospheric forcing associated with a strong La Nina event. Both atmospheric variability and local ice shelf and seabed geometry play fundamental roles in determining the response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dutrieux, Pierre -- De Rydt, Jan -- Jenkins, Adrian -- Holland, Paul R -- Ha, Ho Kyung -- Lee, Sang Hoon -- Steig, Eric J -- Ding, Qinghua -- Abrahamsen, E Povl -- Schroder, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):174-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1244341. Epub 2014 Jan 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Greenland ice core water isotopic composition (delta(18)O) provides detailed evidence for abrupt climate changes but is by itself insufficient for quantitative reconstruction of past temperatures and their spatial patterns. We investigate Greenland temperature evolution during the last deglaciation using independent reconstructions from three ice cores and simulations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. Contrary to the traditional delta(18)O interpretation, the Younger Dryas period was 4.5 degrees +/- 2 degrees C warmer than the Oldest Dryas, due to increased carbon dioxide forcing and summer insolation. The magnitude of abrupt temperature changes is larger in central Greenland (9 degrees to 14 degrees C) than in the northwest (5 degrees to 9 degrees C), fingerprinting a North Atlantic origin. Simulated changes in temperature seasonality closely track changes in the Atlantic overturning strength and support the hypothesis that abrupt climate change is mostly a winter phenomenon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buizert, Christo -- Gkinis, Vasileios -- Severinghaus, Jeffrey P -- He, Feng -- Lecavalier, Benoit S -- Kindler, Philippe -- Leuenberger, Markus -- Carlson, Anders E -- Vinther, Bo -- Masson-Delmotte, Valerie -- White, James W C -- Liu, Zhengyu -- Otto-Bliesner, Bette -- Brook, Edward J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1177-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1254961.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. buizertc@science.oregonstate.edu. ; Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada. ; Division of Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. ; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. ; Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ 8212), Gif-sur-Yvette, France. ; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Favaro, Brett -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1461. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6191.1461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's NL, A1C 5R3, Canada. brett.favaro@mi.mun.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970073" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eakin, C Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):798-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1254136.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD 20740, USA. mark.eakin@noaa.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wible, Brad -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):34. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6192.34-a. Epub 2014 Jul 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):247. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6181.247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gronewold, Andrew D -- Stow, Craig A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1084-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1249978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), Ann Arbor, MI, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sime, Louise Claire -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1116-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1257842.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, CB23 7PP, UK. lsim@bas.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Among all cloud-aerosol interactions, the invigoration effect is the most elusive. Most of the studies that do suggest this effect link it to deep convective clouds with a warm base and cold top. Here, we provide evidence from observations and numerical modeling of a dramatic aerosol effect on warm clouds. We propose that convective-cloud invigoration by aerosols can be viewed as an extension of the concept of aerosol-limited clouds, where cloud development is limited by the availability of cloud-condensation nuclei. A transition from pristine to slightly polluted atmosphere yields estimated negative forcing of ~15 watts per square meter (cooling), suggesting that a substantial part of this anthropogenic forcing over the oceans occurred at the beginning of the industrial era, when the marine atmosphere experienced such transformation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koren, Ilan -- Dagan, Guy -- Altaratz, Orit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1143-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1252595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ilan.koren@weizmann.ac.il. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Alex -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1461-2. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0629.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525234" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):132. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6167.132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24408413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gould, Robert J -- Maibach, Edward -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):254. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6181.254-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉One Degree Strategies, LLC, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):796-7. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Remer, Lorraine A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1089. doi: 10.1126/science.1255398.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 5523 Research Park Drive, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA. remer@umbc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Periodic behavior in the climate system has important implications not only for weather prediction but also for understanding and interpreting the physical processes that drive climate variability. Here we demonstrate that the large-scale Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation exhibits marked periodicity on time scales of approximately 20 to 30 days. The periodicity is tied to the Southern Hemisphere baroclinic annular mode and emerges in hemispheric-scale averages of the eddy fluxes of heat, the eddy kinetic energy, and precipitation. Observational and theoretical analyses suggest that the oscillation results from feedbacks between the extratropical baroclinicity, the wave fluxes of heat, and radiative damping. The oscillation plays a potentially profound role in driving large-scale climate variability throughout much of the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, David W J -- Barnes, Elizabeth A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):641-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1247660.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Atmospheric new-particle formation affects climate and is one of the least understood atmospheric aerosol processes. The complexity and variability of the atmosphere has hindered elucidation of the fundamental mechanism of new-particle formation from gaseous precursors. We show, in experiments performed with the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN, that sulfuric acid and oxidized organic vapors at atmospheric concentrations reproduce particle nucleation rates observed in the lower atmosphere. The experiments reveal a nucleation mechanism involving the formation of clusters containing sulfuric acid and oxidized organic molecules from the very first step. Inclusion of this mechanism in a global aerosol model yields a photochemically and biologically driven seasonal cycle of particle concentrations in the continental boundary layer, in good agreement with observations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riccobono, Francesco -- Schobesberger, Siegfried -- Scott, Catherine E -- Dommen, Josef -- Ortega, Ismael K -- Rondo, Linda -- Almeida, Joao -- Amorim, Antonio -- Bianchi, Federico -- Breitenlechner, Martin -- David, Andre -- Downard, Andrew -- Dunne, Eimear M -- Duplissy, Jonathan -- Ehrhart, Sebastian -- Flagan, Richard C -- Franchin, Alessandro -- Hansel, Armin -- Junninen, Heikki -- Kajos, Maija -- Keskinen, Helmi -- Kupc, Agnieszka -- Kurten, Andreas -- Kvashin, Alexander N -- Laaksonen, Ari -- Lehtipalo, Katrianne -- Makhmutov, Vladimir -- Mathot, Serge -- Nieminen, Tuomo -- Onnela, Antti -- Petaja, Tuukka -- Praplan, Arnaud P -- Santos, Filipe D -- Schallhart, Simon -- Seinfeld, John H -- Sipila, Mikko -- Spracklen, Dominick V -- Stozhkov, Yuri -- Stratmann, Frank -- Tome, Antonio -- Tsagkogeorgas, Georgios -- Vaattovaara, Petri -- Viisanen, Yrjo -- Vrtala, Aron -- Wagner, Paul E -- Weingartner, Ernest -- Wex, Heike -- Wimmer, Daniela -- Carslaw, Kenneth S -- Curtius, Joachim -- Donahue, Neil M -- Kirkby, Jasper -- Kulmala, Markku -- Worsnop, Douglas R -- Baltensperger, Urs -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):717-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1243527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. ; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. ; Laboratory for Systems, Instrumentation, and Modeling in Science and Technology for Space and the Environment (SIM), University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal. ; Ionicon Analytik GmbH and University of Innsbruck, Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, Innsbruck, Austria. ; CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Geneva, Switzerland. ; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. ; Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ; Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia. ; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany. ; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. ; Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Geneva, Switzerland. ; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Aerodyne Research Incorporated, Billerica, MA 01821, USA. ; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. urs.baltensperger@psi.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Held, Isaac -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 14;343(6176):1206-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1248447.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NOAA-Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24626917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Titley, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):361. doi: 10.1126/science.1258594.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉David Titley is a retired Rear Admiral of the United States Navy and is director of the Center for Solutions to Weather and Climate Risk at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dwt12@psu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Richard G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):142-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1248646.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24408422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 339 provide constraints on Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) circulation patterns from the Pliocene epoch to the present day. After the Strait of Gibraltar opened (5.33 million years ago), a limited volume of MOW entered the Atlantic. Depositional hiatuses indicate erosion by bottom currents related to higher volumes of MOW circulating into the North Atlantic, beginning in the late Pliocene. The hiatuses coincide with regional tectonic events and changes in global thermohaline circulation (THC). This suggests that MOW influenced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), THC, and climatic shifts by contributing a component of warm, saline water to northern latitudes while in turn being influenced by plate tectonics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hernandez-Molina, F Javier -- Stow, Dorrik A V -- Alvarez-Zarikian, Carlos A -- Acton, Gary -- Bahr, Andre -- Balestra, Barbara -- Ducassou, Emmanuelle -- Flood, Roger -- Flores, Jose-Abel -- Furota, Satoshi -- Grunert, Patrick -- Hodell, David -- Jimenez-Espejo, Francisco -- Kim, Jin Kyoung -- Krissek, Lawrence -- Kuroda, Junichiro -- Li, Baohua -- Llave, Estefania -- Lofi, Johanna -- Lourens, Lucas -- Miller, Madeline -- Nanayama, Futoshi -- Nishida, Naohisa -- Richter, Carl -- Roque, Cristina -- Pereira, Helder -- Sanchez Goni, Maria Fernanda -- Sierro, Francisco J -- Singh, Arun Deo -- Sloss, Craig -- Takashimizu, Yasuhiro -- Tzanova, Alexandrina -- Voelker, Antje -- Williams, Trevor -- Xuan, Chuang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1244-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1251306.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK. javier.hernandez-molina@rhul.ac.uk. ; Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK. ; International Ocean Discovery Program, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA. ; Department of Geography and Geology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA. ; Institute of Geosciences, University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany. ; Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; EPOC, Universite de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France. ; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Salamanca, 3008 Salamanca, Spain. ; Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. ; Institute for Earth Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria. ; Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. ; Department of Biogeochemistry, JAMSTEC, 237-0061 Yokosuka, Japan. ; Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Korea. ; School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan. ; Department of Micropalaeontology, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China. ; Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana, Rios Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. ; Geosciences Montpellier, Universite Montpellier II, 34090 Montpellier, France, and Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. ; Institute of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan. ; School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA. ; Divisao de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, IPMA, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal. ; Grupo de Biologia e Geologia, Escola Secundaria de Loule, 8100-740 Loule, Portugal. ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPOC, Universite de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France. ; Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. ; School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia. ; Department of Geology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. ; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. ; Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Whether or not climate change has had an impact on the occurrence of tornadoes in the United States has become a question of high public and scientific interest, but changes in how tornadoes are reported have made it difficult to answer it convincingly. We show that, excluding the weakest tornadoes, the mean annual number of tornadoes has remained relatively constant, but their variability of occurrence has increased since the 1970s. This is due to a decrease in the number of days per year with tornadoes combined with an increase in days with many tornadoes, leading to greater variability on annual and monthly time scales and changes in the timing of the start of the tornado season.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brooks, Harold E -- Carbin, Gregory W -- Marsh, Patrick T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):349-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1257460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73072, USA. harold.brooks@noaa.gov. ; NOAA/National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK 73072, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Filippelli, Gabriel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1228-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1255553.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. gfilippe@iupui.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aerts, Jeroen C J H -- Botzen, W J Wouter -- Emanuel, Kerry -- Lin, Ning -- de Moel, Hans -- Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):473-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1248222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Reef corals are highly sensitive to heat, yet populations resistant to climate change have recently been identified. To determine the mechanisms of temperature tolerance, we reciprocally transplanted corals between reef sites experiencing distinct temperature regimes and tested subsequent physiological and gene expression profiles. Local acclimatization and fixed effects, such as adaptation, contributed about equally to heat tolerance and are reflected in patterns of gene expression. In less than 2 years, acclimatization achieves the same heat tolerance that we would expect from strong natural selection over many generations for these long-lived organisms. Our results show both short-term acclimatory and longer-term adaptive acquisition of climate resistance. Adding these adaptive abilities to ecosystem models is likely to slow predictions of demise for coral reef ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palumbi, Stephen R -- Barshis, Daniel J -- Traylor-Knowles, Nikki -- Bay, Rachael A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):895-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1251336. Epub 2014 Apr 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. spalumbi@stanford.edu. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24762535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macilwain, Colin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1221-3. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6189.1221.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The 21st century is projected to witness unprecedented climatic changes, with greater warming often reported for high latitudes. Yet, climate change can be measured in a variety of ways, reflecting distinct dimensions of change with unequal spatial patterns across the world. Polar climates are projected to not only warm, but also to shrink in area. By contrast, today's hot and arid climates are expected to expand worldwide and to reach climate states with no current analog. Although rarely appreciated in combination, these multiple dimensions of change convey complementary information. We review existing climate change metrics and discuss how they relate to threats and opportunities for biodiversity. Interpreting climate change metrics is particularly useful for unknown or poorly described species, which represent most of Earth's biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, Raquel A -- Cabeza, Mar -- Rahbek, Carsten -- Araujo, Miguel B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):1247579. doi: 10.1126/science.1247579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):903. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6212.903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Atmospheric deep convection in the west Pacific plays a key role in the global heat and moisture budgets, yet its response to orbital and abrupt climate change events is poorly resolved. Here, we present four absolutely dated, overlapping stalagmite oxygen isotopic records from northern Borneo that span most of the last glacial cycle. The records suggest that northern Borneo's hydroclimate shifted in phase with precessional forcing but was only weakly affected by glacial-interglacial changes in global climate boundary conditions. Regional convection likely decreased during Heinrich events, but other Northern Hemisphere abrupt climate change events are notably absent. The new records suggest that the deep tropical Pacific hydroclimate variability may have played an important role in shaping the global response to the largest abrupt climate change events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carolin, Stacy A -- Cobb, Kim M -- Adkins, Jess F -- Clark, Brian -- Conroy, Jessica L -- Lejau, Syria -- Malang, Jenny -- Tuen, Andrew A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1564-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233797. Epub 2013 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. stacy.carolin@gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Famiglietti, James S -- Rodell, Matthew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1300-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1236460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UC Center for Hydrologic Modeling, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. jfamigli@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shakhashiri, Bassam Z -- Bell, Jerry A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):9. doi: 10.1126/science.1238241.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yaolin -- Wen, Cheng -- Liu, Xingjian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 22;339(6126):1382-3. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6126.1382-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23520093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parson, Edward A -- Keith, David W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1278-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1232527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emmett Center for Climate Change and Law, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. parson@law.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ash, Caroline -- Culotta, Elizabeth -- Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia -- Malakoff, David -- Smith, Jesse -- Sugden, Andrew -- Vignieri, Sacha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):472-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aspinall, Richard -- Gregory, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):421. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6157.421-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):599. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6146.599.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives large changes in global climate patterns from year to year, yet its sensitivity to continued anthropogenic greenhouse forcing is uncertain. We analyzed fossil coral reconstructions of ENSO spanning the past 7000 years from the Northern Line Islands, located in the center of action for ENSO. The corals document highly variable ENSO activity, with no evidence for a systematic trend in ENSO variance, which is contrary to some models that exhibit a response to insolation forcing over this same period. Twentieth-century ENSO variance is significantly higher than average fossil coral ENSO variance but is not unprecedented. Our results suggest that forced changes in ENSO, whether natural or anthropogenic, may be difficult to detect against a background of large internal variability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cobb, Kim M -- Westphal, Niko -- Sayani, Hussein R -- Watson, Jordan T -- Di Lorenzo, Emanuele -- Cheng, H -- Edwards, R L -- Charles, Christopher D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):67-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1228246.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. kcobb@eas.gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Trends in streamflow timing and volume in the Pacific Northwest United States have been attributed to increased temperatures, because trends in precipitation at lower-elevation stations were negligible. We demonstrate that observed streamflow declines are probably associated with declines in mountain precipitation, revealing previously unexplored differential trends. Lower-troposphere winter (November to March) westerlies are strongly correlated with high-elevation precipitation but weakly correlated with low-elevation precipitation. Decreases in lower-tropospheric winter westerlies across the region from 1950 to 2012 are hypothesized to have reduced orographic precipitation enhancement, yielding differential trends in precipitation across elevations and contributing to the decline in annual streamflow. Climate projections show weakened lower-troposphere zonal flow across the region under enhanced greenhouse forcing, highlighting an additional stressor that is relevant for climate change impacts on hydrology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luce, C H -- Abatzoglou, J T -- Holden, Z A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1360-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1242335. Epub 2013 Nov 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Forest Service Research and Development, 322 East Front Street, Boise, ID 83702, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24292627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoemaker, J K -- Schrag, D P -- Molina, M J -- Ramanathan, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1323-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Obst, Carl -- Edens, Bram -- Hein, Lars -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):420. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6157.420-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Scientists have long predicted large-scale responses of infectious diseases to climate change, giving rise to a polarizing debate, especially concerning human pathogens for which socioeconomic drivers and control measures can limit the detection of climate-mediated changes. Climate change has already increased the occurrence of diseases in some natural and agricultural systems, but in many cases, outcomes depend on the form of climate change and details of the host-pathogen system. In this review, we highlight research progress and gaps that have emerged during the past decade and develop a predictive framework that integrates knowledge from ecophysiology and community ecology with modeling approaches. Future work must continue to anticipate and monitor pathogen biodiversity and disease trends in natural ecosystems and identify opportunities to mitigate the impacts of climate-driven disease emergence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altizer, Sonia -- Ostfeld, Richard S -- Johnson, Pieter T J -- Kutz, Susan -- Harvell, C Drew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):514-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1239401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. saltizer@uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andreae, Meinrat O -- Ramanathan, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):280-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1235731.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55020 Mainz, Germany. m.andreae@mpic.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corden, Pierce S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):548. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6132.548-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉