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  • 1
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    A deep-learning automated image recognition method for measuring pore patterns in closely related bolivinids and calibration for quantitative nitrate paleo-reconstructions (2023)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Eutrophication is accelerating the recent expansion of oxygen-depleted coastal marine environments. Several bolivinid foraminifera are abundant in these oxygen-depleted settings, and take up nitrate through the pores in their shells for denitrification. This makes their pore density a possible nitrate proxy. This study documents three aspects related to the porosity of bolivinids. 1. A new automated image analysis technique to determine the number of pores in bolivinids is tested. 2. The pore patterns of Bolivina spissa from five different ocean settings are analysed. The relationship between porosity, pore density and mean pore size significantly differs between the studied locations. Their porosity is mainly controlled by the size of the pores at the Gulf of Guayaquil (Peru), but by the number of pores at other studied locations. This might be related to the presence of a different cryptic Bolivina species in the Gulf of Guayaquil. 3. The pore densities of closely related bolivinids in core-top samples are calibrated as a bottom-water nitrate proxy. Bolivina spissa and Bolivina subadvena showed the same correlation between pore density and bottom-water nitrate concentrations, while the pore density of Bolivina argentea and Bolivina subadvena accumeata is much higher.
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  • 2
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    A genomic view of the microbiome of coral reef demosponges (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Sponges underpin the productivity of coral reefs, yet few of their microbial symbionts have been functionally characterised. Here we present an analysis of ~1200 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning seven sponge species and 25 microbial phyla. Compared to MAGs derived from reef seawater, sponge-associated MAGs were enriched in glycosyl hydrolases targeting components of sponge tissue, coral mucus and macroalgae, revealing a critical role for sponge symbionts in cycling reef organic matter. Further, visualisation of the distribution of these genes amongst symbiont taxa uncovered functional guilds for reef organic matter degradation. Genes for the utilisation of sialic acids and glycosaminoglycans present in sponge tissue were found in specific microbial lineages that also encoded genes for attachment to sponge-derived fibronectins and cadherins, suggesting these lineages can utilise specific structural elements of sponge tissue. Further, genes encoding CRISPR and restriction-modification systems used in defence against mobile genetic elements were enriched in sponge symbionts, along with eukaryote-like gene motifs thought to be involved in maintaining host association. Finally, we provide evidence that many of these sponge-enriched genes are laterally transferred between microbial taxa, suggesting they confer a selective advantage within the sponge niche and therefore play a critical role in host ecology and evolution.
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  • 3
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    Current status of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODH) and their potential for electrochemical applications (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are rising to alarming concentrations in earth’s atmosphere, causing adverse effects and global climate changes. In the last century, innovative research on CO2 reduction using chemical, photochemical, electrochemical and enzymatic approaches has been addressed. In particular, natural CO2 conversion serves as a model for many processes and extensive studies on microbes and enzymes regarding redox reactions involving CO2 have already been conducted. In this review we focus on the enzymatic conversion of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) as the chemical conversion downstream of CO production render CO particularly attractive as a key intermediate. We briefly discuss the different currently known natural autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways, focusing on the reversible reaction of CO2, two electrons and protons to CO and water, catalyzed by carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs). We then move on to classify the different type of CODHs, involved catalyzed chemical reactions and coupled metabolisms. Finally, we discuss applications of CODH enzymes in photochemical and electrochemical cells to harness CO2 from the environment transforming it into commodity chemicals.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of an External Pose-Tracking System for Underwater Cameras (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: To advance underwater computer vision and robotics from lab environments and clear water scenarios to the deep dark ocean or murky coastal waters, representative benchmarks and realistic datasets with ground truth information are required. In particular, determining the camera pose is essential for many underwater robotic or photogrammetric applications and known ground truth is mandatory to evaluate the performance of, e.g., simultaneous localization and mapping approaches in such extreme environments. This paper presents the conception, calibration, and implementation of an external reference system for determining the underwater camera pose in real time. The approach, based on an HTC Vive tracking system in air, calculates the underwater camera pose by fusing the poses of two controllers tracked above the water surface of a tank. It is shown that the mean deviation of this approach to an optical marker-based reference in air is less than 3 mm and 0.3. Finally, the usability of the system for underwater applications is demonstrated.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
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    Draft genome and description of Waterburya agarophytonicola gen. nov. sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): a seaweed symbiont (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: This work introduces Waterburya agarophytonicola Bonthond and Shalygin gen. nov., sp. nov, a baeocyte producing cyanobacterium that was isolated from the rhodophyte Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Ohmi) Gurgel et al., an invasive seaweed that has spread across the northern hemisphere. The new species genome reveals a diverse repertoire of chemotaxis and adhesion related genes, including genes coding for type IV pili assembly proteins and a high number of genes coding for filamentous hemagglutinin family (FHA) proteins. Among a genetic basis for the synthesis of siderophores, carotenoids and numerous vitamins, W. agarophytonicola is potentially capable of producing cobalamin (vitamin B-12), for which A. vermiculophyllum is an auxotroph. With a taxonomic description of the genus and species and a draft genome, this study provides as a basis for future research, to uncover the nature of this geographically independent association between seaweed and cyanobiont.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Drivers of river reactivation in North Africa during the last glacial cycle (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: North African greening phases, during which large rivers ran through the Sahara Desert, occurred repeatedly during the Quaternary and are regarded as key periods for the development of past human populations. However, the timing and mechanisms responsible for the reactivation of the presently dormant fluvial systems remain highly uncertain. Here we present hydroclimate changes over the past 160,000 years, reconstructed from analyses of the provenance of terrestrial sediments in a marine sediment record from the Gulf of Sirte (offshore Libya). By combining high-resolution proxy data with transient Earth system model simulations, we are able to identify the various drivers that led to the observed shifts in hydroclimate and landscapes. We show that river runoff occurred during warm interglacial phases of Marine Isotope Stages 1 and 5 due to precession-forced enhancements in the summer and autumn rainfall over the entire watershed, which fed presently dry river systems and intermittent coastal streams. In contrast, shorter-lasting and less-intense humid events during glacial Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 4 were related to autumn and winter precipitation over the Libyan coastal regions driven by Mediterranean storms. Our results reveal large shifts in hydroclimate environments during the last glacial cycle, which probably exerted a strong evolutionary and structural control on past human populations, potentially pacing their dispersal across northern Africa.
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  • 7
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    Erratum to: Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with one isolated lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum at $$sqrt{s}=13$$ TeV with the ATLAS detector (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: A correction to this paper has been published: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09344-w
    Print ISSN: 1434-6044
    Electronic ISSN: 1434-6052
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    Future weakening of southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean interannual sea surface temperature variability in a global climate model (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Future changes in the southeastern tropical Atlantic interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are investigated utilizing the global climate model FOCI. In that model, the Coastal Angola Benguela Area (CABA) is among the regions of the tropical Atlantic that exhibits the largest surface warming. Under the worst-case scenario of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5), the SST variability in the CABA decreases by about 19% in 2070–2099 relative to 1981–2010 during the model’s peak interannual variability season May–June–July (MJJ). The weakening of the MJJ interannual temperature variability spans the upper 40 m of the ocean along the Angolan and Namibian coasts. The reduction in variability appears to be related to a diminished surface-layer temperature response to thermocline-depth variations, i.e., a weaker thermocline feedback, which is linked to changes in the mean vertical temperature gradient. Despite improvements made by embedding a high-resolution nest in the ocean a significant SST bias remains, which might have implications for the results.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    Geoengineering: Methods, Associated Risks and International Liability (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Climate change arguably constitutes one of the greatest risks to the long-term health of the world’s environment. In 2015, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted that the Earth’s climate system has consistently been warming since the 1950s and that a “large fraction of anthropogenic climate change resulting from CO2 emissions is irreversible on a multi-century to millennial time scale, except in the case of a large net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere over a sustained period”. Initial responses to climate change revolved around States attempting to reduce, rather than remove, greenhouse gas emissions. However, as the global economy expands, greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and cooperative arrangements aimed at reducing emissions have had limited, if any, impact. If recent predictions are to be believed, the remaining “carbon budget” needed to prevent average global temperatures from increasing by more than 1.5 °C may be exhausted by 2030. Climate Analytics estimates that the current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) made by States under the Paris Agreement indicate that average global temperatures will rise by 2.8 °C by 2100—almost double the stipulated efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels mentioned in Article 2(1)(a) of the Paris Agreement. The recent IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C Global Warming concludes that without “increased and urgent mitigation ambition in the coming years, leading to a sharp decline in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, global warming will [cause] irreversible loss of the most fragile ecosystems and crisis after crisis for the most vulnerable people and societies”.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Post-spawning growth acceleration in fish as a result of reduced live weight and thus, increased food conversion efficiency (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The conventional view of spawning in iteroparous bony fish, i.e., the “reproductive drain hypothesis,” is based on the observation that somatic growth (in length) slows down noticeably at approximately the time fish attain maturity, and hence the assumption is made that investment in gonadal development slows down growth. However, when this is translated as growth in weight, the weight at first maturity (or puberty) is usually smaller than the weight at which growth rate is highest, i.e., weight growth accelerates after first maturity. We solve this conundrum, with some emphasis on female cod (Gadus morhua), by proposing the hypothesis that the substantial loss of body mass experienced by fish as a result of spawning is quickly compensated for by increased somatic growth after the spawning period, notably because of the increase in food conversion efficiency resulting from a sudden loss of body weight, which necessarily leads to a large increase in relative oxygen supply via the gills. This is consistent with the argument developed elsewhere that declining relative oxygen supply by the gills, whose surface area cannot keep up with increasing body weight, is the reason for growth rate declining with weight in adult fish.
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  • 11
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    Quantifying the portfolio of larval responses to salinity and temperature in a coastal-marine invertebrate: a cross population study along the European coast (2022)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 169(6), ISSN: 0025-3162
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-01
    Description: portfolio available for a species to cope with and mitigate effects of climate change. Here, we quantified variation in larval survival and physiological rates of Carcinus maenas among populations occurring in distant or contrasting habitats (Cádiz: Spain, Helgoland: North Sea, Kerteminde: Baltic Sea). During the reproductive season, we reared larvae of these populations, in the laboratory, under a combination of several temperatures (15–24 °C) and salinities (25 and 32.5 PSU). In survival, all three populations showed a mitigating effect of high temperatures at lower salinity, with the strongest pattern for Helgoland. However, Cádiz and Kerteminde differed from Helgoland in that a strong thermal mitigation did not occur for growth and developmental rates. For all populations, oxygen consumption rates were driven only by temperature; hence, these could not explain the growth rate depression found at lower salinity. Larvae from Cádiz, reared in seawater, showed increased survival at the highest temperature, which differs from Helgoland (no clear survival pattern), and especially Kerteminde (decreased survival at high temperature). These responses from the Cádiz population correspond with the larval and parental habitat (i.e., high salinity and temperature) and may reflect local adaptation. Overall, along the European coast, C. maenas larvae showed a diversity of responses, which may enable specific populations to tolerate warming and subsidise more vulnerable populations. In such case, C. maenas would be able to cope with climate change through a spatial portfolio effect.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Rapid bacterioplankton transcription cascades regulate organic matter utilization during phytoplankton bloom progression in a coastal upwelling system (2022)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Coastal upwelling zones are hotspots of oceanic productivity, driven by phytoplankton photosynthesis. Bacteria, in turn, grow on and are the principal remineralizers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced in aquatic ecosystems. However, the molecular processes that key bacterial taxa employ to regulate the turnover of phytoplankton-derived DOM are not well understood. We therefore carried out comparative time-series metatranscriptome analyses of bacterioplankton in the Northwest Iberian upwelling system, using parallel sampling of seawater and mesocosms with in situ-like conditions. The mesocosm experiment uncovered a taxon-specific progression of transcriptional responses from bloom development (characterized by a diverse set of taxa in the orders Cellvibrionales, Rhodobacterales, and Pelagibacterales), over early decay (mainly taxa in the Alteromonadales and Flavobacteriales), to senescence phases (Flavobacteriales and Saprospirales taxa). Pronounced order-specific differences in the transcription of glycoside hydrolases, peptidases, and transporters were found, supporting that functional resource partitioning is dynamically structured by temporal changes in available DOM. In addition, comparative analysis of mesocosm and field samples revealed a high degree of metabolic plasticity in the degradation and uptake of carbohydrates and nitrogen-rich compounds, suggesting these gene systems critically contribute to modulating the stoichiometry of the labile DOM pool. Our findings suggest that cascades of transcriptional responses in gene systems for the utilization of organic matter and nutrients largely shape the fate of organic matter on the time scales typical of upwelling-driven phytoplankton blooms.
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  • 13
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    Reduced methane seepage from Arctic sediments during cold bottom-water conditions (2020)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Large amounts of methane are trapped within gas hydrate in subseabed sediments in the Arctic Ocean, and bottom-water warming may induce the release of methane from the seafloor. Yet the effect of seasonal temperature variations on methane seepage activity remains unknown as surveys in Arctic seas are conducted mainly in summer. Here we compare the activity of cold seeps along the gas hydrate stability limit offshore Svalbard during cold (May 2016) and warm (August 2012) seasons. Hydro-acoustic surveys revealed a substantially decreased seepage activity during cold bottom-water conditions, corresponding to a 43% reduction of total cold seeps and methane release rates compared with warmer conditions. We demonstrate that cold seeps apparently hibernate during cold seasons, when more methane gas becomes trapped in the subseabed sediments. Such a greenhouse gas capacitor increases the potential for methane release during summer months. Seasonal bottom-water temperature variations are common on the Arctic continental shelves. We infer that methane-seep hibernation is a widespread phenomenon that is underappreciated in global methane budgets, leading to overestimates in current calculations.
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  • 14
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    Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with one isolated lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum at $$sqrt{s}=13$$ TeV with the ATLAS detector (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The results of a search for gluino and squark pair production with the pairs decaying via the lightest charginos into a final state consisting of two W bosons, the lightest neutralinos ($$ilde{chi }^0_1$$ χ ~ 1 0 ), and quarks, are presented: the signal is characterised by the presence of a single charged lepton ($$e^{pm }$$ e ± or $$mu ^{pm }$$ μ ± ) from a W boson decay, jets, and missing transverse momentum. The analysis is performed using 139 fb$$^{-1}$$ - 1 of proton–proton collision data taken at a centre-of-mass energy $$sqrt{s}=13$$ s = 13   delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded by the ATLAS experiment. No statistically significant excess of events above the Standard Model expectation is found. Limits are set on the direct production of squarks and gluinos in simplified models. Masses of gluino (squark) up to 2.2  (1.4 ) are excluded at 95% confidence level for a light $$ilde{chi }^0_1$$ χ ~ 1 0 .
    Print ISSN: 1434-6044
    Electronic ISSN: 1434-6052
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 15
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    Sequential host-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria interactions determine the microbiome establishment of Nematostella vectensis (2023)
    Biomed Central | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: The microbiota of multicellular organisms undergoes considerable changes during host ontogeny but the general mechanisms that control community assembly and succession are poorly understood. Here, we use bacterial recolonization experiments in Nematostella vectensis as a model to understand general mechanisms determining bacterial establishment and succession. We compared the dynamic establishment of the microbiome on the germfree host and on inert silicone tubes. Results: Following the dynamic reconstruction of microbial communities on both substrates, we show that the initial colonization events are strongly influenced by the host but not by the silicone tube, while the subsequent bacteria-bacteria interactions are the main driver of bacterial succession. Interestingly, the recolonization pattern on adult hosts resembles the ontogenetic colonization succession. This process occurs independently of the bacterial composition of the inoculum and can be followed at the level of individual bacteria. To identify potential metabolic traits associated with initial colonization success and potential metabolic interactions among bacteria associated with bacterial succession, we reconstructed the metabolic networks of bacterial colonizers based on their genomes. These analyses revealed that bacterial metabolic capabilities reflect the recolonization pattern, and the degradation of chitin might be a selection factor during early recolonization of the animal. Concurrently, transcriptomic analyses revealed that Nematostella possesses two chitin synthase genes, one of which is upregulated during early recolonization. Conclusions: Our results show that early recolonization events are strongly controlled by the host while subsequent colonization depends on metabolic bacteria-bacteria interactions largely independent of host ontogeny.
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  • 16
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    Shifting chemical defence or novel weapons? A review of defence traits in Agarophyton vermiculophyllum and other invasive seaweeds (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded communities are often considered a key determinant of invasion success and failure and we here revise the current evidence that the capacity of seaweed invaders to deter enemies in newly reached environments correlates with their invasion success. Particularly efficient chemical defences have been described for several of the more problematic seaweed invaders during the last decades. However, confirmed cases in which seaweed invaders confronted un-adapted enemies in newly gained environments with deterrents that were absent from these environments prior to the invasion (so-called “novel weapons”) are scarce, although an increasing number of invasive and non-invasive seaweeds are screened for defence compounds. More evidence exists that seaweeds may adapt defence intensities to changing pressure by biological enemies in newly invaded habitats. However, most of this evidence of shifting defence was gathered with only one particular model seaweed, the Asia-endemic red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, which is particularly accessible for direct comparisons of native and non-native populations in common garden experiments. A. vermiculophyllum interacts with consumers, epibionts and bacterial pathogens and in most of these interactions, non-native populations have rather gained than lost defensive capacity relative to native conspecifics. The increases in the few examined cases were due to an increased production of broad-spectrum deterrents and the relative scarcity of specialized deterrents perhaps reflects the circumstance that seaweed consumers and epibionts are overwhelmingly generalists.
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  • 17
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    The role of host promiscuity in the invasion process of a seaweed holobiont (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Invasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar –or more common– microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.
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  • 18
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    Two comparative studies of computer simulations and experiments as learning tools in school and out-of-school education (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Interactive computer simulations and hands-on experiments are important teaching methods in modern science education. Especially for the communication of complex current topics with social relevance (socioscientific issues), suitable methods in science education are of great importance. However, previous studies could not sufficiently clarify the educational advantages and disadvantages of both methods and often lack adequate comparability. This paper presents two studies of direct comparisons of hands-on experiments and interactive computer simulations as learning tools in science education for secondary school students in two different learning locations (Study I: school; Study II: student laboratory). Using a simple experimental research design with type of learning location as between-subjects factor (NStudy I = 443, NStudy II = 367), these studies compare working on computer simulations versus experiments in terms of knowledge achievement, development of situational interest and cognitive load. Independent of the learning location, the results showed higher learning success for students working on computer simulations than while working on experiments, despite higher cognitive load. However, working on experiments promoted situational interest more than computer simulations (especially the epistemic and value-related component). We stated that simulations might be particularly suitable for teaching complex topics. The findings reviewed in this paper moreover imply that working with one method may complement and supplement the weaknesses of the other. We conclude that that the most effective way to communicate complex current research topics might be a combination of both methods. These conclusions derive a contribution to successful modern science education in school and out-of-school learning contexts
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