ALBERT

Description: Proclaimed in 2017 by the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development – the Ocean Decade – is a framework to identify, generate and use critical ocean knowledge that is needed to manage the ocean sustainably, and achieve global aspirations for climate, biodiversity, and human well-being. Through its vision of ‘The science we need for the ocean we want’, the Ocean Decade provides an inclusive, equitable and global framework for diverse actors to co-design and co-deliver transformative ocean science to meet ten Ocean Decade Challenges. Through a collaborative, solutions-oriented approach, the Ocean Decade will contribute essential knowledge to global, regional, and national policy frameworks, including the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals.1 The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) leads the coordination of the Ocean Decade, in collaboration with numerous partners from the United Nations system, governments, philanthropy, industry, civil society and the scientific community. 2021 was the first year of implementation of the Ocean Decade – a watershed moment in ocean science globally – and the achievements since the launch have been significant. Although challenges remain, particularly in relation to investment in ocean science, a robust foundation is now in place for the next nine years of transformative ocean science.

Description: OpenASFA input

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: GenOcean instils a feeling of unity - it's not them and us - we are all in this together. Connecting with the audience, gaining their trust, and allowing them to seamlessly collaborate is essential. But to connect, we have to be on the same wavelength. This campaign identity guide serves as the starting point to create a unified, inspiring and determined campaign that aims to inspire everyday actions to restore and protect the ocean. The following pages contain inspiration, guidelines, and handy tips to communicate our values, realize our vision, and reinforce the GenOcean campaign. Thank you for helping achieve the GenOcean mission to restore and protect the ocean. Welcome to GenOcean.

Description: Government of Japan

Description: From the People of Japan

Description: University of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan

Description: OPENASFA INPUT For bibliographic purposes, this publication should be cited as follows: IOC-UNESCO. GenOcean Campaign Identity. Paris. 2022. 72 pp. (The Ocean Decade Series, 33).

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: Rationale for this report The Ocean Decade and the Ocean Panel have been developed in full recognition of their mutual importance and influence. The ultimate goal of this report is to analyse tangible ways in which the linkages between the Ocean Decade, with its vision of the ‘science we need for the ocean we want’, and the framework identified by the Ocean Panel, with its aims of safeguarding the long-term health and resilience of the ocean, can be optimized. Ocean science encompasses natural and social science disciplines; the technology and infrastructure that supports ocean science; the application of ocean science for societal benefit, including knowledge transfer and applications in regions that are lacking science capacity; and the science-policy and science-innovation interfaces. It considers the land-sea, ocean-atmosphere and ocean-cryosphere interactions. Ocean science recognizes, respects and embraces local and indigenous knowledge. Source: Ocean Decade Implementation Plan. See note 4. This report has been prepared by the Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) in its role of coordinating agency of the implementation of the Ocean Decade. It represents the first attempt to explicitly analyse and document the synergies that exist and which could be developed in the future. It is a first step in a process to develop a lean, reliable guiding framework for ocean action, where existing initiatives mutually reinforce each other, thus augmenting their cumulative impact. The need to urgently build back better from the COVID-19 pandemic is recognized by governments and partners worldwide. More than ever before, the current crisis has highlighted the importance of science and knowledge for decision-making and policy. Analysing the synergies between the Ocean Decade and the Ocean Panel – one built around action-oriented knowledge creation and the other explicitly oriented towards policy – naturally responds to this emerging demand for science that is relevant to society. This report builds on the declaration of the 14 world leaders on the Ocean Panel who commit to leveraging the Ocean Decade and the body of knowledge commissioned by the Ocean Panel to build collective understanding and knowledge of ocean sustainability, ecosystem services and functions, and to ensuring that science underpins decision-making for building a sustainable ocean economy.6 It is intended for a broad spectrum of stakeholders, including governments, policymakers, scientists, industry, funding agencies, NGOs and civil society, to raise awareness about the intersections between the action framework of the Ocean Decade and the recommendations of the Ocean Panel. A sustainable ocean economy brings diverse stakeholders together to achieve common goals – the three Ps of effective protection, sustainable production and equitable prosperity. In the sustainable ocean economy paradigm, groups work together by adopting integrated and balanced management of the ocean in which each of the three Ps contributes to the other. The result is a triple win for nature, people and economy and a world where prosperity is greater and more equitably distributed than it is today. Source: Adapted from Stuchtey et al., 2020. See note 10. It speaks both to governments and partners who have committed to the Ocean Panel’s vision of protection, production and prosperity – as well as aiming to incite and catalyse action and commitments from new governments and partners. It deliberately focuses on palpable recommendations that will allow all concerned actors – including members of the Ocean Panel, Ocean Decade partners and members of the future Ocean Panel Action Coalitions – to streamline efforts and carry out effective, collective actions that will lead to sound ocean management, a sustainable ocean economy, and ultimately to achieve the ocean we want – and need – by 2030. For bibliographic purposes, this publication should be cited as follows: IOC-UNESCO. 2021. Ocean Knowledge for a Sustainable Ocean Economy: Synergies between the Ocean Decade and the Outcomes of the Ocean Panel. Paris, UNESCO. (The Ocean Decade Series, 17).

Description: Portuguese Republic

Description: OPENASFA INPUT

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: In 2016, the first World Ocean Assessment of the United Nations stated that humankind was running out of time to start managing the ocean sustainably. This alarming conclusion poses a question to our civilization: is there a way to reverse the decline in ocean health while continuing to rely on the ocean for our ever-increasing needs, particularly under a changing climate? The proclamation by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2017 of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, 2021–2030 (hereafter, the ‘Ocean Decade’) is based on the informed conviction of UN Member States that indeed, this opportunity still exists, and that, furthermore, ocean science needs to play a central role in this process. Ocean science is broad: it encompasses natural and social science disciplines, local and indigenous knowledge; it includes the science-policy and science-innovation interfaces, as well as technology and infrastructure. At the beginning of the third millennium, ocean science is largely competent for diagnosing problems. However, its ability to offer solutions of direct relevance to sustainable development requires a massive upgrade. This need is particularly urgent against the current backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and accelerating climate change. The pandemic has, once again, highlighted the importance of science and knowledge for decision-making and policy. As the world adjusts to a new normal, the ocean will need to play a central role in post-pandemic recovery efforts. However, for this to occur, there needs to be a nothing short of a revolution in ocean science. The Ocean Decade will create a paradigm shift in the generation of qualitative and quantitative ocean knowledge – including from currently data-poor regions, such as the deep ocean, coastal areas where much of the human interaction with the ocean is concentrated, and the polar regions – to inform the development of solutions that contribute to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Ocean Decade aims to catalyse the human behaviour change required for the successful implementation of these solutions. Guided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Ocean Decade will generate the data, information and knowledge needed for more robust science-informed policies and stronger science-policy interfaces at global, regional, national and even local levels, leading to improved integrated ocean management and development of a sustainable ocean economy. The Ocean Decade will support numerous UN entities to fulfil their ocean-related mandates. In our information-centred, internet-linked society, the Ocean Decade will support ocean data, information and knowledge systems to evolve into a much higher level of readiness, accessibility, and interoperability. The scale of such efforts will need to be exponentially greater than anything seen to date. An equally transformational part of the Ocean Decade is about humanity and our relationship with the ocean. Understanding of the value of the ocean can be nurtured through ocean literacy efforts among diverse stakeholder groups. Holders of indigenous and local knowledge will work as essential partners of the Ocean Decade and will contribute to highlighting the multitude of cultural values of the ocean. Equity, inclusiveness, respect, fairness and scientific integrity are core principles of the Ocean Decade. The Ocean Decade will systematically identify and dismantle barriers to achieving gender, geographic and generational balance so that no one is left behind. Everyone should be able to benefit from ocean science, including Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and Landlocked Developing Countries. Designing and delivering ocean science that focuses on user needs and adopts relevant mechanisms for uptake will be a key metamorphosis to be achieved between 2021 and 2030. Its scale will be unprecedented. Multiple stakeholders are expected to engage and start collaborating outside their traditional communities. Knowledge generators and users will engage in an iterative process of co-design and co-delivery of ocean science. This will create new groupings of actors from natural, social science and humanity disciplines, business and industry, governments, UN entities, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), NGOs and civil society, educators, early career ocean professionals, ocean sports and recreation organizations, arts and cultural communities, and indigenous and local knowledge holders. Partnerships and active communication will be at the heart of the Ocean Decade. This Decade is not the first to take on the challenge of ocean science. In 1971–1980, earlier generations embarked on the International Decade of Ocean Exploration. As part of that Decade, groundbreaking collaborative research projects occurred. Many of which, such as the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, permanently changed the face of ocean exploration. However, one crucial difference remains between the two Decades: in the 1970s, the aim was to generate the ‘science we want’. In today’s world, we no longer have that luxury, and the current Decade is resolutely focused on the ‘science we need’. The Implementation Plan for such a major undertaking as the Ocean Decade cannot be, and is not, prescriptive. Rather, it provides a framework for transformational action that will build on existing achievements and deliver action across geographies, sectors, disciplines and generations. I hope you, as a reader and an Ocean Decade stakeholder, will share the overall strategic vision and approach of the Ocean Decade as described in the Implementation Plan. With your engagement and your support, the impact of the Ocean Decade will be much bigger than the sum of its parts and together we will be able to create the science we need for the ocean we want.

Description: OPENASFA INPUT he document should be cited as follows: UNESCO-IOC (2021). The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) Implementation Plan. UNESCO, Paris (IOC Ocean Decade Series, 20.).

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: On 5 December 2017, the United Nations (UN) declared that a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (‘Ocean Decade’) would be held from 2021 to 2030. The Ocean Decade provides a common framework to ensure that ocean science can underpin the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and complementary global and regional policy frameworks including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Ocean Decade provides a ‘once-in- a-lifetime’ opportunity to create a new foundation across the science-policy interface to strengthen the management of the ocean and coasts for the benefit of humanity and to mitigate the impacts of climate change. The Ocean Decade Implementation Plan outlines ten Decade Challenges, representing the most immediate and pressing needs of the Decade, which will guide stakeholders as they come together to co-design and co-deliver a wide range of Decade Actions that will be implemented the ocean-climate nexus is embodied in Challenge No. 5 and is reflected in a number of the other Challenges over the next ten years. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) has been mandated to coordinate implementation of the Ocean Decade. The Ocean Decade will provide the data, knowledge and capacity to address science and knowledge gaps needed to make informed policy decisions. The United Nations (UN) General Assembly clearly recognizes the societal benefits of a healthy ocean and the need to work across UN entities to achieve this goal. Working in coordination with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Ocean Decade will contribute to addressing these societal challenges for example by providing the sound science needed to reflect ocean considerations in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue1, the UNFCCC reaffirmed that science must be strengthened and central to this process. The complementary structure of the Ocean Decade Action Framework to the goals of COP26 will allow for meaningful contributions in achieving successful outcomes.

Description: MEXT

Description: From the People of Japan

Description: OPENASFA INPUT UNESCO-IOC.2021. The Ocean Decade at COP26 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris, UNESCO. (The Ocean Decade Series, 31) - (IOC/2021/ODS/31)

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: The Implementation Plan of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (the Ocean Decade) calls for ‘transformative science’ and a ‘revolution in how that science is produced, used and disseminated’. The solutions-oriented nature of the Ocean Decade creates the conditions for this revolution because it provides a convening framework to foster the partnerships and develop the scientific knowledge needed to catalyse transformative ocean science solutions for sustainable development, connecting people and our ocean. While there is widespread enthusiasm to engage in this collaborative venture, there is a need to build capacity and common understanding in how to create co-designed solutions that could bring about the desired transformation in ocean management. This discussion note ‘Co-designing the Science We Need for the Ocean We Want: Guidance and Recommendations for Collaborative Approaches to Designing & Implementing Decade Actions’ aims to address this in a holistic manner. It was inspired by discussions held during a series of global and regional webinars in late 2020 that brought together 2,100 individuals from around the world to bring to life the notion of collaborative, co-designed science and identify the key obstacles, challenges and opportunities. The note offers a solid starting point for stakeholders on the: what, why and how they can join efforts to co-design salient, credible and legitimate ocean knowledge solutions which deliver on the Ocean Decade’s vision of ‘the science we need for the ocean we want’.

Description: Government of Sweden

Description: International Science Council

Description: OPENASFA INPUT For bibliographic purposes, this publication should be cited as follows: IOC-UNESCO. 2021. Co-designing the Science We Need for the Ocean We Want: Guidance and Recommendations for Collaborative Approaches to Designing & Implementing Decade Actions. Paris, UNESCO. (The Ocean Decade Series, 29).

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: The DCU provided an overview of the Ocean Decade history, rationale and implementation progress as well as key perspectives and challenges for the future.. The DCU reported continued strong enthusiasm to be part of the Decade – “exciting” “innovative” “transformative”, although it noted a growing desire for collective efforts to set strategic ambitions and not remain entirely ‘bottom-up’ which is a significant (but natural) change in opinion. The DCU also recognized the growing desire to understand how the Ocean Decade will contribute to sustainable ocean management and sustainable ocean economic development. The DCU noted increased engagement, and growing private sector and national engagement but reinforced to the Board that it is important to emphasize the Decade as a regional and global collaborative space so as to avoid a purely national focus resulting in 150 national Ocean Decades. Challenges and opportunities for the Ocean Decade’s immediate future were presented. The challenges identified were growing requests and first signs of impatience vis-a-vis the role of Ocean Decade in resource mobilisation; weak leadership roles of partners from Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS); limited engagement with key funding partners including multilateral development banks (MDBs) and international financing instruments; pressure growing to systematically measure and report on progress of Ocean Decade; and a systematic approach to capacity development and exchange is emerging but needs more attention and targeted support. One question some Board members raised was ‘what legacy does the Ocean Decade want to leave?’ positing that it may be useful to identify if the underlying goal is to increase investment, produce science, place a mark on the SDGs and contribute to the post-2030 process; or all of these. The recommendation being that this will solidify the tangible benefit of being affiliated with the Ocean Decade and give direction to the energy that has been generated. Other members emphasised the importance of engaging women and youth in the Ocean Decade and heightening the impact of regional action in which many stakeholders are already engaged. The Board showed support for and willingness to engage further with private sector enterprises, international financing institutions and instruments, and philanthropy to unlock investment in ocean science. An acknowledgment was made that SIDS and LDC mobilisation will require a strengthening of the “business case” of the Ocean Decade and the availability of dedicated resources.

Description: OPENASFA INPUT

Description: Published

Description: Not Known

Description: Esta publicación constituye un compendio de mapas, documentos cartográficos y textos de apoyo, preparado especialmente para brindar información sobre la historia, el paisaje, la población, las actividades económicas y algunos aspectos de gobernabilidad del territorio del golfo de Urabá. La geografía, desde la cartografía, ofrece la ventaja de representar espacialmente distintos tipos de información, permitiendo el montaje de mapas a variadas escalas para una mejor ilustración de los aspectos tanto físicos como biológicos y antrópicos del golfo de Urabá.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: La finalidad de este documento es describir en forma pormenorizada el diseño, funcionamiento y productos de la REDCAM, suministrando una aproximación General acerca de la naturaleza y pertenencia del sistema, para que los usuarios comprendan su funcionamiento a nivel técnico y operativo.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: El presente libro representa el primer esfuerzo por integrar y sintetizar la información más relevante sobre los pastos y las praderas marinas en el Caribe colombiano, su distribución geográfica, sus características estructurales, su fauna, flora, importancia ecológica, recursos y amenazas. En él se ha pretendido plasmar de forma integral y sintética los resultados de las investigaciones sobre este ecosistema en los últimos años, pero particularmente los derivados del estudio general de línea base titulado “Distribución, estructura y clasificación de las praderas de fanerógamas marinas en el Caribe colombiano”, desarrollado recientemente (2001 – 2002). También se han incorporado en este libro resultados relevantes de trabajos, la mayoría inéditos, realizados por distintos investigadores que tratan aspectos particulares complementarios sobre las praderas de pastos o su comunidad biológica acompañante a escala más local.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: El presente libro pretende dar a conocer y entender las características naturales del bosque de manglar, los impactos derivados de diversas actividades antrópicas, el uso y aprovechamiento de los recursos por parte de las comunidades locales, así como las acciones interinstitucionales realizadas en torno a la rehabilitación de la ecorregión Ciénaga grande de Santa Marta.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: El propósito de este libro es presentar, en forma sintética y analítica, lo resultados de los primeros 7 años del monitoreo ambiental que se ha llevado a cabo en la Bahía de Chengue. Para ello se describen y los patrones de comportamiento anual y observados en cada variable estudiada, y se comparan entre años, entre ecosistemas y con otra mediciones realizadas en el área de Santa Marta, en el Caribe y en otras regiones del mundo.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: Invasive alien species represent one of the main environmental threats to native biodiversity and can also strongly alter the biogeochemical cycles within an ecosystem. This study aims to define the distribution of the invasive alien species Cotula cor-onopifolia L. within the protected wetland "Variconi" (Campania region, southern Italy) and evaluate the potential role of water geochemical features as interpretation tools for pattern distribution. The presence of C. coronopifolia was assessed in the field, and a distribution map was drawn; concomitantly thirty-nine water samples were collected from groundwater and surface water bodies for chemical analyses. The results showed that C. coronopifolia preferentially colonized the sector of the wetland characterized by high halinity, while it is totally absent in retrodunal and sandy coastal area with very high halinity. The cartography presented can be used as a tool to help target future management interventions. Through our multidisciplinary approach, new evidence has been provided on the ecology of this invasive alien plant that occupies several wetlands worldwide. The replicability of this method may be useful to assess the level of invasion of an alien species but also to predict its evolution as a function of environmental parameters.

Description: Published

Description: 1653–1668

Description: JCR Journal

Description: ABSTRACTWe present and discuss the results of a geomorphological and geological study aimed at reconstructing the Plio-Quaternary evolution of the NW Sicily coastal belt , a low strain rate region in the central Mediterranean Sea.We performed morphometric and field analysis of Quaternary marine terraces extracting more than 300 shoreline location points subdivided into six orders. The obtained dataset was validate by investigating the morphological changes along topographic profiles and comparing the extracted locations and elevations with the stratigraphic boundaries in the Plio-Quaternary units.We distinguished two contiguous coastal sectors characterized by different paleo-shoreline elevations and Plio-Quaternary evolution, whose estimated uplift rates fit well with the well-known, regional eastward uplift rate increase along the Northern Sicilian continental margin.Obtained results, summarized in a geomorphological map and a morpho-evolutionary model, provide new valuable data to characterize the active deformation processes and the seismotectonic setting in this critical sector of the Africa-Europe plate boundary.

Description: Published

Description: 2159889

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In this paper we employ a combination of gravity and hydrologic data to constrain a hydraulic model of the Škocjan Caves, an allogenic dominated karstic system in Slovenia. The gravity time-series recorded by a spring-based gravimeter, are carefully analyzed to remove tidal and non-tidal effects and unveil the local hydrologic contribution, which is influenced by the temporary accumulation of water in the cave system during the flood events of the Reka river. We make use of a combined analysis of three large flood events with peak river discharge of about 200, 230 and 300 m3/s, that caused significant water level and gravity variations sensed by the pressure transducer and by the gravimeter. By the integration of hydraulic modelling we study the different coupled gravimetric-hydrologic responses to these flood events: we show that, depending on the peak discharge and duration of the event, different flow conditions are present in the cave system. In addition to the information provided by the pressure transducer, the gravimeter is sensitive to the flow dynamics in a different sector of the cave due to the choice of its location; this configuration helps to better constrain the hydraulic model. Moreover, we find that the autogenic recharge by percolating water can significantly affect the gravity time-series and must be considered in related models. By inclusion of both the hydraulic model outcomes and of the modelling of the autogenic recharge, we are able to better explain the gravity transients during the two smaller magnitude events. In particular, during such events the autogenic contribution produces a transient gravity signal, which is about 4 times larger than the allogenic one, while during the largest flood the allogenic contribution drastically overcomes the autogenic effect by a factor 20. By discussing this case, we prove the potential of terrestrial gravity observation to depict the hydro-dynamics of these complex karstic systems as well as the potential of gravimetry to remotely monitor these storage units.

Description: Published

Description: 130453

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.

Description: We report on about 20 yr of relative gravity measurements, acquired on Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano in order to investigate the hydrological and volcano-tectonic processes controlling the present-day activity of the volcano. The retrieved long-term field of time gravity change (2003–2022) shows a pattern essentially related to the subsidence, which have affected the central part of the volcano, as detected by the permanent GNSS network and InSAR data. After reducing the observations for the effect of vertical deformation, no significant residuals are found, indicating no significant mass accumulation or loss within the volcanic system. In the north-western sector of the study area, at the border of the volcano edifice, however, significant residual positive gravity changes are detected which are associated to ground-water rebound after years of intense exploitation of the aquifers. On the seasonal timescale, we find that stations within the caldera rim are affected by the seasonal hydrological effects, while the gravity stations at the base of the Vesuvius show a less clear correlation. Furthermore, within the caldera rim a multiyear gravity transient is detected with an increase phase lasting about 4 yr followed by a slower decrease phase. Analysis of rain data seem to exclude a hydrological origin, hence, we hypothesize a deeper source related to the geothermal activity, which can be present even if the volcano is in a quiescent state. We infer the depth and volume of the source by inverting the spatial pattern of the gravity field at the peak of the transient. A volume of fluids of 9.5 × 107 m3 with density of 1000 kg m−3 at 2.3 km depth is capable to fit reasonably well the observations. To explain the gravity transient, simple synthetic models are produced, that simulate the ascent of fluids from a deep reservoir up to the depth of 2.3 km and a successive diffusion within the carbonate aquifer hosting the geothermal system. The whole process appears to not significantly affect the seismicity rate and the deformation of the volcano. This study demonstrates the importance of a 4-D gravity monitoring of a volcano to understand its complex gravity signals that cover different spatial and temporal scales. Discriminating the different contributions that mix up in the observed gravity changes, in particular those due to hydrologic/anthropogenic activities form those due to the geothermal dynamics, is fundamental for a complete and reliable evaluation of the volcano state.

Description: Published

Description: 1565–1580

Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Calabrian Orogenic Arc (COA) is affected by active extensional and strike-slip tectonics as documented by the presence of N-S and NE-SW trending intra-montane basins bordered by faults, whose slip has caused many destructive earthquakes during the last millennium. By focusing on the central sector of the COA (Sila Massif) through the analysis of new seismological and geodetic datasets, we observed some relevant differences (e.g., seismic activity and hypocentral depths, faulting style, geodetic strain, vertical rates) between its western and eastern sector. The transition between the two sectors occurs in the area of the Lakes Fault, a NW-SE striking and west-dipping fault indicated as the causative source of the 8 June 1638 M 6.8 earthquake. By modelling the available geodetic data, we inferred a dislocation plane whose geometry and kinematics (a prevalent dip-slip component coupled with minor left-lateral strike-slip) is compatible with the real fault reported in literature. This fault only accounts for a small amount of the deformation across northern COA and divides the seismically more active western sector from its eastern counterpart with appreciable geodetic strain and moderate seismicity. Results are encouraging and a similar approach can help in other regions where surface evidence of active faults are rare or non-existing and field geological investigations are hence difficult.

Description: Published

Description: 384-397

Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This study explores the seismotectonics of Kachchh in western India, a region with a low-to-moderate strain rate and a history of significant earthquakes, notably the 1819, Mw 7.8 Allah Bund, and the 2001, Mw 7.6 Bhuj. Despite its substantial seismic risk, comprehensive studies on Kachchh’s seismogenic sources are scarce. This is attributed to the concealed nature of active structures, hindering definitive age constraints in paleoseismological research. Our research comprises a detailed paleoseismic analysis of the north-verging, reverse Jhura Fault underlying the Jhura anticline, a segment of the Kachchh Mainland Fault. This fault segment shows evidence of surface-rupturing earthquakes in the area south of the Great Rann of Kachchh. The investigation reveals three paleoseismic events: Event I before 9.72 ka B.P., Event II between 8.63–8.20 ka B.P., and Event III between 6.20–6.09 ka B.P. The elapsed time since the last event on this fault is 〉 8000 years, suggesting that the area is exposed to a significant earthquake hazard. This highlights the need for more precise characterization of individual seismogenic sources for future earthquake preparedness.

Description: Published

Description: 11612

Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto

Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Active volcanoes show many mild thermal anomalies, because the ground surface is sensible to changes in the advective processes, occurring through the network of fissures. This data report shows the temperatures, recorded from January 2020 to February 2023, by a remote-controlled monitoring station. The VCS station is located on the summit of La Fossa cone (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands), in a zone of intense diffuse degassing. The temperature data, hourly registered at VCS, are available in the supplementary Excel file. The thermal data are part of the comprehensive network, performed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, for volcanic surveillance. On the Island of Vulcano, the active volcanic system under la Fossa caldera has been affected by multiple exhaling crises, interpreted as unrest of volcanic activity. The temperature time series provided reference data showing the thermal transition of the volcanic ground surface from a background degassing condition, through unrest, to the new thermal condition that followed the unrest period.

Description: OvFu 0304.010 - Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri—Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Description: Published

Description: 40

Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The 28th September 2018 Sulawesi Supershear earthquake (MW 7.5) was one of the deadliest earthquakes in the recent history of Indonesia causing ∼4000 causalities. The earthquake caused a ∼ 177 km long surface rupture along the Palu-Karo fault. Apart from surface rupture, the earthquake caused extensive earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the Palu-Donggala area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, which includes tsunami, coastal landslide, liquefaction, ground cracks and more than 7300 landslides in hilly areas. Initial post-event analysis and reports assigned a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of VII to VIII in Palu City and the surrounding area. Building damage and ground effects caused by the earthquake suggested that seismic intensity was understated. Here we applied the EEEs information from field survey data, published reports, and remote sensing tools to determine macroseismic intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) Scale. The ESI-07 intensity derived from the ground effects suggests the maximum intensity of X-XI, which is 3–4° higher than the traditional intensity estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). ShakeMaps were generated considering the ESI-07 values. The ShakeMap was compared with the instrumentally derived ShakeMap for the Palu earthquake, which proves that the ShakeMap prepared from the instrumental data or structural damage data is underrated. We argue that proper documentation of the EEEs is necessary for such damaging earthquakes for future earthquake hazard mapping and planning in the study area and other earthquakes in Indonesia. In addition, this will help in defining the on-fault and off-fault damage zone towards reducing the seismic risk of the Palu Donggala area.

Description: Published

Description: 107054

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Around 9.7 million years ago there was an abrupt collapse in diversity; the so-called 'Vallesian Crisis'. This was seen as the transition point to a climate with more seasonality and open landscapes.Using a fossil dataset from Miocene Eurasia, the influence of dataset quality on the severity of this crisis, which animals were most affected and their distribution patterns was studied.The crisis’ victims have three things in common: they are mainly forest dwellers, they date back to the Middle Miocene (16-11.1 Ma), and they are rare during the early Vallesian. The high Vallesian biodiversity was caused by the arrival of new immigrants in addition to older transient groups, possibly due to the unique coastal conditions.Major differences existed between the coastal region and the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. Some species appeared in the Vallès-Penedès, but never reached the inland. The 'Vallesian Crisis', while seen understandably as a time of abrupt and severe extinction, was thus largely a local turnover event.

Description: Extreme rainfall generated by storms and atmospheric instability causes innumerable damage to coastal areas and their marine ecosystems. This chapter describes some of the processes that generate critical precipitation events in coastal areas. Among these, the typical synoptic conditions combine with the increase in sea surface temperature and air temperature, coastal geomorphology, and sea breeze. Coastal and regional rainfall events should be studied to understand the meteorological, oceanographic, and geomorphological conditions that cause the extreme events, to later relate them with the consequences on coasts. The effects of the interaction of storms with tides originating storm surges and the effect of sea-level rise are described as well as the main consequences of extreme rainfall events such as beach erosion, decrease in water quality, changes in plankton and fish species that inhabit coastal waters, among others.

Description: The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion-engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land-based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land-based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the “recovery wheel” presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3–5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub-attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land-based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.

Description: August 14 – August 17, 2023, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) CAU pherPraO

Description: Phytoplankton form the base of the marine food web by transforming CO2 into organic carbon via photosynthesis. Despite the importance of phytoplankton for marine ecosystems and global carbon cycling, projections of phytoplankton biomass in response to climate change differ strongly across Earth system models, illustrating uncertainty in our understanding of the underlying processes. Differences are especially large in the Southern Ocean, a region that is notoriously difficult to represent in models. Here, we argue that total (depth-integrated) phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean is projected to largely remain unchanged under climate change by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multi-model ensemble because of a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down processes driven by a shoaling mixed-layer depth. A shallower mixed layer is projected on average to improve growth conditions, consequently weaken bottom-up control, and confine phytoplankton closer to the surface. An increase in the phytoplankton concentration promotes zooplankton grazing efficiency, thus intensifying top-down control. However, large differences across the model ensemble exist, with some models simulating a decrease in surface phytoplankton concentrations. To reduce uncertainties in projections of surface phytoplankton concentrations, we employ an emergent constraint approach using the observed sensitivity of surface chlorophyll concentration, taken as an observable proxy for phytoplankton, to seasonal changes in the mixed-layer depth as an indicator for future changes in surface phytoplankton concentrations. The emergent constraint reduces uncertainties in surface phytoplankton concentration projections by around one-third and increases confidence that surface phytoplankton concentrations will indeed rise due to shoaling mixed layers under global warming, thus favouring intensified top-down control. Overall, our results suggest that while changes in bottom-up conditions stimulate enhanced growth, intensified top-down control opposes an increase in phytoplankton and becomes increasingly important for the phytoplankton response to climate change in the Southern Ocean.

Description: Bericht zum Fachworkshop des Forschungsverbundes GEOSTOR der Forschungsmission CDRmare am 11. Oktober 2023 im Geozentrum Hannover

Description: Abstract

Description: The Geldingadalir 2021 eruption in Iceland started on 19 March and ended on 18 September. It featured nearly 9000 lava fountain episodes of minute to day duration that were all accompanied by seismic tremor. We measured the duration, repose time, tremor amplitude and shape using seismometers from the University of Potsdam. We publish the corresponding catalogs that contain information about these episodes. Periodically, aerial surveys were conducted by the University of Iceland using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS). These surveys lead to digital surface models (DSM), orthomosaics, and 3D models. These products were used to supplement the seismic observations.

Description: Abstract

Description: This dataset accompanying the MOOC on soil applications contains an airborne hyperspectral HySpex image over the study site Demmin in Northern Germany which was recorded in October 2015. The surrounding area of Demmin is characterized by its glacial past and is largely used for agriculture. Here you can find relics of the ice age such as kettle holes - small, completely closed hollow shapes whose formation is attributed to the burial and subsequent thawing of an ice lens. Mostly overgrown nowadays by vegetation, SOC accumulates in these areas and higher contents are measured. The image dataset is fully pre-processed – all non-soil pixels are masked, the spectra were smoothed using a Savitzky-Golay Filter and transformed to first derivatives – and provided in BSQ format. In addition to the HySpex image, this dataset contains a point data shapefile with 27 sampling locations, as well as information on the soil organic carbon (SOC) contents [g/kg]. The dataset is made publicly available as part of the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) "Beyond the Visible - Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil Applications ", available from Spring 2023. Guidance on how to derive quantitative soil maps (SOC content) using the EnMAP-Box (QGIS plugin) are provided as videos at the HYPERedu YouTube channel, the soil MOOC course pages and the regression workflow documentation.

Description: Other

Description: HYPERedu is an education initiative within the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP), a German hyperspectral satellite mission that aims at monitoring and characterizing the Earth’s environment on a global scale. EnMAP serves to measure and model key dynamic processes of the Earth’s ecosystems by extracting geochemical, biochemical and biophysical variables, which provide information on the status and evolution of various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Description: Abstract

Description: The dataset contains a subset of an airborne hyperspectral HyMap image over the Cabo de Gata-Nίjar Natural Park in Spain from 15.06.2005, and soil wet chemistry data based on in-situ soil sampling. The Cabo de Gata-Nίjar Natural Park is a semi-arid mediterranean area in Southern Spain, sparsely populated and with a range of landscape patterns. The soils in this area are developed on volcanic and carbonatic bedrocks and are highly variable in their textural and mineralogical composition, offering interesting spectral variability. The airborne survey was acquired during a DLR / HyVista HyEurope campaign. The image dataset is fully processed for atmospheric and geometric correction with PARGE and ATCOR and is provided as orthorectified reflectance in BSQ format. Spatial resolution is 5 m and spectral coverage is 0.45-2.45 μm with 12-17 nm spectral sampling. In addition to the HyMap imagery, this dataset contains two soil reference datasets as CSV files, namely in-situ data for clay content and iron content. The dataset is made publicly available as part of the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) "Beyond the Visible - Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil Applications ", available from Spring 2024. Guidance on how to derive semiquantitative and quantitative soil maps (clay and iron content) using the EnMAP-Box (QGIS plugin) EnSoMAP tool are provided as videos at the HYPERedu YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/@HYPERedu_GFZ/playlists) and the soil MOOC course pages (https://eo-college.org/courses/beyond-the-visible-imaging-spectroscopy-for-soil-applications/).

Description: Other

Description: HYPERedu is an education initiative within the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP), a German hyperspectral satellite mission that aims at monitoring and characterizing the Earth’s environment on a global scale. EnMAP serves to measure and model key dynamic processes of the Earth’s ecosystems by extracting geochemical, biochemical and biophysical variables, which provide information on the status and evolution of various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Description: Multisensor data fusion has recently become a relevant topic in remote sensing. Versatile hyperspectral sensors and lidar scanners not only separately deal with land cover classifications but promise to improve object and material classification synergistically. Our study presents a combined workflow for land cover and roof material classification based on the fusion of hyperspectral and lidar data. An innovative 3D ResU-Net incorporates continuous high-dimensional data based on 3D convolutional operations. Our results show that feature-level-based multisensor data fusion has high potential, especially in heterogeneous urban, dynamic, and highly complex environments.

Description: Scheelite (CaWO4) is an economically important W mineral in skarns that form when magmatic fluids exsolved from a granitic intrusion react with carbonate wall rocks. In the Fujiashan W skarn deposit, scheelite formed during four stages of the hydrothermal skarn development. We present cathodoluminescence (CL) images and in situ trace element and Sr-O isotope data of scheelite from these four stages, i.e., scheelite in prograde and retrograde skarn, quartz-sulfide veins, and late calcite replacements. Scheelite from prograde skarn and quartz sulfide veins are homogeneous and show oscillatory zoning textures in CL images, whereas scheelite from retrograde skarn and late carbonate stages display dissolution-reprecipitation and patchy textures. The brightness of CL textures decreases with a higher substitution of Mo. Molybdenum-rich scheelite (up to 2.1 wt%) is characterized by relatively high contents of Nb and Ta (up to 156 and 0.9 ppm, respectively), positive Eu anomalies, high-δ18O values (5.2 to 5.9‰), and relatively low-87Sr/86Sr values (0.70661 to 0.70727), and has grown in a system with a continuous supply of magmatic fluid. Molybdenum-poor scheelite (0.2 wt%) has low contents of Nb and Ta, negative Eu anomalies, low-δ18O values (4.2 to 4.3‰), and relatively high-87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70748 to 0.70804). This type of scheelite formed in a system with a restricted flow of magmatic fluid during scheelite precipitation became increasingly depleted in elements that substitute into scheelite. The continued reaction of the magmatic fluid with the wall rocks and the precipitation of minerals from the fluid resulted in a systematic change of the δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Chemical and isotopic variations in scheelite may reflect the pulsed flow of a magmatic fluid and do not require the involvement of different fluids or contrasting redox conditions.

Description: Quantitative analysis of fluvial topography and sediment yield changes are often independently used to detect major river capture events and episodes of drainage reorganization. Here we use a unique set of geological and in situ 10Be cosmogenic data from Corsica, Western Mediterranean, to provide evidence of major river capture events affecting the former Paleo-Ostriconi river catchment during the Pliocene, and to illustrate how the landscape of Corsica is still reacting to the disequilibrium caused by the late Miocene uplift of Alpine Corsica. We found that ∼1280 km2 of basin area originally draining towards the Ligurian Sea were abruptly connected to the Tyrrhenian Sea by the capturing Tavignano and Golo rivers, which led to the formation of a large Pliocene-Quaternary submarine fan offshore the Tyrrhenian coast. The increased sediment yield towards the Tyrrhenian margin after river capture in the Pliocene was three times greater than the average sediment yield in the same source-to-sink system during the Holocene (410±100 t·km−2·a − 1 vs ∼131±8 t·km−2·a − 1) and greater magnitude than any subsequent peaks in sediment yield during late Pleistocene glaciations. 10Be-derived denudation rates reveal that focused erosion still affects retreating knickpoints near the sites of former river capture in central Corsica, suggesting persistence of landscape disequilibrium for several millions of years. Our results demonstrate the potentially large impact of river capture on the stratigraphic record and highlight the importance of full consideration of landscape response times to onshore disturbances for any reliable interpretation of the offshore sedimentary archive.

Description: first_page settings Order Article Reprints Open AccessFeature PaperArticle Assessing the Efficacy of A Mo2C/Peroxydisulfate System for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: A Study of Losartan Degradation, E. coli Inactivation, and Synergistic Effects by Alexandra A. Ioannidi 1, Maria Vlachodimitropoulou 1 [ORCID] , Zacharias Frontistis 2 [ORCID] , Athanasia Petala 3, Eleni Koutra 1, Michael Kornaros 1 [ORCID] and Dionissios Mantzavinos 1,* [ORCID] 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132 Kozani, Greece 3 Department of Environment, Ionian University, GR-29100 Zakynthos, Greece * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Catalysts 2023, 13(9), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13091285 Submission received: 9 August 2023 / Revised: 3 September 2023 / Accepted: 6 September 2023 / Published: 8 September 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Catalysis in Advanced Oxidation Processes, 2nd Edition) Download keyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract This work examines the use of pristine Mo2C as an intriguing sodium persulfate (SPS) activator for the degradation of the drug losartan (LOS). Using 500 mg/L Mo2C and 250 mg/L SPS, 500 μg/L LOS was degraded in less than 45 min. LOS decomposition was enhanced in acidic pH, while the apparent kinetic constant decreased with higher LOS concentrations. According to experiments conducted in the presence of scavengers of reactive species, sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen participated in LOS oxidation, with the latter being the predominant reactive species. The presence of competitors such as bicarbonate and organic matter reduced the observed efficiency in actual matrices, while, interestingly, the addition of chloride accelerated the degradation rate. The catalyst showed remarkable stability, with complete LOS removal being retained after five sequential experiments. The system was examined for simultaneous LOS decomposition and elimination of Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli retarded LOS destruction, resulting in only 30% removal after 3 h, while the system was capable of reducing E. coli concentration by 1.23 log. However, in the presence of simulated solar irradiation, E. coli was reduced by almost 4 log and LOS was completely degraded in 45 min, revealing a significant synergistic effect of the solar/Mo2C/SPS system.

Description: To enhance the EU's economic autonomy, feasible options for local sourcing of critical raw materials that would allow for shorter supply routes along with ethical and responsible value chains are under contemplation. Social acceptance of mining in Europe is, however, low, and the establishment of new mining sites faces strong public opposition. Therefore, innovative solutions for the production of primary raw materials need to be developed. A new idea for raw material extraction is the extraction of essential elements from geothermal fluids. Deep geothermal fluids, increasingly used for energy production, often contain high concen-trations of dissolved ions and gases in commercially interesting concentrations. The EU-funded project CRM-geothermal aims to develop new technologies to extract these highly relevant elements, including helium, during geothermal production cycles. In this way, an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable exploration and exploitation method could be deployed. One aim of the CRM-geothermal project is to gain an overview of the actual quantities of critical raw materials in various geothermal fluids in Europe by taking and analyzing fluid samples. In Turkey for instance, classical high enthalpy (volcanic) systems exist, which are representative for many geothermal areas worldwide. The sites are located at the edges of tectonic plates and close to areas undergoing volcanic activity. The brines are mixed with seawater and circulate in the deeper crust. The data publication contains analyses results of three gas samples from Tuzla, two samples from Seferihisar geothermal power plant and one sample from the Dikili geothermal field in Turkey, taken in 2023 as part of the CRM-geothermal project.

Description: Project “Saptarshi” was initiated by the National Centre for Geodesy, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur to set up the modern space geodetic infrastructure in the country. This project primarily focuses on the establishment of an Indian Geodetic VLBI network. The purpose of this paper is to anticipate the potential impact of the geodetic VLBI network in India to the national and international scientific products. Saptarshi proposes to establish three VLBI stations along with a correlator at one facility. In this work, we investigate how adding proposed Indian VLBI antennas will affect terrestrial and celestial reference frames as well as Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP). Additionally, we shortly demonstrate scenario of VLBI observations of one of the Indian regional navigation satellite system called Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) to determine its orbit. Two VLBI networks were simulated to observe the NAVIC satellite along with quasars to check how well the orbit of this satellite can be recovered from VLBI observations. To investigate the impact on the terrestrial reference frame, three types of 24-h sessions, IVS-R1 (legacy), IVS-VGOS (next generation VLBI), and IVS-AOV (Asia Oceania VLBI), were studied to examine the gain in precision of geodetic parameters when adding the proposed Indian VLBI antennas. IVS-type Intensive sessions were also investigated with the proposed Indian antennas to assess the improvement in the estimation of dUT1 as one important VLBI product. Furthermore, the u-v coverage of some radio sources of the southern hemisphere was compared utilizing observing networks with and without the proposed Indian antennas. Apart from that, we briefly discuss other benefits of the establishment of Indian geodetic VLBI in the scientific fields of atmosphere, metrology, and space missions.

Description: Background Dark pigmented snow and glacier ice algae on glaciers and ice sheets contribute to accelerating melt. The biological controls on these algae, particularly the role of viruses, remain poorly understood. Giant viruses, classified under the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) supergroup (phylum Nucleocytoviricota), are diverse and globally distributed. NCLDVs are known to infect eukaryotic cells in marine and freshwater environments, providing a biological control on the algal population in these ecosystems. However, there is very limited information on the diversity and ecosystem function of NCLDVs in terrestrial icy habitats. Results In this study, we investigate for the first time giant viruses and their host connections on ice and snow habitats, such as cryoconite, dark ice, ice core, red and green snow, and genomic assemblies of five cultivated Chlorophyta snow algae. Giant virus marker genes were present in almost all samples; the highest abundances were recovered from red snow and the snow algae genomic assemblies, followed by green snow and dark ice. The variety of active algae and protists in these GrIS habitats containing NCLDV marker genes suggests that infection can occur on a range of eukaryotic hosts. Metagenomic data from red and green snow contained evidence of giant virus metagenome-assembled genomes from the orders Imitervirales, Asfuvirales, and Algavirales. Conclusion Our study highlights NCLDV family signatures in snow and ice samples from the Greenland ice sheet. Giant virus metagenome-assembled genomes (GVMAGs) were found in red snow samples, and related NCLDV marker genes were identified for the first time in snow algal culture genomic assemblies; implying a relationship between the NCLDVs and snow algae. Metatranscriptomic viral genes also aligned with metagenomic sequences, suggesting that NCLDVs are an active component of the microbial community and are potential “top-down” controls of the eukaryotic algal and protistan members. This study reveals the unprecedented presence of a diverse community of NCLDVs in a variety of glacial habitats dominated by algae.

Description: Solar heating of freshwater lakes covered with ice is an important geophysical problem that has attracted researchers for many years. The main experimental and theoretical results concern solar heat accumulation in water under the ice and convective heat transfer in deep lakes. At the same time, the model of radiative transfer in light-scattering ice is too simplified and insufficient for a correct description of heat transfer, including ice melting. The present work largely compensates for this deficiency. For the first time, it is shown that a thick layer of ice begins to melt at the ice-water interface, mainly due to solar heating of the ice rather than heat flux from warmer water. The results of calculations for mountain lakes like Ngoring Lake in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau are presented. The computational data are in good agreement with the published field observations.

Description: The Woodfjorden area of northern Spitsbergen (NW Svalbard) offers access to the world’s northernmost onshore thermal springs, extinct Pleistocene alkali basaltic volca- noes and Miocene flood basalts including extensive hyaloclastites. In July 2023, we undertook a 14-day international multi-disciplinary geoscientific expedition to Wood- fjorden-Bockfjorden to investigate the Cenozoic geological evolution of the area. The expedition objectives spanned a wide range of scientific topics from sampling of fluids and gas in the thermal springs to constraining the lithosphere by acquiring magne- totelluric data and sampling volcanic rocks. More specifically, we have 1) conducted gas, fluid and travertine sampling at the thermal springs of Gygrekjelda, Jotunkjeldene and Trollkjeldene, 2) mapped and sampled the Quaternary volcanic centers at Sverrefjel- let and Halvdanpiggen, 3) sampled the Miocene basalts of the Seidfjellet Formation along seven profiles plus the underlying Devonian sedimentary rocks, 4) acquired magnetotelluric data at 12 stations along both coasts of Woodfjorden and Bockfjorden and 5) collected extensive digital geological data (digital outcrop models and photo- spheres) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; also known as drones). The collected samples are currently being analyzed for, amongst others, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology. In this contribution, we report on the expedition’s background, scientific objectives and present selected preliminary results such as field parameters from the thermal springs (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity), magnetic susceptibility of volcanic rocks and digital outcrop models plus photospheres.

Description: Severe flood losses have been on the rise, and this trend is expected to become increasingly prevalent in the future due to climate and socio-economic changes. Swiftly identifying flooded areas is crucial for mitigating socio-economic losses and facilitating effective recovery. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors are operational in all-weather, day-and-night conditions and offer a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective means of obtaining information for quick flood mapping. However, the complex nature of SAR images, such as speckle noise, coupled with the often absence of training/labeled samples, presents significant challenges in their processing procedures. To alleviate such hindrances, we can benefit from unsupervised classification approaches (also known as clustering). Clustering methods offer valuable insights into newly acquired datasets without the need for training or labeled samples. However, traditional clustering approaches are predominantly linear-based and overlook the spatial information of neighboring pixels during analysis. Thus, to attenuate these challenges, we propose a deep-learning (DL)-based clustering approach for flood detection (DC4Flood) using SAR images. The primary advantage of DC4Flood over existing DL-based clustering approaches lies in its ability to capture multiscale spatial information. This is achieved using multiple dilated convolutions with varying dilation rates and subsequently fusing the extracted multiscale information to effectively and efficiently analyze SAR images in an unsupervised manner. Extensive experiments conducted on SAR images from six different flood events demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DC4Flood. The code of the work will be available at https://github.com/Kasra2020/DC4Flood .

Description: Lynchets, often the defining component of historic agricultural landscapes in northern Europe, are generally associated with soft-limestone geologies and are particularly well developed on loess-mantled landscapes. To understand their formation and chronology, the authors present their geoarchaeological analyses of lynchet soils and loess deposits at Blick Mead and Charlton Forest in southern England, and Sint Martens-Voeren in Belgium. The lynchets date from the late prehistoric to the medieval periods and were constructed by plough action at the English sites, and by both cut-and-fill and ploughing in Belgium. This has resulted in the preservation of highly fertile loessic soils across chalk slopes, lost elsewhere. Although each example is associated with local/regional agricultural histories, the lynchets’ effective soil-retention capacities allowed them to survive as important heritage features with environmental benefits over millennia.

Description: Current deep uncertainties in the projected global mean sea-level rise result from knowledge gaps in the physical processes involved in the response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) to global warming in the coming decades to centuries (Fox-Kemper et al. 2021). Many of the ice shelves fringing Antarctica are at risk of rapid thinning, or collapse, due to oceanic and atmospheric warming, with likely impacts on the position of the ice-sheet grounding line. It is critical for the ice-sheet community to determine whether Antarctica’s margins have already crossed a tipping point, and if so, when and how much mass loss will take place. A multi-disciplinary approach is required to advance the state of knowledge on tipping points spanning a large range of spatio-temporal scales and components of the polar-climate system. This is the overarching objective of the SCAR Instabilities and Thresholds in Antarctica (INSTANT) Scientific Research Programme (Colleoni et al. 2022). ...

Description: Cryoconite holes (water and sediment-filled depressions), found on glacier surfaces worldwide, serve as reservoirs of microbes, carbon, trace elements, and nutrients, transferring these components downstream via glacier hydrological networks. Through targeted amplicon sequencing of carbon and nitrogen cycling genes, coupled with functional inference-based methods, we explore the functional diversity of these mini-ecosystems within Antarctica and the Himalayas. These regions showcase distinct environmental gradients and experience varying rates of environmental change influenced by global climatic shifts. Analysis revealed a diverse array of photosynthetic microorganisms, including Stramenopiles, Cyanobacteria, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, and photosynthetic purple sulfur Proteobacteria. Functional inference highlighted the high potential for carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism in the Himalayan region, where organic carbon concentrations surpassed those in Antarctica by up to 2 orders of magnitude. Nitrogen cycling processes, including fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, are evident, with Antarctic cryoconite exhibiting a pronounced capacity for nitrogen fixation, potentially compensating for the limited nitrate concentrations in this region. Processes associated with the respiration of elemental sulfur and inorganic sulfur compounds such as sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfide suggest the presence of a complete sulfur cycle. The Himalayan region exhibits a higher potential for sulfur cycling, likely due to the abundant sulfate ions and sulfur-bearing minerals in this region. The capability for complete iron cycling through iron oxidation and reduction reactions was also predicted. Methanogenic archaea that produce methane during organic matter decomposition and methanotrophic bacteria that utilize methane as carbon and energy sources co-exist in the cryoconite, suggesting that these niches support the complete cycling of methane. Additionally, the presence of various microfauna suggests the existence of a complex food web. Collectively, these results indicate that cryoconite holes are self-sustaining ecosystems that drive elemental cycles on glaciers and potentially control carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron exports downstream.

Description: Age-progressive seamount tracks generated by lithospheric motion over a stationary mantle plume have long been used to reconstruct absolute plate motion (APM) models. However, the basis of these models requires the plumes to move significantly slower than the overriding lithosphere. When a plume interacts with a convergent or divergent plate boundary, it is often deflected within the strong local mantle flow fields associated with such regimes. Here, we examined the age progression and geometry of the Samoa hotspot track, focusing on lava flow samples dredged from the deep flanks of seamounts in order to best reconstruct when a given seamount was overlying the mantle plume (i.e., during the shield-building stage). The Samoan seamounts display an apparent local plate velocity of 7.8 cm/yr from 0 to 9 Ma, 11.1 cm/yr from 9 to 14 Ma, and 5.6 cm/yr from 14 to 24 Ma. Current fixed and mobile hotspot Pacific APM models cannot reproduce the geometry of the Samoa seamount track if a long-term fixed hotspot location, currently beneath the active Vailulu’u Seamount, is assumed. Rather, reconstruction of the eruptive locations of the Samoan seamounts using APM models indicates that the surface expression of the plume migrated ~2° northward in the Pliocene. Large-scale mantle flow beneath the Pacific Ocean Basin cannot explain this plume migration. Instead, the best explanation is that toroidal flow fields—generated by westward migration of the Tonga Trench and associated slab rollback—have deflected the conduit northward over the past 2–3 m.y. These observations provide novel constraints on the ways in which plume-trench interactions can alter hotspot track geometries.

Description: The Martian surface and shallow subsurface lacks stable liquid water, yet hygroscopic salts in the regolith may enable the transient formation of liquid brines. This study investigated the combined impact of water scarcity, UV exposure, and regolith depth on microbial survival under Marslike environmental conditions. Both vegetative cells of Debaryomyces hansenii and Planococcus halocryophilus, alongside with spores of Aspergillus niger, were exposed to an experimental chamber simulating Martian environmental conditions (constant temperatures of about − 11 °C, low pressure of approximately 6 mbar, a CO2 atmosphere, and 2 h of daily UV irradiation). We evaluated colonyforming units (CFU) and water content at three different regolith depths before and after exposure periods of 3 and 7 days, respectively. Each organism was tested under three conditions: one without the addition of salts to the regolith, one containing sodium chlorate, and one with sodium perchlorate. Our results reveal that the residual water content after the exposure experiments increased with regolith depth, along with the organism survival rates in chlorate-containing and salt-free samples. The survival rates of the three organisms in perchlorate-containing regolith were consistently lower for all organisms and depths compared to chlorate, with the most significant difference being observed at a depth of 10–12 cm, which corresponds to the depth with the highest residual water content. The postulated reason for this is an increase in the salt concentration at this depth due to the freezing of water, showing that for these organisms, perchlorate brines are more toxic than chlorate brines under the experimental conditions. This underscores the significance of chlorate salts when considering the habitability of Martian environments.

Description: Although river water storage contributes to Total Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) variations obtained from GRACE satellite gravimetry, it is unclear if computationally expensive river routing schemes are required when GRACE data is used for calibration and validation in global hydrological modeling studies. Here, we investigate the role of river water storage on calibration and validation of a parsimonious global hydrological model. In a multi-criteria calibration approach, the model is constrained against either GRACE TWS or TWS from which river water storage is removed. While we find that removing river water storage changes the TWS constraint regionally and globally, there are no significant implications for model calibration and the resulting simulations. However, adding modeled river water storage a-posteriori to calibrated TWS simulations improves model validation against seasonal GRACE TWS variations globally and regionally, especially in tropics and Northern low- and wetlands. While our findings justify the exclusion of explicit river routing for global model calibration, we find that the inclusion of river water storage is relevant for model evaluation.

Description: More than 20 yr of measurement data of the gravity missions GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (GRACE-Follow-On) allow detailed investigations of long-term trends in continental terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, the spatial resolution of conventional GRACE/GRACE-FO data products is limited to a few hundred kilometres which restrains from investigating hydrological trends at smaller spatial scales. In this study GRACE and GRACE-FO data have been used to calculate TWS trends with maximized spatial resolution. Conventionally, GRACE/GRACE-FO is presented as a series of either unconstrained gravity fields post-processed with spatial low pass filters or constrained inversions commonly known as Mascon products. This paper demonstrates that both approaches to suppress spatially correlated noise are mathematically equivalent. Moreover, we demonstrate that readily inverting all available sensor data from GRACE/GRACE-FO for a single TWS trend map, together with annual variations and a mean gravity field, provides additional spatial detail not accessible from the standard products. The variable trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution as a unique feature of satellite gravimetry allows for gravity products that are tailored towards specific geophysical applications. We show additional signal content in terms of long-term water storage trends for four dedicated examples (Lake Victoria, Northwest India, Bugachany Reservoir and High Plains Aquifer) for which external information from other remote sensing instruments corroborates the enhanced spatial resolution of the new mean-field trend product.

Description: The deepest geoid low globally with respect to hydrostatic equilibrium is in the Ross Sea area. Nearby in West Antarctica is a residual topography high. Both are in a region with thin lithosphere, where a mantle plume has been suggested. Hence upper mantle viscosity could be regionally reduced, allowing for faster rebound than elsewhere upon melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, one of the global climate system’s tipping elements. To study possible causes of the geoid low / topography high combination, we compute the effects of disk-shaped density anomalies. With -1% density anomaly and a global average radial viscosity structure, geoid low and topography high can be explained with disk radius about 10° and depth range ~150-650 km. Alternatively, there may be two separate disks somewhat laterally displaced, one just below the lithosphere and mainly causing a dynamic topography high and one below the transition zone causing the geoid low. If viscosity in the uppermost mantle is reduced by a factor 10 (from 50 to 350 km depth) to 100 (from 100 to 220 km), one shallow disk in the depth range 50-350 km would also be sufficient. In order to test the feasibility of such density models, we perform computations of a thermal plume that enters at the base of a cartesian box corresponding to a region in the upper mantle, as well as some whole-mantle thermal plume models, with ASPECT. These plume models have typically a narrow conduit and the plume tends to only become wider as it spreads beneath the lithosphere, typically shallower than ~300 km. These results are most consistent with the shallow disk model with reduced uppermost mantle viscosity, hence providing further support for such low viscosities beneath West Antarctica.

Description: Geyser geothermal fields are scenic volcanic landforms that often contain tens to hundreds of thermal spot vents that erupt boiling water or contain bubbling mud pools. The fields are potentially hazardous sites due to boiling water temperatures and changes in vent locations and eruption dynamics, which are poorly understood. Here we report on the rapid and profound changes that can affect such a geyser field and ultimately lead to a dangerous, unanticipated eruption. We studied the Geyser Valley, Kamchatka Peninsula, which is a field of geysers and other thermal features and boiling pools. Using high-resolution tri-stereo satellite data and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) with optical and thermal infrared cameras in 2018 and 2019, we were able to identify a newly emerging explosion site. Structure-from-motion analysis of data acquired before and after the explosion reveals morphological and thermal details of the new vent. The explosion site produced an aureole zone of more than 150 m3 of explosively redeposited gravel and clay, a slightly elliptical crater with a diameter of 7.5 m and a crater rim 0.30 m high. However, comparison with archives of photogrammetric data suggests that this site was thermally active years earlier and contained a crater that was obscured and covered by landslides and river sediments. The results allow us to develop a conceptual model and highlight the hazard potential of thermal features buried by landslides and clastic deposits. Sudden explosions may occur at similar sites elsewhere, highlighting the need for careful assessment and monitoring of geomorphological and hydrological changes at geyser sites in other regions.

Description: The large Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit is a recent exploration discovery in the southern Great Xing’an Range, northeast China. The ore cluster area shows horizontal mineralization zoning, from the inner granite body outward, consisting of high-T Sn–W–Li mineralization, middle-T Cu–Zn mineralization and peripheral low-T Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization. However, the intrinsic genetic relationship between Sn-W-Li mineralization and peripheral vein-type Pb–Zn–Ag–Cu mineralization, the formation mechanism and the deep geological background are still insufficiently understood. Here, we use fluid inclusions, trace elements concentrations in quartz and sphalerite, and H–O isotope studies to determine the genetic mechanism and establish a metallogenic model. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis results demonstrates that the aqueous ore-forming fluids evolved from low-medium salinity, medium–high temperature to low salinity, low-medium temperature fluids. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis shows that CH4 is ubiquitous in fluid inclusions of all ore stages. Early ore fluids have δ18OH2O (v–SMOW) values from + 5.5 to + 6.2‰ and δD values of approximately − 67‰, concordant with a magmatic origin. However, the late ore fluids shifted toward lower δ18OH2O (v–SMOW) (as low as 0.3‰) and δD values (~ − 136‰), suggesting mixing between external fluids derived from the wall rocks and a contribution from meteoric water. Ti-in-quartz thermometry indicates a magmatic crystallization temperature of around 700 °C at a pressure of 1.5 kbar for the magmatic ore stage. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and trace element analysis of quartz from a hydrothermal vug highlight at least three growth episodes that relate to different fluid pulses; each episode begins with CL-bright, Al-Li-rich quartz, and ends with CL-dark quartz with low Al and Li contents. Quartz from Episode 1 formed from early Sn-(Zn)-rich fluids which were likely derived from the quartz porphyry. Quartz from episodes 2 and 3 formed from Zn-(Sn)-Cu-rich fluid. The early magmatic fluid is characterized by low fS2. The SO2 produced by magma degassing reacted with heated water to form SO42−, causing the shift from low fS2 to high fS2. The SO42− generated was converted to S2– by mixing with CH4-rich, Fe and Zn-bearing external fluid which led to late-stage alteration and dissolution of micas in vein walls, thus promoting crystallization of pyrrhotite, Fe-rich sphalerite and chalcopyrite and inhibiting the precipitation of anhydrite. This study shows that ore formation encompassed multiple episodes involving steadily evolved fluids, and that the addition of external fluids plays an important role in the formation of the later Cu–Zn and Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization in the Weilasituo ore district.

Description: So far, various studies have aimed at decomposing the integrated terrestrial water storage variations observed by satellite gravimetry (GRACE, GRACE-FO) with the help of large-scale hydrological models. While the results of the storage decomposition depend on model structure, little attention has been given to the impact of the way that vegetation is represented in these models. Although vegetation structure and activity represent the crucial link between water, carbon, and energy cycles, their representation in large-scale hydrological models remains a major source of uncertainty. At the same time, the increasing availability and quality of Earth-observation-based vegetation data provide valuable information with good prospects for improving model simulations and gaining better insights into the role of vegetation within the global water cycle. In this study, we use observation-based vegetation information such as vegetation indices and rooting depths for spatializing the parameters of a simple global hydrological model to define infiltration, root water uptake, and transpiration processes. The parameters are further constrained by considering observations of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWS), soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET) and gridded runoff (Q) estimates in a multi-criteria calibration approach. We assess the implications of including varying vegetation characteristics on the simulation results, with a particular focus on the partitioning between water storage components. To isolate the effect of vegetation, we compare a model experiment in which vegetation parameters vary in space and time to a baseline experiment in which all parameters are calibrated as static, globally uniform values. Both experiments show good overall performance, but explicitly including varying vegetation data leads to even better performance and more physically plausible parameter values. The largest improvements regarding TWS and ET are seen in supply-limited (semi-arid) regions and in the tropics, whereas Q simulations improve mainly in northern latitudes. While the total fluxes and storages are similar, accounting for vegetation substantially changes the contributions of different soil water storage components to the TWS variations. This suggests an important role of the representation of vegetation in hydrological models for interpreting TWS variations. Our simulations further indicate a major effect of deeper moisture storages and groundwater–soil moisture–vegetation interactions as a key to understanding TWS variations. We highlight the need for further observations to identify the adequate model structure rather than only model parameters for a reasonable representation and interpretation of vegetation–water interactions.