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  • Chemistry  (13,407)
  • Humans
  • 2020-2024  (52)
  • 1955-1959  (13,362)
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  • 1
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Mineralogy includes thirteen chapters that discuss the methodology of specific mineralogical methods, the composition of minerals from different igneous rocks, and the composition of minerals from different sedimentary rocks.It contains detailed mineralogical studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Chapters present different scientific mineralogical methods and detailed descriptions of minerals from different magmatic and sedimentary rocks.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Benzimidazole is a comprehensive survey of the known and new methods of benzimidazole synthesis, the spectral and theoretical aspects of existing benzimidazole derivatives, and the anticancer properties of a new class of benzimidazole derivatives. This book examines aspects and newer mechanisms of benzimidazoles containing heterocyclic moiety. Chapters report on anticancer properties of benzimidazole derivatives, novel methods of synthesis of benzimidazoles, versatile nature of the benzimidazoles, spectral and theoretical studies of benzimidazole derivatives, and medicinal importance and pharmacological aspects of benzimidazole derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Green Chemistry - New Perspectives is at the frontiers of this continuously evolving interdisciplinary science, and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The book covers all aspects of green chemistry, including chemical synthesis, nano synthesis, eco-friendly processes, biomass, extraction techniques, environmental remediation, and energy, making it a unique reference resource. This will continue to encourage scientists around the world to develop novel synthetic methods or improve the existing ones to circumvent some of the problems and favours all aspects of green chemistry. This book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists, as well as graduate and undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 5
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 6
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book consists of several selected chapters on important subjects in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The content addresses aspects related to both improvements in the mainstream HPLC/UPLC technology and utilization, as well as developments of exploratory new materials and equipment. The book presents useful details about the presented subjects as well as describes new applications and/or relevant case studies for each subject. It is addressed to a large audience of analytical chemists involved in separation science. Each chapter is authored by scientists with considerable field and academic experience.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 9
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics provides a comprehensive overview of several types of chemical reactions. It includes six chapters that discuss solvent catalysis, customized flow reactors, p-conjugation in kinetics, kinetics of autoxidation, molecular chameleon for cations and anions, and internal clocks of atoms.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Hydroxyapatite coatings are of great importance in the biological and biomedical coatings fields, especially in the current era of nanotechnology and bioapplications. With a bonelike structure that promotes osseointegration, hydroxyapatite coating can be applied to otherwise bioinactive implants to make their surface bioactive, thus achieving faster healing and recovery. In addition to applications in orthopedic and dental implants, this coating can also be used in drug delivery. Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Biomedical Applications explores developments in the processing and property characterization and applications of hydroxyapatite to provide timely information for active researchers and newcomers alike. In eight carefully reviewed chapters, hydroxyapatite experts from the United States, Japan, Singapore, and China present the latest on topics ranging from deposition processes to biomedical applications in implants and drug delivery. This book discusses: Magnetron sputtering and electrochemical deposition The modification of hydroxyapatite properties by sol–gel deposition to incorporate other elements found in natural bones, such as zinc, magnesium, and fluorine The use of pure hydroxyapatite in drug delivery applications The growth or self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on shape memory alloy Hydroxyapatite composite coatings—with carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and others—on the titanium alloy Offering valuable insights and a wealth of data, including numerous tables and figures, this is a rich source of information for research on hydroxyapatite coatings. Each chapter also covers material that provides an accessible stepping stone for those who are new to the field.
    Keywords: Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; Chemistry ; Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemiebezogene Kompetenzen werden bereits im Sachunterricht der Grundschule entwickelt und sollen im Chemieunterricht der Sekundarstufe I aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt werden. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die chemiebezogenen Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Übergangsphase zwischen Sachunterricht und Chemieunterricht zu analysieren. In einer Ergänzungsstudie wurden zusätzlich sowohl die Auswirkungen der Schulschließungen aufgrund der SARS-CoV-II Pandemie auf die Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler als auch der Einfluss einer veränderten Testadministration untersucht. Insgesamt wurden die Kompetenzen von 2262 Lernenden der Jahrgangsstufen 5 bis 9 zu drei Messzeitpunkten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die chemiebezogenen Kompetenzen sowohl zum Ende der Grundschulzeit als auch zu Beginn des Chemieunterrichts über alle Kompetenzbereiche hinweg sehr heterogen ausfallen. Dennoch sind sie zu Beginn des Chemieunterrichts in einigen Kompetenzbereichen höher ausgeprägt als zum Ende der Grundschulzeit. Nach den pandemiebedingten Schulschließungen waren die Kompetenzen ähnlich ausgeprägt wie in den gleichen Jahrgangsstufen vor den Schulschließungen. Eine während der Schulschließungen notwendige Bearbeitung der Testhefte von zu Hause aus führte vor allem bei den jüngeren Schülerinnen und Schülern zu besseren Testergebnissen als die Bearbeitung in der Schule. Um die Entwicklung chemiebezogener Kompetenzen in der Übergangsphase zu optimieren, sollte der Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen bereits im Sachunterricht einheitlicher gestaltet werden.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Redox reactions are involved in biochemistry, energy, corrosion, and much more. In both biology and electrochemistry, the redox reaction is complex and varied. For example, redox shuttles in supercapacitors show aspects of molecular electrochemistry applied to electrode porosity. In pseudocapacitors, the formalism associated with their electrochemical response requires investigation and formalism. Similarly, the simple definition of redox potential opens fundamental questions about its measurement in solutions without supporting salts. This book illustrates the variety of redox reactions in its examination of the importance of redox molecules in the development of new electrical energy storage devices.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In 2005, the hybrid model was published by Prof. H.-D. Alber and Prof. P. Zhu as an alternative to the Allen-Cahn model for the description of phase field transformations. With low interfacial energy, it is more efficient, since the resolution of the diffuse interface is numerically broader for the same solution accuracy and allows coarser meshing. The solutions of both models are associated with energy minimisation and in this work the error terms introduced in the earlier publications are discussed and documented using one and two dimensional numerical simulations. In the last part of this book, phase field problems, initially not coupled with material equations, are combined with linear elasticity and, after simple introductory examples, a growing martensitic inclusion is simulated and compared with literature data. In addition to the confirmed numerical advantage, another phenomenon not previously described in the literature is found: with the hybrid model, in contrast to the examples calculated with the Allen-Cahn model, an inclusion driven mainly by curvature energy does not disappear completely. The opposite problem prevents inclusions from growing from very small initial configurations, but this fact can be remedied by a very finely chosen diffuse interface width and by analysing and adjusting the terms that generate the modelling errors. The last example shows that the hybrid model can be used with numerical advantages despite the above mentioned peculiarities.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We are living in a critical time, both for humanity and the planet, which has led us to look for more sustainable formulas to interact with the environment. One of the important changes in the design and operation of chemical processes is the search for environmentally friendly technologies. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been revealed as a promising environmentally friendly solvent that is energy efficient, selective and capable of reducing waste, making it a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. However, reliable and versatile mathematical models of phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in process design and viability studies. This book reviews experimental procedures for obtaining high-pressure phase equilibria data and describes the phase diagrams of binary mixtures and some thermodynamic models capable of determining the conditions of phase equilibria at high pressures. These concepts are applied to the components of the transesterification reaction of rac-2-pentanol with a vinyl ester, which is important in the pharmaceutical industry because (S)-2-pentanol can be obtained as a reaction product. This product is a key intermediate in the synthesis of drugs against Alzheimer’s disease.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nanofibers, particularly those of a carbonaceous content, have received increased interest in the past two decades due to their outstanding physico-chemical characteristics and their possibility to form and contribute towards a plethora of potentially advantageous materials for consumer, industrial and medical applications. Despite this, and together with the numerous research studies and published articles that have sought to investigate these aspects, the potential impact of CNTs is still not understood. Whether or not nanofibers may be able to provide a sophisticated alternative to conventional materials is still debatable, whilst their effects upon both environmental and human health are highly equivocal. How nanofibers are conceived can determine how they may interact with different environments, such as the human body. Understanding each key step of the synthesis and production of nanofibers to their use within potential applications is therefore essential in gaining an insight into how they may be perceived by any biological system and environment. Thus, obtaining such information will enable all scientific communities to begin to realize the potential advantages posed by nanofibers. The aim of this Special Issue therefore, was to provide a collective overview of nanofibers; ‘from synthesis to application’. The Issue particularly focuses upon carbon-based nanofibers, but also highlights alternative nanofiber types. Emphasis is given holistically, with articles discussing the production routes of nanofibers, their plight during their life-cycle (origin to applied form and effects over time), as well as how nanofibers could either incite conflict, or provide aid to human and environmental health.
    Keywords: QD1-999 ; Toxicology ; Chemistry ; Biology ; Material Science ; Nanofibers ; Nanotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In recent decades, artificial porous structures have attracted increasing enthusiasm from researchers inspired by the fascinating molecular pores in nature and their unique biological functions. Although substantial achievements in porous materials have been realized, the construction of topologically designed pores is still challenging. Recently, the emergence of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are constructed based on organic and polymer chemistry, has made it possible to design artificial pores with controlled pore size, topology and interface properties. COFs are crystalline porous materials constructed by the precise reticulation of organic building blocks via dynamic covalent bonds. Distinct from non-covalent interactions which tend to produce isostructures, covalent bonds enable accurate pore design owing to their predetermined reaction pathways. In addition, the appropriate polycondensation of organic building units enables the formation of extended two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) polymer architectures with periodically ordered skeletons and well-defined pores. With their large surface area, tailorable structures, and tunable chemistry, COFs are regarded as potentially superior candidates for various applications including catalysis, energy storage and conversion, mass transport and biotechnology. This book examines the historic achievement of COFs, providing clear and comprehensive guidance for researchers on their structural design, synthetic protocols and functional exploration.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Fluoride covers a continuum of topics that are frequently studied in the broad area of fluoride (F) research. It provides an overview of the primary sources of environmental fluoride in typical high-fluoride environments and demonstrates the transitions and transformations that emerge and culminate in hydro-geochemical interactions that result in fluoride-fouling of large portions of the world’s water and agricultural resources. This way, the book pinpoints the connection between F enrichment of water sources and the prevalence of endemic fluorosis in certain areas of the world. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the global fluoride problem, new fluoride detection and quantification technologies are proposed with an in-depth analysis of emerging trends in the use of portable user-friendly devices in point-of-use measurements of water fluoride. This has been presented against the backdrop of a robust overview of traditional fluoride quantification methodologies that are still in wide application among the scientific communities. In addressing fluoride toxicities, which are not limited to dental and skeletal dilapidations, the authors have explored the role of natural antioxidants in ameliorating physiological fluoride-induced noxious effects in mammalian systems. Nonetheless, since community dependence on high-fluoride water due to a lack of alternative clean water sources remains to be the principal pathway of human fluoride over-exposure, a review chapter on F mitigation techniques applied all over the world is incorporated aiming at providing a succinct overview of water defluoridation techniques and strategies being used to combat the impacts of human F overexposure around the globe. Since every cloud has a silvery lining, the possibility of using ammonium fluorides as a novel reagent in mineral processing has been considered convenient industrial fluorinating agents, which present the possibility of complete regeneration that is not afforded by the reagents presently used in decomposing silicon component of the ores.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book discusses the chemistry and applications of pyridine derivatives. The library of pyridine derivatives is growing steadily with numerous synthetic analogues already described and the identification of new, naturally occurring pyridine-based compounds. The book includes ten chapters organized into two parts. The first part focuses on the numerous types of reactions that arise from pyridine derivatives. The second part examines the pharmaceutical applications of pyridine derivatives as well as their usefulness as sensors for metal cations and extracting agents for platinum group metals.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book discusses multiple issues associated with modern dosimetry in physics and treatment planning and how investigators from diverse world centers and institutions approach problem-solving in these important areas. It examines topics including pretreatment validation and factors affecting reference dosimetry. It also addresses unique issues affecting pediatric populations as well as the modern role of thermoluminescence validation. Several chapters discuss intensity modulation, including defining modern problems associated with both treatment planning and the definition of tumor and normal tissue contours. Furthermore, the book examines the role of imaging as both a vehicle to define tumor targets and normal tissue as well as a tool for dose validation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRL Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Das selbstgesteuerte Experimentieren ist laut den nationalen Bildungsstandards sowie den Lehrplänen im Fach Chemie ein wichtiger Bestandteil der naturwissenschaftlichen Schulbildung. Offene Experimentierformen sind jedoch wenig etabliert. Um das selbstgesteuerte Experimentieren in die Unterrichtspraxis zu implementieren, wurde im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojekts eine eintägige Lehrkräftefortbildung zur Konzeption von selbstgesteuerten Experimenten im Chemieunterricht durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ein literaturbasiertes Strukturierungskonzept entwickelt, mit dem die Lehrkräfte kochbuchartige Schulversuche zu selbstgesteuerten und kompetenzorientierten Experimenten mit beliebigen Öffnungsgraden modifizieren können. Begleitend zur Fortbildung wurde im Prä-Post-Follow-Up-Design das fachdidaktische Wissen der Teilnehmenden hinsichtlich der Planung von selbstgesteuerten Experimenten empirisch überprüft. Zur Erfassung dieses Konstrukts wurde ein neues Messinstrument literaturbasiert entwickelt und die Güte des Messinstruments evaluiert. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass die Fortbildung hinsichtlich des fachdidaktischen Wissens der Lehrkräfte kurz- sowie langfristig lernförderlich ist und die Fortbildung von den Teilnehmenden positiv bewertet wird. Die Reliabilitätsanalyse sowie die Validierungsstudie zeigen, dass der Test sowohl reliabel als auch valide ist. In Folgestudien könnte die langfristige Verhaltensänderung der Lehrkräfte bezüglich der Implementierung des selbstgesteuerten Experimentierens in den Unterricht untersucht werden.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Science ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 23
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book comprises 14 chapters covering all the issues related to water desalination. These chapters emphasize the relationship between problems encountered with the use of feed water, the processes developed to address them, the operation of the required plants and solutions actually implemented. This compendium will assist designers, engineers and investigators to select the process and plant configuration that are most appropriate for the particular feed water to be used, for the geographic region considered, as well as for the characteristics required of the treated water produced. This survey offers a comprehensive, hierarchical and logical assessment of the entire desalination industry. It starts with the worldwide scarcity of water and energy, continues with the thermal - and membrane-based processes and, finally, presents the design and operation of large and small desalination plants. As such, it covers all the scientific, technological and economical aspects of this critical industry, not disregarding its environmental and social points of view. One of InTech's books has received widespread praise across a number of key publications. Desalination, Trends and Technologies (Ed. Schorr, M. 2011) has been reviewed in Corrosion Engineering, Science & Technology – the official magazine for the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, and Taylor & Francis's Desalination Publications. Praised for its “multi-faceted content [which] contributes to enrich it,” and described as “an essential companion...[that] enables the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the desalination industry,” this book is testament to the quality improvements we have been striving towards over the last twelve months.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is a voluntary international partnership that promotes methane recovery and reuse activities in developing and transition economies. The U.S. Department of State requested an evaluation of the activities and outcomes supported in whole or in part by its contributions to GMI to gauge its value added to the program.
    Keywords: Physics ; Environmental Science ; Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
    Language: English
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This volume, occasioned by the centenary of the Fritz Haber Institute, formerly the Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, covers the institute's scientific and institutional history from its founding until the present. The institute was among the earliest established by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and its inauguration was one of the first steps in the development of Berlin-Dahlem into a center for scientific research. Its establishment was made possible by an endowment from Leopold Koppel, granted on the condition that Fritz Haber, well-known for his discovery of a method to synthesize ammonia from its elements, be made its director. The history of the institute has largely paralleled that of 20th-century Germany. It undertook controversial weapons research during World War I, followed by a "Golden Era" during the 1920s, in spite of financial hardships.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry ; Fritz Haber Institute ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Progress in agricultural, biomedical and industrial applications' is a compilation of recent advances and developments in gas chromatography and its applications. The chapters cover various aspects of applications ranging from basic biological, biomedical applications to industrial applications. Book chapters analyze new developments in chromatographic columns, microextraction techniques, derivatisation techniques and pyrolysis techniques. The book also includes several aspects of basic chromatography techniques and is suitable for both young and advanced chromatographers. It includes some new developments in chromatography such as multidimensional chromatography, inverse chromatography and some discussions on two-dimensional chromatography. The topics covered include analysis of volatiles, toxicants, indoor air, petroleum hydrocarbons, organometallic compounds and natural products. The chapters were written by experts from various fields and clearly assisted by simple diagrams and tables. This book is highly recommended for chemists as well as non-chemists working in gas chromatography.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book discusses electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for energy, water electrolysis, water treatment, CO2 conversion, and green chemistry. It reviews various electrocatalysts and their properties and electrochemical performances. The first section of the book covers topics in direct alcohol fuel cells including Pt-based electrocatalysts as non-carbon electrode support materials and the development of electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. The second section of the book covers various topics in electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for a cleaner environment, including electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to valuable products and SYNGAS, electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, and much more.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Language: English
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    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Die Chemie büßt zugunsten physikalischer und lebenswissenschaftlicher Konzeptionen zunehmend an Deutungsmacht über die molekulare Welt ein. Sandra Lang untersucht, inwiefern die Ausdifferenzierung der chemischen Wissenschaften mit sich ebenfalls ausdifferenzierenden Zugriffen auf das Molekulare zusammenhängt. Anhand der vier exemplarischen Grenzfelder Materialwissenschaften, Biomedizin, Pharmazie und Quantenchemie und deren Narrative zur molekularen Eigenschaft der Chiralität veranschaulicht sie die transformative Phase der Chemie angesichts sich wandelnder Innovationsdispositive.
    Keywords: Chemie ; Chiralität ; Molekülkonzept ; Naturwissenschaften ; Grenzarbeit ; Interdisziplinarität ; Hybridität ; Wissenschaft ; Technik ; Wissenschaftssoziologie ; Techniksoziologie ; Wissenssoziologie ; Wissenschaftsgeschichte ; Soziologie ; Chemistry ; Chirality ; Molecule Concept ; Natural Sciences ; Border Work ; Interdisciplinarity ; Hybridity ; Science ; Technology ; Sociology of Science ; Sociology of Technology ; Sociology of Knowledge ; History of Science ; Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: German
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Surfactants are ubiquitous and have applications in diverse areas, including food, cosmetics, detergents, lubricants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and targeted drug delivery systems. Their wide diversity of applications owes to their unique structure, namely, a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic group present in the same molecule. Although most surfactants used industrially are synthetic, there is a growing need for natural surfactants, as the latter is obtainable from renewable sources and are less toxic and highly biodegradable in contrast to their synthetic counterparts. This book is a compilation of interesting articles by various experts that cover various applications of both synthetic and natural surfactants.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRC Colloid chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The chemical sensor plays an essential role in the fields of environmental conservation and monitoring, disaster and disease prevention, and industrial analysis. A typical chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information in a selective and reversible way, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. Much research work has been performed to achieve a chemical sensor with such excellent qualities as quick response, low cost, small size, superior sensitivity, good reversibility and selectivity, and excellent detection limit. This book introduces the latest advances on chemical sensors. It consists of 15 chapters composed by the researchers active in the field of chemical sensors, and is divided into 5 sections according to the classification following the principles of signal transducer. This collection of up-to-date information and the latest research progress on chemical sensor will provide valuable references and learning materials for all those working in the field of chemical sensors.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Presents technologies and key concepts to produce suitable smart materials and intelligent structures for sensing, information and communication technology, biomedical applications (drug delivery, hyperthermia therapy), self-healing, flexible memories and construction technologies. Novel developments of environmental friendly, cost-effective and scalable production processes are discussed by experts in the field.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Industrial & Technical ; Technology & Engineering ; Textiles & Polymers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Distillation is an important separation technique that has been used for many centuries to exploit the volatility differences between components in a mixture. The distillation process has many variations and applications. This book includes two sections on desalination and reactive distillation. It discusses desalination in the processes of solar and membrane distillation, with a focus on the reduction of energy costs to obtain potable water. It also discusses reactive distillation, which can be used in some cases to reduce the power duty in the separation process by using the reaction heat directly in the separation. The book includes cases of mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of the distillation process.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Konsumgüter werden beispielsweise mit Slogans wie "Gut in Bio. Schlecht in Chemie." beworben. Dabei wird intendiert, sich gezielt von "Chemie" abzugrenzen und sich das positive Bild von "Natur" zu Nutze zu machen. Dies prägt die öffentliche Meinung und trägt zu einer antagonistisch-wertenden Sicht von "Chemie" und "Natur" bei. Dass Chemie als Naturwissenschaft der Beschreibung der Natur dient, um deren Stoffe und Stoffumwandlungen zu erklären, ist dem Laien selten bewusst. Chemie findet überall statt, insbesondere in der Natur! Genau an diesem Punkt setzt das Unterrichtskonzept "Chemie Pur - Unterrichten in der Naturglqq an. Ziel ist es, im Freiland, mit direkt vor Ort gewonnenen Naturstoffen, Umweltprozesse experimentell zu erarbeiten. Die projektbegleitende Evaluationsstudie stellte sich der Forschungsfrage, wie sich das Unterrichtskonzept auf das Fach- und Sachinteresse, auf die Naturverbundenheit sowie auf die Einstellung zu Chemie und Natur von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe II auswirkt. Die Auswertung der Fragebogenergebnisse mit latenten Veränderungsmodellen haben gezeigt, dass die Intervention im Freiland das inhaltsbezogene Sachinteresse steigert und die Einstellung zu Chemie und Natur positiv beeinflusst sowie ein erhöhten Fachwissenszuwachs ermöglicht. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können die Grundlage für die Entwicklung und Evaluation von good-practice-Ansätzen naturwissenschaftlicher Lernsituationen bilden. Das Unterrichtskonzept Chemie Pur leistet zudem einen Beitrag im Bereich Outdoor Education, um den Antagonismus von Chemie und Natur zu verringern.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Science ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Comprise definition of 1500 terms. Innovation from A to Z presents a glossary, including: Terms, older terms whose meanings have changed, acronyms, synonyms, famous names, selected abbreviations, and cross-references. A highly interdisciplinary approach incorporating strategy and entrepreneurship with technology and engineering sciences, economics, marketing, organizational behavior and theory. Ideal for engineers, managers, sales people and economists. Innovation Technology from A to Z Glossary of terms, including acronyms, synonyms, abbreviations, cross-references 1500 terms supplemented by figures and tables that clearly demonstrate the state-of-the-art in Innovation Technology
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Agriculture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming
    Language: English
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    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book presents a comprehensive overview of sorption, which is a multi-parametric separation process. It is extensively used in the removal of various pollutants from the tertiary stage of wastewater treatment, from leachates, etc. It discusses fundamental points of the technique as well as kinetic theories and isotherms. It also examines the synthesis and characterizations of all studied adsorbent materials to find their paths of sorption. Finally, it highlights the importance of having a cost-estimation plan for the synthesis of sorbent materials as well as predictions for their reusability.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRX Surface chemistry and adsorption
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry;Materials science
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The original 1818 text of Mary Shelley's classic novel, with annotations and essays highlighting its scientific, ethical, and cautionary aspects. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen-year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms—as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction—Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the fundamental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript—meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robinson, one of the world's preeminent authorities on the text—with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought-provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnston, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordmann
    Keywords: science fiction ; gothic ; horror ; European ; British ; literature ; fiction ; cautionary tale ; STEM ; science ; bioethics ; classic ; bicentennial ; Josephine Johnston ; Cory Doctorow ; Jane Maienschein ; Kate MacCord ; Alfred Nordmann ; Elizabeth Bear ; Anne K. Mellor ; Heather E. Douglas ; Frankenstein ; Creature ; Monster ; Mary Shelley ; Makers ; women in science ; science and anti-science ; values in science ; responsible innovation ; Industrial Revolution ; Mary Wollstonecraft ; William Godwin ; Percy Bysshe Shelley ; Galvanism ; Mount Tambora ; Myths ; Two Cultures ; epistolary novel ; Victor Frankenstein ; Geneva ; Prometheus ; Arctic ; Lord Byron ; John Polidori ; ghost stories ; Revisions ; Electricity ; Lightning ; Vitalism ; Chemistry ; Extinction ; Magnetism ; Moral responsibility ; Legal responsibility ; Social responsibility ; Consequences ; Obligations ; Ethics ; Maker Culture ; DIY ; Technology Adjacent Possible ; Facebook ; Surveillance ; Aristotle ; Fetal development ; Epigenesis ; Embryo ; Person ; Technoscience ; Alchemy ; uncanny valley ; animation ; complexity ; Morality ; Monstrosity ; Christianity ; Otherness ; Gender ; Nature ; Domestic Affections ; Women ; Sexuality ; Technical Sweetness ; Los Alamos ; Trinity Test ; Scientific Responsibility ; Nuclear Weapons ; adjacent possible ; synthetic biology ; robotics ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FB Fiction: general and literary::FBC Classic fiction: general and literary ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FL Science fiction::FLC Classic science fiction
    Language: English
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    Coimbra University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This work brings together various contributions from experts in very diverse areas of knowledge, to discuss the theme ‘Light’ from various points of view. The subjects gathered in this work come from the areas of Physics, Philosophy, Transcendence, Chemistry, Optics, Literature, History of Sciences, History, Geography, International Relations, Biology, Psychology, Art, Cinema and Photography, Medicine and Museology. The texts partially reflect the contents presented at the interdisciplinary colloquium ‘Visões da Luz’ held in October 2015, on the occasion of the International Year of Light 2015, under the aegis of III-UC and open to academia and society, to teachers of the Basic and Secondary Education.
    Keywords: Geography ; Chemistry ; Literature ; Geology ; Light ; Optics ; Biology ; History ; Physics
    Language: Portuguese
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Carotenoids are natural and versatile secondary metabolites, most of them showing colours that vary from yellow to red. They are widespread among living beings where they are involved in many biological roles reporting beneficial actions. To date, more than 750 carotenoids have been described in nature. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, thus they are mainly obtained through diet. In fact, carotenoids are consistently found in tissues or biological fluids where they play a beneficial decreasing the risk of developing some diseases.During the last half-century, significant advances in carotenoids research have been made. This book highlights new perspectives and applications of carotenoids including characterization and isolation of new compounds (including rare carotenoids), their production at a mid-large scale (involving new innovative approaches), and uses of carotenoids in different biotechnological fields like food science, biomedicine, and cosmetics.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications is a compendium of contributions from experts in the field of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This assembly of investigations and reviews provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals as well as the groundbreaking applications in the field. Chapters discuss IR spectroscopy applications in the food and biomedicine sectors and for measuring transport through polymer membranes, characterizing lignocellulosic biomasses, detecting adulterants, and characterizing enamel surface advancements. This book is an invaluable resource and reference for students, researchers, and other interested readers.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry
    Language: English
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter Open Poland
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This edited volume examines the opportunities to think, do, and/or create jointly afforded by digital storytelling. The contributors discuss digital storytelling in the context of educational programs, teaching anthropology, and ethnographic research involving a variety of populations and subjects that will appeal to researchers and practitioners engaged with qualitative methods and pedagogies that rely on media technology.
    Keywords: Discourse ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Nature ; Oceania ; Resilience ; Environmental Ethics ; Environmental Change ; Worldview ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFC Social impact of disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFH Popular beliefs & controversial knowledge::JFHF Folklore, myths & legends ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: When auralizing moving sound sources in Virtual Reality (VR) environments, the two main input parameters are the location and radiated signal of the source. An array measurement-based model is developed to characterize moving sound sources regarding the two parameters in this thesis. This model utilizes beamforming, i.e. delay and sum beamforming (DSB) and compressive beamforming (CB) to obtain the locations and signals of moving sound sources. A spiral and a pseudorandom microphone array are designed for DSB and CB, respectively, to yield good localization ability and meet the requirement of CB. The de-Dopplerization technique is incorporated in the time-domain DSB to address moving source problems. Time-domain transfer functions (TDTFs) are calculated in terms of the spatial locations within the steering window of the moving source. TDTFs then form the sensing matrix of CB, thus allowing CB to solve moving source problem. DSB and CB are further extended to localize moving sound sources, and the reconstructed signals from the beamforming outputs are investigated to obtain the source signals. Moreover, localization and signal reconstruction are evaluated through varying parameters in the beamforming procedures, i.e. steering position, steering window length and source speed for a moving periodic signal using DSB, and regularization parameter, signal to noise ratio (SNR), steering window length, source speed, array to source motion trajectory and mismatch for a moving engine signal using CB. The parameter studies show guidelines of parameter selection based on the given situations in this thesis for modeling moving source using beamforming. Both algorithms are able to reconstruct the moving signals in the given scenarios. Although CB outperforms DSB in terms of signal reconstruction under particular conditions, the localization abilities of the two algorithms are quite similar. The practicability of the model has been applied on pass-by measurements of a moving loudspeaker using the designed arrays, and the results can match the conclusions drawn above from simulations. Finally, a framework on how to apply the model for moving source auralization is proposed.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Construction ; Technology & Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Neuere Erkenntnisse zum Umsatzverhalten an Dieseloxidationskatalysatoren (DOCs) zeigen, dass das Umsatzverhalten von Schadstoffen vom Oxidationsgrad der verwendeten Edelmetallkatalysatoren abhängen kann. Dabei wird deutlich, dass sich der Oxidationsgrad bei typischen Abgaszusammensetzungen langsam und reversibel mit der Katalysatortemperatur ändert. Das kann bei periodischen Katalysatortemperaturänderungen zu einem ausgeprägten Hystereseverhalten führen. Bisherige Ergebnisse liegen insbesondere zum Verhalten der NO-Oxidation an Platin-Katalysatoren vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, die Untersuchungen auf seriennahe Pd- und PtPd-Mischkatalysatoren sowie auf andere abgastypische Schadstoffe, wie CO und Kohlenwasserstoffe, zu erweitern und dabei auch den Einfluss der Katalysatoralterung zu erfassen. Es wurde ein globalkinetisches Modell entwickelt und an die experimentellen Befunde angepasst. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es in der Regel möglich ist, das Umsatzverhalten bei reinen Pt- und Pd-Katalysatoren mit diesem örtlich eindimensionalen, makrokinetischen Zweiphasenmodell zutreffend zu beschreiben, wohingegen das Verhalten auf Pt/Pd-Mischkatalysatoren weniger gut simuliert werden kann. Dies ist vermutlich auf die heterogene Struktur der Pt/Pd-legierten Partikel zurückzuführen.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Chemical & Biochemical ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
    Language: German
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 53
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 412-415 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparing Exposure Tests on the Corrosion Resistance of Passivated Galvanic zinc coatingsThe results of three years exposure tests on galvanic zinc coatings passivated by 15 different methods are given. The experiments were carried out under different conditions of climate: industry, urban, country and sea climate.There were big differences between the differently passivated coatings though generally a considerable increase of the corrosion resistance could be observed. The most effectfully passivating methods are named. Further result is that there is no good agreement between exposure and accelerated tests. The results show that the most intensive corrosion takes place in industrial climate and decreases in the order urban sea and country climate. It should be mentioned that fairly no dust will be deposited on some chromate coatings. Some coatings remained glittering for longer times, open, till the basic metal was corroded. A comparison of the resistances to corrosion of the differently passivated zinc coatings is given.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse dreijähriger Feldversuche von galvanischen Zinküberzügen, die nach fünfzehn verschiedenen Verfahren passiviert worden waren, wurden bekanntgegeben. Die Versuche wurden unter verschiedenen Klimaverhältnissen: Industrie-, Stadt-, Land- und Seeklima, durchgeführt.Es wurde festgestellt, daß zwischen den in verschiedenen Bädern passiovierten Überzügen große Unterschiede bestehen in Bezug auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit. In den meisten Fällen wurde eine bedeutende Verbesserung der Korrosions-beständigkeit beobachtet. Die Passivierungsbäder, welche die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Zinküberzüge besonders steigern, wurden angegeben. Allgemein wurde festgestellt, daß nur ein loser Zusammenhang zwischen den Ergebnissen der Feld und Schnellversuche besteht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei den passivierten Zinküberzügen die stärkste Korrosion im Industrieklima eintritt und dann in der Reihenfolge Stadt-, See-, und Landklima abnimmt. Man bemerkte auch, daß sich auf einigen Chromatüberzügen kaum Schmutz niederschlägt. Manche der Überzüge behielten ihren Glanz längere Zeit, oft bis zum Auftreten der Korrosion des Grundmetalls. Ein Vergleich der Korrosionsbeständigkeit der in verschiedenen Bädern passivierten Zinküberzügen wurde angegeben.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Electro Chemical Behavior of Bimetallic Electrodes and the Application of their Overpotential Curves in Corrosion ResearchA two phase electrode with local cells on its anodic and cathodic surfaces is put into an extern circuit. The polarization voltage depends on (a)the situation and size of the local cell surfaces,(b)the anodic and cathodic processes on the local electrodes,(c)the direction and the current density of the extern current and(d)the situation of the tip of the reference electrode in the solution.The facts nzcntioned above are the basis for an investigation of current doisity-voltage curves of electrodes which are corroded by local currents.
    Notes: Eine Zweiphasenelektrode mit Lokal-elementanbildung auf ihren Anoden-und Kathodenflächen wird in einem äußeren Stromkreis eingebaut; die Messung der Polarisationsspannung hängt ab von: (a)Lage und Größe der Lokalelementflächen(b)Anoden- und Kathodenvorgängen auf den Lokalelektroden(c)Richtung und Stärke des außen angelegten Stromes und(d)Lage des Abzapfpunktes der Bezugselektrode in der Lösung.Die Erörterung der Tatsachen bildet die Grundlage zur Untersuchung von Strom. Spannungskurven von Elektroden, die bei Korrosionsvorgängen durch Lokalströme erhalten werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 461-466 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of Steel Pipes in Refinary Equipment by Sulfur Rich Crude OilThe crude oil of Nagylengyel contains five and six membered naphtene rings which are fused partly and heterocyclic compounds with sulfur, nitrogen resp. vanadium. The products of thermal decomposition of the crude oil and the overheated water vapor which is added to lower the partial pressure of the oil vapor attack the iron parts of the refinery severely. According to chemical and x-ray investigations the corrosion processes cause the formation of metal sulfides and sulfates as well as oxides of various degrees of oxidation. The corrosion products show differing structures according to the duration of corrosion. After some months there arc several plain covers of rust. After two years a peculiar structure of several layers appears which looks like finger prints. Under the cover the basic metal seems to be ribbed as by etching.The form of this noteworthy corrosion may be discerned by diffusion effects.
    Notes: Das Rohöl von Nagylengyel enthält Verbindungen, in welchen  -  z. T. kondensierte  -  fünf- oder sechsgliedrige Naphthenringe, außerdem Ringe mit Schwefel-, Stickstoff- bzw. Vanadin-Heteroatomen vorkommen. Bei der Verarbeitung des Rohöles greifen die therm. Zersetzungsprodukte und der  -  zwecks Erniedringung des Partialdruckes der Öldämpfe  -  eingeführte überhitzte Wasserdampf die Eisenteile der Raffinationsanlage stark an. Die Korrosionsvorgänge führen  -  nach den Daten der chem. und röntgenograph. Analyse der Korrosionsprodukte  -  zur Bildung von Metallsulfid und -sulfat-Verbindungen, ferner Metalloxyden verschiedener Oxydationsstufen.Die äußere Form und die mikrosk. Untersuchung zeigt, abhängend von der Zeitdauer der Korrosionswirkung, unterschiedliche Struktur. Bei paar Mon. Einwirkungsdauer sind mehrere glatte Rostschichten zu finden. Nach 2 Jhr. erscheint eine eigenartige „Fingerabdruck“ ähnliche, mehrschichtige Struktur. Unter dem gerippten Überzug scheint auch das Grundmetall durch Einätzung und Rippen unterteilt zu sein.Das Zustandekommen der bemerkenswerten Korrosionsformen kann mit Diffusionseffekten in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 467-470 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 475-480 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 481-487 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 487-487 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 487-487 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 488-488 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 488-488 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 488-491 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 491-492 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. XXI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 613-623 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Corrosion of Pressure Pipes and on the Protective MeasuresThe article presents a discussion of the general principles of galvanic cells as they cause many initial corrosion processes. This allows to understand easily the formation of rust on pipes in tunnels.The author gives a short summery of the behavior of different metal parts of a pipeline in a gallery under the influence of percolating water as well as of constant modifications of the conditions of temperature and airation.Furthermore some protective measures are described which were found to be suitable. Finally the properties of a protective coating which consists of several covers of paint, requested to guarrantee durable protection, are discussed.
    Notes: In vorliegendem Beitrag werden einige allgemeine Grundsätze der Bildung galvanischer Elemente betrachtet, da solche Elemente den Ausgangspunkt der Korrosionserscheinung darstellen; dadurch wird auch die Bildung des Rostes auf metallischen Leitungen in unterirdischen Schächten leichter verständlich.Der Verfasser gibt danach eine kurze Zusammenfassung des Verhaltens der verschiedenen metallischen Bestandteile einer in einer Galerie laufenden Leitung unter dem Einfluß von Sickerwasser sowie ständigem Wechsel der Temperatur und der Belüftung.Außerdem werden die Schutzmaßnahmen beschrieben, die zur Bekämpfung der schädlichen Einflüsse einer feuchtigkeitsgesättigten Atmosphäre erprobt wurden. Abschließend werden die wesentlichen Eigenschaften behandelt, die ein aus mehreren Anstrichschichten bestehender Überzug besitzen muß, um dauerhaften Schutz zu gewähren.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Importance of the Physical Properties of the Soil in Regard to the Mechanisms of the Reactions of Iron in SoilsAmong various factors controlling the velocity of the corrosion of iron in soils, as there are the soil water, the soil air, the pH-value and the electric resistance of the soil, the adhesive power of the soil to water is the most important one. The active and Passive states of iron in soil can be discerned from the theories of soil physicsBy means of model tests with glass balls of different sizes all kinds of contact corrosion can be explained. In a system unsaturated with water pitting might take place. A more uniform and weaker erosion is noticed in saturated soils.Basing on these results the experimental results of the American Bureau of Standards on the velocity of the corrosion of iron in 47 soils in the USA are represented as dependant of the average annual amount of rain.
    Notes: Unter den verschiedenen Faktoren, welche die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit des Eisens im Erdreich regulieren, wie z. B. Bodenwasser, Bodenluft, Wasserstoffionen-Konzentration und Erdbodenwiderstand, ist das Haflvermögen des Bodens an Wasser der wichtigste Faktor. Das aktive und passive Verhalten des Eisens im Erdreich kann mit den Grundlagen der Bodenphysik erklärt werden.An Hand von Modellversuchen mit Glaskugeln verschiedener Größe werden die möglichen Arten der Kontaktkorrosion erklärt, in einem an Wasser ungesättigten System kommt es zu Lochfraß, und in einem an Wasser gesättigten Boden wird Eisen weniger und gleichmäßiger abgetragen.Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse wurde versucht, die in der Natur erhaltenen Versuchsergebnisse des amerikanischen Bureau of Standards über die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit des Eisens in 47 USA-Böden in Abhängigkeit von der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Regenmenge darzustellen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 630-636 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Corrosion of the Tin Plate Container in Canning IndustryA large number of variables (steel, tin coating, surface treatments, can, content) play a role in the corrosion of the tin plate cans; thence its many aspects. The author treats deals special effects of corrosion on the inside and the outside of cans such as sulfide staining briefly. The usual effects of corrosion are discussed in detail: they are characterised by the tin-iron couple, in which tin is the anode (in unlacquered cans). The thickness and the porosity of the tin coating play a minor role while the type and characteristics of the steel, the presence of cathodic de-polarizers (like atmospheric oxygen), and the storage temperature, are important factors Lacquering increases corrosion by reducing the surface of the protective anode.The time dependance of the potentials of tin and steel in a couple, and of the output of the cell, seem to be the best means of studying the influences of the various factors; the most recent research is in this direction. So far, however, no laboratory test can replace practical tests.
    Notes: Zahlreiche Variabeln (Stahl, Verzinnung, Behandlung der Oberfläche, Dose, Produkt) beeinflussen die Korrosion der Konservendose; darum ist sie so verschiedenartig. Verfasser behandelt kurz die äußere Korrosion sowie bestimmte Typen von inneren Angriffen wie Sulfurierung, und bespricht eingehend die eigentliche Korrosion. Diese ist durch die Anwesenheit des Elektroelementes Zinn-Eisen charakterisiert, in welchem das Zinn als Anode wirkt (unlackierte Dose). Dicke und Porosität der Verzinnung spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle; dagegen sind Typ und Eigenschaften des Stahls, Anwesenheit von Depolarisatorer der Kathode (u. d. Luftsauerstoff) und Lagertemperatur wichtige Faktoren. Die Lackierung beschleunigt die Korrosion, da sie die Oberfläche der schützenden Anode vermindert.Die zeitliche Änderung des Potentials von Zinn und Stahl, in elektricher Berührung und der Strommenge der Zelle, scheinen der beste Weg zu sein, um den Einfluß der verschiedenen Faktoren zu untersuchen; in dieser Richtung bewegen sich die allerletzten Studien; doch bis jetzt erlaubt kein Laboratoriumversuch die praktische Probe zu ersetzen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 645-650 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 78
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the Importance of the Hydrate of Lime in Cement Mortar an Concrete against Aggression and of its Resistant Setting by Chemical Reactions during Hydration1The evaluation and interpretation of analytic and physical long term experiments with concretes made of Portland and blast furnace cements which were stored in aggressive agents, shows that the results agree to the theory of cements of the author. On this basis the hydration and cementation processes in the mortar beds as well as the causes and the mechanism of the corrosion of concrete are discerned. As the results of several testing methods and of different evaluation principles are agreeing, theoretically, the experimental results are of general and principle importance.2By means of a chemical reation a resistant setting of the hydrate of lime in the liquid phase during hydration was made possible. The so caused inhibition of the primary aggression allowed to increase the resistance of concretes of standard cements to a level never achieved before.
    Notes: 1Durch die Auswertung und Deutung von Langzeitversuchen, analytischen und physikalischen Untersuchungsergebnissen mit Beton aus Portlandzement und Hochofenzement bei Lagerung in aggressiven Medien ist es gelungen, einc neue zementtheoretische Anschauung des Verfassers zu bestätigen und davon ausgehend zur Klärung der Hydratations- und Erhärtungsvorgänge im Mörtelbett sowohl als auch der Ursachen und des Verlaufs der Betonaggression beizutragen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse sind im Himblick auf ihre Übereinstimmung nach verschiedenen Prüfmethoden und den verschiedensten Auswertungsunterlagen nach Herstellungsart und Durchführungszeit theoretisch von allgemeingültiger und grundsätzlicher Bedeutung.2Durch die aggressionsbeständige Bindung des Kalkhydrats des Zements in der flüssigen Phase durch eine gezielte chemische Umsetzung während der Hydratation und die dadurch verursachte Hemmung bzw. Stillegung der Primäraggression wurde es möglich, Beton aus Normenzementen auf einfache Weise eine Aggressionsbeständigkeit zu geben, wie sie bisher noch nicht erreicht werden konnte.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 651-657 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 658-664 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 665-668 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 669-670 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 671-676 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 677-677 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 679-680 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 680-680 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. XXXIII 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 680-680 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 681-686 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Documentation and Protection against Corrosion by PaintsThe protection against corrosion by painsts plays an important part in the range of protective methode available.Modern paints differ considerably from those used thirty or even ten years ago.Successive developments require continuous testing. The recording and evaluation of the results of short-term tests in the laboratory, of weathering tests and practical applications are usually unsatisfactory.A significant documentation would enable a successful comparison and interpretation of results to be given. Thus, some directions on how to prepare a documentation are given.Besides the standard DIN 53210 “Determination of the Degree of Rusting” there is a draft on the determination of the quality of a paint coat. Results are collected in card index files.
    Notes: Der Korrosionsschutz durch Anstriche nimmt bei den zur Verfügung stehenden Schutzverfahren einen breiten Raum ein. Die heute verwendeten Anstrichmittel unterscheiden sich erheblich von denen, die man vor 30 Jahren benutzt hat und selbst von denen, die vor 10 Jahren in Gebrauch waren.Diese ständige Weiterentwicklung erfordert eine fortlaufende Erprobung. Die Erfassung und Auswertung von Ergebnissen bei Kurzprüfungen im Labor, Bewitterungsprüfungen und bei der Anwendung in der Praxis, ist in der Regel unbefriedigend. Aber erst durch eine sinnvolle Dokumentation der Prüfergebnisse können diese mit einander verglichen und ausgewertet werden.Nachfolgend werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie dieses erfolgen kann. Neben der DIN 53210 „Bestimmung des Rostgrades“ wird ein Schema zur Beurteilung des Zustandes des Anstriches mitgeteilt. Die Ergebnisse werden in Karteikarten erfaßt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 690-693 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of Electro-Chemical Measurements to Find the Causes of CorrosionElectro-chemical investigations of materials under operating conditions enable the causes of corrosion damage to be ascertained.Current density voltage curves plotted on half logarithmic paper give information on the kind and the amount of the corrosion currents. There cases which could be cleared up by electro-chemical investigations are discussed.In the first case, the results show that the sensitivity of a steel section depends much more on its chemical composition than on peripheral segregation.The second case demonstrates that technical phosphoric acid weakens the passivation of V4A steel and conditions potentials at which pitting might occur if the surface is not clean.Finally the influence of atmospheric oxygen upon the corrosion current is discussed in the light of electro-chemical investigations. Intakes of air at a leaky stuffing box are considered to have caused the corrosion of a centrifugal pump.
    Notes: Eiektrochemische Messungen an Werkstoffen, die den jeweiligen Betriebsverhältnissen angeglichen werden, können oft zu wesentlichen Aussagen über die Ursachen von Korrosionsschadensfällen führen.In halblogarithmischer Darstellung aufgenommene Stromdichte-Potentialkurven sind direkten Aussagen über die Art und Größe von Korrosionsströmen zugänglich. In drei Beispielen werden die Ergebnisse von elktrochemischen Messungen diskutiert, die zur Klärung von Korrosionsschäden führten.In einem Fall geben die Versuchsergebinsse an, daß die Korrosionsanfälligkeit eines Profilstables stärker von der chemischen Zusammensetzung, als von randnaben Seigerungen bestimmt wird.Im zweiten Beispiel wird aufgezeigt, daß technische Phosphorsäure die Passivierung von V4A-Stahl abschwächt und Ruhepotentiale erreicht werden, die bei nicht sauberen Oberflächen zu Lochfraß führen können.Aus den Versuchsergebnissen elektrochemischer Messungen an Gußbronze in Kühlsole wird drittens der Einfluß von Lufltsauerstoff auf den Korrosionsstrom angeführt, so daß Lufteintritt an einer undichten Stoffbüchse für die starke Korrosion einer Kreiselpumpe verantwortlich gemacht werden muß.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 686-689 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Glossy and Thick Rhodium CoatingsRhodium has been used for twenty years to prevent the tarnishing of silver goods and silver jewellery. Today, Rhodium finds its applications in engineering too. The 'decorative' coatings are glossy but only 1 micron thick. The 'technological' coatings of thicknesses varying between 2 and 25 microns, are always dull.However, for certain purposes it is desirable to obtain both thick and glossy Rhodium coatings. The author, therefore, examines the effects of various additives: cetain metal salts delay the disappearance of the gloss with a coating thickness of up to 2 microns, but the true gloss-producing agents appear to be active only on the surface. A number of such surfaceactive materials (anion-active, cathion-active and non-ionising) were investigated. Some of these produce glossy coatings with a thickness of far more than 10 microns. In addition, the porosity of the coat and its surface tesion is greatly reduced, the porosity of the coat and its surface tension is greatly reduced and thereby the corrosion resistance of the Rhodium is significantly improved. However, results of these experiments are not entirely consistent and work in this field continues.
    Notes: Rhodium wird seit über zwei Jahrzehnten angewandt, um das Anlaufen von Silberwaren und Silberschmuck zu verhüten. Heute hat Rhodium auch in der Technik Eingang gefunden. Die „dekorativen“ Schichten sind glänzend, jedoch nicht stärker als 1 Mikron; die „technischen“ Schichten, deren Dicke zwischen 2 und 25 Mikron schwankt, sind stets matt.Für gewisse Zwecke ist es jedoch erwünscht, dicke und glänzende Rhodiumüberzüge zu erhalten. Der Verfasser hat daher die Wirkung verschiedener Zusätze geprüft: Gewisse Metallsalze verzögern das Schwinden des Glanzes bei einer Schichtdicke bis zu zwei Mikron, jedoch scheinen die ausgesprochenen glanzgebenden Produkte oberflächenaktive Stoffe zu sein. Eine Reihe synthetischer oberflächenaktiver Produkte  -  anionaktive, kationaktive und nichtionogene  -  wurde untersucht. Einige davon ergeben glänzende Überzüge bei Schichtdicken, die weit über 10 Mikron liegen. Die Porosität der Schicht und ihre Oberflächenspannung werden außerdem stark herabgesetzt und dadurch wird die Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Rhodiums deutlich verbessert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind jedoch noch nicht durchweg konstant und die Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet werden fortgesetzt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 715-718 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 693-698 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Causes of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Non-ferrous Metals and SteelsThe basic problems of stress corrosion are, on the one hand, the extreme localisation of the attack on the grain boundaries or on areas within the crystals; on the other hand the effect to tensile strees. The assumption that the tensile stress causes the localisation of the attack is not borne out. It is shown that a localised attack on the intergranular boundaries takes place even in homogeneous solid solution, without any tensile stress. This is traced to the increased reactivity of obtuse-angled grain boundaries due to solid solution formation, which can be proved experimentally. This solid solution effect, however, with a maximum of 50 At does not cause intercrystalline i. e. stress corrosion under the action of chemically corrosive agents alone; but only if an electrochemical process takes place at the same time. It is shown that such a porcess is possible even is homogeneous solid solution. As regards the part played by tensile stress, it is shown that its effect consists only of producing plastic deformation for, in the course of such deformation, i. e: in statu deformandi, the activity of a solid solution is increased considerably; for this, too, experimental proofs are given.
    Notes: Die Grundprobleme der Spannungskorrosion sind einerseits die extreme Lokalisierung des Angriffs auf die Korngrenzen oder auch auf Bereiche innerhalb der Kristallite, andererseits die Wirkung der Zugspannung. Die Annahme, daß durch die Zugspannung die Lokalisierung des Angriffs verursacht werden würde, wurde nicht bestätigt. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß ein lokalisierter Angriff auf die Korngrenzen auch bei homogenen Mischkristallen schon ohne Vorhandensein von Zugspannungen erfolgt. Dies wird auf eine Erhöhung des Reaktionsvermögens der Großwinkel-Korngrenzen als Folge der Mischkristallbildung zurückgeführt, die experimentell nachgewiesen wird. Dieser “Mischkristall-Effekt” mit Maximum bei 50 At.-% führt jedoch bei Einwirkung chemischer Agentien allein noch nicht zu interkristalliner bzw. Spannungskorrosion, sondern nur bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten eines elektrochemischen Prozesses. Es wird gezeigt, daß ein solcher unter gewissen Voraussetzungen auch bei homogenen Mischkristallen möglich ist. Bezüglich der Rolle der Zugspannungen wird gezeigt, daß ihre Wirkung lediglich darin besteht, plastische Verformungen hervorzurufen, denn unmittelbar während einer plastischen Verformung, d. h. “in statu deformandi”, wird das Reaktionsvermögen von Mischkristallen ganz beträchtlich erhöht, wofür ebenfalls experimentelle Beweise erbracht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 719-722 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 699-715 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Galvanic Corrosion of Cast Iron and Brass Ms 60 in Acids, in the Absence and Pressence of Inhibitors II.Experiments show that the galvanic corrosion process is largely independent of corrosion caused by local cells. Inhibitors suppress only the effect of the local cells. The amount of galvanic corrosion in acid solutions is usually less than 1% of the total corrosion. The proportion of galvanic corrosion is increased only by the addition in inhibitors, because the corrosion caused by local cells is then supressed much more than the galvanic corrosion. Mixtures of inhibitors give greater protection than single substances. The nature of the charge on the inhibitor ions has little influence, because inhibition occurs both at the anode and at the cathode of the galvanic couple irrespective of the charge on the inhibitor ions. The effects observed can be explained by the theory which postulates an insulating pin-cushion inhibitor film. The results again support the inhibitor theory of W. Machu.
    Notes: Versuche zeigten, daß die galvanische Korrosion weitgehend unabhängig von der durch Lokalelemente hervorgerufenen vor sich geht. Inhibitoren hemmen praktisch nur die Tätigkeit der Lokalelemente. Der Anteil der galvanischen Korrosion an der Gesamtkorrosion ist in Säuren nur gering, meist kleiner als 1%. Nur bei guter Hemmungswirkung steigt der prozentuale Anteil der galvanischen Korrosion an, da die Korrosion durch Lokalelemente durch die Inhibitoren stärker verringert wird als die nur wenig verringerte galvanische Korrosion. Gemische von Inhibitoren schützen besser als Einzelstoffe. Der Ladungssinn der Inhibitorteilchen hat nur wenig Einfluß, da unabhängig vom Ladungssinn des Inhibitorteilchens Hemmungswirkungen sowohl an der Kathode als auch an der Anode der Metallkombination auftreten. Als Erklärung der beobachteten Erscheinungen wird die nadelkissenartige, isolierend wirkende Deckschicht der Inhibitoren herangezogen. Die Versuche stellen eine erneute Bestätigung der Inhibitortheorie von W. Machu dar.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 723-727 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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