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  • Other Sources  (65,053)
  • 2020-2024  (8,006)
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  • 1
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    Thermische Eigenschaften von Böden (2024)
    Landesamt für Geologie und Bergbau Rheinland-Pfalz
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Ob Energiewende, die Gewinnung geothermischer Energie aus dem Boden, der Bau von unterirdischen Stromtrassen oder die Modellierung des Energiehaushalts der Erdoberfläche – die Kenntnisse der physikalisch-thermischen Eigenschaften des oberflächennahen Untergrundes sind von zentraler Bedeutung für zahlreiche Fragestellen der angewandten Bodenkunde. Böden als 3-Phasengemische aus Wasser, Luft und Festsubstanz können erhebliche Unterschiede und Differenzierungen bezüglich der thermischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Neben dem Wasser- und Lufthaushalt sind Lagerungsdichte, Textur sowie die mineralogische Zusammensetzung entscheidende Einflussfaktoren. Auf Basis dieser Grundlagen wurden von verschiedenen Autoren Modellansätze entwickelt, um thermische Parameter bei unterschiedlichen Feuchtezuständen abzuleiten. Die meisten dieser Ansätze beruhen auf der Auswertung von repräsentativen Bodenproben, die ein möglichst breites Texturspektrum abbilden sollen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung verfolgt einen alternativen Ansatz. Durch Messungen im Routinebetrieb eines bodenphysikalischen Labors wurde ein umfangreicher Datensatz aufgebaut, der Auswertungen nach verschiedenen laboranalytischen sowie boden- und substratsystematischen Aspekten ermöglicht. Auf dieser breiten Datenbasis sollen die thermischen Eigenschaften von Böden bei definierten Randbedingungen noch genauer gefasst werden. Darüber hinaus sollen Grundlagen erarbeitet werden, die es ermöglichen, thermische Kennwerte über die Kenntnis einfacher Feldparameter möglichst präzise abzuschätzen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:631.436 ; Bodenphysik ; Wärmeleitfähigkeit ; Rheinland-Pfalz
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , publishedVersion
    Format: 56
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years (2024)
    IOP Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The spreading of crushed olivine-rich rocks in coastal seas to accelerate weathering reactions sequesters atmospheric CO2 and reduces atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Their weathering rates depend on different factors, including temperature and the reaction surface area. Therefore, this study investigates the variations in olivine-based enhanced weathering rates across 13 regional coasts worldwide. In addition, it assesses the CO2 sequestration within 100 years and evaluates the maximum net-sequestration potential based on varying environmental conditions. Simulations were conducted using the geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium modeling software PHREEQC. A sensitivity analysis was performed, exploring various combinations of influencing parameters, including grain size, seawater temperature, and chemistry. The findings reveal significant variation in CO2 sequestration, ranging from 0.13 to 0.94 metric tons (t) of CO2 per ton of distributed olivine-rich rocks over 100 years. Warmer coastal regions exhibit higher CO2 sequestration capacities than temperate regions, with a difference of 0.4 t CO2/t olivine distributed. Sensitivity analysis shows that smaller grain sizes (10 µm) exhibit higher net CO2 sequestration rates (0.87 t/t) in olivine-based enhanced weathering across all conditions, attributed to their larger reactive surface area. However, in warmer seawater temperatures, olivine with slightly larger grain sizes (50 and 100 µm) displays still larger net CO2 sequestration rates (0.97 and 0.92 t/t), optimizing the efficiency of CO2 sequestration while reducing grinding energy requirements. While relying on a simplified sensitivity analysis that does not capture the full complexity of real-world environmental dynamics, this study contributes to understanding the variability and optimization of enhanced weathering for CO2 sequestration, supporting its potential as a sustainable CO2 removal strategy.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    PAPER (OCEANREP)
  • 3
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    Diatom-mediated food web functioning under ocean artificial upwelling (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Enhancing ocean productivity by artificial upwelling is evaluated as a nature-based solution for food security and climate change mitigation. Fish production is intended through diatom-based plankton food webs as these are assumed to be short and efficient. However, our findings from mesocosm experiments on artificial upwelling in the oligotrophic ocean disagree with this classical food web model. Here, diatoms did not reduce trophic length and instead impaired the transfer of primary production to crustacean grazers and small pelagic fish. The diatom-driven decrease in trophic efficiency was likely mediated by changes in nutritional value for the copepod grazers. Whilst diatoms benefitted the availability of essential fatty acids, they also caused unfavorable elemental compositions via high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (i.e. low protein content) to which the grazers were unable to adapt. This nutritional imbalance for grazers was most pronounced in systems optimized for CO 2 uptake through carbon-to-nitrogen ratios well beyond Redfield. A simultaneous enhancement of fisheries production and carbon sequestration via artificial upwelling may thus be difficult to achieve given their opposing stoichiometric constraints. Our study suggest that food quality can be more critical than quantity to maximize food web productivity during shorter-term fertilization of the oligotrophic ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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    PAPER (OCEANREP)
  • 4
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    Die Zeit drängt für einen US-EU-Club für grünen Stahl (2023)
    In:  Tagesspiegel Background: Energie & Klima, 23.05.2024
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Die EU und die USA tun sich schwer mit ihrem „Club für grünen Stahl“. Es hakt an unterschiedlichen Vorstellungen zum Design, an den ungleichen Ausgangslagen und nicht zuletzt an einer drohenden Wiederwahl Donald Trumps. Aber schon ein Minimalkonsens würde zeigen, dass zwei führende Handelsmächte es ernst meinen mit dem Klimaschutz in der Stahlindustrie, ist Charlotte Unger vom RIFS überzeugt.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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    CITATION RIFS
  • 5
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    Analytical solution for the long- and short-range every-pair-interactions system (2024)
    In:  Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Many physical, biological, and social systems exhibit emergent properties arising from their components’ interactions (cells). In this study, we systematically treat every-pair interactions (a) that exhibit power-law dependence on the Euclidean distance and (b) act in structures that can be characterized using fractal geometry. It can represent the two-body interaction potential, the heat flux between two parts of a structure, friendship strength between two people, etc.. We analytically derive the average intensity of influence that one cell has on the others or, conversely, receives from them. This quantity is referred to as the mean interaction field of the cells, and we find that (i) in a long-range interaction regime, the mean interaction field increases following a power-law with the size of the system, (ii) in a short-range interaction regime, the field saturates, and (iii) in the intermediate range it follows a logarithmic behavior. To validate our analytical solution, we perform numerical simulations. For long-range interactions, the theoretical calculations align closely with the numerical results. However, for short-range interactions, we observe that discreteness significantly impacts the continuum approximation used in the derivation, leading to incorrect asymptotic behavior in this regime. To address this issue, we propose an expansion that substantially improves the accuracy of the analytical expression. We discuss applications of the every-pair interactions system proposed, and one of them is to explore a framework for estimating the fractal dimension of unknown structures. This approach offers an alternative to established methods such as box-counting or sandbox methods. Overall, we believe that our analytical work will have broad applicability in systems where every-pair interactions play a role.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    CITATION PIK
  • 6
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    The Multi-Dimensional Emergence of Climate-Induced Migrants in Rights-Based Litigation in the Global South (2024)
    In:  Journal of Human Rights Practice
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The article evidences to what extent rights-based climate litigation is applied as a strategy to enhance the recognition and protection of climate-induced migrants. Adopting a deduc- tive approach and desk review, the study, illustrates how climate-induced migration has been addressed by International Human Rights Law, with some attention also paid to the growing application of the right to a safe climate and climate justice. The study highlights the duties of both States and private actors in tackling the emerging climate crisis under the human rights agenda. Relevant responsibilities are framed in particular within the scope of rights-based litiga- tion dealing with the topic. We present an analysis of litigation linked to climate-induced migration that was filed before distinct international, regional, and national jurisdictions and, in doing so, propose a chronology of cases—structured in three generations—of how population movements as a result of climate change have been discussed by judicial means. The first generation relates to cases that consider the issue from the perspective of protection—in both national, regional, and international jurisdictions. The second generation emerges within general climate litigation claims, involving commitments linked to the climate agenda. In addition to raising (forced) pop- ulation movements as one of the expected impacts of climate change, such cases frequently call upon a rights-based approach. The third generation encompasses rights-based cases cen- tred on climate-induced migrants per se. The strengths and limitations of rights-based litigation to respond to the topic are finally highlighted: we conclude that litigation remains a blunt but not unpromising tool to respond to climate-induced migration. Generic references to the risk of (forced) population movements largely prevail; nevertheless, strategic rights-based litigation can facilitate the visibility of climate-induced migrants to the international community, fostering the development of legal solutions in the longer term.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    A harmonized database of European forest simulations under climate change (2024)
    In:  Data in Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Process-based forest models combine biological, physical, and chemical process understanding to simulate forest dynamics as an emergent property of the system. As such, they are valuable tools to investigate the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems. Specifically, they allow testing of hypotheses regarding long-term ecosystem dynamics and provide means to assess the impacts of climate scenarios on future forest development. As a consequence, numerous local-scale simulation studies have been conducted over the past decades to assess the impacts of climate change on forests. These studies apply the best available models tailored to local conditions, parameterized and evaluated by local experts. However, this treasure trove of knowledge on climate change responses remains underexplored to date, as a consistent and harmonized dataset of local model simulations is missing. Here, our objectives were (i) to compile existing local simulations on forest development under climate change in Europe in a common database, (ii) to harmonize them to a common suite of output variables, and (iii) to provide a standardized vector of auxiliary environmental variables for each simulated location to aid subsequent investigations. Our dataset of European stand- and landscape-level forest simulations contains over 1.1 million simulation runs representing 135 million simulation years for more than 13,000 unique locations spread across Europe. The data were harmonized to consistently describe forest development in terms of stand structure (dominant height), composition (dominant species, admixed species), and functioning (leaf area index). Auxiliary variables provided include consistent daily climate information (temperature, precipitation, radiation, vapor pressure deficit) as well as information on local site conditions (soil depth, soil physical properties, soil water holding capacity, plant-available nitrogen). The present dataset facilitates analyses across models and locations, with the aim to better harness the valuable information contained in local simulations for large-scale policy support, and for fostering a deeper understanding of the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems in Europe.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines (2024)
    In:  Nature Energy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Texas power grid on the Gulf Coast of the United States is frequently hit by tropical cyclones (TCs) causing widespread power outages, a risk that is expected to substantially increase under global warming. Here we introduce a new approach that combines a probabilistic line failure model with a network model of the Texas grid to simulate the spatio-temporal co-evolution of wind-induced failures of high-voltage transmission lines and the resulting cascading power outages from seven major historical TCs. The approach allows reproducing observed supply failures. In addition, compared to existing static approaches, it provides a notable advantage in identifying critical lines whose failure can trigger large supply shortages. We show that hardening only 1% of total lines can reduce the likelihood of the most destructive type of outage by a factor of between 5 and 20. The proposed modelling approach could represent a so far missing tool for identifying effective options to strengthen power grids against future TC strikes, even under limited knowledge.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    Rate-induced tipping cascades arising from interactions between the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (2024)
    In:  Earth System Dynamics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are considered tipping elements in the climate system, where global warming exceeding critical threshold levels in forcing can lead to large-scale and nonlinear reductions in ice volume and overturning strength, respectively. The positive-negative feedback loop governing their interaction (with a destabilizing effect on the AMOC due to ice loss and subsequent freshwater flux into the North Atlantic as well as a stabilizing effect of a net-cooling around Greenland with an AMOC weakening) may determine the long-term stability of both tipping elements. Here we explore the potential dynamic regimes arising from this positive-negative tipping feedback loop in a process-based conceptual model. Under idealized forcing scenarios we identify conditions under which different kinds of tipping cascades can occur: Herein, we distinguish between overshoot tipping cascades (leading to tipping of both GIS and AMOC) and rate-induced tipping cascades (where the AMOC despite not having crossed its own intrinsic tipping point tips nonetheless due to the fast rate of ice loss from Greenland). These different cascades occur within corridors of distinct tipping pathways that are affected by the GIS melting patterns and thus eventually by the imposed forcing and its time scales. Our results suggest that it is not only necessary to avoid breaching the respective critical levels of the environmental drivers for the Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, but also to respect safe rates of environmental change to mitigate potential domino effects.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    Finding tipping points in the global steel sector: A comparison of companies in Australia, Austria, South Korea and the USA (2024)
    In:  Global environmental change: human and policy dimensions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The global steel sector is responsible for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for significant changes in production practices and the adoption of low-carbon breakthrough technologies to achieve net-zero emissions. This study was conducted to explore positive tipping points at the company level, taking into account socio-political, economic and industry pressures that initiate the tipping process. The study operationalizes tipping points using the Triple Embededdness Framework, which incorporates indicators from the socio-political and economic environment, as well as the industry regime of companies. An analysis is performed of secondary data from four steel companies: BlueScope (Australia), POSCO (South Korea), voestalpine (Austria), and U.S. Steel (USA). The findings indicate that voestalpine is on the verge of reaching a positive tipping point, and POSCO is also on a promising track. In contrast, both BlueScope and U.S. Steel are lagging behind. In the tipping process, national policies play a critical role in expediting the transition to low-carbon steel production for frontrunners, while global climate policy has a greater leverage by influencing producers who operate in a less stringent national policy context. Additionally, the customer demand for low-carbon steel serves as a driving force for innovation and can incentivize steelmakers to produce low-carbon products.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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