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  • Nature Publishing Group  (17,607)
  • American Geophysical Union  (12,370)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • 2020-2024  (260)
  • 1980-1984  (29,719)
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  • 1
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    Skillful long-lead prediction of summertime heavy rainfall in the US Midwest from sea surface salinity (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-07
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(13), (2022): e2022GL098554, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098554.
    Description: Summertime heavy rainfall and its resultant floods are among the most harmful natural hazards in the US Midwest, one of the world's primary crop production areas. However, seasonal forecasts of heavy rain, currently based on preseason sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), remain unsatisfactory. Here, we present evidence that sea surface salinity anomalies (SSSAs) over the tropical western Pacific and subtropical North Atlantic are skillful predictors of summer time heavy rainfall one season ahead. A one standard deviation change in tropical western Pacific SSSA is associated with a 1.8 mm day−1 increase in local precipitation, which excites a teleconnection pattern to extratropical North Pacific. Via extratropical air-sea interaction and long memory of midlatitude SSTA, a wave train favorable for US Midwest heavy rain is induced. Combined with soil moisture feedbacks bridging the springtime North Atlantic salinity, the SSSA-based statistical prediction model improves Midwest heavy rainfall forecasts by 92%, complementing existing SSTA-based frameworks.
    Description: This study is supported by the NSF PREEVENTS program under ICER-1663138 (LL) and ICER-1663704 (RWS and CCU).
    Description: 2023-01-07
    Keywords: Sea surface salinity ; Midwest precipitation ; Heavy rainfall ; Long-lead prediction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Contributions of different sea-level processes to high-tide flooding along the US coastline (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(7), (2022): e2021JC018276, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018276.
    Description: Coastal communities across the United States (U.S.) are experiencing an increase in the frequency of high-tide flooding (HTF). This increase is mainly due to sea-level rise (SLR), but other factors such as intra- to inter-annual mean sea level variability, tidal anomalies, and non-tidal residuals also contribute to HTF events. Here we introduce a novel decomposition approach to develop and then analyze a new database of different sea-level components. Those components represent processes that act on various timescales to contribute to HTF along the U.S. coastline. We find that the relative importance of components to HTF events strongly varies in space and time. Tidal anomalies contribute the most along the west and northeast coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in winter. Non-tidal residuals are most important along the Gulf of Mexico and mid-Atlantic coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in fall. We also quantify the minimum number of components that were required to cause HTF events in the past and how this number changed over time. The results highlight that at present, due to SLR, fewer components are needed to combine to push water levels above HTF thresholds, but tidal anomalies alone are still not sufficient to reach HTF thresholds in most locations. Finally, we explore how co-variability between different components leads to compounding effects. In some places, positive correlation between sea-level components leads to significantly more HTF events than would be expected if sea-level components were uncorrelated, whereas in other places negative correlation leads to fewer HTF events.
    Description: his work was supported by NASA's Sea Level Change Team award number 80NSSC20K1241. S.L. also acknowledges support by the China Scholarship Council (no. 201904910413) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2011YQ120045).
    Description: 2023-01-14
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  • 3
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    Critical Drift in a Neuro-Inspired Adaptive Network (2023)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society (APS), 130(18), pp. 188401-188401, ISSN: 0031-9007
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It has been postulated that the brain operates in a self-organized critical state that brings multiple benefits, such as optimal sensitivity to input. Thus far, self-organized criticality has typically been depicted as a one-dimensional process, where one parameter is tuned to a critical value. However, the number of adjustable parameters in the brain is vast, and hence critical states can be expected to occupy a high-dimensional manifold inside a high-dimensional parameter space. Here, we show that adaptation rules inspired by homeostatic plasticity drive a neuro-inspired network to drift on a critical manifold, where the system is poised between inactivity and persistent activity. During the drift, global network parameters continue to change while the system remains at criticality.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Master stability functions for metacommunities with two types of habitats (2022)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review E, American Physical Society (APS), 105(4), pp. 044310-044310, ISSN: 2470-0045
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Current questions in ecology revolve around instabilities in the dynamics on spatial networks and particularly the effect of node heterogeneity. We extend the master stability function formalism to inhomogeneous biregular networks having two types of spatial nodes. Notably, this class of systems also allows the investigation of certain types of dynamics on higher-order networks. Combined with the generalized modeling approach to study the linear stability of steady states, this is a powerful tool to numerically asses the stability of large ensembles of systems. We analyze the stability of ecological metacommunities with two distinct types of habitats analytically and numerically in order to identify several sets of conditions under which the dynamics can become stabilized by dispersal. Our analytical approach allows general insights into stabilizing and destabilizing effects in metapopulations. Specifically, we identify self-regulation and negative feedback loops between source and sink populations as stabilizing mechanisms and we show that maladaptive dispersal may be stable under certain conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Seismic imaging of Dante’s Domes oceanic core complex from streamer waveform inversion and reverse time migration (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2021JB023814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb023814.
    Description: Early arrival traveltime tomography and full waveform inversion were conducted on downward continued streamer seismic data at Dante's Domes oceanic core complex (OCC), providing unprecedented details of shallow P wave velocity structure. Together with reverse time migration images, seafloor morphology, in situ geological samples, magnetic and gravity data, the seismic constraints are used to infer the lithological distribution along the seismic profiles. Based on the striking similarity in velocity structure beneath the corrugated domes with other OCCs and drilling results from Atlantis Massif, we confidently reconfirmed the Southern Dome as dominantly gabbroic rocks, and the Northern Dome as serpentinized peridotites. A series of isolated gabbroic bodies embedded in the diabase and basaltic layers is observed in the breakaway zone, suggesting that the initiation of Dante's Domes OCC occurred over a long period during which there were several failed attempts to form a long-lived detachment fault. This early development of the OCC probably occurred under a regime of alternating magma starvation and magma replenishment. The predominantly gabbroic section, beneath the Southern Dome and extending to termination, indicates the OCC has been created with relatively high magma flux. We also imaged distinct shallow subseafloor reflections which are also termed as D reflectors underneath the corrugated domes. The location of the D reflectors is similar to those in the Atlantis Massif, with depths well correlated with the top of exhumed gabbroic bodies and the discontinuities in the D reflectors between gabbroic bodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of processes controlling the OCCs initiation and evolution at slow spreading ridges.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91858207), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (GML2019ZD0205), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515020023). M. X. acknowledges support from Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (2018FY100505), Guangdong NSF research team project (2017A030312002), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-13), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03). J. P. C. acknowledges support from the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI.
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  • 6
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    Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(8),(2022): e2022JC018737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018737.
    Description: Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011–2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings' path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75°W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71°W along which rings travel almost due west along ∼39°N across isobaths – the “Ring Corridor.” Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9 cm s−1. Long-lived rings (lifespan 〉150 days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan 〈150 days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.
    Description: AS and AG are grateful for financial support from NOAA (NA11NOS0120038), NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST, and UMass Dartmouth. GG was supported by NSF under grant OCE-1657853. MA was supported by NSF under grant OCE-2122726 and by ONR under grant N00014-22-1-2112.
    Keywords: Gulf Stream ; Warm core rings ; Trajectories ; Eddies ; Aneurysm ; Ring formation
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  • 7
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    Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Asimow, P., Horton, F., & Boyes, X. Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010172.
    Description: High-temperature melting in mantle plumes produces voluminous eruptions that are often temporally coincident with mass extinctions. Paleocene Baffin Island lavas—products of early Iceland mantle plume activity—are exceptionally well characterized geochemically but have poorly constrained stratigraphy, geochronology, and eruptive tempos. To provide better geologic context, we measured seven stratigraphic sections of the volcanic deposits and collected paleomagnetic data from 38 sites in the lavas and underlying Cretaceous sediments (Quqaluit Fm.). The average paleomagnetic pole from this study does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American locality at 60 Ma, yet the data have sufficient dispersion to average out secular variation. After ruling out other possibilities, we find that the picrites were probably erupted during a polarity transition, over less than 5 kyr. If so, the average eruption interval was ∼67 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. We also calculate that the flood basalts had a minimum total volume of ∼176 km3 (excluding submerged lavas in Baffin Bay). This implies a minimum eruption rate of ∼0.035 km3 yr−1, which is similar to rates found in West Greenland lavas but less than rates found in larger flood basalts. Despite this, the Baffin and West Greenland lavas temporally correlate with the “End C27n event” (a period of ∼2°C global warming) and may be its underlying cause.
    Description: his work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award #1911699 to F. Horton and award #2052963 to J. Biasi), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a National Geographic Society grant (#CP4-144R-18), and internal funding from the Caltech Geological and Planetary Sciences Division.
    Keywords: Baffin island ; North Atlantic ; Flood basalt ; Paleomagnetism ; Volcanology ; Secular variation
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  • 8
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    Carbonation of serpentinite in creeping faults of California (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(15), (2022): e2022GL099185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099185.
    Description: Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity-strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica-carbonate rock, and CO2-rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica-carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica-carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite-hosted CO2-rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants NSF-EAR-1220280 to F. K. and J. L., NSF-EAR-1219908 to D. G., and NSF-OCE-2001728 to J. L.
    Keywords: Mineral carbonation ; Serpentinite ; Talc ; CO2 ; Aseismic creep ; San Andreas Fault
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  • 9
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    Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marsay, C. M., Landing, W. M., Umstead, D., Till, C. P., Freiberger, R., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Lanning, N. T., Shiller, A. M., Hatta, M., Chmiel, R., Saito, M., & Buck, C. S. Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007416.
    Description: Atmospheric deposition represents a major input for micronutrient trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean and is often quantified indirectly through measurements of aerosol TE concentrations. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) dominates aerosol mass concentration over much of the global ocean, but few studies have assessed its contribution to aerosol TE loading, which could result in overestimates of “new” TE inputs. Low-mineral aerosol concentrations measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15; 152°W, 56°N to 20°S), along with concurrent towfish sampling of surface seawater, provided an opportunity to investigate this aspect of TE biogeochemical cycling. Central Pacific Ocean surface seawater Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations were combined with aerosol Na data to calculate a “recycled” SSA contribution to aerosol TE loading. Only vanadium was calculated to have a SSA contribution averaging 〉1% along the transect (mean of 1.5%). We derive scaling factors from previous studies on TE enrichments in the sea surface microlayer and in freshly produced SSA to assess the broader potential for SSA contributions to aerosol TE loading. Maximum applied scaling factors suggest that SSA could contribute significantly to the aerosol loading of some elements (notably V, Cu, and Pb), while for others (e.g., Fe and Al), SSA contributions largely remained 〈1%. Our study highlights that a lack of focused measurements of TEs in SSA limits our ability to quantify this component of marine aerosol loading and the associated potential for overestimating new TE inputs from atmospheric deposition.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-1756103 to C. S. Buck, OCE-1756104 to W. M. Landing, OCE-1737024 to A.M. Shiller, OCE-1736906 to M. Hatta, OCE-1736875 to C. P. Till, OCE-1737167 to J. N. Fitzsimmons, and OCE-1736599 to M. Saito. In addition, N. T. Lanning was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program award 1746932.
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Trace elements ; GEOTRACES ; Sea spray aerosol ; Pacific Ocean
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  • 10
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    Using misorientation and weighted burgers vector statistics to understand intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation at high temperatures (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2022JB024497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024497.
    Description: During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (〉10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (〈10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C (Th≈ 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low- (〈10°) and high-angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (〉〉10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock-forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
    Description: This work was supported by a NASA fund (Grant No. NNX15AM69G) to David L. Goldsby and two Marsden Funds of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant Nos. UOO1116, UOO052) to David J. Prior. Sheng Fan was supported by the University of Otago doctoral scholarship, the Antarctica New Zealand doctoral scholarship, a research grant from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment through the Antarctic Science Platform (ANTA1801) (Grant No. ASP-023-03), and a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) Early Career Researcher Seed Grant (Grant No. NZARI 2020-1-5). Open access publishing facilitated by University of Otago, as part of the Wiley – University of Otago agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
    Keywords: High temperature deformation ; Misorientation ; Weighted Burgers vector ; Intragranular boundary ; Grain boundary ; Boundary geometry
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  • 11
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    Monitoring volcanic activity through combined measurements of CO2 efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in soil gas: an application to Mt. Etna (Italy) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: We present measurements of soil CO2 effluxes combined with soil (222Rn) and (220Rn) from two high-degassing areas on the lower flanks of Mt. Etna volcano (ZE-SV on the E flank and PAT on the SW flank). Measurements were conducted periodically from June 2006 to January 2009 in the ZE-SV area and January 2007 to January 2009 in the PAT area. The results showed significant variations in discharge activity and style. Log values of (220Rn)/(222Rn) and CO2 efflux generally follow a negative correlation, herein parameterized as the Soil Gas Disequilibrium Index (SGDI). Deviations of the SGDI from this negative correlation provide insight into variance of localized and shallow system conditions, namely rock fracturing, residual magma degassing, and near surface interactions between magmatic gases and groundwater. Statistical analysis highlighted signal anomalies, both negative and positive, that were modeled according to the physical properties and the modes of transport for each of the SGDI gas components. The revealed anomalies show correspondence with episodes of magma ascent and eruption, thereby demonstrating the potential of using the SGDI as another instrument for forecasting volcanic activity. An important strength of the SGDI, compared to other magma gas proxies like CO2 or SO2, is that the very short and very different half-lives of 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.85 days) and 220Rn (t1/2 = 55 seconds) provide unique information on the timescales of soil gas transport. Coupling the SGDI with other pre-eruptive proxies enhances the volcanological community’s response capabilities, which is critical for effective hazard mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167-202
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Soil gases ; radon ; carbon dioxide ; volcano monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fabbrizzi, A., Parnell‐Turner, R., Gregg, P., Fornari, D., Perfit, M., Wanless, V., & Anderson, M. Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2022GC010335, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010335.
    Description: Volcanic seamount chains on the flanks of mid-ocean ridges record variability in magmatic processes associated with mantle melting over several millions of years. However, the relative timing of magmatism on individual seamounts along a chain can be difficult to estimate without in situ sampling and is further hampered by Ar40/Ar39 dating limitations. The 8°20’N seamount chain extends ∼170 km west from the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR), north of and parallel to the western Siqueiros fracture zone. Here, we use multibeam bathymetric data to investigate relationships between abyssal hill formation and seamount volcanism, transform fault slip, and tectonic rotation. Near-bottom compressed high-intensity radiated pulse, bathymetric, and sidescan sonar data collected with the autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry are used to test the hypothesis that seamount volcanism is age-progressive along the seamount chain. Although sediment on seamount flanks is likely to be reworked by gravitational mass-wasting and current activity, bathymetric relief and Sentry vehicle heading analysis suggest that sedimentary accumulations on seamount summits are likely to be relatively pristine. Sediment thickness on the seamounts' summits does not increase linearly with nominal crustal age, as would be predicted if seamounts were constructed proximal to the EPR axis and then aged as the lithosphere cooled and subsided away from the ridge. The thickest sediments are found at the center of the chain, implying the most ancient volcanism there, rather than on seamounts furthest from the EPR. The nonlinear sediment thickness along the 8°20’N seamounts suggests that volcanism can persist off-axis for several million years.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1356610, OCE-1356822, OCE-1357150, OCE-1754419, OCE-1834797, OCE-2001314, and OCE-2001331.
    Keywords: Off-axis seamounts ; East Pacific Rise ; Sediment thickness ; Seafloor morphology ; Autonomous underwater vehicle ; Eruption history
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  • 13
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    Size-differentiated export flux in different dynamical regimes in the ocean (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35(3), (2021): e2020GB006764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006764
    Description: Export of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) is mainly driven by gravitational sinking. Thus, traditionally, it is thought that larger, faster-sinking particles make up most of the POC export flux. However, this need not be the case for particles whose sinking speeds are comparable to the vertical velocities of a dynamic flow field that can influence the descent rate of particles. Particles with different settling speeds are released in two process-oriented model simulations of an upper ocean eddying flow in the Northeast Pacific to evaluate the impact of (1) ocean dynamics on the respective contribution of the different sinking-velocity classes to POC export, and (2) the particle number size-spectrum slope. The analysis reveals that the leading export mechanism changes from gravitationally driven to advectively driven as submesoscale dynamics become more active in the region. The vertical velocity associated with submesoscale dynamics enhances the contribution of slower-sinking particles to POC export flux by a factor ranging from 3 to 10, especially where the relative abundance of small particles is large (i.e., steep particle size-spectrum slope). Remineralization generally decreases the total amount of biomass exported, but its impact is weaker in dynamical regimes where submesoscale dynamics are present and export is advectively driven. In an advectively driven export regime, remineralization processes counter-intuitively enhance the role of slower-sinking particles to the point where these slower-sinking velocity classes dominate the export, therefore challenging the traditional paradigm for POC export. This study demonstrates that slow-sinking particles can be a significant contribution, and at times, even dominate the export flux.
    Description: The work was funded by NASA grant NNX16AR48 G, to complement the EXport Processes in the global Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program.
    Description: 2021-08-17
    Keywords: Export ; Flux ; Particulate organic carbon ; Sinking rates ; Submeso-scales ; Vertical velocities
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  • 14
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    The influence of ocean topography on the upwelling of carbon in the Southern Ocean (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(19), (2021): e2021GL095088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095088.
    Description: The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air-sea exchange of CO2. However, we have a limited understanding of the three-dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon-rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high-resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near-surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC-enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near-surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform pCO2 levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon-rich waters to the surface.
    Description: Riley X. Brady was supported by the Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (DE-FG02-97ER25308), and particularly benefited from the fellowship's summer practicum at Los Alamos National Lab. Nicole S. Lovenduski and Riley X. Brady were further supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program (DE-SC0022243) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF-PLR 1543457; NSF-OCE 1924636; NSF-OCE 1752724; NSF-OCE 1558225). Mathew E. Maltrud and Phillip J. Wolfram were supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This research used resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Computing Program, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Carbon cycle ; Upwelling ; Lagrangian modeling ; Ocean biogeochemistry ; Climate modeling
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  • 15
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    Submarine groundwater discharge in the northern Bohai Sea, China: Implications for coastal carbon budgets and buffering capacity (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 127(8), (2022): e2022JG006810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jg006810.
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been widely recognized as an important source of dissolved nutrients in coastal waters and affects nutrient biogeochemistry. In contrast, little information is available on SGD impacts on coastal carbon budgets. Here, we assessed the SGD and associated carbon (dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and total alkalinity [TA]) fluxes in Liaodong Bay (the largest bay of the Bohai Sea, China) and discussed their border implications for coastal DIC budget and buffering capacity. Based on 223Ra and 228Ra mass balance models, the SGD flux was estimated to be (0.92–1.43) × 109 m3 d−1. SGD was the largest contributor of DIC, accounting for 55%–77% of the total DIC sources. The low ratio (〈1) of SGD-derived TA to DIC fluxes and negative correlation between radium isotopes and pH in seawater implied that SGD would potentially reduce seawater pH in Liaodong Bay. Combining the groundwater carbon data in Liaodong Bay with literature data, we found that the SGD-derived DIC flux off China was 4–9 times greater than those from rivers. By analyzing the TA/DIC ratios in groundwater along the Chinese coast and related carbon fluxes, SGD was thought to partially reduce the CO2 buffer capacity in receiving seawater. These results obtained at the bay scale and national scale suggest that SGD is a significant component of carbon budget and may play a critical role in modulating coastal buffering capacity and atmospheric CO2 sequestration.
    Description: his research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42130703, 42007170) and the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (Grant No. 20200925174525002.
    Description: 2023-01-20
    Keywords: Submarine groundwater discharge ; Radium isotopes ; Dissolved inorganic carbon ; Total alkalinity ; Carbon budgets ; Buffering capacity
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  • 16
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    Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seltzer, A. M., & Tyne, R. L. Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age. AGU Advances, 3(4), (2022): e2022AV000747, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000747.
    Description: “How cold was the last ice age?” is a question that paleoclimate scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Constraining the magnitude of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (∼20,000 years ago) can help improve our understanding of Earth's climate sensitivity and, therefore enhance our ability to predict future change (Tierney et al., 2020). Of course, there is no single answer to this question: there is spatial structure to LGM temperature change that is linked to fundamental climate system properties and processes. Consequently, paleoclimate scientists have focused on variations of this question, like “What was the latitudinal gradient of LGM temperature change?” (Chiang et al., 2003), “What was the land-sea contrast?” (Rind & Peteet, 1985) or “What was the change in ocean heat content?” (Bereiter et al., 2018). These questions inform large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation, the intensity of the water cycle, and planetary energy balance; the answers to these questions come from proxies like planktic and benthic foraminifera, speleothems, ice cores, pollen records, ancient groundwater, lake sediments, and glacial moraines, to name a few. In short, the paleoclimate community has developed a proxy “tool kit” equipped to map changes across the Earth's surface and into the ocean interior; but, until now, no “tool” existed for the upper atmosphere.
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  • 17
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    Sediments in sea ice drive the Canada Basin surface Mn maximum: insights from an Arctic Mn Ocean model (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007320.
    Description: Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of this supply mechanism due to the spatial heterogeneity of sea ice content. Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient and tracer which integrates source fluctuations in space and time while retaining seasonal variability. The Arctic Ocean surface Mn maximum is attributed to freshwater, but studies struggle to distinguish sea ice and river contributions. Informed by observations from 2009 IPY and 2015 Canadian GEOTRACES cruises, we developed a three-dimensional dissolved Mn model within a 1/12° coupled ocean-ice model centered on the Canada Basin and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Simulations from 2002 to 2019 indicate that annually, 87%–93% of Mn contributed to the Canada Basin upper ocean is released by sea ice, while rivers, although locally significant, contribute only 2.2%–8.5%. Downstream, sea ice provides 34% of Mn transported from Parry Channel into Baffin Bay. While rivers are often considered the main source of Mn, our findings suggest that in the Canada Basin they are less important than sea ice. However, within the shelf-dominated CAA, both rivers and sediment resuspension are important. Climate-induced disruption of the transpolar drift may reduce the Canada Basin Mn maximum and supply downstream. Other micronutrients found in sediments, such as Fe, may be similarly affected. These results highlight the vulnerability of the biogeochemical supply mechanisms in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas to climatic changes.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Grant: GEOTRACES (RGPCC 433848-12) and VITALS (RGPCC 433898), an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2016-03865) to SEA, and by the University of British Columbia through a four year fellowship to BR. Computing resources were provided by Compute Canada (RRG 2648 RAC 2019, RRG 2969 RAC 2020, and RRG 1541 RAC 2021).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Arctic Ocean ; Trace elements ; Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; Ocean modeling ; Micronutrients
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  • 18
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    WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Shinevar, W., Jagoutz, O., & Behn, M. WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(8), (2022): e2022GC010329, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010329.
    Description: To quantitatively convert upper mantle seismic wave speeds measured into temperature, density, composition, and corresponding and uncertainty, we introduce the Whole-rock Interpretative Seismic Toolbox For Ultramafic Lithologies (WISTFUL). WISTFUL is underpinned by a database of 4,485 ultramafic whole-rock compositions, their calculated mineral modes, elastic moduli, and seismic wave speeds over a range of pressure (P) and temperature (T) (P = 0.5–6 GPa, T = 200–1,600°C) using the Gibbs free energy minimization routine Perple_X. These data are interpreted with a toolbox of MATLAB® functions, scripts, and three general user interfaces: WISTFUL_relations, which plots relationships between calculated parameters and/or composition; WISTFUL_geotherms, which calculates seismic wave speeds along geotherms; and WISTFUL_inversion, which inverts seismic wave speeds for best-fit temperature, composition, and density. To evaluate our methodology and quantify the forward calculation error, we estimate two dominant sources of uncertainty: (a) the predicted mineral modes and compositions, and (b) the elastic properties and mixing equations. To constrain the first source of uncertainty, we compiled 122 well-studied ultramafic xenoliths with known whole-rock compositions, mineral modes, and estimated P-T conditions. We compared the observed mineral modes with modes predicted using five different thermodynamic solid solution models. The Holland et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy048) solution models best reproduce phase assemblages (∼12 vol. % phase root-mean-square error [RMSE]) and estimated wave speeds. To assess the second source of uncertainty, we compared wave speed measurements of 40 ultramafic rocks with calculated wave speeds, finding excellent agreement (Vp RMSE = 0.11 km/s). WISTFUL easily analyzes seismic datasets, integrates into modeling, and acts as an educational tool.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by NSF Grants EAR-17-22935 (OJ) and EAR-18-44340 (MB).
    Keywords: Seismic velocity ; Seismic wave speed ; Thermodynamic modeling ; Density ; Composition ; Elastic moduli
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  • 19
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    Can we estimate air‐sea flux of biological O2 from total dissolved oxygen? (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-02
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(9), (2022): e2021GB007145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gb007145.
    Description: In this study, we compare mechanistic and empirical approaches to reconstruct the air-sea flux of biological oxygen (F[O2]bio-as) by parameterizing the physical oxygen saturation anomaly (ΔO2[phy]) in order to separate the biological contribution from total oxygen. The first approach matches ΔO2[phy] to the monthly climatology of the argon saturation anomaly from a global ocean circulation model's output. The second approach derives ΔO2[phy] from an iterative mass balance model forced by satellite-based physical drivers of ΔO2[phy] prior to the sampling day by assuming that air-sea interactions are the dominant factors driving the surface ΔO2[phy]. The final approach leverages the machine-learning technique of Genetic Programming (GP) to search for the functional relationship between ΔO2[phy] and biophysicochemical parameters. We compile simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar and O2 concentration from 14 cruises to train the GP algorithm and test the validity and applicability of our modeled ΔO2[phy] and F[O2]bio-as. Among the approaches, the GP approach, which incorporates ship-based measurements and historical records of physical parameters from the reanalysis products, provides the most robust predictions (R2 = 0.74 for ΔO2[phy] and 0.72 for F[O2]bio-as; RMSE = 1.4% for ΔO2[phy] and 7.1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for F[O2]bio-as). We use the empirical formulation derived from GP approach to reconstruct regional, inter-annual, and decadal variability of F[O2]bio-as based on historical oxygen records. Overall, our study represents a first attempt at deriving F[O2]bio-as from snapshot measurements of oxygen, thereby paving the way toward using historical O2 data and a rapidly growing number of O2 measurements on autonomous platforms for independent insight into the biological pump.
    Description: N. Cassar was supported by the “Laboratoire d'Excellence” LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) and co-funded by a grant from the French government under the program “Investissements d'Avenir.” Y. Huang was supported by grants from the China NSF (Nos. 42130401 and 42141002). Y. Huang was also partly supported by Chinese State Scholarship Fund to study at Duke University as a joint PhD student (No. 201806310052). R. Eveleth was supported by the NSF GRFP under grant (No. 1106401). D. Nicholson was supported by the NSF OCE-1129973 and OCE-1923915.
    Keywords: Air-sea gas biological oxygen flux ; Physical oxygen saturation anomaly ; Total dissolved oxygen ; Mechanistic and empirical models
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  • 20
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    Accuracy and reproducibility of coral Sr/Ca SIMS timeseries in modern and fossil corals (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sayani, H., Cobb, K., Monteleone, B., & Bridges, H. Accuracy and reproducibility of coral Sr/Ca SIMS timeseries in modern and fossil corals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010068, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010068.
    Description: Coral strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) provide quantitative estimates of past sea surface temperatures (SST) that allow for the reconstruction of changes in the mean state and climate variations, such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, through time. However, coral Sr/Ca ratios are highly susceptible to diagenesis, which can impart artifacts of 1–2°C that are typically on par with the tropical climate signals of interest. Microscale sampling via Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for the sampling of primary skeletal material in altered fossil corals, providing much-needed checks on fossil coral Sr/Ca-based paleotemperature estimates. In this study, we employ a set modern and fossil corals from Palmyra Atoll, in the central tropical Pacific, to quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of SIMS Sr/Ca analyses relative to bulk Sr/Ca analyses. In three overlapping modern coral samples, we reproduce bulk Sr/Ca estimates within ±0.3% (1σ). We demonstrate high fidelity between 3-month smoothed SIMS coral Sr/Ca timeseries and SST (R = −0.5 to −0.8; p 〈 0.5). For lightly-altered sections of a young fossil coral from the early-20th century, SIMS Sr/Ca timeseries reproduce bulk Sr/Ca timeseries, in line with our results from modern corals. Across a moderately-altered section of the same fossil coral, where diagenesis yields bulk Sr/Ca estimates that are 0.6 mmol too high (roughly equivalent to −6°C artifacts in SST), SIMS Sr/Ca timeseries track instrumental SST timeseries. We conclude that 3–4 SIMS analyses per month of coral growth can provide a much-needed quantitative check on the accuracy of fossil coral Sr/Ca-derived estimates of paleotemperature, even in moderately altered samples.
    Description: We'd also like to thank Yolande Berta and Georgia Tech's Center for Nanostructure Characterization for providing access to their SEM facilities, and the Khaled bin Sultan Living Ocean Foundation and The Nature Conservancy for financial and logistical support for field excursions to Palmyra. Funding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (Award Numbers 1502832 and 2002458 to K.M.C) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Award Number: NA11OAR4310165 to K.M.C).
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  • 21
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    Observational and modeling evidence of seasonal trends in sediment-derived material inputs to the Chukchi Sea (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2019JC016007, doi:10.1029/2019JC016007.
    Description: Benthic inputs of nutrients help support primary production in the Chukchi Sea and produce nutrient‐rich water masses that ventilate the halocline of the western Arctic Ocean. However, the complex biological and redox cycling of nutrients and trace metals make it difficult to directly monitor their benthic fluxes. In this study, we use radium‐228, which is a soluble radionuclide produced in sediments, and a numerical model of an inert, generic sediment‐derived tracer to study variability in sediment inputs to the Chukchi Sea. The 228Ra observations and modeling results are in general agreement and provide evidence of strong benthic inputs to the southern Chukchi Sea during the winter, while the northern shelf receives higher concentrations of sediment‐sourced materials in the spring and summer due to continued sediment‐water exchange as the water mass traverses the shelf. The highest tracer concentrations are observed near the shelfbreak and southeast of Hanna Shoal, a region known for high biological productivity and enhanced benthic biomass.
    Description: This study presents data from multiple Arctic expeditions over the past two decades, and we are indebted to the captains, crews, and scientific parties that made this data collection possible. This work was funded by NSF awards OCE‐1458305 to M. Charette, OCE‐1458424 to W. Moore, OCE‐1434085 to D. Kadko, PLR‐1504333 to R. Pickart, and OPP‐1822334 to M. Spall. Funding was also provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14‐OAR4320158 to R. Pickart. L. Kipp was supported by an Ocean Frontier Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship. Radium data used in this manuscript are available in Table S1.
    Description: 2020-10-27
    Keywords: Chukchi Sea ; Benthic flux ; Radium‐228 ; GEOTRACES
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  • 22
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    Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tarry, D., Ruiz, S., Johnston, T., Poulain, P., Özgökmen, T., Centurioni, L., Berta, M., Esposito, G., Farrar, J., Mahadevan, A., & Pascual, A. Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(18), (2022): e2022GL098969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl098969.
    Description: Measuring vertical motions represent a challenge as they are typically 3–4 orders of magnitude smaller than the horizontal velocities. Here, we show that surface vertical velocities are intensified at submesoscales and are dominated by high frequency variability. We use drifter observations to calculate divergence and vertical velocities in the upper 15 m of the water column at two different horizontal scales. The drifters, deployed at the edge of a mesoscale eddy in the Alboran Sea, show an area of strong convergence (urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl64766:grl64766-math-0001(f)) associated with vertical velocities of −100 m day−1. This study shows that a multilayered-drifter array can be an effective tool for estimating vertical velocity near the ocean surface.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Departmental Research Initiative CALYPSO under program officers Terri Paluszkiewicz and Scott Harper. The authors' ONR Grant No. are as follows: DT, SR, AM, and AP N000141613130, TMSJ N000146101612470, PP N000141812418, TO N000141812138, LRC N000141712517, and N00014191269, MB and GE N000141812782 and N000141812039, and JTF N000141812431.
    Keywords: Drifters ; Vertical velocity ; Submesoscale ; Kinematic properties ; Fronts ; Alboran Sea
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  • 23
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    Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Tivey, M., & Fluegel, B. Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(17), (2022): e2022GL100006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100006.
    Description: Monitoring of active volcanic systems is a challenging task due in part to the trade-offs between collection of high-quality data from multiple techniques and the high costs of acquiring such data. Here we show that magnetic data can be used to monitor volcanoes by producing similar data to gravimetric techniques at significantly lower cost. The premise of this technique is that magma and wall rock above the Curie temperature are magnetically “transparent,” but not stationary within the crust. Subsurface movements of magma can affect the crustal magnetic field measured at the surface. We construct highly simplified magnetic models of four volcanic systems: Mount Saint Helens (1980), Axial Seamount (2015–2020), Kīlauea (2018), and Bárðarbunga (2014). In all cases, observed or inferred changes to the magmatic system would have been detectable by modern magnetometers. Magnetic monitoring could become common practice at many volcanoes, particularly in developing nations with high volcanic risk.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF Grant No 2052963 to J. Biasi and an internal Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grant to M. Tivey.
    Keywords: Magnetism ; Volcanic hazards ; Hawaii ; Iceland ; Volcanology ; Monitoring
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  • 24
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    Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bullock, E., Kipp, L., Moore, W., Brown, K., Mann, P., Vonk, J., Zimov, N., & Charette, M. Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(9), (2022): e2022JC018964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018964.
    Description: Radium isotopes have been used to trace nutrient, carbon, and trace metal fluxes inputs from ocean margins. However, these approaches require a full accounting of radium sources to the coastal ocean including rivers. Here, we aim to quantify river radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean for the first time for 226Ra and to refine the estimates for 228Ra. Using new and existing data, we find that the estimated combined (dissolved plus desorbed) annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes to the Arctic Ocean are [7.0–9.4] × 1014 dpm y−1 and [15–18] × 1014 dpm y−1, respectively. Of these totals, 44% and 60% of the river 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively are from suspended sediment desorption, which were estimated from laboratory incubation experiments. Using Ra isotope data from 20 major rivers around the world, we derived global annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes of [7.4–17] × 1015 and [15–27] × 1015 dpm y−1, respectively. As climate change spurs rapid Arctic warming, hydrological cycles are intensifying and coastal ice cover and permafrost are diminishing. These river radium inputs to the Arctic Ocean will serve as a valuable baseline as we attempt to understand the changes that warming temperatures are having on fluxes of biogeochemically important elements to the Arctic coastal zone.
    Description: This study was a broad, collaborative effort that would not have been possible without contributions from numerous funding sources, including the National Science Foundation (NSF-0751525, NSF-1736277, NSF-1458305, NSF-1938873, NSF-2048067, NSF-2134865), the NERC-BMBF project CACOON [NE/R012806/1] (UKRI NERC) and BMBF-03F0806A, and an EU Starting Grant (THAWSOME-676982).
    Keywords: Radium isotopes ; Arctic Ocean ; River fluxes
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  • 25
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    Constraints on the Cryohydrological Warming of Firn and Ice in Greenland From Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity Data (2024)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Rayleigh wave ellipticity measurements from seismic ambient noise recorded on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) show complex and anomalous behavior at wave periods sensitive to ice (T 〈 3–4 s). To understand these complex observations, we compare them with synthetic ellipticity measurements obtained from synthetic ambient noise computed for various seismic velocity and attenuation models, including surface wave overtone effects. We find that in dry snow conditions within the interior of the GrIS, to first order the anomalous ellipticity observations can be explained by ice models associated with the accumulation and densification of snow into firn. We also show that the distribution of ellipticity measurements is strongly sensitive to seismic attenuation and the thermal structure of the ice. Our results suggest that Rayleigh wave ellipticity is well suited for monitoring changes in firn properties and thermal composition of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in a changing climate.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2023GL103673
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Carbon Stocks and Potential Greenhouse Gas Production of Permafrost-Affected Active Floodplains in the Lena River Delta (2024)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences, American Geophysical Union, 129, ISSN: 2169-8953
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Arctic warming increases the degradation of permafrost soils but little is known about floodplain soils in the permafrost region. This study quantifies soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nitrogen stocks, and the potential CH4 and CO2 production from seven cores in the active floodplains in the Lena River Delta, Russia. The soils were sandy but highly heterogeneous, containing deep, organic rich deposits with 〉60% SOC stored below 30 cm. The mean SOC stocks in the top 1 m were 12.9 ± 6.0 kg C m−2. Grain size analysis and radiocarbon ages indicated highly dynamic environments with sediment re-working. Potential CH4 and CO2 production from active floodplains was assessed using a 1-year incubation at 20°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cumulative aerobic CO2 production mineralized a mean 4.6 ± 2.8% of initial SOC. The mean cumulative aerobic:anaerobic C production ratio was 2.3 ± 0.9. Anaerobic CH4 production comprised 50 ± 9% of anaerobic C mineralization; rates were comparable or exceeded those for permafrost region organic soils. Potential C production from the incubations was correlated with total organic carbon and varied strongly over space (among cores) and depth (active layer vs. permafrost). This study provides valuable information on the carbon cycle dynamics from active floodplains in the Lena River Delta and highlights the key spatial variability, both among sites and with depth, and the need to include these dynamic permafrost environments in future estimates of the permafrost carbon-climate feedback.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FDA on overseas data: US drag market to open up? (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 772-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington New drugs may be approved for sale in the United States solely on the basis of foreign data under a proposed reorganization of the Food and Drug Administration (PDA) new drug application process. One effect may be to facilitate the entry of drugs developed abroad into the US market. ...
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    Recent advances in optical bistability (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 779-780 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN recent years, optical bistability has been a subject of intense research in quantum electronics because of its potential usefulness in optical data processing and all-optical logic and computing systems1. There has already been a conference on the topic2, and at the Xllth International Quantum ...
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    Hot galactic gas and narrow line quasar absorption systems (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 783-788 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Observations of the hot interstellar gas (T ≫ 104 K) are numerous and imply that the temperatures of substantial amounts of the disk gas to be 2–3 × 105 K and of the halo gas to be 8 × 104 K, but the theoretical models to explain the ...
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    Terrestrial-type xenon in meteoritic troilite (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 807-810 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Radiogenic 129Xe has been observed in samples from the Earth's mantle, but the abundance pattern of the eight nonradiogenic isotopes is atmospheric rather than chondritic6. Terrestrial' Xe will therefore be used instead of 'atmospheric Xe' in referring to the relative abundances of the ...
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    Phase transition in KOH-doped hexagonal ice (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 810-812 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The presence of residual entropy implies a lack of thermal equilibrium in the crystal below a certain temperature. In fact, we have observed relaxational heat-capacity anomalies of - 100 K for ordinary ice5 and 115 K for heavy ice6, and have studied the associated enthalpy relaxation by subjecting ...
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    MERLIN observations of superluminal radio sources (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 788-793 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Powerful extragalactic radio sources may all be members of a single family in which those showing superluminal behaviour are the ones in which a relativistic jet is directed towards the observer. The superluminal sources are shown to have extended radio structures the form of which is consistent ...
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    The Crab Nebula's progenitor (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 803-805 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Briefly, the Crab consists of a pulsar (assumed here to have a mass of ^lAM) and a nebula mass of 1.2-3.0M (refs 5,6) which has a helium overabundance of l.6〈XHc/XH〈S (where X is an element's mass fraction). The oxygen abundance (X0) is -0.003 (refs 5, 6), which is less than the solar value ...
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    Lemurs, dead and alive (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 843-843 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE prosimians, commonly referred to as "lower primates", can be loosely regarded as representing a primitive grade closer to the ancestral primate condition than the modern monkeys and apes. For this reason, any study of primate evolutionary biology is particularly dependent upon an understanding ...
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    Is the long recession at an end? (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 667-667 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Hurrah, the long recession is coming to an end. That is the simplest interpretation of what has happened in the past few weeks on the international stock markets, Wall Street in particular. For if people are willing once again enthusiastically to invest in the shares of industrial corporations ...
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    Swedish crisis: keeping tryst (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 668-669 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Sweden's Social Democratic Party was returned to power last month with an election platform that included a major commitment to science, higher education and technical research. The first actions of the new government, however, were to devalue the krona and to announce the guidelines of a new ...
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    Tropical medicine: WHO programme blessed (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 670-670 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases has done well during its first five years of operation, according to the report of an external review committee set up by Dr D.E. Bell of the Harvard School of Public Health at the instance of the ...
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    Differential expression of steroid sulphatase locus on active and inactive human X chromosome (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 838-840 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The affected males in the pedigree shown in Fig. 1 have X-linked ichthyosis13 and complete deficiency of microsomal STS activity, based on assays using cholesterol sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) as steroid substrates (Tables 2, 3). Heterozygotes II-4, II-7 and II-8 are ...
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    UK universities: Ex-premier attacks Thatcher (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 671-671 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Mr Edward Heath, the former Conservative Prime Minister, fresh from his denunciation earlier this month of government economic policy, last week broadened his attack on his party's government to the field of higher education. Speaking at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, he ...
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    French reactors (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 672-672 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The French construction programme for nuclear reactors may be halved in 1984 and 1985, if budget-conscious elements in the government have their way. The reason: a ballooning government deficit and borrowing requirement, immense debts of FF120,000 million (£10,000 million) at Electricite de ...
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    Antarctic sulphate budget (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 677-678 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ANTARCTICA represents a vast island remote from the other continents of the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the continent is covered by several kilometres of ice and the total ice-free area is very small. On the high central plateau the air is the cleanest in the world and the impurity content of the ...
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    Activity in red-dwarf stars (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 680-681 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] MANY red-dwarf stars exhibit rotational light-curve modulation (the BY Draconis phenomenon) and flaring behaviour in the optical and radio regions of the spectrum (the UV Ceti phenomenon). Within the past decade, improved detectors, satellites and radio interferometry have led to a revolution in ...
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    Mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of maize have a 12-kilobase DNA sequence in common (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 698-702 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A 12-kilobase DNA sequence has been identified in the maize mitochondrial genome which is homologous to part of the inverted repeat of the maize chloroplast genome. In chloroplasts the sequence contains a 16S rRNA gene, and also the coding sequences for tRNAIle and ...
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    Surface studies on a leached sphene glass (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 708-710 
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    Notes: [Auszug] CaTiSiO5 glasses were prepared by melting an intimately mixed charge of calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide and silica at 1,450 C for 1 h, followed by casting 1-cm diameter cylinders in stainless steel moulds. The tendency of the glass to crystallize or phase separate was avoided by keeping the ...
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    Use of γ -zirconium phosphate for Cs removal from radioactive waste (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 707-708 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The crystalline phases of zirconium phosphate have layer structures similar to 2:1 clay minerals11'13. The crystalline phase with a composition Zr(HPO4)2 * H2O is called a-zirconium phosphate (a-ZrP) while Zr(HPO4)2 o 2H2O is called y-zirconium phosphate (y-ZrP). (The extensive literature on ...
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    10 Be in island-arc volcanoes and implications for subduction (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 718-720 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The distinctive characteristics of the volcanoes ringing the great Pacific Basin and lining the Java-Sumatra arc were recognized long before the current ideas that relate them to subducting lithospheric plates found favour. Nevertheless, it was the notion of a dynamic mantle that gave the study of ...
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    Heterogeneous sensitivity of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurones to opioid peptides selective for µ - and δ -opiate receptors (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 730-732 
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    Notes: [Auszug] For these studies we selected the opioid peptides morphicep-tin and leucine-enkephalin. Leucine-enkephalin (Leu-enke-phalin) is about 1,000-fold more potent than morphiceptin at 8 -receptors whereas the two ligands are approximately equipotent at pt-receptors11'17'18'22'29. Preparation of mouse ...
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    Murine model for pertussis vaccine encephalopathy: linkage to H – 2 (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 738-740 
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    Notes: [Auszug] During a study of the effects of B. pertussis as an adjuvant in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)7, we discovered a lethal shock-like syndrome in BALB/c mice after immunization with heat-killed B. pertussis vaccine and sensitiz-ation to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Heat-killed B. ...
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    Chromosomal localization of human cellular homologues of two viral oncogenes (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 747-749 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Two mammalian and four avian cell-derived viral oncogenes encoding proteins with tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity have been described1. One of these, c-fes, is represented within the genomes of two independent isolates of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), Gardner and Snyder-Theilen, both of ...
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    Redesigning enzyme structure by site-directed mutagenesis: tyrosyl tRNA synthetase and ATP binding (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 756-758 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (TyrTS) catalyses the aminoacylation of tRNATyr with tyrosine by a two-step mechanism in which tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form tyrosyl adenylate and then transferred to tRNATyr (refs 1,2). The nucleotide sequence of the gene has been determined from a clone in ...
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    GABA directly affects electrophysiological properties of pituitary pars intermedia cells (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 733-734 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Isolated endocrine cells of rat pars intermedia maintained in vitro spontaneously discharge action potentials6 which are Na spikes with a Ca component11. In such cells, GABA (2x 106 or 1 x 105 M) elicited a brief flurry of action potentials of diminishing amplitude, followed by arrest of action ...
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    Cloned HBV DNA causes hepatitis in chimpanzees (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 740-742 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Composition of the DNA mixture used for inoculation and transfection of chimpanzee Physical state HBV DNA species HBV 14 HBV 2 HBV 6 Tandem duplications pSHH 14.3 (40 pmol) pSHH2.1 (8 pmol) Closed rings pHBV 14.1 (8 pmol) pHBV6(6 pmol) Source, physical state and amount of ...
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    Rearrangements between the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene J H and C µ regions accompany normal B lymphocyte differentiation in vitro (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 742-744 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Rearrangements between /H and C^ sequences were first detected among immimoglobulin-secreting hybridoma and plasmacytoma populations5'7. However, these rearrangements were largely dismissed due to the possibility that they represented tumour artefacts in these cell populations9. We therefore sought ...
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    Electron microscopy of t -allele synaptonemal complexes discloses no inversions (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 752-754 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The cross-over suppression of t haplotypes masks the true genetic nature of the region. It has previously been convenient to consider the t alleles as point mutations mapping near T. Lyon's thorough analysis of this chromosomal region using rare cross-overs established the non-allelism of several ...
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    Tapping the immunological repertoire to produce antibodies of predetermined specificity (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 592-596 
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    Notes: [Auszug] We understand the structure of antibodies in detail, but know little about the molecular basis of the immunogenicity of proteins. Recent experiments have shown that chemically synthesized peptides representative of virtually any part of the surface of a protein can elicit antibodies reactive with ...
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    Arsenic in Napoleon's wallpaper (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 626-627 
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    Notes: [Auszug] After Napoleon Bonaparte's death in May 1821, autopsy revealed an enlarged liver and a stomach lesion12. However, later neutron activation analyses of his hair4'8 have found abnormal quantities of arsenic in some (but not all) samples from his period on St Helena. Forshufvud and Weider have argued ...
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    Induction of immortality is an early event in malignant transformation of mammalian cells by carcinogens (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 633-635 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Rapidly dividing fusiform cells which, in minimal media, dominate cell cultures derived from primary tissue, are generally assumed to be fibroblasts. Even though the precise origin of cells which adapt easily to culture has not been established14, they have formed the basis of most cell culture ...
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    Ia invariant chain detected on lymphocyte surfaces by monoclonal antibody (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 644-645 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The belief that Is chains were not expressed on the cell surface was based on the finding that Ij chains are only observed when metabolically labelled antigens are immunoprecipitated with anti-la antibodies and not when surf ace-iodinated material was investigated4. In an attempt to raise ...
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    Discordant layering relations in the Fongen–Hyllingen basic intrusion (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 625-626 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The 160 km Fongen-Hyllingen basic complex2 (Fig. 1) is a strongly differentiated layered intrusion situated in the Trond-heim region of Norway (11.5E, 63 N). In spite of being emplaced synorogenically before the culmination of the Caledonian regional deformation and metamorphism5, it exhibits ...
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    Retroviruses induce granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating activity in fibroblasts (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 638-640 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (GM-CFC) are haematopoietic progenitor cells which respond to GM-CSA by proliferation and differentiation in vitro10 yielding either pure or mixed colonies of granulocytes and macrophages. Sera of mice having virus-induced leukaemias contain large amounts ...
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    Post-transcriptional control of tubulin biosynthesis during leishmanial differentiation (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 650-652 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Total cellular poly(A)+ RNA was extracted from the promastigotes by phenol-SDS extraction13 and oligo(dT)-cellulose elu-tion14. RNA was translated in wheat germ15 and rabbit reticulocyte lysate16 cell-free systems and the products were compared with in vivo metabolically labelled proteins. As shown ...
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    Australian Physiology congress:ICSU blacklist (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 481-481 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Canberra The Australian Academy of Science has averted the withdrawal by the International Union of Physiological Science (IUPS) of sponsorship for the physiology congress scheduled to take place in Sydney in August-September next year. As a consequence of the Australian government's refusal to ...
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    Brain catecholamines in schizophrenia : a good case for noradrenaline (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 484-486 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the last two decades, brain catecholamines, and in particular dopamine, have played a prominent part in hypotheses of the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Briefly, the dopamine hypothesis states that in the schizophrenic brain, some critical dopamine systems are in a state of continuous ...
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    Deme histories are not species' histories (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 490-490 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SAMPLING any fossiliferous outcrop on a centimetre-by-centimetre scale has the potential to provide detailed complete population histories over geologically short time spans (see, for example, refs 8,9). Such patterns of morphological history are, however, representative only of local populations, ...
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    US national security leakages: Academics mostly absolved (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 479-479 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington US universities have not done significant harm to US national security by the leakage of technical information. This is the conclusion of a report* by a panel of the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released last week. While agreeing with the government that the leakage of ...
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    Swedish science Medal: One way out (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 481-481 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Stockholm Last week, Sweden's new prize for science, endowed by the late Holger Crafoord, inventor of the blood dialysis machine, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord, was presented for the first time. The prize was awarded jointly to two mathematicians, Professor Louis Nirenberg of the Courant ...
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    Sequences on-line (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 482-482 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - The recent letter from C. Saccone et al. (Nature 1 July, p.8) implies that nucleic acid databases are available for European research workers only by mailing of magnetic tapes. Your readers may be interested to know that an extensive nucleic acid sequence database, including the one released ...
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    Bioagrimedigen (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 502-502 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics. Editor H.M.Goodman. 6/yr. (Raven.) $80 US, $90 elsewhere (personal); $135 US, $145 elsewhere (institutional). THE Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics (JMAG) is designed to find a place in the library of every ...
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    Good food guide (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 502-502 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Appetite. Chief editor D. Booth. 4/yr. (Academic.) £20.80, $54.50 (personal); £41.50, $109 (institutional). FIRST impressions of a new journal are like those of a new house: it's somehow incomplete, empty and echoing. The first issues of Appetite are certainly like that - ...
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    Take the strain (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 504-504 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Journal of Neuroimmunology. Editors-in-chief C.S.Raine and P.O.Behan. 6/yr in 2 vols. (Elsevier Biomedical.) Dfl. 450, $180. THE new Journal of Neuroimmunology (JN) is trying to provide a meeting point for neuropathologists and those who use immunological methods as a tool to study the ...
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    In need of brief analysis? (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 506-506 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Behaviour Analysis Letters. Editors J.E.R.Staddon and C.M.Bradshaw. 6/yr. (Elsevier Biomedical.) Dfl. 205, $82. THE titles of journals commonly use a sort of code. "Letters" in Behaviour Analysis Letters (BAL) is not hard to crack. It means short papers (the editors stipulate 2,500 words ...
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    Weather report: outlook fair (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 511-511 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Journal of Climatology. Editor S.Gregory. 4/yr. (Wiley.) £48.50 UK, $97.50 elsewhere. ONLY a few decades ago climatology was seen as a purely descriptive part of meteorology, at best a rather poor second cousin to a true scientific subject. Today few would argue that climatology has ...
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    Exploration of the primary visual cortex, 1955–78 (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 515-524 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The following article is the lecture delivered by the author in Stockholm on 8 December 1981 when he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology which he shared with Roger Sperry and Torsten Wiesel. The article is published here with permission from the Nobel Foundation and will also be ...
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    100 years ago (1982)
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    Nature 299 (1982), S. 400-400 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ELECTRIC NAVIGATION THE idea of propelling a boat through water by the motive power of electricity is no new one. The invention of the electromagnet showed the power of an electric current to produce a mechanical force. It was no very difficult matter, therefore, for the electricians of fifty ...
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    Serotonin and cyclic AMP close single K + channels in Aplysia sensory neurones (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 413-417 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have identified a serotonin-sensitive K+ channel with novel properties. The channel is active at the resting potential; its gating is moderately affected by membrane potential and is not dependent on the activity of intracellular calcium ions. Application of serotonin to the ...
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    Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in a coastal ecosystem (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 431-433 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Selenium is a unique example of a multiple oxidation state trace element in that the thermodynamically unfavourable species, Se(iv), persists throughout the water column in oceanic profiles4. This phenomenon may be a result of bioreduction of the dominant higher oxidation state, Se(vi), in surface ...
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    Pseudocholinesterase staining in the primary visual pathway of the macaque monkey (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 439-442 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the brains of nine adult rhesus macaque monkeys, we studied the distributions of BuChE and AChE in serially adjoining sections through the lateral geniculate body and pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus and through the striate and peristriate cortex. We related these, in turn, to the distribution of ...
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    Olivine transformed (1982)
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    Nature 296 (1982), S. 705-705 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] J.D. BERNAL (like W.L. Bragg) applied his knowledge of crystal structures to a broad range of topics and, as early as 1936, was able to suggest that the mineral olivine, (MgjFe^SiO^, would transform to the spinel structure at the high pressures found deep in the Earth's mantle. There is now much ...
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    Shear stress in fault zones (1982)
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    Nature 296 (1982), S. 708-708 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SINCE estimates of the shear stress acting on fault zones at major plate boundaries vary by at least an order of magnitude, such fundamental issues as the driving mechanism of plate tectonics and the energetics of crustal faulting remain entirely unresolved1. The shear stresses in the Earth's crust ...
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    Was the 1970 geomagnetic jerk of internal or external origin? (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 726-728 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The geomagnetic field has a rich spectrum of temporal changes from audio frequencies to thousands of years. In general, the short-term variations (with time scales of a year or less) are of external origin relative to the Earth's surface, though they have a smaller internal component due to ...
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    Genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains and for α 1 -antitrypsin are localized to specific regions of chromosome 14q (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 428-430 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Chromosomes observed with G-banding. The normal chromosome 14 and r(14) in pro-band of family 1 is shown with the deleted region marked by an arrow. The normal chromosome 14 and inv(14) in family 2 is shown with breakpoints indicated by brackets. The diagram (centre) shows the prometaphase ...
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    Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 431-434 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A human genomic DNA library10, kindly provided by Dr T. Maniatis, was screened for phage carrying preproenkephalin gene sequences by hybridization in situ11 at 60 C with the bovine cDNA probe1. The DNA inserts carried by the isolated hybridization-positive phage clones were subjected to restriction ...
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    All-or-none response of the Ca 2+ -dependent K + channel in inside-out vesicles (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 744-746 
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    Notes: [Auszug] 86Rb fluxes were measured at room temperature and in equilibrium exchange conditions. In vesicles loaded with 86Rb during the vesiculation step, the addition of Ca2+ to the medium elicited a rapid release of 86Rb, the efflux rate constant returning close to control values (without Ca2+) after 10-20 ...
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    Pleistocene and Holocene climates in Africa (reply) (1982)
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    Nature 296 (1982), S. 779-780 
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    Notes: [Auszug] TETZLAFF, SARNTHEIN AND WOLTER REPLY-The comments of Nicholson give us the opportunity to clarify possible misunderstandings of our concepts and conclusions on the underlying causes of climatic change in North Africa1. Nicholson particularly questions our evidence of 'stable' latitudinal positions ...
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    All around andesites, and beyond (1982)
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    Nature 297 (1982), S. 439-439 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A THOROUGH, up-to-date review of orogenic andesites has long been needed and is especially welcome at this time, when many petrologists are taking stock of this, group of rocks and their interpretation in terms of accepted concepts of plate tectonics. In undertaking this formidable task, James Gill ...
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    How ionizing radiation affects cells (1982)
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    Nature 297 (1982), S. 440-440 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SOME of the best epidemiological data relating carcinogenic risks to environmental hazards comes from research into the consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. The recent recalculation of dosimetry at Hiroshima and Nagasaki has just about eliminated any effects in these populations ...
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    News of conception, pure and applied (1982)
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    Nature 296 (1982), S. 785-785 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE recent upsurge of attention paid in the public media to the growing number of normal childbirths following the fertilization of human eggs in vitro, and the culture and reinsertion of the resulting embryos into their "mothers", must serve as welcome publicity for these two books, both of which ...
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    The principles of vision enumerated (1982)
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    Nature 297 (1982), S. 441-441 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE stated aim of Uttal's book is to "... systematize the data base of perceptual psychology into a comprehensive intellectual scheme ...". When the route to this goal runs through 1,100 pages and over 3,000 references, it must involve to a fair degree the exposition of the "data base" itself, and ...
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    [Book Reviews ‘picture story’] (1982)
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    Nature 297 (1982), S. 441-441 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The art of M.C. Escher: this picture, Mobius Strip II (Red Ants), is reproduced from Escher, edited by J.L. Locher and recently published by Thames & Hudson, London, and Abrams, New York. The book, containing both a copiously illustrated catalogue of Escher's graphic work and a biography, costs ...
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    Inner machinery of the silicon chip (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 442-442 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] MOST silicon integrated circuits are smaller in size than a fingernail and contain many thousands of working elements, the most common of which is the metal-oxide-semi-conductor (MOS) transistor. In this, all of the important electronic activity takes place in a minute volume, a layered structure ...
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    Statistical expertise on the shelf (1982)
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    Nature 297 (1982), S. 442-442 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FOR some years now, Sokal and Rohlfs Biometry has enjoyed considerable success as a statistics text for biologists. Knowing this, my first impressions of the second edition were less favourable than I had expected. While the opening chapters are written in an attractive enough style and deal with ...
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    Western diets and faecal nitrosamines (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 780-780 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE paper by Suzuki and Mitsuoka1, while apparently demonstrating clear differences in nitrosamine production in individuals on different diets, makes unwarranted claims for the significance of these findings. Japan has a low incidence rate of large bowel cancer compared with the United States2 or ...
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    Science parks: Easy answer? (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 597-597 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] With cuts in government support hitting UK universities hard, the scramble to set up science parks is on - 15 were launched last year. Few university schemes are actually in operation, and newcomers must look to Trinity College, Cambridge, the first British academic institution to open a science ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/296597c0
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    US cancer trends (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 598-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Your article on the US Surgeon General's report The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer 1982 (Nature 4 March, p.4) again draws attention to the importance of smoking as a cause of cancer. The "remarkable increases in mortality from smoking-related cancers", a widely recognized phenomenon, ...
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    UK plutonium worries US Senate (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 255-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington US senators may soon start investigating the fate of as much as four tons of fuel-grade plutonium that the United Kingdom supplied to the United States over several years on the understanding that it would be used only for civilian purposes, but which may have been put into nuclear ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/297255a0
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    Methylation and gene control (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 602-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ARE changes in DNA methylation patterns a cause or an effect of eukaryotic gene expression? There are already many examples of an inverse correlation between the level of methylation in the neighbourhood of a gene and the transcriptional activity of that gene. It is more difficult to prove that the ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/296602a0
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    Oak Ridge up for grabs (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 255-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington On 3 May, the Union Carbide Corporation, which has run government atomic facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, since the Second World War, announced that it no longer wants to do so. Union Carbide is not seeking to renew its option to manage Oak Ridge when the present contract expires on ...
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    Questions concerning speciation (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 609-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE pattern of evolution in the mollusc lineages reported by Williamson seems to be in excellent agreement with the theory of punctuated equilibria, which is based on the well-known paleontological observation that new species usually enter the fossil record abruptly (in geological time) and ...
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    Are ‘punctuations’ artefacts of time-scales? (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 610-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WE would like to give a brief explanation of why the 'punctuated' pattern of evolutionary change seen in Williamson's and other, less well documented, findings may well be an artefact of the sampling time scales. A more detailed argument is presented elsewhere1. Consider the following imaginary ...
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    British Aerospace: Looking good (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 595-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A new mood of optimism prevails at the space and communications division of British Aerospace. Not surprisingly, the company is delighted at last month's news that the Hughes Aircraft company is to build up to 16 Intelsat-VI telecommunications satellites: as principal subcontractor British ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/296595a0
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