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  • GEOPHYSICS  (4,117)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (4,117)
  • 1
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    Global Climate Study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Global Surface Radiation Budget Experiment, which determines if current climate models are accurate, is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASR-250 , NASA-TM-109612 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190410
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  • 2
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    Magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting of the Twenty-sixth COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Toulouse, France, June 30-July 11, 1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Papers are presented on satellite observations of new particle and field signatures associated with SAR arc field lines at magnetospheric heights, the structure of the polar oval from simultaneous observations of the optical emissions and particle precipitations during the period of high solar activity between 1981 and 1982, and SAR-arcs and emissions in the main trough of the electron concentration. Also considered are a model calculation of hydrogen Balmer emissions under various modes of proton precipitation, electron precipitation near L = 4, and an investigation of the thermosphere-ionosphere interaction by means of the neutral post-storm effect. Other topics include auroral electric field penetration into the middle-latitude trough, field-aligned currents and related phenomena in the cust, and the positive phase of ionospheric storms and its connection with the dayside cusp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 3
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    New data on the formation conditions and age of the Kamensk and Gusev astroblemes (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Discussed is new information recently published on the higher contents of siderophilic in the block breccia, fragments of coesite rocks in the Glubokinskiy series within the Kamenskiy astrobleme. New geological data which have refined the concept regarding the structure and age of the Kamenskiy astrobleme are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20212 , NAS 1.77:20212
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  • 4
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    Into the thermosphere: The atmosphere explorers (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The need to study the lower thermosphere with the new instrument, data handling, and spacecraft technology available in the 1960s led to the formulation and establishment of the Atmospheric Explorer program. This book provides an overview of this program with particular emphasis on the AE3, AE4, and AE5 satellites, which represent early examples of problem-dedicated missions. Both the satellites and their instrumentation on the one hand and the experimental and scientific considerations in studying the thermosphere on the other are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-490 , NAS 1.21:490 , LC-87-14156
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  • 5
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    Future plans for the NASA suborbital program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of more reliable heavy-lift balloons and a fine pointed gondola; the development of the Black Brant-12 rocket for auroral research; and the development of a collaborative Orbiting Payload Using Scout program are outlined. Through 1989 NASA will conduct a comprehensive program of aircraft, balloon, and rocket campaigns in conjunction with Shuttle and satellite measurements on the Supernovae 1987a.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 397-400
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  • 6
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    Carbon monoxide measurements over the eastern Pacific during GTE/CITE 1 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment's Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1) intercomparison, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made from the NASA CV-990 aircraft during the fall of 1983 and again in the spring of 1984. The experimental measurements for CO obtained during those flight series over the eastern and mid-Pacific are presented here. Data were acquired from 10 to 20 deg N latitude over the mid-Pacific and from 30 to 37 deg N latitude over the eastern Pacific off the coast of California. A seasonal variation of approximately 34 parts per billion by volume was measured over the altitudes and latitudes sampled, and a small latitudinal variation was also noted. The data are discussed in terms of the meteorological context in which they were collected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2095-210
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  • 7
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    Plasma diagnostics package measurements of ionospheric ions and Shuttle-induced perturbations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The plasma diagnostics package (PDP) on the Space Shuttle STS-3 mission in March 1982 carried among its instrument complement a retarding potential analyzer. This instrument measured both the ambient ion plasma density and temperature, and perturbations to the plasma produced by Shuttle Orbiter effects. Whenever the plasma flow streamline at the instrument was more than a distance of the order of thermal ion gyroradii away from any Orbiter surface, the measurements were characteristic of the ambient ionosphere. In several situations, the PDP was positioned so as to scan the wake in the plasma flow produced by Orbiter surfaces. The density profile of the major species O(+) was consistent with a classic Mach cone. However, strong perturbations extended for several meters outside the Mach cone, which resulted in failure of flowing Maxwellian distributions to represent the data. Configurations where the plasma-flow-impacted Orbiter surfaced downstream of the PDP resulted in generation of a suprathermal ion component. The observations are discussed in terms of a recent model of the mechanism for generation of Shuttle glow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 13463-13
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  • 8
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    Space opportunities for tropospheric chemistry research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of the Space Shuttle to measure tropospheric trace species is examined. Factors which affect the measurement of tropospheric trace species are discussed. The Academy of Sciences 1985 report categorized the trace species into levels: first-level gases include water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4, and the second-level gases are N2O, NO2, NH3, SO2, chlorofluoromethanes, and HCl. The effects of first-level gases on the earth's climate, the photochemistry/chemistry of the troposphere, and the photochemical/chemical production and destruction of the hydroxyl radical are studied; the distribution and magnitude of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere are analyzed in terms of water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    The paradox of age: Tectites and tectite showers (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: When discussing the problem of tectite origin, the age of the tectites themselves (actual glasses) must be distinguished from the date of their fall on the earth's surface, i.e., the geological age of tectite fields. The considerable difference between their two ages is the essence of the paradox which will be discussed here.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20102 , NAS 1.77:20102
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  • 10
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    Iridium in the Vredefort Bronzite Granophyre - Impact melting and limits on a possible extraterrestrial component (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Bronzite Granophyre was analyzed for Ir and other elements to examine whether its origin was due to impact melting or conventional igneous assimilation and to search for a possible extraterrestrial component in the melt. No such component is identified. Ir values range from 50-130 pg/g, equivalent to less than 0.05 percent C1 material. Further evidence against an extraterrestrial source of siderophiles are the low Ir/Au ratios and the absence of systematic correlations between Ir and other elements. However, the Granophyre is significantly enriched in Ir over other Vredefort granitic rocks, implying a fundamental difference between them. Geochemical mixing models indicate that the Ir observed in the Granophyre can be supplied from high-Ir local shales and quartzites during an impact melting event. The results are consistent with the view that the Granophyre is an impact melt and that Vredefort is an impact structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 14, 1988 - Mar 18, 1988; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 11
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    Boundary layer dynamics in the description of magnetospheric substorms (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of eleven magnetospheric substorm events for which good-quality ground-based magnetometer data and ISEE satellite data were both available. It is shown that the magnetotail particle and field observations associated with a substorm expansive phase can be explained through the spatial movement of the boundary layers and central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. The sweeping of these regions past the satellite, even in the absence of temporal variations within the various regions, can lead to a set of plasma flow observations typical of what is observed in the magnetotail during substorm activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A209803 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 14411-14
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  • 12
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    A boundary layer model for magnetospheric substorms (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An alternative framework for understanding magnetospheric substorm activity is presented. It is argued that observations of magnetic field and plasma flow variations in the magnetotail can be explained in terms of the passage of the plasma sheet boundary layer over the satellite detecting the tail signatures. It is shown that field-aligned currents and particle acceleration processes on magnetic field lines threading the ionospheric Harang discontinuity lead to the distinctive particle and field signatures observed in the magnetotail during substorms. It is demonstrated that edge effects of field-aligned currents associated with the westward traveling surge can lead to the negative B(z) perturbations observed in the tail that are presently attributed to observations made on the anti-earthward side of a near-earth neutral line. Finally, it is shown that the model can provide a physical explanation of both the driven system and the loading-unloading system whose combined effects provide the observed substorm perturbation pattern in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A194400 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12187-12
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  • 13
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    Plasma waves in the range of the lower hybrid frequency - ISEE 1 and 2 observations at the earth's bow shock (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This report presents a characterization of plasma wave noise in the range of the lower hybrid frequency associated with 65 crossings of earth's bow shock observed by the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites. Wave growth generally becomes detectable at the upstream edge of the shock foot, increases at the upstream edge of the shock ramp, peaks within the ramp, and then quickly decays to steady downstream values. The upstream extent of the noise is on the same order as that of specularly reflected gyrating ions. Similar profiles were observed in subcritical and supercritical shocks, and no special behavior was associated with the first critical Mach number. Spectra in the foot and ramp were similar in shape, although the noise was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more intense in the shock ramps than in the feet. Electric field intensities are positively correlated with solar wind speed and inversely related to electron beta and Mach number. Magnetic components are positively correlated with Mach number and beta. The results are generally consistent with suggestions that the noise consists of lower hybrid waves driven by reflected gyrating ions in the foot, and by additional instabilities, such as the cross-field current, in the shock ramp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9695-970
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  • 14
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    Energy spectra of plasma sheet ions and electrons from about 50 eV/e to about 1 MeV during plamsa temperature transitions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: ISEE-1 charged-particle measurements obtained during eight plasma temperature transitions (PTTs) in 1978-1979 are compiled in tables and graphs and analyzed in detail, comparing the ion and electron differential energy spectra with the predictions of theoretical models. PTTs are defined as approximately 1-h periods of low bulk plasma velocity and steadily increasing or decreasing thermal energy. A Maxwellian distribution is found to be inadequate in describing the PTT energy spectra, but velocity-exponential and kappa distributions are both successful, the latter especially at higher energies. The power-law index kappa varies from PTT to PTT, but the high-energy spectral index and overall shape of the distribution remain constant during a PTT; both spatial and temporal effects are observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 2562-257
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  • 15
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    Plasma and field observations of a Pc 5 wave event (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The particle detector and electric field data collected by the Dynamo Explorer 1 on the Pc 5 wave event encounter on July 14, 1982 are presented, yielding a nearly complete picture of the event. The overall structure of the Pc 5 seems to order the event into two distinct halves, suggesting a temporal or spatial variation of the micropulsation. Thermal plasma measurements showed that the dominant ion throughout both lobes was H(+). Significant quantities of He(+), O(+), N(+), and O(2+) were also observed to be present and rotating together in a plane normal to the magnetic field direction, due to the Pc5 E x B drift. The plasma parameters determined for the two lobes were used in theoretical calculations to predict the period of the observed resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11147-11
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  • 16
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    Cratering mechanics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Main concepts and theoretical models which are used for studying the mechanics of cratering are discussed. Numerical two-dimensional calculations are made of explosions near a surface and high-speed impact. Models are given for the motion of a medium during cratering. Data from laboratory modeling are given. The effect of gravitational force and scales of cratering phenomena is analyzed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88477 , NAS 1.15:88477
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  • 17
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    The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The significant ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during recent austral springs was studied by instrumented ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft. Data on the homogeneous gas composition, polar stratospheric clouds, and on tracers for dynamic motion are provided. The mission design is described, the aircraft and their payloads are documented, and the flight tracks are specified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11181-11
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  • 18
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    Plasma flows near the neutral sheet of the magnetotail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the bulk flow plasma in the neutral sheet region (defined as the area where BX approx = O) of the magnetotail. For the majority of crossings there is no appreciable change in the macroscopic plasma parameters, i.e., the density, temperature and velocity of the plasma remain constant through the neutral sheet. This is true even during active periods, when AE is somewhat greater than 100nT. However, for a small number of crossings, all during disturbed times, large plasma bulk velocities abs. val V is greater than or = 300 km/s are observed. The velocity distributions during these events are qualitatively similar to those of the plasma sheet boundary layer that is usually observed at higher latitudes. The acceleration mechanism which creates the plasma sheet boundary layer extends to relatively small radial distances during these active periods.
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  • 19
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    NASA's geodynamics program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA geodynamics program covers dynamics of the core; dynamics and structure of the mantle; dynamics and structure of the lithosphere; evolution and composition of the Earth; and comparative planetology. Projects include crustal dynamics/Earth observations; gravity field modelling; and magnetic field studies. Planned space flights include global gravity and magnetic field mapping; magnetic field secular changes; gravity gradiometer mission; LAGEOS-2; and Earth Observing System.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of an ESA-NASA Workshop on a Joint Solid Earth Program; p 11-16
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  • 20
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    Causes and effects of a hole (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Preliminary results from the U.S. National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) to Antarctica are reviewed. The NOZE ozonesonde measurements showed significant vertical structure in the hole, with 80 percent depletion in some of the 1 km layers but only 20 percent in adjacent layers. The depletion was confined to the 12-20 km region, beginning first at higher altitude and progressing downward. This is strong evidence against the theory that the ozone hole is due to solar activity producing odd nitrogen at high altitudes which is transported downwards, leading to enhanced odd-nitrogen catalytic cycles that destroy ozone. Nitrous oxide data show unusually low concentrations within the polar vortex, which is evidence against the theory that the hole is caused by a purely dynamical mechanism in which rising air motions within the polar vortex lead to reduced column densities of ozone. It is tentatively concluded that a chemical mechanism involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is the likely cause of ozone depletion in the hole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 297
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  • 21
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    Tectites of Vietnam. Tectites delivered by a comet: A hypothesis (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Tectites (tektites) are mysterious natural acid glasses that differ dramatically from terrestrial volcanic or impact glasses. There are many arguments that speak in favor of their non-terrestrial origin, and that is why the problem of their origin has an important scientific and historical significance. It is no accident that hundreds of publications written by specialists of various fields from all over the world are devoted to this issue. It is discussed at length in a collection of articles entitled 'Tectites' (1963,1973), as well as in the excellent monograph by O'Keefe (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20103 , NAS 1.77:20103
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  • 22
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    Rock flows (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Rock flows are defined as forms of spontaneous mass movements, commonly found in mountainous countries, which have been studied very little. The article considers formations known as rock rivers, rock flows, boulder flows, boulder stria, gravel flows, rock seas, and rubble seas. It describes their genesis as seen from their morphological characteristics and presents a classification of these forms. This classification is based on the difference in the genesis of the rubbly matter and characterizes these forms of mass movement according to their source, drainage, and deposit areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88485 , NAS 1.15:88485
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  • 23
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    Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Topics addressed include: stratospheric chemistry; tropospheric trace gas (sources, distributions, and trends); tropospheric chemistry (processes, controlling the ozone and hydroxyl radicals); stratosphere-troposphere exchange; dynamic processes; and radiative processes (solar and terrestrial).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89237 , NAS 1.15:89237 , WMO-REPT-16-VOL-1
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  • 24
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    Observations of ionospheric magnetospheric coupling - DE and Chatanika coincidences (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations from several experiments on board the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 (DE 1 and 2) spacecraft and ground-based radar measurements from the Chatanika radar are combined in order to examine the details of ionospheric/magnetospheric coupling in the local evening sector. DE 1 and DE 2 were in coplanar polar orbits that provided measurements almost simultaneously in time and magnetically coincident with the Chatanika radar from L = 3 to L = 17. The coupling processes are inferred from the density, temperature, composition, and angular distributions of the low-energy plasma observed from the E region of the ionosphere to magnetospheric altitudes of 2.5 earth radii. Plasma characteristics of the plasmasphere, main trough, auroral zone, and polar cap can be studied in this data set. The observations imply that as L increases, the dominant coupling mechanism between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the measured energy range changes from equilibrium diffusion to perpendicular acceleration and finally to parallel acceleration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 5803-581
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  • 25
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    The menagerie of geospace plasma waves (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The sounding rocket and satellite observations of space plasma waves within geospace in the frequency range from millihertz to megahertz are studied. Characteristic frequencies and source mechanisms of the plasma waves are described. The use of the Dynamic Explorer-1 Plasma Wave Instrument spectrograms to represent the plasma wave antenna and receiver system of geospace is examined. The ray tracing technique calculates the path of energy flow; the equations required for the analysis are presented. Cross-correlation of the wave electric and magnetic components provide data used to calculate the wave polarization, the direction of propagation, and the wave distribution function.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 42; 257-274
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  • 26
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    Monthly mean distribution of ozone and temperature (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global monthly mean charts for both hemispheres are given for four mid-season months, and for the pressure levels 30, 10, 1, and 0.1 mbar for temperature and 0.4 mbar for ozone. Charts of total ozone are provided separately. This set of charts shows clearly the very close coupling between the temperature and ozone distributions and demonstrates the influence of the large-scale planetary waves which give rise to very large longitudinal variations. The regular and interannual variability of temperature and ozone are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 54 p
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  • 27
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    Spectroscopic database (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Several aspects of quantitative atmospheric spectroscopy are considered, using a classification of the molecules according to the gas amounts in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, and reviews of quantitative atmospheric high-resolution spectroscopic measurements and field measurements systems are given. Laboratory spectroscopy and spectral analysis and prediction are presented with a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy capabilities. Spectroscopic data requirements for accurate derivation of atmospheric composition are discussed, where examples are given for space-based remote sensing experiments of the atmosphere: the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule) and UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) experiment. A review of the basic parameters involved in the data compilations; a summary of information on line parameter compilations already in existence; and a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy studies are used to assess the data base.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 41 p
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  • 28
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    Trace gas effects on climate (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The two primary objectives are to describe the new scientific challenges posed by the trace gas-climate problem and to summarize current strategies, and to make an assessment of the trace gas effects on troposphere-stratosphere temperature trends. Numerous reports on CO2-climate problems are examined with respect to climate modeling issues. The role of the oceans in governing the transient climate response to time varying CO2 concentrations is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 76 p
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  • 29
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    Model predictions of ozone changes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The predictions of several one-dimensional models were examined for a number of prescribed scenarios in steady-state or time-dependent approximations. A small number of two-dimensional steady-state calculations for a limited number of scenarios were compared with the results of one-dimensional models. The sensitivity of the calculated predictions to the values of input parameters were examined in order to assess recognized uncertainties in these predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 70 p
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  • 30
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    Oxygen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial distribution of ozone, as predicted by numerical models, is compared with observations. A set of reference ozone profiles was developed against which to compare current numerical calculations. Most of the analyses will focus on ozone between 30 and 70 km altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 42 p
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  • 31
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    Assessment models (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The types of models used in assessment of possible chemical perturbations to the stratosphere are reviewed. The statue of one and two dimensional models are discussed. The problem of model validation is covered before the status of photochemical modeling efforts is discussed. A hierarchy of tests for photochemical models is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 74 p
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    Evolution of a meteorite crater as a process of random displacements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An examination of the ages and sizes of 114 terrestrial impact craters shows that their aging kinetics can be described by the diffusion laws. The macrodiffusion coefficient which determines random displacements of mineral masses on the Earth has a mean value of 0.02 sq m/year. The amount of matter in a crater that contains information about the impact event decreases with time according to the 1/T law. The basic characteristic parameter of a crater is its initial area, inasmuch as sufficiently large craters are nearly surficial formations. The relaxation time of a crater is proportional to its initial area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88428 , NAS 1.15:88428
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    Formation of the central uplift in meteoric craters (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data are presented on the sizes of impact craters with central uplifts on the earth, moon, and terrestrial planets. It is proposed that the central uplift of the Kara crater in the USSR was formed by impact metamorphism of rocks along a crater having a depth of about 600 meters. A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of hypervelocity impact cratering is used to investigate the features of shock-wave attenuation in the depths of the target and the amount of impact melt formed during this process. An attempt is made to determine the velocity of rock motion during the formation of central uplifts in terrestrial craters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88427 , NAS 1.15:88427
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    Electrical conductivity of rocks at high pressures and temperatures (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of studies of the electrical conductivity in the most widely distributed types of igneous rocks, at temperatures of up to 1200 C, at atmospheric pressure, and also at temperatures of up to 700 C and at pressures of up to 20,000 kg/sq cm are described. The figures of electrical conductivity, of activaation energy and of the preexponential coefficient are presented and the dependence of these parameters on the petrochemical parameters of the rocks are reviewed. The possible electrical conductivities for the depository, granite and basalt layers of the Earth's crust and of the upper mantle are presented, as well as the electrical conductivity distribution to the depth of 200 to 240 km for different geological structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77687 , NAS 1.15:77687
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    Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) is a satellite system proposed to determine variations in the gravitational and magnetic fields to a resolution of about 100 kilometers. Knowledge and interpretations of the potential fields on scales of 100 kilometers and greater, to clarify the needs for better data in this range of wavelengths were reviewed. The potential contribution of these data to the determination, by satellite altimetry, of a more accurate geoidal reference was discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2390 , NAS 1.55:2390 , Oct 29, 1984 - Oct 31, 1984; College Park, MD; United States
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    Rheology of glacier ice (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A new method for calculating the stress field in bounded ice shelves is used to compare strain rate and deviatoric stress on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The analysis shows that strain rate (per second) increases as the third power of deviatoric stress (in newtons/sq meter), with a constant of proportionality equal to 2.3 x 10 to the -25th.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 227; 1335-133
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    Selection of a model of Earth's albedo radiation, practical calculation of its effect on the trajectory of a satellite (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Theoretical models of Earth's albedo radiation was proposed. By comparing disturbing accelerations computed from a model to those measured in flight with the CACTUS Accelerometer, modified according to the results. Computation of the satellite orbit perturbations from a model is very long because for each position of this satellite the fluxes coming from each elementary surface of the terrestrial portion visible from the satellite must be summed. The speed of computation is increased ten times without significant loss of accuracy thanks to a stocking of some intermediate results. Now it is possible to confront the orbit perturbations computed from the selected model with the measurements of these perturbations found with satellite as LAGEOS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77870 , NAS 1.15:77870
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    Study of the physical properties of crystalline rocks in the southeast Voronezh anteclise (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical properties of rocks, in the crystalline mass of the Voronezh anteclise, were studied. The study of the physical properties of rocks is important for the improvement of geophysical methods for mapping crystalline rocks in the foundation and exploration of different geological objects which are associated with the crystalline foundation, covered by the sedimentary mantle. It is found that: (1) rocks in the crystalline foundation are very different in physical properties; (2) the physical properties are closely related to their substance composition and genesis; (3) petrographic properties give clues of rock afficiation to certain complexes; and (4) physical and magnetic properties should be examined by petrography, chemical and X-ray analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77823 , NAS 1.15:77823
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  • 39
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    Measurements of the temperature profile in the stratosphere from Chanin, Hauchecorne MAP handbook no. 13, 1984 p 87-99 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change; 4 p; NASA-TM-104980
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  • 40
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    The upper atmosphere: Threshold of space (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NP-105 , NAS 1.83:105
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  • 41
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    The role of NASA in geodynamics research - Past and future (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA participation in geophysics and geodynamics studies is addressed. Recent NASA activities in these areas are reviewed and plans and suggestions for the future are outlined. International cooperative activities in geophysics and geodynamics are briefly examined. New technologies that will be applied are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 70; 713
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    Three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion distributions from 200 eV to 2 MeV (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents initial measurements, made with ISEE 1 plasma and energetic-particle instruments, of the three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion flow and the spectrum over the energy range of 200 eV to 2 MeV, obtained on two magnetosheath traversals, one on the dawn (December 19, 1977) and the other on the dusk (July 7, 1978) flanks of the magnetosphere. The data suggest that the magnetosheath plasma ion population often consisted of a shocked solar wind component, of energy not greater than 5 keV, and a magnetospheric high-energy (not below 5 keV) component. The shocked solar wind component generally behaved independently of the magnetic field direction, indicating that the magnetic field was carried along in the bulk plasma flow. The high-energy tail was highly modulated by the magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 12783-12
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1988: An assessment report (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of the research efforts supported during the last two years. An assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March 15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA, FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries. Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its entirety were peer reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1208 , NAS 1.61:1208
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    Bilateral symmetry elements of the Zhamanshin impact crater (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The internal structure of the Zhamanshin impact structure and the nature of rocks developed within it are studied to establish the impact structure parameters. It is found that the diameter of the visible crater is about 13 km. The small annular structures observed are found to not be secondary craters, and no correlation is found between the asymmetrical distribution of ejecta material and the arrangement of these annular forms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20288 , NAS 1.77:20288
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    Nitrogen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Total odd nitrogen, NO(y), may be defined as the sum of all active nitrogen species that interchange photochemically with one another on a time scale of the order of weeks or less. As noted, NO + NO2 reactions dominate the processes controlling the ozone balance in the contemporary stratosphere. The observational data from non-satellite platforms are reviewed. The growth in available satellite data in the past four years is considered. Some of the most important scientific issues are discussed, taking into account new results from atmospheric models (mainly 2-D). The model results are compared with the observational data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 110 p
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    Global Geospace Science Programme (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program, an element of the international Solar Terrestrial Physics Program dedicated to the study of the global plasma dynamics of the solar-terrestrial environment, is discussed. Past research on the injection of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere and on the detection of ions in the terrestrial ring current of both solar wind and ionospheric origins is reviewed, showing its relevance for the GGS program. Research on the interplanetary magnetic field, the auroral electrojet, the outer magnetosphere, the geomagnetic tail, the ionospheric electric field and the related electron precipitation is also addressed. The results demonstrate that the solar wind and the ionsophere both contribute to the magnetospheric particle population. Unanswered questions regarding hot plasma sources, transport processes, energy storage in the magnetic field, and energization of plasmas are discussed. The relevant mission strategy, instrumentation, theory and modeling, and data collection are addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 41; 81-93
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    Instrument intercomparisons and assessments (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Over the past few years, several field campaigns were devoted to the goal of assessing instrument reliability, as opposed to solely obtaining data to answer a geophysical question. Some examples of the formal instrument intercomparisons that have occurred in the past decade and those that are planned for the very near future are listed chronologically. Balloon-borne techniques and instruments that address the height profiles of the trace species in the lower stratosphere are emphasized. Beginning with the most extensively studied trace constituent, the approach taken and the results obtained, are described. The current status of the measurement capabilities are summarized, and the needs for future intercomparisons and assessments are listed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 31 p
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    Ozone and temperature trends (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The measurement of temporal changes in ozone and temperature are discussed. The data are examined within the context of natural atmospheric variability and data problems. The results are compared to numerical model calculations. The major issues are defined in terms of goal achievement. Each parameter is considered in terms of instrument type, long term effects, and altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 34 p
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    Effects of chemical releases by the STS 3 orbiter on the ionosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Plasma Diagnostics Package, flown aboard STS-3 as part of the first Shuttle payload (OSS-1), recorded the effects of various chemical releases from the Orbiter. Changes in the plasma environment was observed during flash evaporator system releases, water dumps and maneuvering thruster operations. During flash evaporator operations, broadband Orbiter-generated electrostatic noise was enhanced and plasma density irregularities were observed to increase by 3 to 30 times with a spectrum which rose steeply and peaked below 6 Hz. In the case of water dumps, background electrostatic noise was enhanced at frequencies below about 3 kHz and suppressed at frequencies above 2 kHz. Thruster activity also stimulated electrostatic noise with a spectrum which peaked at approximately 0.5 kHz. In addition, ions with energies up to 1 keV were seen during some thruster events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3487-349
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    Satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The first satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation were performed by cross-correlating the waveforms detected by the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 spacecraft. High correlations were found for all projected baselines, with little or no tendency to decrease even for the longest baselines. For incoherent radiation, the correlation as a function of the baseline is the Fourier transform of the source brightness distribution, implying an average source region diameter for all of the bursts analyzed of less than about 10 km. For such small source diameters, the required growth rates are too large to be explained by existing incoherent theories, strongly indicating that the radiation must be coherent. For coherent radiation, an upper limit to the source region diameter can be inferred instead from the angular width of the radiation pattern. The angular width of the radiation pattern must be at least 2.5 deg, implying that the diameter of the source must be less than about 20 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A176460 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1105-110
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