ALBERT

Description: 1. Samples of benthic invertebrate fauna were collected in – a ditch, situated in a protected area in the peaty area near the Maarsseveense plassen (prov. Utrecht), – four ditches in the neighbourhood of Castricum (N-Holland), not far from the dune district, – two ditches with water of a high chloride-content on Texel (N- Holland). 2. The faunistic results, with the additional information of some physical and chemical data on the different sampling points, made it possible to draw some conclusions concerning – the importance of the factor salinity for a faunistically oriented typology of ditches, – the importance of the group Hydracarina for a classification of ditch-biocenoses, – the influence of artificial current, caused by the inlet of water, on the invertebrate fauna of ditches and on the faunistical evaluation of the pollution-level in ditches.

Description: A new catfish, Glyptothorax stocki, belonging to the family Sisoridae, is described and figured. The new species from Pakistan and Azad Kashmir is compared with Glyptothorax platypogonoides from Sumatra, with which it was confused.

Description: The Scrophulariaceae, though chiefly a family of herbaceous plants, contain also a number of genera with trees ( Paulownia and Wightia) and genera with species of suffruticose and fruticose habit.\nMy colleague Mr. A. M. Cleef, who is studying the vegetation of the high Andean parts of Colombia collected material of the small genus Aragoa, endemic in the paramos of the Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. Though this genus consists in the main of small broomlike shrubs, a new species, Aragoa perez-arbelaeziana Romero, discovered by him, is a small tree, of which the stem reaches a diameter of 8 cm. The wood of Aragoa of which the structure was so far unknown, proved to be noteworthy because of the complete absence of rays and parenchyma. There was no indication at all of growth rings, and the vessels can not be distinguished from the fibres as seen on a cross section, as both are of equal width. In longitudinal sections vessels become recognizable by their simple perforations, their spiral thickenings and the presence of a few simple pits; whereas the fibre tracheids lack the spiral thickenings, and possess numerous bordered pits on both the radial and tangential walls. The diameter of the vessels and fibres varies in the 5 species investigated by me between 16 and 24 \xce\xbcm; the length of the vessel members is on the average 260 (185-370) \xce\xbcm and that of the fibre tracheids 310 (220-450) \xce\xbcm. This unusual wood structure was found not only in the small stems with a diameter of 4-8 mm, but also in the stem of the only arboreous species.

Description: By means of modernized sieving techniques 110 m3 of matrix from a gully filling in the Tegelen Clay were sieved. This yielded a good collection of small mammals, which clarifies the stratigraphic position of the Tiglian, a collection of other vertebrates, a small collection of mollusks, and a vast amount of plant material. A good collection of mollusks was made through classical collecting techniques. The faunal lists in this paper constitute a considerable enlargement of the known Tegelen fauna. Collecting is continuing, and further additions to the fauna may be expected.

Description: Some details are given on the bryophyte vegetation in an old clay pit near Venlo. Due to burrowing activities, the bottom of the pit has a very broken surface, and in the upper soil layer sand, sandy clay and pure clay (from the Tiglien formation) replace each other. On some places water comes out of the soil. Some locally important bryophyte unions (in the sense of Barkman 1973) are described. An impoverished form of the Haplomitrium- Fossombronia incurva union occurs on moist sandy ground. On a steep, south-exposed, dry clay edge a fragment of the Aloinetum rigidae was found. The wet clayey parts are occupied by a vegetation mainly consisting of Leiocolea badensis and Anisothecium varium, for which a new union is proposed, the Leiocolea badensis- Anisothecium varium union. On a steep sandy side the rare species Anisothecium rufescens, Mniobryum lutescens and Trichodon cylindricus were found; the last two species have not been reported from the Netherlands before. In conclusion, the importance of such clay pits in general and this one in particular as refugia for bryophyte flora and vegation is stressed.

Description: J. T. R. KALKHOVEN, A. H. P. STUMPEL en S. E. STUMPEL-RIENKS, Landelijke Milieukartering; een landschapsecologische kartering van het natuurlijk milieu in Nederland ten behoeve van de ruimtelijke planning op nationaal niveau. Studierapport Rijksplanologische Dienst no. 8. Staatsuitgeverij, \xe2\x80\x99s-Gravenhage, 1976 (verspreid juni 1977), 141 pag. + 4 bijlagen, \xc6\x92 35,\xe2\x80\x94 (Ook verschenen als Verhandeling 9 van het Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum).

Description: Leptochloa fascicularis (Lamk.) A. Gray [Diplachne fascicularis (Lamk.) P.B.] has been found as an alien in the Netherlands. The author gives a key to the species of the genus in addition to that in Flora Neerlandica.

Description: A. J. QUEN\xc3\x89-BOTERENBROOD & J. MENNEMA, Zeldzame Nederlandse plantesoorten in Zuid-Holland. Provinciale Waterstaat Zuid-Holland, \xe2\x80\x99s-Gravenhage, 1973, 110 pag., 31 verspreidingskaarten en 4 figuren, fl. 5,\xe2\x80\x94.\nGemeentelijke, provinciale en landelijke overheid tonen zich de laatste jaren in toenemende mate belangstellend voor nauwkeurige gegevens over \xe2\x80\x9ehet milieu\xe2\x80\x9d. Het is uitermate verheugend dat de Provinciale Waterstaat van Zuid-Holland voor een serieus wetenschappelijk onderzoek niet alleen belangstelling heeft, maar het ook in alle opzichten stimuleert. De resultaten van het onderzoek naar de verspreiding van zeldzame planten, met name in Zuid-Holland, zijn neergelegd in vijf bijlagen, waarvan de tweede de belangrijkste is. Deze bijlage omvat 31 verspreidingskaarten van Nederlandse plantesoorten en is hiermee te beschouwen als de voorloper van de nu spoedig te verwachten Atlas van de Nederlandse Flora. De verspreidingskaarten zijn samengesteld op grond van IVON-hoklijsten, herbariummateriaal en literatuuropgaven en gesplitst in gegevens die dateren van v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r en van n\xc3\xa1 1950, zodat bovendien de achteruitgang resp. vooruitgang van de betreflende soort snel kan worden afgelezen. De begeleidende tekst van elke kaart geeft aan deze een extra dimensie, niet in de laatste plaats door de verantwoording en documentatie van de niet-opgenomen gegevens, die in bijna alle tot dusverre verschenen atlassen over de verspreiding van planten in Europa ontbreken. Ik geloof stellig dat deze wijze van presentatie zeer de voorkeur verdient en dat het bezwaar van de lange duur der voorbereiding van zulke kaarten hierdoor ruimschoots wordt goedgemaakt.

Description: Small, locally dominant plants of Juncus effusus f. pauciflorus have been collected in the exceptionally warm and dry summer of 1976 on the dry bottom of a wide ditch in the Southwestern part of the country near Roosendaal (prov. of N.-Brabant). Earlier such forms were known in the Netherlands from four localities. All the summers of the years in which these forms had been found were characterised metereologically as \xe2\x80\x9e(very) hot\xe2\x80\x9d as well as \xe2\x80\x9e(very) dry\xe2\x80\x9d, which is very unusual in this country. The individual plants have normal terete stems, sometimes with young \xe2\x80\x98lateral\xe2\x80\x99 inflorescences, as well as small, filiform stems bearing apicallya few fruits and with the lower sheaths terminating in distinct linear blades; fruits of the latter are usually not retuse at the apex, and contain apparently normal seeds ( fig. 1). Ontogenetical research on the unusual dimorphism of this form is required.

Description: In Senecio jacobaea L. two forms with non-radiating capitules are distinguished: a.) a non-heritable form, hence of no systematic value, occurring incidentally throughout the area of the species, with the outer ray of fruits nearly glabrous like in normal radiating forms of the species, and b.) a heritable (DE VRIES, 1901) form with a distinct area (fig. 1) with all fruits equally hairy (probably by reduction of the outer ray of flowers). The distribution of the latter form, provisionally called Senecio jacobaea var. nudus Weston (Bot. Univ. 3, 1772, p. 641; syn.: S. jacobaea var. floseulosus Lamk. et DC.; S. dunensis Dum.), is given from herbarium material and literature; var. nudus fully replaces the type variety in the dunes in the Netherlands southwards to IJmuiden, only in the dunes between IJmuiden and Den Haag both the radiating form and var. nudus are found together (at present the latter is very common whereas the radiating form is rare, but at the end of the last century this situation was reverse). Var. nudus may be worth the rank of subspecies. A probable hybrid S. aquaticus X jacobaea var. nudus is recorded from the island of Terschelling.

Description: Herba aquatica glabra. Caules submersi, monopodialiter et sympodialiter ramosi, breves. Stipulae subulatae, parvae. Folia alterna, integra, ipso apice saturatius colorata. Inflorescencia distincte a parte vegetativa separata, axibus filiformibus, ramosis, internodiis elongatis, quoque ramo apice racemum densum bractearum floralium rosuliformium natantium gerente. Bractea et flos apice axium brevium instructus. Bracteae florales ellipticae, integrae, apice saturatius coloratae, petiolo longitudine variabili. Bracteolae 2, basi pedunculi brevissimi instructae. Flores bisexuales; sepala 4 minuta; petala 4 concava; stamina 4, filamentis filiformibus; ovarium interius 4-loculare, profunde 4-lobum, quoque loculo stigmate elongato subulato laevi praedito. Fructus in mericarpia 4 apice tantum connata dehiscens.\nTypus: Vinkia natans van der Meijden.

Description: Name: Eurya Thunb., Nova Genera Plantarum (1783) 68.\nFamily: Theaceae.

Description: A qualitative and quantitative study has been made of the Recent taxa assigned, or related, to Balanus amphitrite Darwin. All taxa of the complex have been redescribed and a key provided. Interspecific relationships have been evaluated statistically through the use of the generalized distance function and discriminant function analyses. Two well defined groups and three subgroups have been defined and a key proposed. The discriminant function has also been utilized as an aid in the identification of unknown specimens of a closely related pair of taxa.

Description: The nervous system in the tentacles of the sea anemones Tealia felina, Anemonia sulcata, Metridium senile and Cerianthus membranaceus was studied using light microscopic and electron microscopic techniques. \nBecause of the small dimensions of the nerve cells (6\xe2\x80\x947 \xc2\xb5m) and of the neurites (diameter 〈 1 \xc2\xb5m) satisfactory information could not be obtained using conventional histological techniques. \nElectron microscopic investigation showed that the nervous system can be divided into three parts: the plexus round the mesogloea, a nervous system between the muscles (obviously connected with the plexus) and sensory cells in the outer layer of the tentacle connected to the plexus by nerve fibres. The latter nerve cells with their fibres are arranged radially in the tentacle ectodermis. These are the only sensory cells discovered in the tentacles of the sea anemones. \nIn these radial neurites and in a number of neurites in the plexus, dense core granules are found. In the nervous system between the muscles and in a number of neurites in the plexus, opaque granules are found. Neurites containing dense core as well as opaque granules were never observed. Only in the radial neurites and in the plexus a yellow F(ormol) I(nduced) F(luorescence) was observed. Analysis of the emission spectrum showed that the F.I.F. had developed from a catecholamine (most probably noradrenalin). Therefore the dense core granules contain a catecholamine. \nOn the basis of morphological similarity, the neurites containing opaque granules may be identified as purinergic as proposed by Burnstock (1972), since the innervation of the muscles in the sea anemones very much resembles the innervation of smooth muscles in vertebrates. \nSynapses as described by a.o. Westfall (1973a) could not be demonstrated. However, desmosome-like structures were found between the epithelial cells and between the muscles, so that a non-neural conduction (c.q. myoepithelial conduction) is probable. This myoepithelial conduction may explain the presence of a \xe2\x80\x9csecond nervous system\xe2\x80\x9d postulated by Bullock & Horridge (1965) which is supposed to be a slowconductive system. A morphological indication for a \xe2\x80\x9csecond nervous system\xe2\x80\x9d has never been found. \nThe two transmitter substances mentioned (no indication was found for the presence of GABA and acetylcholine), i.e. a catecholamine, most probably noradrenalin, and a purine derivate, both have an excitatory function. The possible role of glutamate as an inhibitor has been discussed. Glutamate acts as a possible inhibitor, since it is released from contracting muscles and inhibits the contraction via an unknown mechanism. \nHydra was investigated and the findings were discussed in relation to the existing literature. Only the existence of synapses was discrepant, since these structures could not be demonstrated. \nRegarding the possible transmitters a catecholamine could be demonstrated with the F.I.F. method. A purinergic muscle innervation is possible in view of our experience with sea anemones.

Description: The study of some newly collected material from the West Indies may justify a fourth paper on Caribbean Tenebrionidae in these \xe2\x80\x9cStudies\xe2\x80\x9d. Thanks to dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK\xe2\x80\x99S collecting work, the Tenebrionid fauna of the Antilles and the adjacent South American mainland shores may be considered to be pretty well known \xe2\x80\x94 at least as far as the Melasomes are concerned. Thus zoogeographical conclusions \xe2\x80\x94 though not differing essentially from those published in 1962 \xe2\x80\x94 appear to have a rather solid basis. Unfortunately much less is known about planticolous Tenebrionids, which anyhow are relatively less interesting for zoogeographical purposes, than the geophilous ones.\nWe also had the privilege of consulting the collections of the I.N.R.A. at Guadeloupe (see MARCUZZI & D\xe2\x80\x99AGUILAR 1971) which considerably increased our knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of that and neighbouring islands. Several specimens on hand at the Institute of Marine Biology, Mayag\xc3\xbcez, proved extremely useful for obtaining a better knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of the old, sedimentary island of Puerto Rico. In a few single cases material from other sources (British Museum, Museum G. Frey and the private collection of the author) has been used.

Description: Part 4 is the final part of a revision of the western palaearctic Nephrotoma species. A key to these species is presented. Discussed are the species N. analis (Schummel, 1833), N. euchroma (Mik, 1874), N. subanalis (Mannheims, 1951), N. semiflava (Strobl, 1909), N. lamellata (Riedel, 1910), N. flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830), N. malickyi Martinovsk\xc3\xbd, 1979, N. alluaudi (Pierre, 1921), N. eugeniae (Savchenko, 1957), N. lundbecki (Nielsen, 1907), and N. ramulifera Tjeder, 1955. Furthermore four species erroneously referred to Nephrotoma, or recorded thus from the western palaearctic are discussed.

Description: Three recently found skulls of Delphinus tropicalis are discussed and compared with other skulls of the same taxon. The occurrence of Delphinus delphis in the same area as Delphinus tropicalis makes it plausible that D. tropicalis is a distinct species and not a subspecies of D. delphis. A dolphin collected in the South China Sea, probably near Pontianak, by W. L. Abbott in 1907 also belongs to Delphinus tropicalis. The species therefore has a wider distribution than was originally believed.

Description: The migratory activity of Gammarus zaddachi and Gammarus chevreuxi is investigated in a current chamber, in which a tidal cycle can be simulated.\nIn fresh running water the number of animals drifting with the current is of about the same magnitude as the number of animals actively swimming against the current.\nA diurnal periodicity is recorded in the migratory activity. The migratory activity is influenced by the population density and the food supply.\nIn the current chamber a tidal cycle can be simulated by varying the factors current velocity, current direction, salinity, and temperature. The combination of a decrease in current velocity, followed by a slow current in the opposite direction, an increase in the salinity, and a rise in the temperature of the medium causes a significant increase in the activity of both species investigated. An increase in only one of the environmental factors mentioned above can also produce an increase in the migratory activity, but less pronounced than when all the factors coordinate in simulating a complete tidal cycle.\nBoth G. zaddachi and G. chevreuxi react in a similar way on the simulation of a tidal cycle. In both species no great differences have been found between juveniles and adults with regard to the migratory activity.\nThe results of the simulation experiments are discussed in connection with the migration cycles of G. zaddachi and G. chevreuxi as recorded in the field.

Description: Cercariae have been collected and studied from two sampling areas, situated at a distance of about 5 km of one another, South-East of Amsterdam.\nThirteen species are mentioned in this paper, seven of which are reported from the Netherlands for the first time. Two species are described in detail: an echinostome cercaria tentatively identified as Cercaria deficipinnata Khan, 1960, and a new xiphidiocercaria belonging to the group \xe2\x80\x9carmatae\xe2\x80\x9d, named Cercaria otiosa n. sp.\nThe cercarial fauna in the two sampling areas is compared, and possible causes of differences are briefly discussed.

Description: The life cycle of the gorgonian Eunicella singularis has been studied with emphasis on larval behaviour, metamorphosis and annual growth. Planulae are found to have a mobile phase lasting from several hours to several days. Once settled, they metamorphose into a complete primary polyp in approximately four days. In the first year, budding will yield colonies of a height between 10 and 30 mm. Subsequently, average growth rates range from 14 to 33 mm year\xc2\xaf\xc2\xb9. Death may be due to several causes. Predators may partly denude the gorgonian branches, thus facilitating the settlement of epibionts, which in turn may invade the entire skeleton, slowly pushing back the living tissue of the gorgonian. Colonies may also be torn off their substratum by wave or current action, this process sometimes being speeded up when tall epibionts such as fast growing bryozoans enhance resistance to water movement. Once toppled, the gorgonians die by necrosis of their living tissues, or by being buried under sediment. Colonies of E. singularis are estimated to reach an age of approximately 25 to 30 years. Some data have been obtained on growth rates and life spans of two other Mediterranean gorgonians, Lophogorgia ceratophyta and Paramuricea clavata.

Description: A primitive freshwater planarian, Eviella hynesae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Australia. It is characterized by its lack of eyes and pigment, possession of caudally branched oviducts, and fully fused testes. Although a primary bursa is absent, its function being taken over by the modified female genital canal, the female copulatory system is posterior to the male system. Despite this maricolan feature, and other similarities with primitive southern hemisphere freshwater planarians that have been classified in the Maricola, the present species is placed in the family Dugesiidae of the Paludicola. Evidence from its sensory organs suggests that it belongs on the main evolutionary line from which the majority of Australasian freshwater planarians have been derived.

Description: An underwater ecological study, using a new methodological approach, was carried out on the hard substratum near Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es-Orientales, France). The data obtained were analyzed with a computer program, which showed the existing relationships between some physical parameters and the distribution of the animals studied: the Octocorallia. Light proved to be the most important ecological factor in the underwater stations studied.

Description: A survey of the structures of the intestine of the Goldfish is given. Several morphological techniques have been used. Special attention has been paid to those characteristics of this organ that may be of importance to physiologists working with the same material, with emphasis on cell-to-cell contact in the mucosal epithelium, which appeared to be quite \xe2\x80\x9ctight\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: Data and material are collected from 106 Harbour Porpoises (P. phocoena) from the southern part of the North Sea. All animals are accidentally caught or found stranded. The greatest length for males in the sample is 151 cm, for females 186 cm. For detailed analysis of body measurements, 30 males and 37 females are selected, while from 20 males and 34 females teeth are used for age analysis. The analysis of the body measurements shows sexual dimorphism in the anterior and posterior part of the back, in the flukes and flippers and in the position of the genital slit. The maximum number of dentinal layers found in the teeth is 12. Males attain sexual maturity after the deposition of 5 dentinal layers, females when 6 layers are formed, at a body length of about 135 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Some evidence is found that the population of P. phocoena from the North Sea has a lower growth rate than the population from Canadian waters. The gestation period is estimated to be eleven months, the peak of the birth period being in June. The animals are born at a length varying between 67 cm to 80 cm. Growth of the visceral organs is isogonic. The mean weight of the organs is greater in females than in males.

Description: This study deals with 272 Megachiroptera from the People\xe2\x80\x99s Republic of Congo, belonging to 13 taxa: Eidolon helvum helvum (Kerr), Rousettus aegyptiacus unicolor (Gray), Lissonycteris angolensis angolensis (Bocage), Myonycteris torquata (Dobson), Hypsignathus monstrosus Allen, Epomops franqueti franqueti (Tomes), Epomophorus cf. labiatus (Temminck), Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani (Halowell), Micropteropus grandis Sanborn, Micropteropus pusillus (Peters), Scotonycteris zenkeri zenkeri Matschie, Scotonycteris ophiodon Pohle, and Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher.\nOf these, Epomophorus cf. labiatus and Micropteropus grandis are recorded from this country for the first time. The known ranges of Epomophorus cf. labiatus and Micropteropus grandis are greatly extended towards the west. In morphology and zoogeography ten species correspond with populations to the north and, with the possible exception of both Scotonycteris species, to the south; towards the east the distribution of Rousettus aegyptiacus and both Scotonycteris species is possibly discontinuous. The two Epomophorus species and Micropteropus grandis are linked with populations towards the south and east only.\nSeasonal biannual reproduction is assumed for Epomophorus wahlbergi Epomops franqueti, and Micropteropus pusillus. Data on reproduction in other species are scarce or lacking.

Description: Every new mammal or bird in the Amsterdam zoo, without exception, is kept in quarantaine for some weeks and until necessary standard checks are done. The number of mammals in the collection during the period 1967-1973 varied between 729 and 858 belonging to 172 to 208 species. In birds these figures were 1571 and 1803 specimens of 391 to 520 species (table I). The average percentage of deaths in mammals was 12.4% (table II) and in birds 13% (table III).\nThe causes of death (tables IV and V) are arranged under 15 headings for mammals and under 18 for birds; both numbers and percentages are given. During 1967, 1968, and 1969 there were many cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the nocturnal house. The troubles only stopped after vaccination of all animals already present in the house and of the new ones before housing them. Cases of non-identified infections in psittacine birds (53 victims) and penguins (19 victims) are provided. The same holds true for a skin disease in apes and diabetes in ruminants. A rather detailed report is given on cowpox in indian elephants in 1973. The three females of different age were affected; the male stayed free. All animals recovered after periods ranging from 17 to 57 days. One elephant had serious foot troubles in the same period, the most serious at the left forefoot. It took about 6 weeks before all animals recovered completely.\nThe survival rate of newborn mammals fluctuated between 59% and 66%, at a number of births fluctuating from 164 to 249 a year (table VI). The low rate of 56% for wild ruminants could be raised to 67% by feeding extra minerals to pregnant and nursing females. In birds hatched (table VII) the survival rates varied between 49% and 75%. The low figure is caused by the very bad results with ducks (in 1969 only 25% survival). By changing the accomodation we brought the figure for ducks up to 83% at the end of the period reported upon.

Description: Descriptions and illustrations are given of four species of mailed catfishes belonging to the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Harttiini. Two species are assigned to Lamontichthys P. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1939: Lamontichthys filamentosus (La Monte, 1935) (type-species, of which Harttia filamentissima C. H. Eigenmann & Allen, 1942, is provisionally considered a junior synonym), based on a total of thirteen specimens, including all type-specimens, from Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador (all from tributaries of the Rio Amazonas system), and Lamontichthys stibaros n. sp., based on two specimens from Ecuador, sympatric with the former species.\nHarttia microps C. H. Eigenmann & Allen, 1942, is redescribed from three out of the five type-specimens, originating from Iquitos, Peru (Rio Amazonas system). It is designated as type-species of Pterosturisoma n. gen., which superficially resembles Lamontichthys.\nSturisoma brevirostre (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889), type-species of Parasturisoma A. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1911 ( = Sturisoma Swainson, 1838), which was poorly described previously, is redescribed from its unique holotype, primarily to indicate the generic distinction from both Lamontichthys and Pterosturisoma, the species of which have been recently referred to Parasturisoma.

Description: In the Colorado Beetle, the terminal filament cells resemble the epidermal cells which connect muscle cells with the cuticle, the so-called tendon cells. They contain many microtubules which have projections interconnecting them. The microtubules are also connected by these projections to desmosomes.\nThe tunica propria is a basement membrane-like layer of low elasticity. It separates the terminal filament from the germarium. The outer ovariole sheath is a muscle sheath which is continuous with the muscle sheath around the oviducts. The whole muscle sheath consists of a monolayer network. Sarcolemmal invaginations at the I band and at the Z line probably form part of one T system. The cuticle of the common oviduct has scales with long caudally directed spines.\nThe rostral attachment of the muscle sheath corresponds to the existing descriptions of tendon cells. The attachment of the muscle sheath to the cuticle of the common oviduct is different.

Description: The sedentary ciliate fauna living on the body surface of Gammarus tigrinus and G. pulex from Dutch freshwater habitats has been investigated. Fourty-seven ciliate species are found, of which 43 belong to the order Peritrichida, suborder Sessilina, 3 belong to the order Suctorida and 1 belongs to the order Chonotrichida. Two new species in the genera Intranstylum and Pseudocarchesium are described.\nIt appears that there is a seasonal variation in the number of epizoic ciliates as well as in species composition. In general, the species with a contractile stalk are found on external, often fast-moving, body parts. Species with a noncontractile stalk seem to prefer more quiet and sheltered positions. After ecdysis there is a succession of the genera Epistylis and Zoothamnium, the latter becoming dominant on older exoskeletons.

Description: Prof. Dr. Gerard Barendrecht was born on the 9th of October 1906 in Hilversum. After his final examinations in Kampen in 1923 there came a year of private studies of Greek and Latin. These formative years resulted in a continuing interest in the classical writers which he still reads as a relaxation from more strenuous tasks. On the other hand, the polders in the neighbourhood of Kampen gave the inspiration to the writing of the \xe2\x80\x9cGlorie van ons polderland\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cGlory of our polderland\xe2\x80\x9d).\nIn 1924 he entered the University of Amsterdam as a student in biology where he took his \xe2\x80\x9cdoctoraal examen\xe2\x80\x9d (master\xe2\x80\x99s degree) in 1929. His doctor\xe2\x80\x99s degree dates from the 20th of January 1932. His thesis \xe2\x80\x9cDie Corpora pedunculata bei den Gattungen Bombus und Psithyrus\xe2\x80\x9d is an elegant synthesis of his former work in the Dutch Central Institute of Brain Research as an adjunct-assistent to Prof. Dr. C. U. Ari\xc3\xabns Kappers and his work with his promotor, the entomologist Prof. Dr. J. C. H. de Meijere.

Description: Eine neue Gattung und Art der Familie Parabathynellidae, Psalidobathynella stocki gen. n., sp. n., wird beschrieben. Die Tiere stammen aus einer Quelle und einem Brunnen von der Halbinsel Paraguana in Venezuela. Es handelt sich um sehr urt\xc3\xbcmliche Parabathynellidae. Da M\xc3\xa4nnchen bisher nicht bekannt sind, ist es schwierig, die phylogenetische Stellung der neuen Gattung zu ermitteln.

Description: A new species of the genus Rhipidogammarus, Rh. variicauda, is described from phreatic fresh waters of two wells in the western part of the isle of Mallorca (Mediterranean). The new species has a highly variable third uropod: about 80% of the specimens possesses a typically \xe2\x80\x9cparviramus\xe2\x80\x9d appendage, but 20% shows the \xe2\x80\x9cvariiramus\xe2\x80\x9d condition. Apparently, a classification based on the structure of the third uropod should be used with caution.

Description: Arubolana imula, a new stygobiont isopod genus and species of the family Cirolanidae is described from Aruba (Netherlands Antilles). The new taxon has been discovered in an artificial tunnel, used for the production of industrial water, cut into calcareous rocks from marine origin which were rather recently uplifted above sea level (90,000-500,000 years B.P.). This is the first hypogean cirolanid that becomes known from the Lesser Antilles.\nThe quite characteristic and simplified morphology of the posterior maxillae and maxillipeds, the subterminal position of the appendix masculina, and the prehensile nature of the first and second pereiopods, distinguish the new genus very clearly from all other hypogean genera in the family Cirolanidae. The feeble development of the retinacula on the endite of the maxilliped indicates a certain affinity to the epigean genus Eurydice.

Description: Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Stipules interpetiolar, soon deciduous. Flowers solitary or in axillary, forked or cymose inflorescences, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Receptacle campanulate. Sepals persistent, free. Petals as many as the sepals, 4\xe2\x80\x948 (or rarely 3\xe2\x80\x9416), free, inserted on the rim of the receptacle and alternating with the calyx lobes. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on or at the base of the disc; filaments free, short; anthers introrse, usually 2-celled or sometimes divided into numerous pollensacs. Disc epi- or perigynous, often lobed. Ovary inferior or partly inferior, mostly 2-locular; style simple, filiform to cylindric; stigmas small, capitate or lobed. Ovules 2 to many, anatropous, pendulous from the axis above the middle. Fruit leathery, crowned by the calyx at least when young, indehiscent or dehiscing septicidally, 1\xe2\x80\x945-locular with 1 seed per loculus. Seeds hanging, rather large, sometimes arillate. Embryo straight or rarely curved. Endosperm wanting. About 70 species in 17 genera in the tropics of both hemispheres.

Description: Trees, shrubs or lianas. Leaves alternate, verticillate, or rarely opposite. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of terminal, axillary or extra-axillary panicles, racemes or spikes. Flowers actinomorphic or occasionally zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Receptacle tubular, surpassing the ovary in length. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945(\xe2\x80\x948), persistent, valvate. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945(\xe2\x80\x948) or wanting, small, imbriate or valvate. Disk often present. Stamens 2\xe2\x80\x945 or twice as many as the calyx lobes and then biseriate; anthers versatile or adnate to the filaments with welldeveloped connective, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary inferior, uni-locular, ribbed or angled; style 1, slender; stigma small, rarely capitate. Ovules 2\xe2\x80\x946, pendulous, epitropous. Fruit leathery and drupaceous, very variable in shape and size, usually indehiscent, often variously winged or ridged. Seed one, by abortion of the ovules. Endosperm wanting. About 500 species in 18 genera in the tropics of both worlds.

Description: Trees, shrubs or herbs, the shrubs and herbs often twining. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or whorled, mostly pinnate or pinnately, 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate or simple or palmate. Stipules present but sometimes very small or obsolete; stipellae sometimes present. Inflorescence consisting of terminal or axillary racemes or panicles, less often heads, spikes or clusters or flowers solitary. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, zygomorphic. Receptacle campanulate, tubular or nearly wanting. Sepals usually 5, or 4, connate. Petals 5, imbricate, unequal, the adaxial exterior forming the standard (vexillum), the lateral pair forming the wings (alae) adhering to the keel or free, the abaxial inferior pair enclosing the stamens and style and often cohering by their lower margins to form the keel (carina). Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous or diadelphous and then the vexillar stamen free, rarely all free; anthers uniform or unequal, 2-celled, dorsifixed or basifixed, opening by longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, uni-locular; style simple; stigma small or capitate. Ovules 1 to numerous, anatropous. Fruit various, often a 2-valved pod or lomentum, rarely drupaceous. Seeds with a large embryo; endosperm few or wanting. Cotyledons foliaceous or thick-carnous. About 12000 species in 480 genera, in all parts of the world.

Description: Part 2 of this study deals with the western palaearctic species of the crocata group: N. crocata (Linnaeus, 1758), N. scalaris (Meigen, 1818), N. rossica (Riedel, 1910), N. pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758), N. croceiventris (Strobl, 1909), and N. nox (Riedel, 1910).\nSubspecific ranking is undertaken in N. crocata (subsp. luteata Meigen, 1818, status nov.), N. scalaris (subsp. terminalis Wiedemann, 1830, as senior synonym of parvinotata Brunetti, 1918, and bispinosa Alexander, 1925), N. pratensis (eepi subsp. nov.), and N. croceiventris (subsp. lindneri Mannheims, 1951, status nov.).

Description: The morphology and histology of the reproductive organs of Sagitta planctonis forma planctonis and of S. planctonis forma zetesios are described. No difference in number of oocytes was observed. The existence of a temporary oviduct is questionable. It may be possible that the so-called accessory fertilization cells are not actually participating in fertilization, but they may have a resorptive or secretory function.

Description: A new subterranean amphipod from southern Italy, Metahadzia adriatica. is described, and new localities for Hadzia minuta Ruffo, 1947, are reported. The morphology of the latter justifies its allocation in the genus Metahadzia.

Description: Regenerative capability of Plexaura flexuosa is investigated in experiments which simulate the injuries caused by predation of the ovulid snail Cyphoma gibbosum: partial or total removal of the coenenchyme from the axial skeleton.\nRegenerative growth of the coenenchyme is primarily induced by the possibility of linear extension of the axial epithelium; settlement of fleshy algae or e.g. Millepora (firecoral) on the axial skeleton inhibits the recovery of the coenenchyme. Coenenchyme growth is accompanied by evagination of the polyp cavity wall and by increased mesoglea production. The cellular basis for regeneration lies in the migration capability and morphogenetic plasticity of at least two cell types of the coenenchyme epidermis: interstitial cells and \xe2\x80\x9ctransitional\xe2\x80\x9d cells.\nRepeated removal of re-grown coenenchyme causes a decrease of the polyp density followed by the formation of new polyps. These are formed by an extra-tentacular budding mechanism which has its primordia in the epidermis of the coenenchyme.

Description: During summer 1977 the distribution and ecology of amphipod Crustacea in the coastal plain of north Carolina were studied. Ecological data were collected in particular on Gammarus tigrinus, a North American species, which has been introduced in western Europe. The present gammarid, able to endure high water temperatures and adapted to a wide variety of salinities, is found in the more upstream parts of the estuaries in North Carolina. More downstream, at higher salinities, it is replaced by Gammarus palustris, while at very low salinities or in fresh water Gammarus fasciatus is commonly met.\nMoreover, some data are given on the distribution and ecology of several other amphipod species in the Beaufort region.

Description: Three new freshwater triclads are described from Tasmanian lakes. Two of these represent the first records of the genus Spathula in Tasmania and the third belongs to the endemic genus Romankenkius. The taxonomic affinities of the species are discussed and keys to all the Tasmanian genera and species are provided. These keys are to be regarded as provisional since it is likely that there remain many planarian species to be discovered and described from Tasmania.

Description: The distribution of the larvae of Eylais discreta on the abdominal tergites of the host species Sigara striata, S. falleni and Cymatia coleoptrata is examined.\nOn S. striata and S. falleni the segments 3 and 4, on C. coleoptrata the segments 2 and 3 are successively preferred. There is but little influence of multiple infestations on this distribution.\nThe growth rate on the various tergites of S. striata is similar, while on C. coleoptrata a possible difference could not be proved statistically. The larvae of E. discreta generally hibernate on the host; during this phase there is little growth; not until March-April they start growing faster. The larvae on C. coleoptrata are retarded in growth compared to those on S. striata.\nThe larvae on S. falleni do not show any increase in size; this water bug species is immune to infestation by various Hydrachnellae.

Description: The taxonomic portion of this paper discusses 27 species of mites of the family Phytoseiidae known to occur on plants in Madagascar.\nEight new species are described: Phytoseius (Phytoseius) betsiboka. Ph. (Pennaseius) onilahy, Amblyseius (Amblyseius) hova, A. (A.) ankaratrae, A. (A.) boina, A. (A.) sakalava, A. (A.) trichophilus and A. (Proprioseiopsis) tulearensis.\nThe following species are recorded for the first time from the island: Typhlodromus (Typhloseiopsis) contiguus Chant, 1959, Phyloseius (Phytoseius) crinitus Swirski & Shechter, 1961, Ph. (Ph.) intermedius Evans & Macfarlane, 1961, Ph. (Pennaseius) hongkongensis Swirski & Shechter, 1961, Ph. (P.) amba Pritchard & Baker, 1962, Iphiseius (Iphiseius) degenerans (Berlese, 1889), I. (Trochoseius) gongylus Pritchard & Baker, 1962, Paraphytoseius multidentatus Swirski & Shechter, 1961, Amblyseius (Amblyseius) hima Pritchard & Baker, 1962, A. (A.) deleoni Muma & Denmark, 1970, A. (Proprioseiopsis) sundi Pritchard & Baker, 1962 and A. (P.) peltatus Van der Merwe, 1968. Additional descriptions are given for most of these species. The male of P. multidentatus is described for the first time.\nNew distribution records are presented for the following species: Typhlodromus scytinus Chazeau, 1970, the T. (Anthoseius) gutierrezi-chazeaui group, Amblyseius (Amblyseius) masiaka Blommers & Chazeau, 1974, A. (A.) bibens Blommers, 1973, A. (A.) rotundus Blommers, 1973, A. (A.) brevipes Blommers, 1973 and A. (A.) tamatavensis Blommers, 1974.\nThe simultaneous occurrence of spider mites and other small arthropods on the plants on which the phytoseiids were collected is noted.\nA final chapter summarizes the results of experiments devised to see whether the collected phytoseiid mites can be effectively predators of spider mites, i.e. of Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andr\xc3\xa9, 1933 and sometimes Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner, 1861). Most of these results were negative. Only, Typhlodromus contiguus, Amblyseius tulearensis and A. sundi can regulate population numbers of the first prey species under circumstances of low webbing and/or additional food. Iphiseius degenerans, and possibly Amblyseius rotundus, can control Oligonychus coffeae in their area of distribution.

Description: Monthly samples of Gammarus fossarum have been taken in the Rh\xc3\xb4ne river system near Lyon, to determine the size composition and reproductive activity throughout the year. The acanthocephalan parasites of this gammarid species were also regularly collected. Furthermore, the intestinal tracts of a number of fishes (amongst others Thymallus thymallus), feeding mainly on Gammaridae, have been investigated for the presence of helminth parasites.\nG. fossarum reproduces throughout the year in the area near Lyon, but fluctuations in the rate of ovigerous females appear. A peak in the infestation of the gammarids by larvae of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) occurred in autumn and a second peak, but a lower one, during spring. The fish hosts showed maximal infestations during the same periods, while during summer the incidence of Pom. laevis was low, both in the intermediate and in the final host.\nFrom the stomach contents of the fishes it seems that gammarids harbouring the invasive acanthocephalan larva (cystacanth) are selectively ingested.\nReproduction of G. fossarum seems not always to be inhibited at the presence of acanthocephalan larvae, since several infested female gammarids were found carrying eggs or juveniles in their brood pouch.\nThe occurrence of some other helminth parasites is recorded for the region near Lyon.

Description: A study, by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion of the shared antigens in venom from 21 species of Viperinae and Crotalinae, representing 10 different genera, has produced a number of results of taxonomie significance which are summarized schematically in the dendrogram shown in fig. 1. For the most part these immunological data confirm the accepted classification of the Viperidae which is based on comparative morphology and biogeography. Some results, on the other hand, such as the isolated position of Atheris, need confirmation with more material. Some of the conclusions reached in this study, however, appear to be of significance for an understanding of the phylogeny of the group. Amongst the Viperinae, the genera Echis and Cerastes are apparently closely related to one another and more similar to the genus Bitis than to the genus Vipera. This latter genus is clearly composed of three groups of species with V. russelli occupying an isolated position. Amongst the Crotalinae, the genus Agkistrodon is quite distinct but Trimeresurus flavoviridis did not differ immunologically from the three species of Bothrops studied.\nIt would appear that the study of the shared antigens in snake venom is of taxonomie value both at the species group and the family levels. Occasionally, however, antigenic proteins in snakes venom are known to evolve rapidly, especially in isolated populations, and consequently the presence of a relatively small proportion of shared antigens should not necessarily be taken as evidence of a lack of affinity between two taxa.

Description: It has been generally assumed that the influence of Charles Darwin\'s theory of evolution on Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- 1900) is to be understood in terms of Nietzsche\'s concept """"Obermensch"""" (overman). Hardly any attention has been paid to the question of the status of Darwin\'s theory in Nietzsche\'s philosophy. It is the purpose of this essay to answer that question.\nNietzsche\'s initial approval, and later criticism, of Darwinism is not limited to a specific theme of his philosophy, but is a part of his central philosophical concern, viz. the relation between nature and culture. Nietzsche approved of Darwin\'s theory as a natural basis for the explanation of human values. Later he is concerned about the basis of Darwin\'s theory and criticizes it because of its anthropomorphic presuppositions. This criticism is relevant to the present debate on the status of Darwin\'s theory of evolution and that of Nietzsche\'s theory of """"will to power"""".

Description: On the ground of the examination of a large material from Poland and from other countries, the variability of Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars, 1863, is discussed. Gammarus wigrensis Micherdzi\xc5\x84ski, 1959, is in the author\xe2\x80\x99s opinion an immature G. lacustris.\nA detailed description of Gammarus varsoviensis n. sp. is given. Some ecological and biological data on both species are discussed, as well as their distribution in Poland.

Description: Conus sanderi n. sp. and Conus hunti n. sp. are described from deeper water (155-180 m), dredged off Barbados. Both are related to C. villepinii Fischer & Bernardi from the same area.

Description: In the Abcoudermeer, a small lake S.E. of Amsterdam, the rubble banks were investigated on macro-invertebrates. At least 46 species were encountered, insects and their larvae not included: 1 species of sponge, 1 species of hydrozoan, 6 species of free-living flatworms, 17 species of snails, at least 3 species of mussels, 8 species of leeches, 3 species of crustaceans and 7 species of bryozoans. Differences between two banks are discussed.