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  • Other Sources  (92)
  • GeoTIFF  (57)
  • 551.22  (35)
  • 2020-2022  (92)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: The traditional study of palaeoseismic trenches, involving logging, stratigraphic and structural interpretation, can be time consuming and affected by biases and inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, a new workflow is presented that integrates infrared hyperspectral and photogrammetric data to support field-based palaeoseismic observations. As a case study, this method is applied on two palaeoseismic trenches excavated across a post-glacial fault scarp in northern Finnish Lapland. The hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is geometrically and radiometrically corrected, processed using established image processing algorithms and machine learning approaches, and co-registered to a structure-from-motion point cloud. HSI-enhanced virtual outcrop models are a useful complement to palaeoseismic field studies as they not only provide an intuitive visualisation of the outcrop and a versatile data archive, but also enable an unbiased assessment of the mineralogical composition of lithologic units and a semi-automatic delineation of contacts and deformational structures in a 3D virtual environment. Résumé L'étude traditionnelle des tranchées paléosismiques, impliquant l'enregistrement des coupes et l'interprétation stratigraphique et structurelle, peut prendre beaucoup de temps et être entachée de biais et d'inexactitudes. Pour surmonter ces limites, une nouvelle méthodologie est présentée, intégrant des données photogrammétriques et hyperspectrales infrarouges en appui aux observations paléosismiques de terrain. Comme étude de cas, cette méthode est appliquée à deux tranchées paléosismiques creusées à travers un escarpement de faille post-glaciaire dans le nord de la Laponie finlandaise. L'imagerie hyperspectrale (HSI) est corrigée géométriquement et radiométriquement, traitée à l'aide d'algorithmes classiques de traitement d'images et d'apprentissage machine, et recalée sur un nuage de points photogrammétrique. Les modèles virtuels d'affleurements améliorés par HSI constituent un complément utile aux études paléosismiques de terrain, car ils fournissent non seulement une visualisation intuitive de l'affleurement et une archive de données facile d'emploi, mais permettent également une évaluation non biaisée de la composition minéralogique d'unités lithologiques ainsi qu'une délimitation semi-automatique des contacts et des structures de déformation dans un environnement virtuel 3D.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; geology ; hyperspectral imaging ; outcrop models ; palaeoseismology ; remote sensing ; SfM photogrammetry
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Primary and secondary microseism originating in the world oceans and peaking at around 14 and 7 s, respectively, characterize the Earth's background noise in that frequency range. Microseism generated in marginal seas with partly shorter periods and higher spatial and temporal variability is less studied and requires stations in immediate proximity to the source to be observed. Such studies can help to elucidate the exact microseism generation areas and mechanisms in a constrained area. We analyze 15 years of broadband data recorded at the seismic station on Helgoland island in the marginal North Sea. In addition to remote primary (RPM) and secondary microseism (RSM) originating in the North Atlantic, we observe strong and dominant local secondary microseism (LSM) with on average higher frequencies above 0.2 Hz, in accordance with shorter wave periods of about 4–8 s in the shallow North Sea. During times with low RSM activity we observe local primary microseism (LPM) at frequencies in agreement with local ocean wave periods. The higher horizontal to vertical (H/V) ratio of LPM with respect to LSM indicates a major non-Rayleigh wave contribution. LSM and LPM show a strong modulation with local semidiurnal ocean tides and microseism energy maxima preceding the water level maximum by 2.5 and 1.5 hr, respectively. This time shift might be influenced by stronger currents during rising than falling tides. Active sources of tide-modulated microseism migrate along the North Sea coast in sync with the ocean tidal signal as evidenced by comparison of LSM maxima at stations distributed along the coast.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; ocean microseism ; seismic noise ; seismic noise sources ; ocean tides
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault-agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy-Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long-term seismic energy release represented by the energy-frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy-frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3–2.0 GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; conservation of energy ; linear poroelasticity ; seismicity model ; Southern California
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: Villarrica Volcano (Chile) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Its low-frequency (≤5 Hz) seismicity consists of a continuous tremor, overlain by impulsive transient events of higher amplitude in 60-s intervals. This signal was recorded in March 2012 by an extensive local network, comprising 75 stations and including 6 subarrays. It allowed us to apply and compare three techniques to locate the origin of the seismicity: intersection of propagation directions determined by array analysis, mapping amplitudes, and modeling of amplitude decay. All methods yield almost identical, temporally stable, epicenters inside the summit crater, which confirms earlier attributions of the seismicity to volcanic activity inside the conduit. The discrete transients and the interevent tremor share the same source location. From the dominance of surface waves and the obvious scattering, we infer a source near the surface. For two arrays at the northern and western flank, a dispersion relation was derived, which allowed for the determination of S wave velocity-depth functions. At both locations, the velocity structure can be modeled by three layers with interfaces at 100 and 400m depths. The velocities (300 to 3,000 m/s) correspond to pyroclastic material at different states of consolidation. The modeling of the amplitude decay reveals a quality factor around 50.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; volcano seismology ; beamforming ; amplitude decay ; source location ; scattering ; S wave velocity structure
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: The importance of splay-thrust faults in subduction seismogenesis is increasingly acknowledged; however, their elastic interaction with the plate interface remains unclear. Here, we use GPS velocities, constrained by millennial fault slip rates, to study elastic fault-interactions between the plate interface and its upper-plate splay-thrust faults from the southern Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). We find that, despite its largely aseismic character, the HSS plate interface zone is kinematically segmented, with slip rate deficits locally reaching ~85% and ~45% of the plate convergence rate on the western and eastern segments, respectively, and on structures different from those that ruptured historically. Although western Crete has been more active seismically during late Holocene, we find that the eastern HSS has higher seismic potential for large-magnitude (M 〉 6) earthquakes and its interface zone is closer to failure. Elastic fault interactions are responsible for both significant intersegment variability in strain accumulation and uniformity in earthquake rupture segmentation along the HSS over millennial timescales.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; subduction seismogenesis ; GPS ; locking degree ; fault interactions ; earthquake rupture segmentation
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: We apply a move max matched-filter method to detect heightened seismicity triggered in the San Jacinto fault (SJF) zone, by the 2014 Mw 7.2 Papanoa, Mexico earthquake. The move max matched filter detects 5.4 and 1.7 times the number of earthquakes in the Southern California Seismic Network catalog and those detected by the matched-filter method, respectively. The seismicity rate increases significantly ~3.5 hr after the passage of the teleseismic waves and persists above the background level for about 1 week. This observation of delayed triggering may imply that dynamic stresses had initiated a time-dependent advance to failure or a secondary process. A highly active triggered patch is located ~10 km west of the SJF near Anza, on a previously unmapped fault. Focal mechanisms and a best fit plane suggest a normal fault perpendicular to the SJF. The unmapped fault may indicate higher seismic hazard in the surrounding areas if a large earthquake nucleated around the Anza seismic gap.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 557 ; Southern California ; San Jacinto Fault ; triggering ; move max matched-filter ; unmapped fault ; Anza gap
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; seismogram ; earthquake ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English
    Type: presentation
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: We investigate theoretical limits to detection of fast and slow seismic events, and spatial variations of ground motion expected from M 6 earthquakes at short epicentral distances. The analyses are based on synthetic velocity seismograms calculated with the discrete wavenumber method assuming seismic velocities and attenuation properties of the crust in Southern California. The examined source properties include different magnitudes (M −1.0 to M 6.0), static stress drops (0.1–10 MPa), and slow and fast ruptures (0.1–0.9 of shear wave velocity). For the M 6 events we also consider variations in rise times producing crack- and pulse-type events and different rupture directivities. Slow events produce ground motion with considerably lower amplitude than corresponding regular fast earthquakes with the same magnitude, and hence are significantly more difficult to detect. The static stress drop and slip rise time also affect the maximum radiated seismic motion, and hence event detectability. Apart from geometrical factors, the saturation and depletion of seismic ground motion at short epicentral distances stem from radiation pattern, earthquake size (magnitude, stress drop), and rupture directivity. The rupture velocity, rise time, and directivity affect significantly the spatial pattern of the ground motions. The results can help optimizing detection of slow and fast small earthquakes and understand the spatial distribution of ground motion generated by large events.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; slow earthquakes ; ground motions ; earthquake detection ; source parameters
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is the most commonly used method for predicting spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, large uncertainties are always associated with the calculation of Coulomb stress change. The uncertainties mainly arise due to nonunique slip inversions and unknown receiver faults; especially for the latter, results are highly dependent on the choice of the assumed receiver mechanism. Based on binary tests (aftershocks yes/no), recent studies suggest that alternative stress quantities, a distance-slip probabilistic model as well as deep neural network (DNN) approaches, all are superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanism. To challenge this conclusion, which might have large implications, we use 289 slip inversions from SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered half-space and variable receiver mechanisms. We also analyze the effect of the magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration to verify the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the ranking of stress metrics. The observations suggest that introducing a layered half-space does not improve the stress maps and ROC curves. However, results significantly improve for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods but without changing the ranking. We also go beyond binary testing and apply alternative statistics to test the ability to estimate aftershock numbers, which confirm that simple stress metrics perform better than the classic Coulomb failure stress calculations and are also better than the distance-slip probabilistic model.
    Keywords: 551.22
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:4732;KART H 140:Kindelbrück
    Publication Date: 2021-07-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. GeoTIFF erstellt durch FID GEO, SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 028 40 - E 028 50 / N 051 18 - N 051 12
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 912 ; 554.3 ; Geologische Karte ; Kindelbrück ; GeoTIFF ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map_digi
    Format: 18
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