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  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)  (12,134)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2022  (9)
  • 1960-1964  (18,929)
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  • 1
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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  • 3
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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  • 4
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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  • 5
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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  • 6
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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  • 7
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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  • 8
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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  • 9
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
    Type: map
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEW (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:THE CHESA PHOTOGRAMMETRIC EXPERIMENT (Technical Publication
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00316.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BRAINS TRUST (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00379.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes conventional methods of highway planning and explains at what points modern methods, involving photogrammetric and electronic computation techniques, can be applied with advantage. Detailed accounts are given of the photogrammetric measurement of cross-sections and of programmes for the computation of masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00378.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00386.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANE TABLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH A LEICA CAMERA IN THE PUNJAB HIMALAYA (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A Leica camera on an indexing head was used to obtain photographic panoramas from three stations on a mountaineering expedition to Lahul in 1958. The field calibration of the camera presented some problems and various methods of calculating the focal length were investigated; a more convenient form of the Hotine method was derived. A map of the area at a scale of 1:50,000 was plotted from the photographs. The authors conclude that a good 35-mm. camera has some advantages over a plane table for exploration mapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00365.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE THOMPSON-WATTS PLOTTER MODEL 2 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses the principal changes made to the Thompson- Watts plotter Model 1 as a result of experience gained with that instrument under test and in production. Some test results with the new instrument, Model 2, are given at the end of the paper. The opportunity is also taken to describe the variable magnification system of the instrument, not changed from Model 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00367.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1962 (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00350.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00354.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PRESIDENT'S ESSAY PRIZE (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00338.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00339.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DOPPLER NAVIGATION FOR SURVEY FLYING AND CONTROL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper is divided into two parts: the first discusses the practical navigation techniques evolved for air survey, and the second deals with the associated techniques of ground plotting and flight-line recovery. Both parts of the paper have a geophysical bias since it is in this field that most experience has been gained, but the basic principles apply equally to photographic survey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00380.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SLIDE RULE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF PRECISION TURNS IN AIR SURVEY NAVIGATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Calculated precision turns can be valuable as an aid to visual navigation at all scales and under all conditions of air survey navigation. The turns can be performed either at a given rate of turn or at a given angle of bank, and a slide rule has been developed at the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey, Delft, on which the necessary calculations for either case can be performed quickly and easily. The accuracy of location aimed at is such that the threshold of the new run presents an angle-off of not more than 3° on the completion of the turn. Examples show that this can be achieved in normal practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00384.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOTES (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00388.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STEREOSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent developments in stereoscopy are reviewed, and their relevance to photogrammetry discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00370.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gliding Championships (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00375.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By D. R. Crone. INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. III, 1963). Editor, Eduard Imhof.
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    FORESTRY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes the responsibilities of the forester both for the production of timber and the preservation of natural resources, and shows how aerial photographs can assist in supplying the information required for organising the management of forest areas. On limited experience with infrared and colour films, the author compares them with panchromatic film for aerial photography of forest country; he considers that in most cases good definition is the most desirable quality in such photographs, although special contrast effects may be useful for particular purposes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00357.x
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    INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00361.x
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    SOME NOTES ON STEREOCOMPARATORS (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A brief description is given of the history of the stereocomparator, followed by a comparison of the major features of five modern instruments: the Wild STK 1, Nistri TA 3 and TA 3/A, S.O.M., Zeiss PSK 1 and Hilger and Watts stereocomparators. Special attention is paid to the production model of the Hilger and Watts stereocomparator, which differs in several important respects from the prototype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00346.x
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY–A WORM'S EYE VIEW (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Three unrelated matters are discussed. Firstly, the recent rapid advances in the application of precision engineering, electronics and digital computers to photogrammetric surveying operations are shown to be likely to result in a change of emphasis; from the need for great skill in making each particular map, to the need for even greater skill in making machines which, once made, will make many maps, largely automatically. This in turn is likely to have far-reaching effects on the type and training of persons employed in the profession. Secondly, an example is quoted which suggests that the value of photogrammetric methods, as an aid to the work of professions other than land surveying, is not sufficiently recognised by the teaching faculties of some of our universities. Ways and means of improving the situation are considered. Thirdly, after a brief historical survey of the birth and growth of the Photogrammetric Record, arguments for and against some possible changes in editorial policy are stated and certain conclusions reached.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1963.tb00347.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1963), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:GEODESY. By Brigadier G. Bomford.INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. II, 1962). Editor, Eduard Imhof.MODERN COMPUTING METHODS. National Physical Laboratory: Notes on Applied Science.SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY. Editor, H. Sauvenier.
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    EDITORIAL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00377.x
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    THE B8-STEREOMAT (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Stereomat System has been adapted to a modified Wild B8 Aviograph Stereoplotter. A brief description is given of the new instrument and the principles employed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00382.x
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    A NOTE ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING IN CHINA AND JAPAN (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00385.x
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00329.x
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    INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00331.x
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    ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The salient features of a method of analytical triangulation operating directly on single photographs are described, and the close analogy with geodetic triangulation computation is demonstrated.Any combination of photographs, whether in stereo pairs, stereo triples, strips, sub-blocks or blocks, is handled by forming the set of observation equations for each individual photograph in turn, and then taking all these sets together and solving them simultaneously by the method of least squares.Special procedures for dealing with very large numbers of variables are discussed, and certain applications of the method are indicated.
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    INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00313.x
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00317.x
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    The Amino Acid Requirements of the Soil Amoeba, Hartmannella rhysodes Singh (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A chemically defined culture medium has been developed for the soil amoeba Hartmannella rhysodes Singh which contains the minimum essential organic requirements for growth. The medium consists of 7 amino acids, 3 vitamins, a carbon source (e.g. glucose) and inorganic salts.
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    Utilization of Glucose by Astasia longa (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A mutant strain of Astasia longa utilized glucose for growth whereas the parent (J) strain did not. The optimal pH for growth of the mutant with glucose (sole carbon source) was near neutrality; the optimal glucose concentration 0.02 M. Cell-free extracts or cell homogenates produced C14O2 when incubated in the presence of C14-labeled glucose. On the other hand, after incubation with C14-labeled glucose, intact parent cells and their respiratory CO2 showed no radioactivity while the mutant-strain cells and CO2 produced were active. Dissimilation of glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14 yielded the same amount of radioactivity in metabolic CO2 in cell-free extracts of both strains. Of five enzymes assayed, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactic dehydrogenase were present whereas glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase were absent in cell homogenates of both strains. Presumably these two strains of A. longa differ in permeability of the plasma membrane. Further tracer and enzyme studies indicated that the Embden-Meyerhof scheme is the principal pathway of glucose catabolism; the hexose mono-phosphate shunt and the direct oxidative pathway were either not operating or quantitatively insignificant.
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  • 41
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    Electron Microscope Studies on Eimeria perforans (Sporozoa) (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. By means of electron microscopy, a study has been made of the fine structure of the macrogametocytes, microgametocytes and oocysts of Eimeria perforans from the intestine of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The parasites lie in a vacuole within the host cell. The surface of the gametocytes is not plain, but displays irregular protrusions. A large intranuclear body can be detected within the macrogametocytes. Similar structures are also found within the cytoplasm. Within the latter there exists a large spread out reticulum, the channels and vesicles of which concentrate especially close to the nuclear membrane. Tubuli are seen in the numerous mitochondria, which often have a dumb-bell shape.In most of the gametocytes irregular, strongly osmiophilic lipid inclusions are observed, which always are surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum. Strange folded ovoid bodies are found within the cytoplasm of the oocysts. Nothing can be told with certainty of their nature and function. Probably they represent specific storage bodies.
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    Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus Stored at −28 and −95°C After Freezing in the Presence of Glycerol (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas foetus survived much better on extended storage at -95 than at -28d̀C following slow freezing in the presence of 1.0 M glycerol. There was no significant difference between these temperatures in survival up to 8 days, but thereafter the protozoa continued to die off slowly at -28d̀, whereas their numbers remained essentially constant at -95d̀ for 128 to 256 days. The trichomonads' motility was much better after storage at -95d̀ than after storage at -28d̀, and fresh cultures could be initiated from the former much more readily.Other constituents of the suspending medium besides glycerol affect the survival of the protozoa upon freezing. Survival was much better when the protozoa were frozen in the original Diamond's trypticase-yeast extract-maltose-cysteine-ascorbic acid-serum medium in which they had been grown than when they were frozen in physiological salt solution or in fresh Diamond's medium. There was no significant difference between survival in the latter two suspending media. The speed and time of centrifugation needed to remove the trichomonads from the medium in which they had been grown had no effect on their survival upon subsequent freezing. Presumably some product or products of the trichomonads' metabolism have an additional protective action which supplements that of glycerol.When frozen in the original Diamond's medium in which they had been grown plus 1.0 M glycerol, an average of 15% of the trichomonads were alive after 128 days' storage at -28d̀ and an average of 38% were alive at -95d̀C. When frozen in physiological salt solution plus 1.0 M glycerol, these percentages were 8% and 12% respectively.
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    Sensitivity of Spathidium spathula to Low Doses of X-Radiation (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. When Spathidium spathula was exposed to X-ray doses ranging from 1–25 kr this animal was found to be more radiosensitive than any ciliate previously reported. A dose of 1 kr is sufficient to increase the time of the first generation from 5 to about 5 1/2 hours. A dose of 4 kr is enough to approximately double the generation time. Bacteria in the medium during irradiation do not protect the ciliate against injury. Animals irradiated as dry cysts are only slightly more resistant than vegetative forms, requiring 10 kr to double the generation time. One day after exposure, irradiated lines are uniformly poor in growth rate (0–2 daily divisions), but later a bimodal response is noticed, some lines remaining poor and others recovering. Within 24 hours after treatment, a number of irradiated animals show structural abnormalities and are greatly increased in size. The experiments have not determined the reason for the high sensitivity of Spathidium but have made certain alternatives unlikely.
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    Biochemical Studies on Irradiated Protozoa. I. Effect of Metabolites on the Respiration of X-Irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. When Tetrahymena suspended in water were given increasing doses of radiation, oxygen consumption decreased with increasing dose, reaching 60–90% at 600,000 r. Cells irradiated in 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, showed no significant decrease in oxygen consumption even at 600,000 r. The decrease in respiration observed on irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis W in water with 300,000 r of X-radiation was prevented by addition of pyruvate or acetate during or immediately after irradiation. Pyruvate stimulated the respiration of the X-irradiated cells, particularly at 10 and 60 min post-irradiation.Lactate markedly stimulated the respiration of control suspensions of Tetrahymena cells and oxidation of lactate by cells irradiated with 300,000 r was increased by 20 to 100%, depending on the concentration of lactate and the time after irradiation. Pyruvate was considerably more effective than lactate in increasing O2 uptake of X-irradiated cells, particularly at 10 min post-irradiation. Thioctic acid affected neither the respiration of control or X-irradiated Tetrahymena nor the oxidation of pyruvate.The growth lag of Tetrahymena increased proportionately with increasing radiation dose; no cells survived 600,000 r. The presence of metabolites during irradiation did not affect the lag period or subsequent growth rates. The effects observed were discussed in terms of an alteration of the permeability of Tetrahymena after irradiation.
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    Observations on the Life-cycle of a New Race of Blepharisma undulans from India (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A full account of the nuclear changes during binary fission and conjugation in a local race of Blepharisma is presented in this paper. The macronucleus consists of 2 nodes connected by a strand. Number of micronuclei varies from 6 to 18. During binary fission, condensation of macronucleus is followed by elongation and thinning of the middle region which finally breaks. Daughter nuclei later attain the typical vegetative form. Notably, during binary fission some micronuclei appear to complete their mitoses by the time the macronucleus attains the condensed form, while others lag behind and exhibit practically every stage of mitosis.During conjugation, from 6 to 10 micronuclei undergo the first pregamic division, the same number through the second division, and two products of the second division take part in the third division. The rest degenerate. Division products of the nuclei in the paraoral region take part in synkaryon formation. The synkaryon undergoes either 2 or 3 divisions. In the former case, of the 4 products, 2 become the macronuclear anlagen, one the micronucleus and the fourth degenerates. In the latter case, of the 8 products, 3 to 4 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest become micronuclei. Chromatin elimination has been observed during the division of the macronuclear anlage, followed by an extra metagamic fission of the cell.Comparison with two other races from India and an American race indicates considerable diversity in the structure and behaviour of the nuclear apparatus in different races of Blepharisma undulans.
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    The Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis in the Adults and Eggs of the Cecal Worm Heterakis gallinae (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Females of Heterakis gallinae were separated on the basis of their capacity to transmit the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Sections of worms, capable of transmitting the protozoon, revealed the organism in both males and females as well as in the eggs. Infected male worms contained histomonads in the gut wall and the wall and lumen of the reproductive system. Female worms infected with H. meleagridis showed the organisms throughout the reproductive system. Histomonads, found in uterine eggs possessing shells, had a larger nucleus and reduced cytoplasm.Because of the presence of the protozoon among the sperm in the male reproductive system, it is believed the organism can be transmitted to female worms through copulation. The cycle in the worms also supports the assumption that H. meleagridis was originally a parasite of the worm.
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    The Mode of Transmission of the Acephaline Gregarine Parasites of Earthworms (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Speculations regarding the mode of transmission of monocystid parasites of earthworms over a period of more than 100 years have never been tested experimentally under controlled conditions. In order to do so a stock of infectionfree Eisenia foetida (Sav.) was raised from cocoons and experimental infections were induced in this host using sporocysts of the gregarine parasites Apolocystis elongata Phillips & Mackinnon 1946, and Nematocystis elmassiani (Hesse, 1909). Experimental infections were obtained by feeding to uninfected worms sporocysts obtained directly from infected host worms. This proved that the intervention of a vector is not a necessary condition of infection. Infections could not be induced by injecting sporocysts through the body wall into the body cavity. Infections are thus probably acquired in nature by the ingestion of sporocysts. Sporocysts do not leave the body of the host by being passed from coelom to lumen of the gut, nor do they pass directly to the exterior through apertures of the body wall. There was no evidence of parasitic autotomy. It is therefore concluded that death and decay of the host is the normal method of dissemination of sporocysts. Sporocysts were not infective after drying in air for three weeks. Other sporocysts lost potency after storage in moist conditions for several months. Infections involving the organisms specified were sporadic and unpredictable; modifying factors, such as variations in host susceptibility and latency in infection, appeared to be operating.
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    Influence of Vitamin B12 on the Size and Growth of Euglena gracilis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. By an automatic electronic technique—the Flying Spot Particle Resolver—the effect of a wide range of concentrations of vitamin B12 on the size and growth of the B12-dependent Euglena gracilis was studied. Rate of cell growth was directly proportional, and cell size inversely proportional, to B12 concentration. Gross B12 depletion resulted in gigantism and prolongation of generation times.
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    In vitro Studies of Ablastin, the Reproduction-Inhibiting Antibody to Trypanosoma lewisi (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Previously, the reproduction-inhibiting effects of ablastin could only be shown in vivo. The present report describes techniques for the in vitro demonstration and titration of this antibody. With a medium composed of Hanks' balanced salt solution, rat serum, lactalbumin hydrolysate, yeast extract and rat blood lysate, blood stream forms of Trypanosoma lewisi can be grown for approximately 24 hours at 37d̀C. Starting with the medium containing normal rat serum and inoculated with adult (inhibited) trypanosomes from infected rat blood, 50% or more of the parasites are in various stages of division after incubation overnight. Under similar conditions with ablastic rat serum, the parasites do not reproduce but remain as adults. If the medium is inoculated with reproducing trypanosomes from the blood, parasites in the presence of normal serum continue to reproduce, whereas those exposed to ablastin are almost completely converted to adult, non-reproducing forms. Similar results are obtained when the immune sera used are first adsorbed with living parasites to remove all trypanocidal antibodies. Ablastic serum inactivated at 56d̀C for 20 minutes does not lose its inhibitory activity indicating that ablastin is not complement dependent, and parasites grown on media at room temperature are not affected by the antibody suggesting that basic antigenic differences exist between blood stream forms at 37d̀C and culture forms at room temperature. Studies of the conversion of blood stream forms to culture forms indicate that the critical temperature range for the conversion lies between 28d̀ and 30d̀C. The significance of these results is discussed, and possible applications of the techniques described to studies of the mechanism of ablastic action are considered.
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    Alkaline Earth Elements and the Avoidance Reaction in Paramecium multimicronucleatum (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Normal swimming behavior of Paramecium multimicronucleatum in an essential mineral element solution with 0.0002 M calcium changed into continuous avoidance reactions upon replacement by equimolar strontium; equimolar barium produced a less pronounced similar effect. In equivalent pure SrCl2 and BaCl2 solutions, avoidance reactions were less frequent than in the balanced solutions. P. multimicronucleatum inoculated into autoclaved calcium- or strontium-containing cultures of the alga Protosiphon botryoides (ultimate food source) multiplied greatly and essentially equally, but died in barium. Accelerated avoidance reaction rates were observed in strontium up to and at 32 days after inoculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The Behavior of Plasmodium berghei Strains Isolated From Relapsed Infections of White Mice (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A previous study of parasites from relapsed P. berghei infections of mice indicated that the behavior of the relapse parasites differed from that of their parent strain. Experiments have been performed comparing the behavior of relapse and parent parasite infections in mice under two sets of conditions. In one group of experiments the behavior after antimalarial treatments, designed to result in chronic or latent states of infection, was tested. In all, 8 relapse strains were tested against their parent strains in six different experiments which employed 536 mice. It was observed that the mice infected with the relapse strains had a statistically significant greater mortality after the treatments than did mice infected with parent strains. This difference was observed regardless of how the relapse strain had been previously treated, or of what treatment was used in the experiments. In a second group of experiments, the behavior of infections with relapse and parent parasites was compared in normal mice. Five relapse strains were compared to their parent strains in a total of 5 experiments using 356 mice. It was observed that the mean survival time of mice infected with relapse strains was significantly greater than that of mice infected with the parent strains. It is not known whether this apparent difference in the behavior of relapse and parent parasites is related to the mechanism for relapse of P. berghei infections, or is merely a characteristic of parasites that had survived in an immune host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02591.x
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    Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Ingestion of Prey Cytoplasm. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The rate of ingestion of cytoplasm from its prey ciliate by Podophrya collini shows a maximum at 18°C. The rate of ingestion is the same for all active tentacles during the feeding period. Calculation of the amount of cytoplasm ingested from rate measurement and from dimensional alterations of ciliate and suctorian during feeding indicates conformity to the hypothesis that the motive force for ingestion results from integrated activity of the total cell and not from autonomous activity of the tentacles alone. The estimated motive force approximates 0.2 atmosphere. Data is presented to indicate that energy to maintain this motive force is derived from the normal oxidative metabolism of the suctorian.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01228.x
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    Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., from the Raccoon (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., is described from the raccoon Procyon lotor from southwestern Georgia. Mature gametocytes in monocytes in blood smears and schizocysts and developing gametocytes in sections of heart tissue were observed and described. A Hepatozoon was also found in the fox squirrel Sciurus niger.
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    The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. I. Ciliary Reversal and Activation by Electric Current; the Ludloff Phenomenon in Terms of Core and Volume Conductors. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Paramecium there is no known correlation between the direction of electric current through the membrane and of ciliary beat. One reason is that the Ludloff phenomenon, an anodal shift in the limit of the area of reversal with increased current strength, has seemed contradictory to most other data. However, by assuming Paramecium to be a core conductor immersed in a volume conductor and by applying the laws of polarizing currents it is possible to explain all existing data on reversal of normal ciliary action, and also on activation of cilia in immobilized specimens by electrical current. It is assumed that a threshold degree of depolarization of the normal membrane potential or of current density causes reversal. The Ludloff phenomenon is caused by anodal progression of this degree of depolarization with increasing membranecurrent. If it is also assumed that an increase in the membrane potential of immobilized specimens causes activation in the normal direction, one can predict anodal activation, progression of reversal with decrement in velocity, time course of development of excitation, ancdal stimulation upon “break.” stimulation by linearly rising currents, relative refractory and supernormal periods, effect of angle of orientation, and effect of acetylcholine and antiacetylchoiine esterase. Assumption of a neuromotor system is not needed. However, if available data are interpreted in the manner commonly used for nerve it can be concluded that an active accommodative process exists and possibly also a local excitatory state. A recent “dipolar” theory of galvanotaxis is not acceptable because it does not include ciliary reversal.
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    Donnè Structurales et Ultrastructurales Nouvelles sur la Conjugaison de Paramecium caudatum. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphologic phenomena of the conjugation of Paramecium caudatum are analysed by transverse sectioning of couples at the level of the junction zone. This orientation allows exact determination of the adjacent surfaces (which strongly suggests the absence of a paroral cone) and their relation to the ciliary fields. The modifications of the outer pellicle are studied with the electron microscope. It is shown that cytoplasmic communications occur at the top of the ridges which limit the periciliary depressions. The kinetosomes remain apparently intact but cilia and trichocysts disappear. An active role by the latter organelles is suggested for the union of the two conjugants.
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    Initial Development of Infections with Babesia bigeminal (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01242.x
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    Duration and Reversibility of Sulfonamide-Resistance in Chilomonas Paramecium (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Resistance to sulfanilamide has persisted in a strain of Chilomonas Paramecium for 255 transfers (63 months) in a drug-free medium. In attempts to modify resistance, stocks derived from sulfonamide-resistant and normal strains have been acclimatized to and then maintained in media containing p-aminobenzoic acid at 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mgJ100 ml. Each PABA-acclimatized strain was more susceptible to sulfanilamide than its parent stock. In other words, sulfanil-amide-resistant strains lost their resistance and normal strains became hypersensitive. One strain, adapted first to sulfanilamide, subsequently to PABA (15 mgJ100 ml) and again to sulfanilamide, showed a loss of and finally a restoration of sui-fonamide-resistance (but to a degree somewhat lower than the original level).
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    Some Amino Acid-Folic Acid Interrelationships in Tetrahymena pyriformis (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DL-serine, DL-methionine or DL-serine + DL-methionine in excess inhibited the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis H. Excess serine was most inhibitory at high concentration of folic acid, whereas the effect of excess methionine or methionine + serine was most pronounced at low levels of folic acid. Inhibition due to excess serine was relieved by raising the level of methionine or by adding pyrimethamine to lower the effective folic acid level, and was intensified by adding Dl.-ethionine or by raising the level of folic acid. Similarly, inhibition due to excess methionine was relieved by supplying more serine or adding DL-ethionine (which reduced the amount of available methionine) and was intensified by adding pyrimethamine. Inhibition by excess methionine + serine was reversed by increasing threonine, provided there was ample guanine present. Low levels of guanine or the presence of 8-azaguanine prevented this reversal. Comparisons are made with the work of others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01214.x
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    Autogamy in Frontonia leucas (Ehrbg.) (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Autogamy in Frontonia leucas is described for the first time. The process appears to occur at irregular intervals. From 7 to 10% of the individuals are affected. The beginning of autogamy is marked by a swelling of all the micronuclei which take part in the first two maturation divisions. The third division however affects only one of the second division products. Occasionally two or three may divide. A paroral cone is not prominent. But a small area close to the peristome is distinguishable as the region where the pronuclei fuse. The syn-karyon divides four times. Some of the division products disintegrate, after which 8 to 9 bodies are left which become differentiated into 4 to 5 macronuclear anlagen and 4 micro-nuclei. Mitotic division of the micronuclei results in their increase in number in the daughter individuals after metagamic divisions. Changes in the macronucleus during autogamy consist in its fragmentation and later absorption in the cytoplasm. There is some indirect evidence of a relationship between the dissolution of the old macronucleus and the development of the new.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01217.x
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    The Role of the Cytoplasm during Reproduction in a Malarial Parasite (Plasmodium lophurae) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An electron microscope study of Plasmodium lophurae maintained in vivo and in vitro provided information concerning the sequence of events during reproduction, and the role of the cytoplasm in this process.Contrary to the generally held opinion that nuclear fissions precede cytoplasmic division, it was found that the last nuclear fission takes place during advanced stages of cytoplasmic segmentation. This study also supplied evidence that in addition to repeated nuclear divisions, a number of changes occur in all major components of the cytoplasm. These changes are considered as preparatory for reproduction. The cytoplasm continues to be active during the formation of merozoites. At this stage a segregation of cytoplasmic components takes place resulting in the incorporation into the offspring of a condensed cytoplasm containing all the organelles. The watery part of the cytoplasm with the lipids and food vacuoles is withheld and at the end of reproduction forms the residual body, a separate structure bound by a membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01223.x
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    Ophryogleua hypertrophica n.sp. (Giliata Hymenostomatida) (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ophryoglena hypertrophica is distinguished by its tomites and its pyriform theronts; by its elliptical and flattened macronucleus with 2 or 3 coupled micronuclei; by its large trophont; by its tomont covered with a thin mucous layer at the interior of which are formed 4 or 8 tomites closely bound one to another. Its physiological evolution is characteristic; the tomite when it comes out of the tomont undergoes a secondary encystment and then becomes the theront. Sometimes the tomite is rostrated and is not attracted by the tissues; the tomite undergoes as before a secondary encystment, but divides inside the cyst. This type also produces complete or partial particular palintomies and regularly forms resistant cysts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01225.x
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    Chemotaxis and Sexual Behavior in Chlamydomonas (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intraspecific chemotaxis between gametes was demonstrated in Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff var. rotunda nov. var. which was previously used as C. sp. 24 (Tsubo Y. 1957). a heterothallic isogamous species from Japan. The reaction is unidirectional; the “+” gametes are attracted by the “—” gametes or cell-free supernatant of medium in which the :“-” gametes were suspended. In a study with 4 other isogamous heterothallic Chlamydomonas — C. moewusii Gerloff, C. eugametos Moewus, C. reinhardi Dangeard, and C. morewusii Gerloff var. tenuichloris nov. var. — none of them revealed any intraspecific chemotactic behavior. However, as with the “—” gametes of C. moewusii var. rotunda, both mating types of C. moewusii, C. eugametos, and C. moewusii var. tenuichloris were interspecifically attracted by the supernatant of the “—” culture of C. moewusii var. rotunda. Only C. rein- hardi showed no chemotactic behavior in intra- or interspecific combinations.Although chemotaxis occurred in the above-mentioaed combinations, neither agglutination nor pairing ner zygete formation followed at all in the same combinations. The“;–” cells of C. moewusii var. rotunda killed by osmium vaper and then washed no longer produced the chemotactic agent, but did agglutinate with living “+” cells. Therefore, evidently, chemo-taxis is a separate step from agglutination and zygote-for-mation yet does not seem necessary in the mating of isoga-mous Chlamydomonas. Nonetheless, since this activity appears not in the vegetative but in the gametic stage, it seems to concern the sexual activity of the cells. In preliminary studies the chemotactic agent produced by C. moewusii var. rotunda was shown to be volatile.
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    Infection of Hydra by Microsporidia (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A microsporidian infection in a laboratory clone of Hydra littoralis has been observed, and the parasite has been tentatively identified as a species of Plistophora. Infected hydra continue to bud and regenerate normally and show no significant physiological or morphological changes. Sexual crossing of infected and non-infected animals shows that the infection is transmitted by the ovum but not by the sperm. Continuous exposure of infected hydra to Fumidil B in solution resulted in the disappearance of all Plistophora spores after a five week period of treatment, and the clones of the treated animals have remained parasite-free for more than a year.
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    Amino Acid Composition of Protozoa. Comparative Studies on Tetrahymena (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Patterns for free and protein amino acids and related substances were determined for Tetrahymena limacis and 7 strains of T. pyriformis from axenic stationary phase cultures grown at 25° C by means of 2-dimensional chromatography in a butanol-acetic acid and phenol solvent system with ninhydrin and other polychromatic indicators. A uniform protein amino acid (PAA) pattern was observed in all strains. There were 14 color spots indicating 19 amino acids (including cysteic acid), identified as follows: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine/cystine, cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine/histidine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine.The following free amino acids and related substances (FAAs) were identified with 14 spots (several different from these for PAA patterns) found in all strains: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine histidine. proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine. T. limacis and strains LI and Gf-J of T. pyriformis exhibited these only. Chromatograms of 5 strains of T. pyriformis (PR. F. L3 WH52, HS), however, also contained 1 to 4 spots representing certain of the following substances: Cysteic acid, cysteine/cystine, taurine, and the unknowns X1, X2, and X3, having Rf's of 0.33, 0.79, and 0.72 respectively in 4:1 phenol-H2O system Excepting for F and L3, which were similar, the T. pyriformis strains showed quite different distributional patterns of these substances at 25°C. Other deviations in the distribution of the 6 compounds were noted in the chromatograms of 10° and 35° cultures of WH52 and HS. These findings on FAAs and PAAs are tabulated, along with those of previous investigators, to furnish comparisons on 13 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, T. limacis and 9 other species of protozoa.
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    The Biology and Morphology of Crithidia acanthocephali n. sp., Leptomonas leptoglossi n. sp., and Blastocrithidia euschisti n. sp. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three new species of Trypanosomatidae were isolated from three species of bugs: Leptomonas leptoglossi from Leptoglossus phyllopus, Crithidia acanthocephali from Acanthocephala femorata, and Blastocrithidia euschisti from Euschistus servus. All were cultured axenically and on avian embryo membranes. In addition to differences in morphology the three organisms displayed different growth rates in the chorio-allantoic fluids of duck and chick embryos incubated at 30°C. L. leptoglossi grew most abundantly. B. euschisti barely maintained itself while C. acanthocephali occupied an intermediate position.When the temperature of incubation was raised to 37°C, there was continued multiplication of L. leptoglossi and C. acanthocephali, but there was no growth of B. euschisti in either duck or chick embryos.It is suggested that the criteria of morphology, cultural characteristics in vitro and in vivo, plus physiological characters be used as future aids in classification of the Trypanosomatidae.
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    Anaerobic Metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS: Crithidia fasciculata was cultured in a modification of the nutrient medium described by Cowperthwaite in 1951. Carbon dioxide, lactic acid, succinic acid and ethyl alcohol were produced by the organisms during anaerobic conditions. Hexokinase, enolase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in ho-mogenates of the flagellates. Aldolase, phosphohexokinase and lactic acid dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated.
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    Fine Structure of the Silverline and Fibrillar Systems of Three Tetrahymenid Ciliates (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Application of fragmentation and thin-sectioning techniques to Tetrakymena pyriformis, Colpidium compiles and Glaucoma chattoni has permitted an analysis of the ultra-structure of their silverline and fibrillar systems. The classical silverline system consists of a mosaic of flat, membrane-bound blisters whose rims represent the sites of selective silver deposition. Cilia and protrichocysts emerge between adjacent blisters. I The pellicle consists of the membranes outlining the blisters, overlain by a continuous outer membrane that covers the whole cell and cilia. Fibrillar structures, which are not argentophilic, include: (1) tapering, striated kinetodesmal fibers arising singly from the kinetosomes, passing to the right and anteriad, and overlapping to form a loose bundle accompanying each kinety; (2) a longitudinal fibril band immediately beneath the pellicle at the right of each kinety, consisting of overlapping individual fibrils; (3) a transverse band of fibrils arising at the left side of each kinetosome and passing to the left under the pellicle; and (4) a set of postciliary fibrils arising at the right posterior edge of each kinetosome and passing posteriad under the pellicle. The fibrils of sets (2), (3), and (4) all are about 20 Mμ in diameter and appear tubular in cross-section; they are very unlike the heavier, solid kinetodesmal fibers. None of the fibril sets directly interconnect, although transverse and postciliary fibrils end in the vicinity of the longitudinal fibril band.
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    The Ciliature and Infraciliature of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structure of a cilium in Nyctotherus ovalis is that usually found: two single central filaments surrounded peripherally by nine double filaments; the whole is encased in a ciliary membrane continuous with the pellicle. The two central filaments end in a single enlarged bulb just above a septum, located at about the level of the pellicle, whereas the nine double filaments extend inward to form the cylindrical basal body, which is open at its inner end. Inside the basal body are granules àrranged in rows parallel to its sides. These granules may have significance in the origin of new basal bodies as well as in the outgrowth of new cilia. The latter may have been observed in a few instances. Parallel to the pellicle are two series of fibrils, one median and one inner, connecting adjacent basal bodies. Fibrils extend from the inner end of each basal body, these converge and extend deep into the ectoplasm, often becoming lost in a pattern of equilateral triangles, arranged to form hexagons. These features are clearly seen in the peristomial membranelles, where the basal bodies of the four rows of cilia are close together, separated from adjacent membranelles by a protoplasmic shelf and supported by a mass of fibrillar material comprising the peristomial ectoplasmic band. This broad band extends to the inner end of the peristome whence it returns along the opposite wall as a narrow mass of fibrillar ectoplasm without basal bodies. Peripherally the fibrils are condensed into fan-like bundles; internally they often form a network of equilateral triangles arranged to form hexagons, with corpuscles at the intersections. Trichite-like structures are also found in the peristomial groove and tube; these are connected to both the basal bodies and the fibrillar network.The functions, origin and development of this complex infraciliature during fission constitute one of the yet unsolved morphological problems in such complex ciliates.
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    The Inadequacy of Monobacterially-fed Paramecium aurelia as Food for Didinium nasutum (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sterile Didinium nasutum were fed Paramecium Aurelia which had been grown on monofloral cultures of five different species of bacteria and on a wild mixed culture of bacteria. Didinia grown on monoflorally-fed paramenia or starved paramecia maintained a low daily division rate (0.88-2.06), and after 3 or 4 days died, frequently showing structural abnormalities before death. Didinia fed paramecia grown on a wild mixture of bacteria showed a higher division rate (4.96), did not die after 3 or 4 days, and encysted, when the food was exhausted. It is suggested that a diet consisting of monoflorally-fed or starved paramecia is inadequate for Didinium. This may be due to the lack of some substance or substances related to the enzyme system of the predator, possibly proteolytic enzymes elaborated by paramecia. In the experiments of Gause on the destruction of one species by another, his failure to establish population oscillations between Didinium and Paramecium might have been due to an inadequate diet for the didinia which resulted in their lack, of encystment and death.
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    Electron Microscope Study of the Exoerythrocytic Form of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Thin Sections of Infected Tissue Cultures (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in thin sections of infected tissue cultures have been examined with the electron microscope. It was seen that important changes occur in the fine structure of the parasite during the various phases of the cycle. The cytoplasm of the merozoites at the beginning and at the end of each cycle shows a great electron density due to a fine granulation. Larger granules are found at one pole of the parasite. The merozoites have a large nucleus in the center, and an oval body of great electron density at one pole, the significance of which is unknown. Short canaliculi can also be seen in the cytoplasm, but no mitochondria have been found.The cytoplasm of the schizonts shows a low electron density. It contains small particles scattered irregularly throughout its whole mass. The nuclei are not well defined; the oval body observed in the merozoites apparently has disappeared. Short canaliculi are present everywhere; however, mitochondria could not be identified with certainty.In the final phase of the cycle, in the rosette formations, the cytoplasm assumes again the fine granular structure. The future merozoites are grouped around a cytoplasmic core, with which they are directly connected. The whole segmenter is situated in a vacuole formation. In cross sections of the merozoites an opening in the central pole has been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00734.x
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    Conjugation in Blepharisma undulans americanum. (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An account of conjugation in an American species of Blepharisma is given. A comparison is also made with the available knowledge of the two Indian species of this genus. In the conjugating pair, the condensed macronucleus shows Feulgen negative regions. Before the conjugants separate, the macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen become distinguishable.The species is characterized by a number of striking features which become noticeable after syngamy. The synkaryon divides thrice giving rise to 8 bodies. Of these, 3 to 7 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest, the micronuclei. The resorption of the old macronucleus occurs much later, just before the exconjugant attains the vegetative form. No metagamic fissions occur in this species and each exconjugant becomes a vegetative animal in 5 or 6 days. During this period, the macronuclear anlagen arrange themselves in a series and develop slender connections with one another to produce the moniliform macronucleus of the vegetative animal. The micronuclear anlagen, on the other hand, divide by mitosis to attain the vegetative number. In this species 40% to 45% of the exconjugants are viable and the rest die.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00738.x
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    Observations sur quelques Ciliés astomes des Oligochétes du lac d'Ohrid (Yougoslavie). II. Families des Hoplitophryidae (Hoplitophryinae et Maupasellinae), des Intoshellinidae et des Anoplophryidae. (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seven species of astomatous Infusoria from the alimentary tract of the Oligochaeta from Ochrida Lake are described. One of them, belonging to Hoplitophrya, shows many transitional characteristics between Juxtaradiophrya and Hoplitophrya and proves the coherence of the group Radio-phryinae-Hoplitophryinae-Mesnilellinae. Two species are Maupasellinae, parasites from Glossoscolecidae. Buchneriella and Maupasella, both parasites from Criodrilus lacuum, a cosmo politan worm, are also present in C. ohridensis, endemic species coexistent with the preceding, at Ohrid. Two other sro belong to Intoshellina. A discussion about the actual systematic state of Intoshellinidae is given, affinities of this family remaining uncertain. The two last species described are a typical Anoplophrya and a representative cf a new genus Corlissiella, having many morphological and biological similarities to the primitive thigmotrichs. Heterogeneity of the Anoplophryidae is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00742.x
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  • 73
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    Device for Facilitating the Inoculation of Screw-cap Tubes (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A small reversible A.C. motor is utilized in the construction of a device to tighten and loosen the caps of screw-cap test tubes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00716.x
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  • 74
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    A New Species of Coccidia of the Grey Squirrel Sciurtis (Neosciurns) carolinensis (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of Coccidia, Eimeria neosciuri sp. now, has been described from the squirrel host, Sciurns (Neo-sciurus) carolinensis. The oocysts (21.8-28.0 ju X 13.7-18.1) are elliptical in shape without a visible micropyle. The sporo- cysts are oval with protruding nipple. The endogenous stase; of this species occur in the epithelial cells of the villi of the upper ileum. Oocyst production declines in about a fortnight after a rise to its maximum during the first 6-10 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00720.x
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  • 75
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    Isolation of Ergosterol from Euglena gracilis; Distribution Among Mutant Strains (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ergosterol was isolated from the non-saponifiable lipids of Euglena. For this, after saponification of the cells, the petroleum-ether extract was chromatographed on deactivated alumina. Development was achieved by pet. ether and 10% (v/v) benzene in pet. ether, and the sterol fraction was subsequently eluted with 10% (v/v) ethyl acetate in pet. ether. This sterol was identified as ergosterol by a) precipitation with digitonin, b) The Liebermann-Burchard reaction, c) co-chromatography with known ergosterol, d) ultraviolet absorption spectrum, e) conversion to the acetate with determination of the melting and mixed melting points and !” infra-red absorption spectrum of the acetate derivative. By these techniques, ergosterol content was measured in the-following strains of Euglena gracilis under various conditions of nutrition and illumination: bacillaris and Z strains, and several albino and pigment mutants derived from them. A. functional chloroplast seems unnecessary for ergosterol synthesis; the ergosterol content of cells (dry weight basis) was constant regardless of strain and growth conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00707.x
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  • 76
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    Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über das Nephridialsystem von Paramaecium. (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structure of the excretory apparatus of Paramecium caudatum and P. aurelia was studied in electro-micrographs of ultrathin sections. The so-called nephridial plasma visible in light microscopy was revealed as a network of fine branching tubules (nephridial tubules), of average diameter about 200 Å, which surround the nephridial canals. The nephridial tubules are connected peripherally directly to branches of the endoplasmic reticulum, which extends throughout the organism. During diastole of the radial canals the nephridial tubules open into the nephridial canals, but this connection is broken during systole. Surrounding the nephridial plasma are bundles of larger tubular elements (about 500 Å diameter).The osmiophile wall of the terminal nephridial canal continues without change in the walls of the ampulla, the injection canal and the contractile vacuole. Contractile fibrillar elements, arranged in fiat band-like bundles and of tubular structure (about 150-250 A diameter) without periodic cross-striations, begin at the top of the ampulla and extend, along the surface facing the pellicle, over the injection canal and contractile vacuole to the excretory canal, which they surround as a spiral envelope.The closing of the contractile vacuole to the excretory canal is effected by a relatively compact membrane without pores, so that the emptying of the vacuole must follow breaking of this membrane. The function of the excretory system is discussed in the light of these new observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00712.x
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    Volume, Nucleic Acid and Nitrogen Contents of Strains of Green and i Colorless Englena gracilis and of Astasia longa (1960)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 7 (1960), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nucleic acid, the nitrogen content per cell, and cell and nuclear volume were determined in 4 green and 2 heat-induced colorless strains of Euglena gracilis and one strain of Astasia longa. All strains of Euglena were identical in cell and nuclear volume. The deoxyribonucleic acid content per cell of the apoplastidic strains was higher than that of the corresponding green strains by I1/, times. Although their nuclei were not enlarged, Feulgen staining of the colorless strains was also more intense. The significance of the increase in DNA in experimentally induced apoplastidy is discussed. As for N total nucleic acid P, and pentosenucleic acid—the dir between the strains reflected previously established morphological and physiological relationships between them. The single strain of Astasia studied was identical in stru: and size with the apoplastidic Euglena stnMH Hownner. it was quite unlike them in all the biochemical characteristic; examined.
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    Schizonts and Microgametocytes of Eimeria auburnensis Christensen and Porter, 1939, in Calves (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Schizonts were found in the middle and lower third of the small intestine of two calves killed 12 and 14 days after they had been inoculated with pure cultures of oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis. The schizonts ranged from 78 to 250 μ long by 78 to 150 μ wide (mean 92 by 139.9 μ). They were usually located deep in the lamina propria near the muscularis mucosae instead of in the villi where most schizonts of Eimeria bovis are found. The schizonts of E. auburnensis resembled the previously described large microgametocytes of this species but were distinguishable morphologically and by histochemical stains. The microgametocytes were much larger than previously reported; one measured 91 by 287.5 μ.
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    Taxonomy of Genus Blepharisma with Special Reference to Blepharisma undulans (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Three new species of Blepharisma are presented: B. seshachari sp. nov., B. intermedium sp. nov., and B. tropicum sp. nov. Two sub-species of Suzuki are elevated to specific rank, B. undulans americanum to B. americanum and B. undulans japonicum Suzuki to B. japonicum Suzuki. Stein's taxa for the species Blepharisma undulans are considered to be diagnostic for that species.Important features of morphology and life-cycle of the above mentioned species are given. Discussion and position of the species Blepharisma undulans are presented and a proposal for the reorganization of the species is made. The possibility of a new key derived from a hypothesis of the phylogeny on an evolutionary basis of the genus is presented. This hypothesis has been extended to include ciliates like Stentor and Spirostomum and its implications discussed.
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    Growth and Reproduction of Leptomonas oncopelti in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A laboratory colony of Oncopeltus fasciatus was found to be infected with Leptomonas oncopelti. Inasmuch as the parasite is transmitted from parent to offspring an opportunity presented itself to study the biology and transmission of this parasite under controlled laboratory conditions. An apparatus for observing individual bugs was designed and the presence or absence of flagellates in the feces determined. Flagellates were not shed until the bugs became adults after which they appeared in every defecation. Dissection of infected bugs revealed that flagellates were not present in the rectum until adulthood. Further studies indicated that in the midgut of the insect there is a departure from binary fission to budding. The nucleus divides and one of the newly formed nuclei migrates toward a newly formed kinetoplast. Rarely there is still another kinetoplast/nucleus division. In the event the new axoneme grows within the cytoplasmic sheath of the parent flagellum, smaller organisms produced by unequal cytokinesis remain attached. If the axoneme grows free, the smaller daughter organisms become free-swimming. Passage into the rectum of the adult bugs causes a rounding up of all parasites although the leishmaniform organisms continue to divide. It is presumed that infection of clean bugs is accomplished by the ingestion of leishmaniform organisms through a common water source. The reason for the presence of flagellates in the rectum of the adult but not in the nymphal insect and the mechanism responsible for the change from binary to unequal fission are not known.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02660.x
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    A Survey of the Coccidia of Some Wisconsin Sciuridae with Descriptions of Three New Species (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Examination of intestinal contents and feces of Wisconsin red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) revealed two coccidia, Eimeria tamiasciuri and E. toddi n.sp. In the Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), two species, E. vilasi n.sp. and E. wisconsinensis n.sp. occurred. In the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), a coccidium resembling E. sciurorum was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02615.x
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    Observations on Neobursaridium gigas Balech, 1941 (Ciliata Heterotrichida) (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A large heterotrich ciliate (Family: Bursariidae) found in a papyrus swamp in Uganda was used for oxygen tension experiments by Beadle & Nilsson, 1959, under the name of Bursaria sp. This organism has now been identified as Neobursaridium gigas Balech. The morphology of the organism was studied in living and stained specimens, especially with the silver impregnation technique, and the present findings are compared to those of Balech.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02619.x
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    Intracellular Phagotrophy in Babesia rodhaini as Revealed by Electron Microscopy (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of thin sections of Babesia rodhaini parasitizing mouse erythrocytes showed that this intracellular parasite feeds on its host cell in the same way as do malarial parasites. Large portions of erythrocyte cytoplasm are engulfed by invaginations of the plasma membrane leading to the formation of food vacuoles. The digestion of hemoglobin seems to be complete in Babesia since no pigment (hemozoin) could be detected either in the food vacuoles or in the cytoplasm.The fine structure of Babesia rodhaini is very similar to that of Plasmodium berghei. In both, typical mitochondria are lacking. Instead a structure was found composed of concentric membranes which it is assumed might perform mitochondrial functions. As in Plasmodium berghei a double-membraned vacuole with a matrix of low density is present in almost all sections. The endoplasmic reticulum is represented by small vesicles; the ground-substance is filled with Palade's small particles. The nucleus is large and surrounded by two membranes. Babesia reproduces by budding and binary fission. Reproduction is not easy to identify since the parasite forms large pseudopods resembling stages in division.
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    Effect of Wetting Agents on Permeability of Ochromonas danica (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of 10 detergents on the inhibitory activity of neomycin was tested against Ochromonas danica. All 4 anionic detergents used were synergistic with neomycin. Evidence is presented that the synergisms were due to the effect of the detergents on the cell membrane. In the presence of Tergitol 7, O. danica is more susceptible to changes in osmotic pressure by increasing concentrations of KCl.
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    Taxonomic-Nomenclatural Practices in Protozoology and the New International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. All zoologists are affected by provisions in the very recently published International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the first revised edition of these important rules to appear in over 50 years. Common nomenclatural practices, often malpractices, of protozoologists and parasitologists who work primarily in taxonomic fields are revealed and discussed in light of recommendations and mandatory regulations to be found in the new Code. Some errors have been due solely to carelessness; others have involved misinterpretations of various directives; still others have involved cases not adequately covered by the old Règles. Certain mistakes of the past cannot be changed; but others are to be rectified upon discovery, according to mandates in articles of the new Code. Practical applications of the rules of nomenclature are stressed, and examples are taken from actual situations found to exist throughout all major taxa of the phylum Protozoa.Because of the value of such discussion in both new and revisory work in protozoan systematics, the following major topics are given special consideration: matters of orthography, the original spelling of names and their justified or unjustified emendation; authorships and dates of names, who is responsible and when, and how such data are properly cited; mandatory dates in the new Code, and their effect on both already established names and names not yet proposed; the principles of priority and conservation or continuity, and how the rules attempt to satisfy proponents of both of these diametrically opposed “laws”; the concepts of synonymy and homonymy, and proper methods of treating names which have become involved in such situations; family-group names, and the several special nomenclatural problems they present to protozoan taxonomists; the major problem of types, and the peculiar position of protozoologists with regard to the type concept, especially type-specimens for categories in the species-group; miscellaneous considerations, several unrelated but significant topics not appropriate for inclusion in preceding sections of the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02626.x
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    The Nutrition of Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1; Sterol and Alcohol Requirements (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. In a chemically-defined medium Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1 required a sterol, an alcohol, eleven amino acids, a purine, a pyrimidine, and six B-complex vitamins. The sterol requirement was met by a variety of 3β-OH, C27-C29 sterols including cholesterol and stigmasterol, but not by precursors of cholesterol which precede desmosterol or Δ7-cholestenol. Some combinations of long-chain fatty acids with a synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphorylethanolamine partly substituted for sterol. Ethyl and methyl alcohols (but not a variety of other alcohols and organic acids) satisfied the alcohol requirement.
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    Terminal Respiration in Trichomonas vaginalis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trichomonas vaginalis grown aerobically slowly metabolizes glucose-U-C14 and succinate-2,3-C14 to CO2 and to amino acids which are then incorporated into protein. Analysis of protein hydrolysates from cells grown on glucose-U-C14 reveals radioactivity in 15 amino acids. Although the data do not permit a direct interpretation and analysis of the sequence of amino acid biosynthesis, it seems likely that a tricarboxylic acid cycle operates. Attempts to prepare cell-free systems carrying out cycle reactions have proved unsuccessful.
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    Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis in Europe (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. One hundred eighty-eight fresh-water samples from France (30), Italy (42), Austria (12), Germany (1), Switzerland (35), Holland (20), England (26), and Sweden (22) were examined for T. pyriformis. The habitats included rivers, mountain streams, lakes, ponds, irrigation ditches, roadside ditches, running and dead water canals, and fountains. The temperature ranged from 10° to 30°C, locations from 42° to 68° North latitude, with elevations from sea level to approximately 3,000 feet. Of the samples taken 28 contained T. pyriformis from which 411 clones were established in axenic media. Thirty-three additional samples contained ciliates other than T. pyriformis. All clones grew well in 1% proteose peptone; when screened for their nutritional requirements a few failed to grow on the completely defined medium and several others survived eight sub-inoculations without thiamine.The nuclear and sexual activity pattern followed that of previous collections. In distribution, variety 6 was found in Italy, variety 3 in Austria, and variety 4 in England. A new variety (variety 10) with two mating types was isolated from four different habitats in England. Several strains from Italy, France, Holland, and England constitute one group which mated among themselves, but only a few of which reacted with mating type I of variety 6 from America. This demonstrates the close affinities of the European and American strains, yet shows the possible evolution of a new variety (species).
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    Steroid Requirements of Trichomonads (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The steroid requirement of a Trypticase-requiring strain, SLT, of Trichomonas gallinae on the Shorb-Lund synthetic basal medium minus ribonucleic acid was fulfilled by cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol(provitamin D3), cholestanol (dihydrocholesterol), and to a lesser degree, by ergosterol (provitamin D2), β-sitosterol and zymosterol acetate. Cholestanol was inhibitory at certain concentrations. All steroids were subsequently checked by gas chromatography. Only cholesterol and zymosterol acetate showed one peak, the others containing 2 to 4 peaks. Repurified cholestanol was active and showed no inhibition of growth, but repurified β-sitosterol was inactive. The following were also inactive: diethylstilbestrol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, testosterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, cortisone acetate, compound A, 5,6-dihydro-ergosterol, dihydroergosterol acetate, stigmasterol, sodium taurocholate, cholic acid, methyl desoxycholate, desoxycholic acid and methyl cholate. Precursors in cholesterol synthesis, acetate, mevalonic acid, mevalonic acid plus a liver extract and squalene were inactive in replacing cholesterol, although acetate is required for growth in the presence of cholesterol. Crystalline fat soluble vitamins, carotene, calciferol (vitamin D2), activated 7-dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3), menadione (vitamin K3) and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) were inactive in replacing cholesterol. Trichomonas species PN from the pig's nose utilized cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and the impure β-sitosterol sample in a modified SL medium with acetate omitted. A reinvestigation of steroid requirements seems to be indicated when a completely synthetic medium and pure steroids are available.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02599.x
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  • 90
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    Limits of Transplantation Tolerance in Large Amoebae. I. Microfusion Studies Using Amoeba proteus, Pelomyxa illinoisensis, and Three Strains of Pelomyxa carolinensis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Protoplasm transferred to a multinucleated amoeba is well tolerated if the donor and recipient portions are from the same amoeba, from different amoebae of a single clone, from different amoebae of the same species found in a given location, or from different amoebae of the same species found in widely separated geographic areas. On the other hand, protoplasm is not tolerated and death invariably follows interspecific or intergeneric microtransfers between any two of the three species of amoebae used in this study.Attempts to overcome the tolerance block in heterologous transfers by the use of x-radiation failed although a significant extension of the mean survival time was obtained. The latter can also be interpreted as a limited therapeutic effect of nonirradiated, heterologous donor protoplasm on supralethally irradiated recipients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02603.x
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  • 91
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    Effect of Illumination on Ichthyotoxin in an Axenic Culture of Prymnesium parvum Carter (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Prymnesium parvum subjected to constant illumination failed to produce ichthyotoxin. On the other hand cultures subjected to alternate periods of light and darkness showed a gradually rising ichthyotoxic activity during the dark period reaching a maximum after about 7 hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02577.x
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  • 92
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    The Trypanosomatid Parasites of Horseflies with the Description of Crithidia rileyi n. sp. (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species, Crithidia rileyi (Trypanosomatidae), is described from Tabanus epistates. The most characteristic feature of the flagellate is the frequent occurrence of a broad sucker-like posterior end. In contrast to other species of Crithidia it multiplied very slowly in the first few weeks after isolation. A review of the literature shows that trypanosomatids of two generic types, Crithidia and Blastocrithidia, have been described from flies of the family Tabanidae, although they have nearly always been regarded as stages of the same organism. Some or all of those of the Blastocrithidia type are stages of Trypanosoma theileri. The Crithidia are probably not stages in the development of any trypanosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02580.x
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  • 93
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    Electron-Microscopic Observations of Gromia oviformis (Sarcodina). (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Gromia oviformis from New Zealand has been examined in thin sections after fixing in osmium tetroxide and embedding in methacrylate. The structure of the protein and acid mucopolysaccharide shell and the canals which pass radially through it are described. Multiple honeycomb membranes located between the shell and the cytoplasm, as well as mitochondria and “Golgi bodies,” none of which has hitherto been seen in light microscope studies, are discussed and illustrated. The previously known stercomata and xanthosomes are considered. Though still regarded as enigmatic cytoplasmic inclusions, observations suggest that they are waste products retained within the animal throughout life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02585.x
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  • 94
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    The Agar Layer Method for Determining the Activity of Diverse Materials against Selected Protozoa (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An agar overlay technique developed to investigate the effect of various substances on growth of a selected group of protozoa is described. Test systems employing Crithidia fasciculata (culex), Ochromonas malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Trichomonas foetus were devised to evaluate the effect of known compounds and to assay the activity of antibiotic fermentation beers. This disc-plate method can be summarized as follows: preparation of a foundation layer; overlaying of a mixture of agar, nutrients, protective antibiotics, and inoculum; placing of paper discs with the test material on the overlay followed by incubation and subsequent observation of the plates for zones of inhibition of growth. The concentration of agar in the overlay sufficient to restrict movement of the protozoa without inhibiting their growth, nutrients required for adequate growth and continued viability of the inoculum, and the concentration of penicillin and streptomycin which will not inhibit the assay protozoa but beeffective against the microorganisms in the fermentation beers are discussed. This technique offers a method not only for primary screening for cytotoxic substances but also one which may be adaptable to other studies of protozoa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02583.x
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  • 95
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    Studies on Feeding and Digestion in Protozoa. III. Acid Phosphatase Activity in Food Vacuoles of Paramecium multimicronucleatum (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Acid phosphatase activity was studied in total mounts and sections of agnotobiotic Paramecium multimicronucleatum by the alpha-naphthyl phosphate-hexazotized rosanilin method. Timing was achieved by India ink marking of food vacuoles. Enzyme activity is present in small endoplasmic granules and in the greatest part of food vacuoles. Following an inactive stage (stage I) of an average length of 5 min the activity appears at the periphery of the vacuole, in most cases in the form of granules (stage II). A high activity level (stage III) is attained within 1 1/2 min and maintained for the most part of the vacuolar cycle. The activity disappears only in the latest vacuoles before egestion (stage IV). The appearance of activity is not concurrent with but succeeding to the maximum of vacuolar acidity as ascertained by feeding Congo red stained killed yeast cells. On the basis of these results the food vacuoles may be looked upon as belonging to the lysosomes sensu lato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02588.x
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  • 96
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    Relationships between Feeding Organelles and Encystment in Oxytricha fallax Stein (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. In Oxytricha fallax, extrusion of all the excretory crystals and some refractile bodies occurs when food is with held. The precystic animals thus resulting become transparent and undergo dedifferentiation of organelles. First the undulating membrane and cytostome are entirely resorbed, producing astomial forms. Then the adoral membranelles vanish gradually, accompanying which the somatic ciliature such as the cirri comes to be resorbed. Occasionally, early precystic animals retaining the intact feeding organelles reorganize spontaneously (physiological regeneration), but they become irreversibly encystable by high-temperature treatment; for hastening resorption of feeding organelles accelerates encystment.When transparent animals at various precystic stages are cut in half the posterior fragment (PF) always encysts faster than the anterior one (AF) from the same parent, except that some of the AFs from early stages reorganize into normal vegetative forms. The time difference for completion of encystment between an AF and PF pair is at early stages larger than at later ones. If the anterior part of AF is further excised, the time difference for encystment between AF and PF from the same source becomes smaller or indistinguishable, with the exception that some AFs from early stages regenerate instead. Further, when the anterior part of whole precystic animals is removed, the time for their encystment is reduced. Also in this case, the fragments from early stages normally regenerate.From these results, it is presumed that the adoral membranelles tend to inhibit the encystment process as they do the initiation of an oral primordium in dividers and regenerants of Stentor and other ciliates. Accordingly, when resorption of membranelles becomes extensive as precystic processes progress, their dominance over and inhibition of cyst formation may be diminishing. From the fact that regeneration of fragments from early stages into normal forms may be due to retention of the undulating membrane, its resorption is considered to be an essential prerequisite for the initiation of irreversible encystment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02601.x
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  • 97
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    Partial Characterization of Hexokinase from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A partially purified hexokinase extracted from Euglena had the following properties: 1) pH optimum 8.0–8.5; 2) an absolute requirement for Mg++ and adenosine triphosphate with Mn++, Co++, Zn++, and Ca++ less active or inactive under the test conditions. Inosine triphosphate could not be substituted for adenosine triphosphate; 3) an apparent Km (glucose) of 5 × 10−4 M; 4) the enzyme was not inhibited by the usual sulfhydryl agents, but was inhibited 24% by adenosine diphosphate. The extract phosphorylated fructose and mannose. It was not clear whether a separate enzyme phosphorylated fructose. Relative rates of phosphorylation, as determined by labile phosphate analyses, were: glucose, 1.00; fructose, 1.19; mannose, 0.56. The partially purified extract also contained phosphohexose isomerase activity; 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase was absent. Euglena hexokinase is apparently localized in the cytoplasmic or small-particle fraction of the cell. In most respects the enzyme seems to resemble the well-characterized yeast hexokinase rather than the muscle enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02605.x
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  • 98
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    Lankesterella bufonis sp. nov. Parasitizing Toads, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lankesterella bufonis sp. nov., from toads, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt, described herein, appears to be the first species of this genus to be found in Bufo. Sporozoites of the parasite in circulating blood are usually intracorpuscular, rarely free. Free forms, abundant in smears of internal organs, particularly from lungs, are small, slender, slightly curved bodies with the anterior end more pointed than the other. The small, oval, delicate nucleus is always situated in the posterior third of the parasite, either terminal or more usually subterminal. A single cytoplasmic vacuole is located just anterior of the nucleus and more-or-less centrally. Few darkly stained granules are sometimes seen around the vacuole. Though intracorpuscular forms retain morphological characteristics of the free forms, they frequently undergo peculiar changes: apparently flattening of host-cells during smearing and fixation results in shorter and wider, and sometimes greater width of the parasite. Multiple infection with two and rarely three Lankesterella sporozoites is not uncommon. In liver and spleen smears, certain large cells, apparently of the macrophage or endothelial types, contain forms similar to those described in the peripheral blood, but mostly shorter and broader. Various developmental stages of schizonts were also seen in the liver and lung. In liver, lung, spleen, and kidney sections, numerous young forms, possibly merozoites, were scattered among tissue cells. The present parasite differs morphologically from Lankesterella minima (Chaussat, 1850), L. monilis Labbé, (1894), and L. canadensis Fantham et al., 1942.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02612.x
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  • 99
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    An Electron Microscope Study of Food Vacuoles in Paramecium aurelia (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The foed vacuoles of Paramecium aurelia, when examined in the electron microscope, are seen to be surrounded by small secondary vacuoles 0.05 - 0.2 μ. in diameter. Similar small vacuoles also surround the deepest part of the buccal cavity. Young focd vacuoles, i.e. those containing well preserved bacteria, are encircled by a smooth. vacuolar membrane. In older food vacuoles the vacuolar membrane in a transverse section often appears more wavy with small gulfs and protuberances. It is suggested that the small surrounding vacuoles are formed by the vacuolar membrane of older vacuoles by means of a process similar to pinocytosis. There is no evidence, however, that formation of small surrounding vacuoles takes place by pinocytosis in young food vacuoles. Examination of the cytoplasmic membrane of the deepest parts of the buccal cavity shows a similar prccess of vacuole formation by pinocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01193.x
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  • 100
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    Carbohydrate Metabolism of Trichomonads: Growth, Respiration, and Enzyme Activity in Four Species (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tritrichomonas foetus, Pentatrichomonas gallinarum, and nasal and fecal forms of Trichomonas suis grew well in NIH Thioglycollate Broth with 1% beef serum, and produced acid end-products. Succinic acid was the major acid produced by T. foetus P. gallinarum, and the nasal T. suis, accounting for over 50% of the total acid for each. The fecal T. suis produced more lactic than succinic acid; about 45% of the total acid was not accounted for. Pyruvic acid was found in small amounts in all cultures. The lactic/pyruvic ratio was about 2.5 for the two swine forms, and about 1.0 for the other two. The nasal form of T. suis produced much more total acid than the others.O2 uptake, CO2 production, H2 evolution, and anaerobic acid formation varied with age of organism. Respiratory activity was highest at 12 hours but varied considerably thereafter. The nature of the buffer used in manometric experiments also affected the results.Glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose most stimulated respiration. Disaccharides were slowly utilized (lactose and sucrose were not used by P. gallinarum). In a few cases lactate, pyruvate, formate, and malate stimulated O2 uptake.Evidence was obtained for hexokinase, phosphohexoisomer-ase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and glucose-6-phcsphate dehydrogenase in all 4 organisms. Phosphoglucomutase was demonstrated in T. foetus and the fecal T. suis. T. foetus and P. gallinarum showed evidence of phosphoglyceromutase and enolase. T. suis (fecal) and P. gallinarum had malic dehydrogenase, and P. gallinarum gave evidence of “malic enzyme” activity. Formic dehydrogenase activity was marked in all and presumptive evidence for a formic hydrogenlyase system was obtained for T. foetus and P. gallinarum.Study of reactions involving pyruvate and malate (with a possible linkage to a hexose monophosphate shunt) might perhaps provide a key to a better understanding of trichmonad metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01196.x
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