ALBERT

Description: The unconsolidated sedimentary layer in the eastern Mediterranean Sea becomes more variable in thickness toward the east. The distribution pattern suggests that the primary sources of sediment in Cenozoic times have been the Nile River, elevated areas of Cyrenaica, the Taurus, and the Apennines.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under contract Nonr-4029 (00); NR 260-101, and partially supported by National Science Foundation Grants GP-2370 and GA-283.

Description: The flow through the Strait of Gibraltar has always held a special fascination for oceanographers. Attempts to understand and measure the strong currents in the Strait stimulated many of the early advances in oceanography (Deacon, 1971). Over the centuries, the focus of scientific investigations has shifted from understanding how the mass budget of the Mediterranean is maintained in the presence of the strong inflow of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar, to observing the outflow of Mediterranean water over the Gibraltar sill, to measuring the two-layer. exchange of Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow through the Strait. In the past few years the focus has again shifted to the study of how the dynamical constraints for flow through a narrow and shallow strait act to control the amount of exchange between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. To investigate the dynamics of flow through a strait, a year-long field experiment has been designed to measure the flows through the Strait of Gibraltar, including their time variability over tidal to seasonal time scales, and to assess the importance of friction, mixing, rotation, and nonlinear processes in controlling the exchange through the Strait. This field program, called the Gibraltar Experiment, will be carried out by a group of American, Spanish, Moroccan, Canadian and French scientists during the period from Fall 1985 to Fall 1986.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contracts no. N00014-82-C-0019, NR 083-004, and N00014-85-C-0001, NR 083-004.

Description: Computer program CHART produces plots of navigation tracks and data points in a choice of 14 projections where navigation coordinates are defined. It was written specifically for the plotting and annotation of geological and geophysical data; however, any data which includes geographical coordinates can be plotted. The package was designed for broad flexibility of applications and for ease of use. Parameters are entered interactively; the user responds to online prompts worded in plain English. Several levels of default choices are incorporated; a user who takes all defaults can produce a plot by entering only the data source and format, and plot bounds . CHART can be used on any Digital Equipment Corporation VAX machine running VMS. It uses plotting subroutines 〈MAPPACK) maintained by the WHOI Information Processing & Communications Laboratory 〈IPCL) to draw projection grids and coastlines, and to locate the position for each data point. The program creates a file of Calcomp plotting instructions for subsequent plotting. Some additional features of CHART: coastlines, multiple data sets on one grid; empty grid without data points; corner registration marks; calculation of plot size; user-defined input format; online entry of data points where large time gaps occur; online documentation.

Description: Funding was provided by the Sandia National Laboratories and by the Ocean Industries Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Description: The Coastal Research Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has initiated a series of WHOI/CRC Technical Reports in order to make information generated by CRC-associated researchers available as rapidly as possible to the coastal community. Buzzards Bay is an important segment of the Massachusetts coast and has been studied by Woods Hole scientists and others for decades. However, only a few systematic studies have been completed. Increasing development pressure in this heavily used area has been followed by an increasing demand for more complete information on coastal environmental quality. In an effort to fill this information gap, and to foster understanding of fundamental processes operative in coastal areas in general, multi-disciplinary research is being pursued in Buzzards Bay. As the results of this become available, this information will be published in the CRC Technical Report Series.

Description: Preparation and printing of this report was funded by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to the Coastal Research Center and from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Sea Grant Program under grant No. NA84AA-D-00033.

Description: Ninety plots of digitized temperature boundaries from infared satellite images of the Gulf Stream along with corresponding image snapshots were compiled to determine stream width propagation speed. The satellite images are from the years 1982, 1983, and 1985 and are often of consecutive days. In this report, these images and digitized plots are presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-87-K-0007, and by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 87-00601 and OCE 85-10828.

Description: We have addressed the degree to which Acoustic-Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data can provide quantitative measurements of the velocity structure and transport of the Gulf Stream. An algorithm has been used to generate salinity from temperature and depth using an historical Temperature/Salinity relation for the NW Atlantic . Results have been simulated using CTD data and comparing real and pseudo salinity files. Errors are typically less than 2 dynamic cm for the upper 800 rn out of a total signal of 80 cm (across the Gulf Stream). When combined with ADCP data for a near-surface reference velocity, transport errors in isopycnal layers are less than about 1 Sv (106 rn3 /s), as is the difference in total transport for the upper 800 rn between real and pseudo data . The method is capable of measuring the real variability of the Gulf Stream, and when combined with altimeter data, can provide estimates of the geoid slope with oceanic errors of a few parts in 108 over horizontal scales of 500 krn .

Description: Funding was provided by the Ocean Processes Branch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant Number NAGW 1026.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2019.

Description: This thesis addresses the dynamics of estuarine networks, based on hydrographic observations in Newark Bay, a sub-estuarine network connected to the Hudson River estuary through New York Harbor. Estuarine networks differ from simple estuaries in that they may have multiple connections to the ocean, multiple freshwater sources, and often contain complex junctions between estuarine segments. The Newark Bay estuarine network is connected to the sea through two tidal straits, and is fed by multiple internal and external sources of fresh water. The estuarine network is also naturally divided into a series of reaches, each of which is characterized by a different cross-sectional geometry. This thesis focuses on the hydrographic variability and varying exchange flow within the Newark Bay estuarine network. Shipboard hydrographic measurements reveal the time-dependent formation of salinity fronts between reaches of the estuary. Each front is generated by a different mechanism; however, all are generated by tidal flow through channel junctions during ebb tide, and are advected landward during flood tide. Mooring-based measurements confirm that these fronts form during nearly every tidal cycle, and that the fronts are associated with substantial changes in local salinity on tidal timescales. The effect of tidal processes, such as frontal advection, on the exchange flow is investigated by applying the isohaline total exchange flow (TEF) framework to mooring-based observations in multiple reaches of the estuarine network. This reveals that over half of the exchange flow is driven by tidal processes at all sites within the estuary. Both the TEF-based salt balance and the standard Eulerian salt balance indicate that tidal processes are also responsible for at least half of the landward salt flux at most sites within the estuary; TEF and Eulerian salt balances are nearly identical. Tidal processes within the estuary are in large part associated with fronts. The large influence of tidal processes on the exchange flow in Newark Bay is thus likely due to the prevalence of channel junctions within the estuarine network.

Description: The studies contained in this thesis were largely funded as part of a National Science Foundation Coastal SEES project (Grant OCE-1325136), which was developed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic modifications on the physical processes in estuaries. Additional funding was provided by the J. Seward Johnson Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and by Hudson River Foundation Graduate Fellowship GF/01/17.

Description: High frequency acoustic backscattering systems are being used in monostatic modes to evaluate the use of acoustic techniques to detect and study a variety of fluid processes in the oceanic environment. A short outline of those research programs actively evaluating and using acoustic techniques is presented, followed by a detailed review of this investigator's program. This program uses a multifrequency high frequency acoustic system to study a variety of processes including turbulent mixing, air-sea interactions, internal waves, interleaving water masses, natural particulate dispersion and distribution, the dispersion of particulates associated with deep ocean disposal of industrial chemical waste, and biological response to a variety of stimulae including fluid motion, predators, and oceanographic instrumentation. Graphic acoustic data records of several of the above phenomena are described.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-77-C-0196; NR 083-004, for the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration under Grants NA79AA-D-00030 (Ocean Dumping Program) and NA79AA-D-00102 (Office of Sea Grant) and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-08682.

Description: The First U.S. North Atlantic Regional Workshop on Remote Sensing in the Coastal and Marine Environment was held at the W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, May 30- June 1, 1979. The objectives of the meeting were to determine and document regional user needs for marine environmental data that might be acquired by remote sensing and to further the interchange of information between the developers of remote sensing technology, suppliers of remote sensing data products, and users of coastal and marine information. The workshop was structured to expose coastal specialists and users of marine data to the potentials of remote sensing and to provide a mechanism through which representatives of the remote sensing community might gain knowledge of the priorities of the potential users. A mutual awareness of the perspectives of each group is essential for beginning a dialogue and for overcoming one of the major obstacles to technology transfer - communications. In planning the remote sensing workshop, a committee was organized to insure a balanced review of the technology and to invite the involvement of the user community. The members of t;1e planning committee represented scientific, private, and federal interests. The activity documented in this report consists of invited presentations that were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of earth resources remote sensing, including data sources and processing, (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing -technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment, (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the U.S. East Coast and a concept for an East Coast remote sensing facility. In addition to these invited presentations, one of the evening sessions was devoted to three working groups that addressed user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes. The results of these working group sessions were presented and discussed on the morning of the final day. The recommendations of the workshop, which are provided in the executive summary and in the body of this document, represent a cross-section of needs for present and future consideration for remote sensing data. They concern improvement in addressing user remote sensing data needs, defining deficiencies, and in specifying research areas. The two and one-half day meeting provided an effective mechanism for establishing new dialogue between operational and research regional marine data users and the appropriate federal agencies and private interests developing remote sensing technology. Participants in this workshop reflected a cross section of U.S. North Atlantic interests, with representation from state, federal, academic research, and commercial activities. The ultimate goal of the workshop will be continued input and association with remote sensing programs by the marine user.

Description: We acknowledge the financial support for the project which came from the Office of Resource Observation Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Center for Ocean Management Studies of the University of Rhode Island, and the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.