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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,444)
  • Fisheries
  • 1990-1994  (1,445)
  • 1991  (1,445)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive styles and life history variables relative to exploitation and management ofSebastes stocks (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 30 (1991), S. 253-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Rockfish ; Longevity ; Reproductive value ; Fisheries ; Scorpaenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The characteristics of lightly and heavily exploited Pacific ocean perch,Sebastes alutus, stocks are evaluated relative to the predictions of life history theory. These long-lived species (50–100 year lifespan) show limited phenotypic plasticity and have little buffering against the effects of reduced lifespan. Reduced stock abundance has generated some compensatory increase in growth rate. Length at first maturity varies only slightly with increased growth rate, although age at maturity may decrease by 1–4 years. Grooth increases yield larger (15–20%) size at age and increased reproductive effort at younger ages, but lower size-specific fecundity for these faster-growing fish. This suggests an energy allocation protocol favouring growth over reproduction in these long-lived animals. Rockfishes have late recruitment to fisheries (ages 10–15), and the detection time for results of management actions is equally long. Their vulnerability to overfishing means that indices of population changes, more representative of fishing effects than the catch rate index presently used, are required. Reproductive value indices are shown to be extremely sensitive and continuous with population abundance changes. Their incorporation into monitoring programs would permit more timely evaluation of management actions. Management policies developed for shorter-lived species are shown to be inappropriate for rockfishes. The need for an improved match in the time frame of the species' life history, and that of management strategies, is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02296893
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor analysis in chemistry, (2nd edition), E. R. Malinowski, Wiley-Interscience, 1991. ISBN 0-471-53009-3. Price £43.70 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 545-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050607
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent developments in multivariate calibrationInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 129-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate calibration ; Biased regression ; Partial least squares (PLS) ; Principal component regression (PCR) ; Model validation ; Non-linear calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the goal of understanding global chemical processes, environmental chemists have some of the most complex sample analysis problems. Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully in many situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot. The purpose of this paper is to review multivariate calibration, with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years. The inverse and classical models are discussed briefly, with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are discussed, along with methods for quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models. Non-linear PCR, non-linear PLS and locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data. Finally, calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample (second-order calibration) are discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time filtering of data from mobile, passive remote infrared sensors with principal component models of backgroundInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Digital filtering ; Real-time analysis ; Kalman filtering ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Principal components regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Real-time monitoring of pollutant levels from a mobile measuring platform requires fast, flexible data analysis methods. This paper reports a method for rapid analysis of passive remotely sensed infrared data with the aid of a Kalman filter. The background spectra produced by emission from the atmosphere are modelled at the start of the data collection sequence with a simple principal components model obtained by eigenanalysis of the initial ‘blank’ data taken with the spectrometer. The species of interest are included in the state space model by a separate measurement of their infrared spectra. It is demonstrated that for best filter performance in detecting the simulated pollutant species SF6 in the atmosphere, a filter model with two principal components describing the emission background works best. The filter ‘maps’ of SF6 closely follow the integrated spectral intensities measured after removal of suitable backgrounds.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examining large databases: A chemometric approach using principal component analysisInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 163-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Principal component analysis ; Factor analysis ; Chemometrics ; Exploratory data analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases. The graphical approach to exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical composition data obtained on environmental dust particles. While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysis has certain advantages over the numerical procedures, the empirical approach described here should be viewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental design in chemometricsInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemometrics ; Systems theory ; Experimental design ; Multivariate analysis ; Measurement science ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemometrics is defined as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to chemical systems. Systems theory is seen to be useful for organizing and categorizing the inputs to and outputs from chemical systems. Advances in measurement science in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in analytical chemistry, created a need for a multivariate approach to data analysis. Early chemometrics emphasized the use of structure-finding methods for existing data sets. In many instances, data sets can be obtained from designed experiments. Such data sets are more likely to contain the desired information and the data can usually be acquired at less cost. Renewed interest in statistical process control will provide many new, more robust data sets in the future.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous analysis of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) by spectrophotometry and the Kalman filter (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Chemometrics ; 5-Br-PADAP ; Metallic ions ; Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the simultaneous determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium by spectrophotometry and the Kalman filter method. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) react with 5-bromo-2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) to form five different coloured ternary complexes. The absorption curves of these complexes overlap severely in the scanning range 500-620 nm. The Kalman filter algorithm is successfully applied to resolve the overlapped absorption curves and therefore makes the simultaneous determination of these metallic ions possible without tedious pretreatment. The proposed method is applied to analyse the titled elements in synthetic samples and in environmental samples such as hair, fingernail and river water samples with satisfactory results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Step function technique for estimating data uncertainty in experimental results (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; Step function ; Additive model ; Transformation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An additive model is used to express the observed value of a sample characteristic as the sum of the true sample characteristic and a value of the data collection error, commonly known as experimental error. The data uncertainty of the experimental results (or of a survey data set) is defined as the expected squared error. The expected squarred error may change with the sample characteristic, e.g. the error moment could be concentration-dependent. The relationship between the error variance and the analyte concentration may not be very distinct. In such a case the data transformation to stabilize the error moments may not be appropriate. A step function is proposed as an alternative way to represent the second moment of the error. The data uncertainty is defined as the weighted average of the step values of the second raw moment of the error, using the appropriate proportions of the routine samples as weights. The data uncertainties associated with the different data collection stages were evaluated by using regional soil survey data.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050308
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expectation-maximization algorithm for regression, deconvolution and smoothing of shot-noise limited data (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 211-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Shot noise ; Expectation-maximization ; Regression ; Deconvolution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple algorithm for deconvolution and regression of shot-noise-limited data is illustrated in this paper. The algorithm is easily adapted to almost any model and converges to the global optimum. Multiple-component spectrum regression, spectrum deconvolution and smoothing examples are used to illustrate the algorithm. The algorithm and a method for determining uncertainties in the parameters based on the Fisher information matrix are given and illustrated with three examples. An experimental example of spectrograph grating order compensation of a diode array solar spectroradiometer is given to illustrate the use of this technique in environmental analysis. The major advantages of the EM algorithm are found to be its stability, simplicity, conservation of data magnitude and guaranteed convergence.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050309
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of errors in absorbance ratio measurements (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Absorbance ratio ; Statistical confidence ; Quality control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental, forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories. In absorbance ratioing techniques, analytical chemists rely on the spectral features of the analyte(s) of interest. The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored and the ratio of these two absorbances is computed. This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of the analyte(s) of interest, the purity of a product of the overlap of chromatographic peaks. These decisions often have far-reaching consequences (e.g. the identification of the source, biogenic or petrogenic, of hydrocarbons in biological tissues or water). Given the cost and the liabilities associated with such decisions, it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence. The purpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements. The models that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived and evaluated experimentally. The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviations in absorbance ratios accurately. They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choice of wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050315
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