ALBERT

Description: De hier gegeven tabel werd samengesteld naar aanleiding van een wens om op gemakkelijke wijze de namen te leren kennen van de zoogdieren die in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea schade kunnen toebrengen aan land-, tuin- en bosbouw. Daar de tabel in de eerste plaats beoogt van practisch nut te zijn is er naar gestreefd om haar te baseren op eenvoudige kenmerken die zonder veel moeite zijn waar te nemen. Met uitzondering van de knaagdieren, waarvan in de meeste gevallen zelfs de genusnaam niet te bepalen is zonder gebruik te maken van schedelkenmerken en tandstructuren, is het mogelijk gebleken op uiterlijke kenmerken van ieder zoogdier tenminste vast te stellen tot welk genus het behoort. Omdat er in de eerste jaren nog geen sprake kan zijn van een goed georganiseerde bestrijding van schadelijke zoogdieren in dit gebied zal de man van de practijk er ook geen behoefte aan gevoelen om van ieder gevangen dier de naam van de soort of die van het geographische ras te kennen. De gelegenheid, die ons echter met de uitgave van deze tabel werd geboden om meer bekendheid te geven aan de grote vormenrijkdom van de Nieuw-Guinese zoogdieren, heeft ons doen besluiten om deze, met behoud van het practische doel, zodanig uit te werken dat zij als een voorlopige gids voor het identificeren van vele in het gebied waargenomen zoogdieren kan dienen. Amateur-mammalogen in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea waren tot nu toe immers voor dit doel aangewezen op enige verouderde boeken die bovendien slechts antiquarisch zijn te verkrijgen, terwijl de verdere vakliteratuur verspreid is in artikelen welke in verschillende tijdschriften werden gepubliceerd.\nZoals in iedere diergroep bevinden zich onder de Nieuw-Guinese zoogdieren naast gemakkelijk te herkennen soorten en rassen ook vele vormen

Description: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis.\nMy studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. \xe2\x80\x9c Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth \xe2\x80\x9d and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. \xe2\x80\x9cHeyne\xe2\x80\x9d; in the lower left comer another hand had added \xe2\x80\x9cInd. or. Hb. Roth\xe2\x80\x9d. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cNovae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,\xe2\x80\x9d there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s species, apparently had seen the type.\nROTH\xe2\x80\x99s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: For many years already there has been a close co-operation between archaeology and palynology. This co-operation is particularly concerned with the investigation of archaeological objects\xe2\x80\x94sometimes even complete settlements\xe2\x80\x94which were discovered in the peat. With the help of archaeologically well datable finds it was possible to obtain a dating of some parts of the pollen diagram and of stratigraphical phenomena as the recurrence surfaces in the Swedish raised bogs. Next, objects which were archaeologically not datable, viz. trackways and peat burials, could be dated more or less accurately by means of pollen analysis. In the last few years, moreover, attention has been paid to the pollen analytical investigation of samples from burial monuments. It was WATERBOLK who worked out this method, and who attained important results.\nIn this investigation much stress is laid on the correlation between archaeological and scientific phenomena. In this connection it was in the first place of much importance to have the disposal of a detailed diagram from a large raised bog whose pollen content cannot have been influenced to a great extent by local conditions. From this diagram reflecting the vegetation development in a given region alterations of the vegetation effected by climatic changes or human interference can be read. Moreover, by means of such a diagram other pollen analytical data from that given region\xe2\x80\x94which have often been influenced by local conditions\xe2\x80\x94can be compared better with those from other regions.

Description: The genus Erisma is found in the Amazonian basin and in the Guianas; it comprises 16 species as defined in this paper, all of them typical Hylaean forest trees.\nThe genus was first described by RUDGE in 1805; its name is a greek word meaning \xe2\x80\x9ca cause of dispute\xe2\x80\x9d. RUDGE may have wanted it to refer to the romantic story of the type-specimen of his Erisma floribundum, a specimen belonging to a set of plants collected by the Frenchman Martin in French Guiana and captured by British privateers on its way to Paris. The name was also well suited to indicate the difficult taxonomic position of the genus.

Description: Sectio Ciliantha Stafl., subsectio Ferrugineae Warm. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. stipulis nullis, foliis longe petiolatis majoribus latioribus, nervis lateralibus pluribus, floribus minoribus calcare inflato instructis differt.\nArbor. Ramuli juveniles, petioli, inflorescentia, foliorum pagina inferior indumento ferrugineo-canescente instructi. Stipulae nullae. Folia opposita, petiolo c. 15 mm longo, lamina elliptica, c. 12-16 cm longa, c. 5\xc2\xbd-7 cm lata, apice breviter obtuse apiculata, retusa, basi obtusa, nervis supra haud prominentibus, lateralibus subtus prominentibus, majoribus utrinque 15-20 sub angulo c. 50-60\xe2\x80\x99 e costa ortis a nervo limbali undulato margini proximo junctis, venulis supra haud conspicuis, subtus prominulis, reticulatis. Inflorescentia cylindrica, densiflora, cincinnis bifloris, pedunculis 2-3 mm longis, pedicellis 5-7 mm longis, alabastris c. 7 mm longis, 1\xc2\xbd mm latis, subrecurvis, obtusis, calcare c. 5 mm longo, basi constricto, inflato, sub angulo 60-90\xe2\x80\x99 e pedicello orto instructis. Petala suboblonga, apice obtusa; intermedium c. 5 mm longum, extus dense pilosum; lateralia c. 4 mm longa, stamen subpilosum, anthera c. 4 mm longa apice rotundata, filamento c. 2 mm longo. Staminodia c. 1 mm longa ciliata. Stylus glaber, stigmate laterali parvo instructus.

Description: Dioecious or monoecious small shrubs with thick woody roots. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, fleshy, with a distinctly saccate, colourless base. Stipules minute. Flowers unisexual, either solitary and terminal or axillary, or in small axillary spikes. \xe2\x99\x82 Flowers subtended by bracts, enclosed in a membranous spathella which opens with one or two transverse or radial slits giving rise to 2-4 lobes. Tepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, alternitepalous; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing lengthwise with 2 slits. Sometimes an abortive gynaecium present. \xe2\x99\x80 Flowers merely consisting of a naked ovary, in the axil of leaves when solitary, in the axil of cordate bracts when growing in spikes, 2-carpellate, 4-celled by one true and one false septum; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, anatropous, with a long funicle. Stigmas 2, sessile, distinctly papillate. Fruit a septicidal berry dehiscing with 2 valves, either solitary or many united together with the bracts into a connate, spikelike whole. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, exalbuminous.\nDistr. The Batidaceae, consisting of one genus with two species, show a remarkably discontinuous area, viz B. maritima L. growing along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, while B. argillicola has hitherto only been found in South New Guinea. As the distribution of the species is still rather insufficiently known and they are confined to littoral districts it has been found advisable to include both of them in the key given below.

Description: Evergreen (or deciduous) shrubs or trees. Buds perulate (or naked); innovations flush-wise. Leaves simple, spirally arranged (rarely opposite), usually penninerved, less often 3\xe2\x80\x945-plinerved, with entire, crenate-serrate or dentate margins, often slightly oblique at the base. Indument often stellate, tufted or lepidote. Stipules usually present, very small to large. Flowers free or connate, in heads, spikes or racemes, \xe2\x99\x80, polygamous or unisexual and monoecious (rarely dioecious), usually actinomorphous, usually 4\xe2\x80\x945-merous, with alternate whorls of floral parts. Sepals usually small or lacking. Petals often linear or ligulate, often rolled in bud, sometimes lacking. Stamens free, often in two whorls, the inner ones staminodial; anthers almost always basifix; connective often produced. Disk if present annular or represented by small lobes. Ovary consisting of 2 (exceptionally 3) carpels often free at the apex, 2-celled, usually more or less inferior; styles 2, free, long, less frequent short, often recurved, frequently persistent and hardened in fruit; stigmas small and apical or adaxially decurrent along the styles. Ovules 1-2 and pendent or 5-~ and inserted on the dissepiment (or parietal), anatropous, with 2 integuments. Capsules 2-celled, in the lower half connate with the receptacle to various degree, rarely superior or perigynous, usually loculicidal and septicidal, hence 4-valved, endocarp often loosening from the exocarp. Seeds 1-~ (in the latter case only very few fertile), sometimes winged; albumen rather thin, embryo straight, cotyledons leaf-like, radicle short.\nDistr. Mainly holarctic in the Old World; temperate and warm temperate, but also in Africa and Madagascar, in South East Asia (absent in the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, similarly as Fagaceae!), throughout Malaysia, in Australia very rare in N. Queensland ( Ostrearia and an unnamed genus), absent from the Pacific Islands, S. America, and Europe. The present centre of development in Asia, specially China.

Description: Annual or perennial freshwater and marine plants. Leaves submerged, rarely floating or partly emerged, radical or arranged along a stem, spirally whorled, distichous, or in pairs, linear, lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or orbicular, sessile or petioled; petioles mostly sheathing; nerves more or less parallel, straight or curved, connected by perpendicular or ascending cross-veins. Stipules sometimes present. Squamulae intravaginales often present. Flowers actinomorphous, rarely faintly zygomorphous (Vallisneria), unisexual, and then sometimes with rudiments of the other sex, or rarely bisexual, 1-~ enclosed between 2, more or less connate, rarely free segments (spathe). Spathe sessile or peduncled, often ribbed or winged, tip mostly bifid. Perianth segments free, 3 or 6, in the later case differentiated in petals and sepals; sepals often green, mostly valvate; petals mostly coloured, imbricate. Stamens 2\xe2\x80\x94~, in 1 or more whorls, the inner ones sometimes staminodial (Hydrocharis), the outer ones often doubled (Stratiotes, Ottelia); anthers basifixed, 2\xe2\x80\x944-celled, dorsally or latrorsely lengthwise dehiscent; filaments more or less slender, sometimes absent. Ovary inferior, linear, lanceolate or ovate, consisting of 2-15 connate carpels, 1-celled, apex often narrowed into a long, filiform beak; parietal placentas sometimes protruding to the centre of the gynaecium, but never connate, sometimes split into 2 lamellae; styles 2-15, often more or less split into 2 crests. Ovules ~, anatropous, with 2 integuments. Fruits linear, lanceolate or ovate, opening by decay of the pericarp, rarely stellately dehiscent ( Thalassia). Seeds ~, fusiform, elliptic, ovate or globose; testa glabrous or densely set with spines or warts; embryo straight, with a very inconspicuous plumule at the base of a lateral groove, and a thick radicle; the marine genera and Stratiotes possess, however, a large, well-developed plumule; albumen 0.\nDistribution. About 15 genera with c. 100 spp., widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones with a few species in the temperate zones. Among the freshwater genera only Vallisneria and Ottelia occur both in the palaeotropics and in the neotropics. Most other freshwater genera are confined to the Old World [ Hydrilla, Hydrocharis, Blyxa, Lagarosiphon (Africa), Nechamandra (S. Asia), Stratiotes (Europe), Maidenia (Australia)], only 2 are restricted to America (Elodea and Limnobium). The marine genera are commonly dispersed along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean going East as far as Hawaii & Tahiti, but do not reach the American Pacific coast; 2 of them occur also in the West Indies, but further they are absent from the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean! See further under ecology.

Description: Monoecious, mostly deciduous shrubs or trees with perular buds. Pith triangular in section. Innovations often resiniferous. Leaves simple, (in Mal. spp.) spiral, penninerved, crenate or dentate, rarely entire, mostly with domatia in the nerveaxils beneath, in bud mostly folded along the midrib and plicate, often glandularlepidote beneath. Stipules caducous. Catkins unisexual, at least the pendent \xe2\x99\x82 ones in terminal panicles above the \xe2\x99\x80 ones, the latter mostly in stiff, axillary, poor racemes or terminal on short-shoots.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x82 Flowers in triads, each sustained by a bract. Perianth segments 4 (or less by abortion), mostly connate at the base. Stamens 4, epitepalous; filaments short; anthers glabrous, 2-celled; cells parallel, dehiscing lengthwise. No rudiment of \xe2\x99\x80.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x80 Flowers in diads sustained by a bract concrescent with 4 bracteoles, accrescent and woody in fruit, densely packed and imbricate. Perianth 0. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with one anatropous, pendent ovule attached near the apex of the cell; styles 2, free, short, cylindric. Fruiting catkins cone-like. Nut small, compressed, 1-seeded, mostly winged and crowned by the styles. Seed without endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; testa membranous; embryo straight; endosperm 0; cotyledons flat.\nDistr. About 20 spp. mainly on the N. hemisphere except in the New World, mostly extra-tropical, in SE. Asia southward to Bengal, N. Assam, Tonkin, and Formosa, in Malaysia only cultivated.