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  • 2020-2024  (32,927)
  • 1990-1994  (15)
  • 2022  (32,927)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: The growth of faults is well studied with field methods, experiments and theoretical models. Fault evolution is largely established from a geometrical and kinematic point of view with respect to the growth of isolated faults and their mutual interaction. However, the dynamics of fault growth (e.g. stress shadowing, damage zone evolution, energy budgets) and the emergence of interactions over various spatial and temporal scales in larger fault networks is a topic of recent interest less illuminated so far. We here introduce a new experimental setup allowing to study “large-n” fault networks evolving in crustal-scale brittle and brittle-ductile analogue models. We document preliminary results helping to demonstrate and verify the capability of the approach. The setup, called “The Expander”, builds on a traditional extensional setup with a basal rubber sheet expanded in one direction. The aspect ratio of the rubber sheet controls its lateral contraction (“Poisson’s effect”) and thus the bulk strain ratio under pure shear conditions. We can thus realize constrictional (prolate) to plane to flattening (oblate) kinematic basal boundary conditions depending on the sheet’s aspect ratio and whether we expand or relax the sheet. Evolving fault networks vary from anastomosing fold-and-thrust belts to conjugate sets of strike-slip fault networks to quasi-parallel normal fault populations, respectively. We apply digital image correlation (DIC) to track the kinematic surface evolution and photogrammetry (structure from motion, SFM) for topography evolution. First observations suggest that strike-slip fault networks in a purely brittle crust under basal pure shear conditions evolve into compartments of synthetic faults, the size of which scale with brittle layer thickness similar to fault spacing. The scaling seems to be controlled by slip partitioned onto the individual faults and mediated by stress shadows. Numerical simulation of the experiment suggests that the compartmentalization might evolve further through sequential de-activation of smaller faults and collapse of deformation into a single regional scale master fault with or without prescribing a zone of crustal weakness (a “seed”). Further experiments are planned to test the fault pattern evolution for different mechanical stratigraphy (brittle-viscous layers, seeds) and kinematic boundary conditions.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Ocean warming and acidification will be most pronounced in the Arctic. Both phenomena severely threaten thecosome pteropods (holoplanktonic marine gastropods) by reducing their survival (warming) and causing the dissolution of their aragonitic shell (acidification). Lipids, particularly phospholipids, play a major role in veligers and juveniles of the polar thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina comprising more than two-thirds of their total lipids. Membrane lipids (phospholipids) are important for the temperature acclimation of ectotherms. Hence, we experimentally investigated ocean warming and acidification effects on total lipids, lipid classes, and fatty acids of Arctic early-stage L. helicina. The temperature and pCO2 treatments chosen resembled Representative Concentration Pathway model scenarios for this century. We found a massive decrease in total lipids at elevated temperatures and at the highest CO2 concentration (1,100 μatm) of the in situ temperature. Clearly, temperature was the overriding factor. Total lipids were reduced by 47%–70%, mainly caused by a reduction of phospholipids by up to 60%. Further, based on pHT development in the incubation water of pteropods during the experiment, some evidence exists for metabolic downregulation in pteropods at high factor levels of temperature and pCO2. Consequently, the cell differentiation and energy balance of early-stage larvae were probably severely compromised. Comparison of our experimental with 'wild' organisms suggests phospholipid reduction to values clearly outside natural variability. Based on the well-known significance of phospholipids for membranogenesis, early development, and reproduction, negative warming effects on such a basal metabolic function may be a much more immediate threat for pteropods than so far anticipated shell dissolution effects due to acidification.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Arctic; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cardiolipin; Fatty acid of total lipids; Fatty acids, free; Fatty alcohol of total lipids; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Kongsfjorden_2013; Laboratory experiment; Limacina helicina; Lipids, total per individuum; Mollusca; Monounsaturated fatty acids of total fatty acids; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Open ocean; Other studied parameter or process; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phosphatidylinositol; Phosphatidylserine; Phospholipids; PLA; Plankton net; Polar; Polyunsaturated fatty acids of total fatty acids; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicate; Salinity; Sample code/label; Saturated fatty acids of total fatty acid groups; Silicate; Single species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Sterols; Temperature; Temperature, water; Treatment; Treatment: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Treatment: temperature; Triacylglycerols; Type; Wax esters; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2808 data points
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: The Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ) is a highly dynamic region located in the southern boundary of the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem. Due to the interaction of the Cape Verde Front with the Mauritanian coastal upwelling, the area features large vertical and horizontal export fluxes of organic matter. Full-depth profiles were recorded during FLUXES I cruise, with four consecutive transects defining a box embracing the giant filament of Cape Blanc and the Cape Verde front. Fifteen levels were sampled in medium and long stations (down to 4000 dbar) and 10 levels in short stations (down to 2000 dbar) where inorganic nutrients (NO3, NO2, Si(OH)4 and PO4), dissolved organic carbon/total dissolved nitrogen (DOC/TDN), and suspended particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON) were sampled. Micromolar concentrations of nutrient salts were determined simultaneously by segmented flow analysis in an Alliance Futura autoanalyser. The determination of suspended POC and PON was carried out by high temperature catalytic oxidation at 900 °C in a Perkin Elmer 2400 elemental analyser. DOC and TDN were analysed by high temperature catalytic oxidation at 680 °C with a Shimadzu TOC-V analyser connected in line with a TNM1 measuring unit. Alongside with water samples conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD; SeaBird SBE911 plus), and dissolved oxygen (SeaBird SBE43), fluorescence of chlorophyll (SeaPoint SCF), and turbidity (SeaPoint STM) were measured. CTD conductivity was calibrated with water samples taken from the rosette and analysed on board with a Guildline 8410-A Portasal salinometer. Samples for dissolved oxygen (O2) determination were analysed on board by the Winkler potentiometric method. The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence sensor was calibrated with water samples taken at 4 depths in the photic layer which were estimated fluorometrically by means of a Turner Designs bench fluorometer 10-AU.
    Keywords: 29SG20170711; 29SG20170711_10-1; 29SG20170711_1-1; 29SG20170711_11-1; 29SG20170711_12-1; 29SG20170711_13-1; 29SG20170711_14-1; 29SG20170711_15-1; 29SG20170711_16-1; 29SG20170711_17-1; 29SG20170711_18-1; 29SG20170711_19-1; 29SG20170711_20-1; 29SG20170711_2-1; 29SG20170711_21-1; 29SG20170711_22-1; 29SG20170711_23-1; 29SG20170711_24-1; 29SG20170711_25-1; 29SG20170711_26-1; 29SG20170711_27-1; 29SG20170711_28-1; 29SG20170711_29-1; 29SG20170711_30-1; 29SG20170711_3-1; 29SG20170711_31-1; 29SG20170711_32-1; 29SG20170711_33-1; 29SG20170711_34-1; 29SG20170711_35-1; 29SG20170711_4-1; 29SG20170711_5-1; 29SG20170711_6-1; 29SG20170711_7-1; 29SG20170711_8-1; 29SG20170711_9-1; Biogeochemical impact of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes along the life history of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies: plankton variability and productivity; Bottle number; Campaign; Cape Verde Frontal Zone; Carbon, organic, dissolved; Carbon, organic, particulate; Carbon cycling; Cast number; Chlorophyll fluorometer, Seapoint, Seapoint chlorophyll fluorometer; Constraining organic carbon fluxes in an eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem (NW Africa): the role of non-sinking carbon in the context of the biological pump; Cruise/expedition; CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE43; CTD, Sea-Bird SBE 911plus; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Dissolved Organic Matter; e-IMPACT; Elemental analyzer, Perkin Elmer, 2400; Event label; Fluorescence, chlorophyll; FLUXES; FLUXES I; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Nitrate; Nitrite; Nitrogen, organic, particulate; Nitrogen, total dissolved; nitrogen cycling; Oxygen; particulate organic matter; Phosphate; Pressure, water; Quality flag, carbon, organic, dissolved; Quality flag, carbon, organic, particulate; Quality flag, fluorescence, chlorophyll; Quality flag, nitrate; Quality flag, nitrite; Quality flag, nitrogen, organic, particulate; Quality flag, nitrogen, total dissolved; Quality flag, oxygen; Quality flag, phosphate; Quality flag, salinity; Quality flag, silicic acid; Salinity; Sarmiento de Gamboa; Segmented flow analyzer (Alliance Futura); Shimadzu TOC-V CSH total organic carbon analyzer coupled to TNM-1 nitrogen analyzer; Silicic acid; Station label; SUMMER; Sustainable Management of Mesopelagic Resources; Temperature, water; water masses; Winkler potentiometric after Langdon (2010)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 12905 data points
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Alloxanthin; Alloxanthin, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbon, organic, particulate; Carbon, organic, particulate, standard deviation; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll a, standard deviation; Chlorophyll c2; Chlorophyll c2, standard deviation; Chromista; Cobalt/Carbon ratio; Cobalt/Carbon ratio, standard deviation; Connectivity between photosystem II; Connectivity between photosystem II, standard deviation; Copper/Carbon ratio; Copper/Carbon ratio, standard deviation; Cryptophyta; Diadinoxanthin; Diadinoxanthin, standard deviation; Electron transport rate, absolute; Electron transport rate, absolute, standard deviation; Elemental analyzer, HEKAtechGmbH, Euro EA; Fluorometer, fast repetition rate; FRRF; Fucoxanthin; Fucoxanthin, standard deviation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Functional absorption cross sections of photosystem II reaction centers; Functional absorption cross sections of photosystem II reaction centers, standard deviation; Functional photosystem II reaction centers; Functional photosystem II reaction centers, standard deviation; Geminigera cryophila; Growth/Morphology; Growth rate, standard deviation; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), Attom, Nu Instruments; Inorganic toxins; Iron, cellular quota; Iron, cellular quota, standard deviation; Iron/Carbon ratio; Iron/Carbon ratio, standard deviation; Irradiance; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Light microscopy (Utermöhl 1958); Light saturation point; Light saturation point, standard deviation; Light use efficiency; Light use efficiency, standard deviation; Manganese/Carbon ratio; Manganese/Carbon ratio, standard deviation; Maximal electron transport rate; Maximal electron transport rate, standard deviation; Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II; Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II, recovery; Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II, recovery, standard deviation; Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II, standard deviation; Nitrogen, organic, particulate; Non photochemical quenching; Non photochemical quenching, standard deviation; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ochrophyta; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Particulate organic carbon, production, standard deviation; Particulate organic nitrogen production, standard deviation; Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phosphate; Phytoplankton; Phytoplankton growth rate; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Production of particulate organic carbon; Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata; Reverse phase HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography); Salinity; Silicate; Single species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Temperature, water; Treatment: dissolved iron; Treatment: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Type; Zinc/Carbon ratio; Zinc/Carbon ratio, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 8948 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Discrete seawater samples in a Weddell Sea coastal polynya along the Ekström Ice Shelf were collected from two sets of repeat CTD casts, capturing tidal variability in the water column. One set was collected during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS89, between 8 and 11 January 2015. The second set was collected during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS117, between 11 and 12 January 2019. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) were measured using coulometric titration and potentiometric titration, respectively, on a VINDTA 3C system. DIC and TA have been normalised to salinity: nDIC and nTA. Nutrients were measured with UV-Vis spectrophotometry and a continuous gas-segmented flow auto-analyser.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; ANT-XXX/2; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Cast number; Comment; Coulometric titration; Cruise/expedition; CTD/Rosette; CTD/Rosette, ultra clean; CTD-RO; CTD-UC; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Dissolved inorganic carbon; Event label; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Nitrate; nutrients; Oxygen; Phosphate; Polarstern; Polynya; Potentiometric titration; PS117; PS117_41-1; PS117_41-10; PS117_41-12; PS117_41-13; PS117_41-4; PS117_41-6; PS117_41-8; PS117_41-9; PS89; PS89/049-11; PS89/049-12; PS89/052-1; PS89/052-10; PS89/052-11; PS89/052-12; PS89/052-2; PS89/052-3; PS89/052-4; PS89/052-5; PS89/052-6; PS89/052-7; PS89/052-8; PS89/052-9; PS89/054-1; PS89/054-2; PS89/054-3; PS89/056-1; PS89/056-2; PS89/056-3; PS89/056-4; PS89/057-1; PS89/057-10; PS89/057-11; PS89/057-12; PS89/057-13; PS89/057-14; PS89/057-15; PS89/057-16; PS89/057-17; PS89/057-18; PS89/057-19; PS89/057-2; PS89/057-20; PS89/057-21; PS89/057-3; PS89/057-4; PS89/057-5; PS89/057-6; PS89/057-7; PS89/057-8; PS89/057-9; Salinity; Silicate; Spectrophotometry; Station label; Temperature, water; Total alkalinity; Weddell Sea
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4032 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Diatoms account for up to 40% of marine primary production and require silicic acid to grow and build their opal shell. On the physiological and ecological level, diatoms are thought to be resistant to, or even benefit from, ocean acidification. Yet, global-scale responses and implications for biogeochemical cycles in the future ocean remain largely unknown. Here we conducted five in situ mesocosm experiments with natural plankton communities in different biomes and find that ocean acidification increases the elemental ratio of silicon (Si) to nitrogen (N) of sinking biogenic matter by 17 ± 6 per cent under pCO2 conditions projected for the year 2100. This shift in Si:N seems to be caused by slower chemical dissolution of silica at decreasing seawater pH. We test this finding with global sediment trap data, which confirm a widespread influence of pH on Si:N in the oceanic water column. Earth system model simulations show that a future pH-driven decrease in silica dissolution of sinking material reduces the availability of silicic acid in the surface ocean, triggering a global decline of diatoms by 13–26 per cent due to ocean acidification by the year 2200. This outcome contrasts sharply with the conclusions of previous experimental studies, thereby illustrating how our current understanding of biological impacts of ocean change can be considerably altered at the global scale through unexpected feedback mechanisms in the Earth system.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Arctic; Area/locality; Bicarbonate ion; Biogenic silica, flux per day; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, organic, particulate, flux per day; Carbon/Nitrogen flux ratio; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; DATE/TIME; Day of experiment; Elemental analyzer; Entire community; Event label; Field experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gullmar Fjord, Skagerrak, Sweden; Kongsfjorden-mesocosm; KOSMOS_2011_Bergen; KOSMOS_2012_Tvaerminne; KOSMOS_2013_Sweden; KOSMOS_2014; KOSMOS_2014_GranCanaria; KOSMOS 2013; Measured spectrophotometrically after alkaline leaching of particulate matter; MESO; Mesocosm experiment; Mesocosm or benthocosm; Nitrogen, organic, particulate, flux per day; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; Phosphate; Polar; Raunefjord; Salinity; Silicate; Silicon/Carbon flux ratio; Silicon/Nitrogen flux ratio; Svalbard; Temperate; Temperature, water; Treatment: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 22257 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Global change is impacting the oceans in an unprecedented way with resulting changes in species distributions or species loss. There is increasing evidence that multiple environmental stressors act together to constrain species habitat more than expected from single stressor. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study of the combined impact of ocean warming and acidification (OWA) on a global distribution of pteropods, ecologically important pelagic calcifiers and an indicator species for ocean change. We co-validated three different approaches to evaluate the impact of OWA on pteropod survival and distribution. First, we used co-located physical, chemical, and biological data from oceanographic cruises and regional time-series; second, we conducted multifactorial experimental incubations using OWA to evaluate survival; and third, we validated pteropod distributions using global carbonate chemistry and observation datasets. Habitat suitability indices and global distributions suggest that a multi-stressor framework is essential for understanding distributions of this pelagic calcifier.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Laboratory experiment; Limacina helicina; Mollusca; Mortality; Mortality, standard deviation; Mortality/Survival; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phosphate; Phosphate, standard deviation; Replicates; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Silicate; Silicate, standard deviation; Single species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 160 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Autoanalyzer (SKALAR SAN plus System/08529); Carbon dioxide, total; Date/Time of event; Density; Elevation of event; Event label; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; MASACARA; MASCARA; MUC; MultiCorer; Phosphate; RV Sonne cruise SO270; Salinity; Saya de Malha Bank; Silicate; SO270; SO270_11-5; SO270_12-3; SO270_13-3; SO270_14-2; SO270_16-3; SO270_19-3; SO270_40-4; SO270_45-3; SO270_46-3; SO270_47-3; SO270_49-4; SO270_53-2; SO270_54-4; SO270_55-3; SO270_56-3; SO270_59-7; SO270_64-7; SO270_75-3; SO270_82-5; Sonne_2; Temperature, water; VINDTA 3C for AT and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon measurement
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 133 data points
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