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  • Elsevier  (112)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2020-2023  (112)
  • 1935-1939
  • 2021  (112)
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  • 1
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    Automated classification of heat sources detected using SWIR remote sensing (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-02
    Beschreibung: The potential of shortwave infrared (SWIR) remote sensing to detect hotspots has been investigated using satellite data for decades. The hotspots detected by satellite SWIR sensors include very high-temperature heat sources such as wildfires, volcanoes, industrial activity, or open burning. This study proposes an automated classification method of heat source detected utilizing Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data. We created training data of heat sources via visual inspection of hotspots detected by Landsat 8. A scheme to classify heat sources for daytime data was developed by combining classification methods based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm utilizing spatial features and a decision tree algorithm based on thematic land-cover information and our time series detection record. Validation work using 10,959 classification results corresponding to hotspots acquired from May 2017 to July 2019 indicated that the two classification results were in 79.7% agreement. For hotspots where the two classification schemes agreed, the classification was 97.9% accurate. Even when the results of the two classification schemes conflicted, either was correct in 73% of the samples. To improve the accuracy, the heat source category was re-allocated to the most probable category corresponding to the combination of the results from the two methods. Integrating the two approaches achieved an overall accuracy of 92.8%. In contrast, the overall accuracy for heat source classification during nighttime reached 79.3% because only the decision tree-based classification was applicable to limited available data. Comparison with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) fire product revealed that, despite the limited data acquisition frequency of Landsat 8, regional tendencies in hotspot occurrence were qualitatively appropriate for an annual period on a global scale.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 102491
    Beschreibung: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Landsat 8 OLISentinel-2 Thermal anomaly,Wildfire,Volcano,CNN,Time serie
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Isotopic (Sr–Nd) and major element fingerprinting of distal tephras: an application to the Middle-Late Pleistocene markers from the Colli Albani volcano, central Italy (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-04-22
    Beschreibung: We describe the diagnostic lithological and chemical features of distal tephras from major MiddleLate Pleistocene (560e36 ka) explosive eruptions of the Colli Albani volcanic district, central Italy. In particular, we explore the time-dependent variability of the Sr and Nd isotope compositions as a tool for recognising and pinpointing individual Colli Albani tephra in distal settings. The distal tephras investigated are in lacustrine and fluvial sediments of central Apennine intermountain basins located 70 kme100 km east of Colli Albani. The recognition of the Colli Albani tephras is essentially based on the K-foiditic composition of their glass, which, within the Italian volcanological framework, is a distinctive character of the Colli Albani pyroclasts. In detail, these tephras are attributed to the following eruptive units: Tufo Pisolitico di Trigoria (561 2 ka); Tufo del PalatinoeTufo di Bagni Albule (530 2/527 2 ka), Tufo di Bagni AlbuleePozzolane Rosse air-fall sequence (517 1 to 500 3 ka), Pozzolane Rosse (457 4 ka), Villa Senni (365 4 ka), and Albano 5e7 (41 7 to 36 1 ka). These correlations are supported by 40Ar/39Ar dating of the distal tephras correlated to the Pozzolane Rosse (457.4 1.7 ka), Villa Senni (365 2 ka) and Albano 5e7 (41 9 ka) and by 87Sr/86Sr measured on clinopyroxene crystals and fresh glassy scoria from distal Colli Albani tephras that range from w0.711 to w0.709. These ratios are similar to those that characterise the individual proximal correlative units, and show the same decreasing trend over time. In contrast, the 143Nd/144Nd ratios for proximal and distal bulk samples and clinopyroxene increase from w0.51212 to w0.51215 from the oldest to the youngest tephra deposit. In summary, the study of Sr and Nd isotope compositions that is here applied on products from the Colli Albani volcanic district is a powerful, complementary tool to the more traditional tephrostratigraphic methods (e.g., componentry and electron microprobe analysis) for fingerprinting of distal tephras over a large region of the central Mediterranean, and over a large time interval, such as from 560 ka to 36 ka.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 190-206
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Ultra-potassic tephra markers ; Roman Comagmatic Province ; Major elements glass compositions ; Isotopic 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 3
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    Mantle-derived CO2 migration along active faults within an extensional basin margin (Fiumicino, Rome, Italy) (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-04
    Beschreibung: Fluid migration along faults can be highly complex and spatially variable, with the potential for channeled flow, accumulation in capped porous units, fault cross-flow, lateral migration along strike, or complete sealing. Extensional basin margins can be important for such migration, given the associated crustal thinning and decompression that takes place combined with potential geothermal or mantle gas sources. One such example is near the urban area of Rome, situated along the active extensional continental margin of the Tyrrhenian back arc basin and surrounded by Middle-Upper Pleistocene K-rich and arc-related volcanoes. Recent research activities in the area around Fiumicino, a town 25 km to the west of Rome, has highlighted the close spatial link between degassing CO2 and the faults that provide the necessary vertical migration pathways. In particular, detailed soil gas and gas flux surveys have highlighted the release at surface of large volumes of asthenospheric mantle CO2 in correspondence with normal faults observed in a new seismic reflection profile acquired along the Tiber River. Detailed reconstruction of the Pleistocene–Holocene stratigraphy of the area dates fault activity from 20,000 to 9000 years BP. It is proposed that the gas migrates preferentially along the cataclastic tectonic breccias of the faults until it encounters recent, unconsolidated sediments; porous units within this shallow stratigraphy act as temporary secondary traps for the leaking gas, with local gas release at the ground surface occurring where the sealing of the overlying aquitards has been compromised. Degassing and active faults confirm the extensional tectonics affecting the area and the geodynamic scenario of a mantle wedge beneath the western Apennines, associated with ongoing W-directed subduction. Moreover, degassing highlights the potential geochemical and seismic risks for the highly populated urban areas near Rome.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 137-149
    Beschreibung: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): soil gas ; Fluid migration ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 4
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    Resolving sea ice dynamics in the north-western Ross Sea during the last 2.6 ka: From seasonal to millennial timescales (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-04
    Beschreibung: Time-series analyses of satellite images reveal that sea ice extent in the Ross Sea has experienced significant changes over the last 40 years, likely triggered by large-scale atmospheric anomalies. However, resolving how sea ice in the Ross Sea has changed over longer timeframes has until now remained more elusive. Here we used a laminated sediment piston core (14.6 m) collected from the Edisto inlet (Western Ross Sea) to reconstruct fast ice dynamics over the last 2.6 ka. Our goal was to first understand the climate expression of selected well-defined sediment laminae and then use these characteristics for reconstructing past sea ice behaviour across the whole sedimentary sequence. We used the recently established sea ice diatom biomarker proxy IPSO25 in combination with diatom census counts and bulk analyses. Analyses performed on a suite of discrete laminae revealed statistically significant differences between dark and light laminae reflecting different depositional conditions. Based on their respective biogeochemical fingerprints, we infer that dark laminae accumulated during sea ice thaws in early summer. Under these conditions, laminae contain relatively high concentrations of IPSO25 and display an enriched d13C composition for the bulk organic matter (OM). While diatom assemblages in dark laminae are relatively homogenous, as the thaw continues later in the summer, Corethron pennatum becomes the dominant diatom species, resulting in the formation of light laminae characterized by low IPSO25 concentrations. Since C. pennatum can migrate vertically through the water column to uptake nutrients and avoid competition in oligotrophic waters, its high concentration likely reflects stratified and ice-free surface waters typical of late summer. Down-core trends show that the correlation between sediment brightness and geochemical fingerprint (i.e., IPSO25 and d13C) holds throughout the record. Based on the knowledge gained at lamina level, our down-core high-resolution reconstruction shows that the summer fast ice coverage changed dramatically during the late Holocene. Specifically, we conclude that the Edisto inlet experienced regular early summer opening between 2.6 ka, and ca. 0.7 ka, after which, coastal fast ice persisted during summer months and ice-free conditions became less frequent. Comparison with previous regional ice core data suggests that the sudden cooling recorded over the Victoria Land Coast region since 0.7 ka might potentially explain our observation of persistent summer fast ice in the Western Ross Sea. Our study has shown that multi-proxy data derived from laminated sediments can provide hitherto unknown detail regarding past summer sea ice dynamics in coastal Antarctic regions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106299
    Beschreibung: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Ross Sea ; Fast ice ; Laminated sediments ; IPSO25 ; Sea ice ; Sea ice dynamics in the north-western Ross Sea
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 5
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    Assessing hazard and potential impact associated with volcanic ballistic projectiles: The example of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe volcano (Lesser Antilles) (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-16
    Beschreibung: The fallout of ballistic blocks and bombs ejected from eruptive vents has the potential to produce severe injuries to people and damage to infrastructure in areas proximal to volcanoes. The dimensions and dispersions of ballistic ejecta from explosive eruptions are pivotal parameters to forecast the potential impact associated with future eruptions based on the compilation of probabilistic hazard maps. In this study, we propose a new probabilistic hazard quantification strategy to provide the probability of Volcanic Ballistic Projectiles (VBPs) to exceed some critical kinetic energy thresholds, considering a variability on the site of the eruptive vents and the effect of wind. La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) is chosen as a test case, focussing on the most likely style explosive scenario associated with the eruption of an active lava dome (including phreatic, Vulcanian and Strombolian eruptions). Sensitivity analyses have guided the optimization of input parameters to balance the results stability and computational costs, showing that the topography is a pivotal factor when accounting for the spatial uncertainty on vent locations in the proximity of the dome area. Given an eruption within the adopted scenario, we provide maps showing the probability to exceed different energy reference thresholds for roof's perforation if at least one VBP falls in a target area. These maps are then combined with exposed elements to produce a qualitative exposure-based risk map. We compute the overall probability, conditional on the selected scenario, for roof perforation in a given area when a VBP is ejected. Results show probabilities varying from ca. 2% up to 40% within a few km from the volcano, quickly dropping away from the dome. However, when the probability to exceed the energy reference threshold is only conditional on falling of VBPs in a target area, most of Basse-Terre island would be affected by the 20–60% probability of roof perforation. This work confirms how the choice of a probabilistic approach is key to estimate the likelihood of occurrence of VBPs impacts as a first step towards the development and implementation of pro–active risk reduction strategies in volcanic areas.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107453
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 6
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    Fast Dst computation by applying deep learning to Swarm satellite magnetic data (2021)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-16
    Beschreibung: Dst (Disturbance Storm Time) is an hourly index of magnetic activity computed from the measured intensity of the globally symmetrical equatorial electrojet (Ring Current) obtained by a series of near-equatorial geomagnetic observatories. We selected and trained an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to give the estimation of the Dst index through the magnetic data measured by the Swarm three-satellite mission. From November 2014 to December 2019, we selected a balanced number of quiet and disturbed days, to get the most uniform set of Dst index values as possible. We then collected a big data collection of Swarm magnetic signals, confined to three very narrow belts of low-to-mid latitude: this choice allows it to better resemble the geographic distribution of the geomagnetic observatories contributing to the calculation of Dst. We also extended the analysis to mid latitude locations to increase the number of satellite samples. Once we determined by means of simulations the best network topology, we trained the network and tested its capabilities. The outcomes show that the ANN is able to give a reliable fast estimation of the Dst index directly from Swarm satellite magnetic data.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 837-855
    Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 7
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    Pre-storm F2-layer Q-disturbances at middle latitudes: Do they exist? (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-25
    Beschreibung: Available manually scaled foF2 observations over 50 years on Juliusruh, 33 years on Slough, and 37 years on Rome stations were used to check the association between quiet-time foF2 disturbances (Q-disturbances) and following on isolated magnetic storms. Of course, such cases exist, however Pearson's contingency coefficient, Chi-square and Odds ratio tests applied to check a measure of association gave the absence of relationship even at the 95% confidence level. The lack of association makes it impossible to use F2-layer disturbances as precursors for magnetic storms. The observed cases of apparent relationship between two events should be considered as random and physically unconditioned. The published cases indicating the relationship between two events can be explained in the framework of regular F2-layer variations not related by any means to the following on magnetic storms.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105473
    Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 8
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    Selective clast survival in an experimentally-produced pseudotachylyte (2021)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-25
    Beschreibung: On-fault processes during earthquakes contribute to seismic rupture propagation and slip. Here we investigate clast fragmentation in an experimental pseudotachylyte (solidified seismic melt) produced with a rotary shear machine. We slid for 0.44 m (corresponding to Mw ≥ 6 earthquakes), at slip rates 〉 1 m/s, pre-cut samples of quartz + phyllosilicates + plagioclase + sillimanite + garnet -bearing ultramylonite, that hosts pseudotachylytes in nature. The ultramylonite minerals extensively preserved as clasts in the experimental pseudotachylyte are quartz, plagioclase, and sillimanite. Garnet is scarcely preserved, despite having a melting temperature similar to plagioclase, probably due to having low thermal shock resistance. This selective clast survival is identical to the one found in the natural pseudotachylytes. Based on these experimental observations and assuming non-equilibrium melting, the preservation of a mineral, as a clast, in the melt appears to be controlled by its thermal shock properties as well as by its melting temperature. Since the mechanical effects of rupture propagation in these experiments were negligible, we conclude that, for Mw ≥ 6 earthquakes, (i) frictional slip and heating of the slipping zone plus (ii) thermomechanical properties of minerals, rather than fault rupture processes, control mineral comminution and clast survival in frictional melts.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by: University of Padova BIRD175145/17 (G.P.), European Research Council CoG project 614750 NOFEAR (G.D.T. and E.S.), and NSERC Discovery Grant 2018–06023 (A.Cam.). The authors thank Leonardo Tauro (University of Padova) for thin section preparation. The authors acknowledge two anonymous reviewers and the Editor Fabrizio Agosta for their constructive comments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104328
    Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 9
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    Reconstructing fallout features and dispersal of Cretaio Tephra (Ischia Island, Italy) through field data analysis and numerical modelling: Implications for hazard assessment (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-25
    Beschreibung: The magnitude and intensity of the 60 CE Cretaio Tephra, the largest historical explosive eruption at Ischia caldera (Italy), was studied integrating field data and numerical modelling in order to reconstruct the dispersal of the fall out related to the climax phase of the eruption and characterize its physical parameters. A field survey of the main fall unit (EUC) of Cretaio Tephra and its sampling was performed on the island, which is the proximal area of dispersal, and for the first time outcrops of this tephra were found southward on the Capri Island. The dataset is completed by a distal tephra sampled in the offshore and described in the literature, allowing the analysis of samples of intermediate and distal deposits. Grain size analysis of the samples collected on the island show bimodal distributions due to the presence of a ballistic component, especially in the most proximal sampling sites around the inferred and buried vent. Tails of fine ash in the distributions can be associ ated with settling enhanced by ash aggregation processes in the moisture-rich plume. Tephra dispersal was re constructed using the HAZMAP tephra dispersal model by minimizing the difference between the simulations obtained exploring plausible ranges of eruption source parameters and the available thickness and grain-size measurements. Results show that the dispersal axis of EUC is to the south-southeast, the best guess for the total erupted volume of tephra is 0.075 km3 , the plume height ranges between 5 and 13 km, for an average mass eruption rate (MER) of 105 kg/s, hence a duration of the eruption of a few days. Considering an eruptive sce nario given by the eruption parameters and diffusion coefficient of the Cretaio Tephra, together with a statistical set of wind profiles, HAZMAP modelling allowed us to generate tephra loading probability maps, needed to assess the impact of such an eruption at Ischia Island and the Neapolitan metropolitan area, pivotal for civil protection purposes. Another important outcome of the study is that, for volcanic islands, the reconstruction of eruption parameters may benefit much more from the search of even few medial and distal offshore outcrops than from implementing the on-island proximal dataset only.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107248
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): fallout features ; Cretaio Tephra (Ischia Island, Italy) ; data analysis ; numerical modelling: ; hazard assessment
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 10
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    Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the interseismic and coseismic phases associated with the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake (Central Italy) (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-01
    Beschreibung: Although several observations have been reported in the literature before a strong earthquake, their relation with the forthcoming event is often controversial. Since many physical processes and parameters govern the dynamics of preparation, initiation, and occurrence of earthquakes, their understanding is essential for explaining anomalous seismological, geophysical, hydrological and geodetic signals before a strong earthquake that may be considered for seismic monitoring and hazard assessment. In this work, the interseismic and coseismic stress and strain fields associated with the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake are calculated via a 3D numerical model designed to simulate the crustal interseismic loading and the coseismic brittle episodic dislocation along the fault. The model adopts a framework of gravitational and tectonic forces that are compatible with the geodynamics of the Central Apennines region of the Italian territory. The model assumes a brittle upper crust, where the fault has stick-slip behaviour, and a plastic deeper crust, where the fault is in stationary creep. The results indicate that the concurrent action of gravitational and tectonic forces determines steep inter- seismic stress gradients at the transition between the creeping and locked fault planes that promote the coseismic subsidence of the hanging wall. The interseismic strain above the transition between that locked upper fault and its unlocked lower shear zone develops a dilated volume in the hanging wall and a contracted volume in the footwall. These stress and strain variations are compatible with seismological, geophysical and geodetic anomalies observed before the earthquake, i.e., Vp/Vs anomalies and location of foreshocks. Interseismic stress and strain patterns invert during the coseismic stage. The dilated volume, formed during the interseismic phase, will be contracted at the coseismic stage and, conversely, the footwall volume previously contracted will be expanded.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 228685
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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