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  • 2015-2019  (880,070)
  • 1955-1959  (5)
  • 2018  (880,070)
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  • 1
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    High-resolution boundary conditions of an old ice target near Dome C, Antarctica (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: A high-resolution (1 km line spacing) aerogeophysical survey was conducted over a region near the East Antarctic Ice Sheet’s Dome C that may hold a 1.5 Myr climate record. We combined new ice thickness data derived from an airborne coherent radar sounder with unpublished data that was in part unavailable for earlier compilations, and we were able to remove older data with high positional uncertainties. We generated a revised high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) to investigate the potential for an old ice record in this region, and used laser altimetry to confirm a Cryosat-2 derived DEM for inferring the glaciological state of the candidate area. By measuring the specularity content of the bed, we were able to find an additional 50 subglacial lakes near the candidate site, and by Doppler focusing the radar data, we were able to map out the roughness of the bed at length scales of hundreds of meters. We find that the primary candidate region contains elevated rough topography interspersed with scattered subglacial lakes and some regions of smoother bed. Free subglacial water appears to be restricted from bed overlain by ice thicknesses of less than 3000 m. A site near the ice divide was selected for further investigation. The high resolution of this ice thickness data set also allows us to explore the nature of ice thickness uncertainties in the context of radar geometry and processing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1897-1911
    Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Renewal models and coseismic stress transfer in the Corinth Gulf, Greece, fault system (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: We model interevent times and Coulomb static stress transfer on the rupture segments along the Corinth Gulf extension zone, a region with a wealth of observations on strong-earthquake recurrence behavior. From the available information on past seismic activity, we have identified eight segments without significant overlapping that are aligned along the southern boundary of the Corinth rift. We aim to test if strong earthquakes on these segments are characterized by some kind of time-predictable behavior, rather than by complete randomness. The rationale for time-predictable behavior is based on the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, the necessary ingredients of which are a known faulting geometry and slip rate. The tectonic loading rate is characterized by slip of 6 mm/yr on the westernmost fault segment, diminishing to 4 mm/yr on the easternmost segment, based on the most reliable geodetic data. In this study, we employ statistical and physical modeling to account for stress transfer among these fault segments. The statistical modeling is based on the definition of a probability density distribution of the interevent times for each segment. Both the Brownian Passage-Time (BPT) and Weibull distributions are tested. The time-dependent hazard rate thus obtained is then modified by the inclusion of a permanent physical effect due to the Coulomb static stress change caused by failure of neighboring faults since the latest characteristic earthquake on the fault of interest. The validity of the renewal model is assessed retrospectively, using the data of the last 300 years, by comparison with a plain time-independent Poisson model, by means of statistical tools including the Relative Operating Characteristic diagram, the R-score, the probability gain and the log-likelihood ratio. We treat the uncertainties in the parameters of each examined fault source, such as linear dimensions, depth of the fault center, focal mechanism, recurrence time, coseismic slip, and aperiodicity of the statistical distribution, by a Monte Carlo technique. The Monte Carlo samples for all these parameters are drawn from a uniform distribution within their uncertainty limits. We find that the BPT and the Weibull renewal models yield comparable results, and both of them perform significantly better than the Poisson hypothesis. No clear performance enhancement is achieved by the introduction of the Coulomb static stress change into the renewal model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3655–3673
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 6T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Linear versus non-linear earthquake location and seismogenic fault detection in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: We compare the performances of linear and non-linear hypocentre location methods working in 3-D velocity structures, a not-fully explored subject of main interest in the regions where the location problem is ill-conditioned. Comparisons are made between the linear location method known as SIMUL and the non-linear probabilistic algorithm named BAYLOC, using the data sets of the two main seismic sequences which occurred in the last decade in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. We find that in the suboptimal network conditions of these sequences the SIMUL and BAYLOC algorithms furnish hypocentre coordinates of comparable accuracy leading to similar hypocentre spatial trends, while the location error estimates from SIMUL are, in general, less accurate than BAYLOC's. These findings are further supported by locations of synthetic events performed in the same network-model conditions of the real sequences. We conclude that linearized methods produce lower quality location error estimates but no overall bias in the hypocentral coordinates compared to non-linear methods. Therefore, we extend to 3-D location a conclusion drawn by previous investigators for 1-D location. Because location error estimates may be crucial to establish whether the hypocentre trend of a sequence does really mark the seismogenic structure or simply reflects ill-conditioning of the location process, we based on the BAYLOC probabilistic algorithm our approach to hypocentre trend evaluation for seismogenic fault detection. This procedure, named ISO-TEST, works through isotropic generation of synthetic hypocentres inside the sequence volume (simulations) and comparison by misfit variables of the location probability function of the sequence with probability functions from simulations. The application of ISO-TEST showed that while the NE–SW trend of one of the study sequences can only in minor part be ascribed to ill-conditioning of the location process, and then it may reasonably be proposed as the signature of the source, the NW–SE trend of the other is contaminated in a greater percentage by the location process, and we are led to conclude that source detection is doubtful in this case.
    Description: Published
    Description: 607–618
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Probability distributions ; Theoretical seismology ; Seismicity and tectonics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Landforms and landscapes of Mount Etna (Sicily): relationships between a volcano, its environment and human activity (2018)
    Springer | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: Mount Etna is the highest relief in Sicily and represents a unique environment because of its long established and almost continuous eruptive activity, that has moulded its landforms and which has produced distinctive landscapes. Over the past 60 ka both destructive and constructive geological processes have produced the principal morphological features of the volcano such as the wide Valle del Bove depression, monogenic scoria cones and extensive lava flow fields. Relationships between Etna, its environment and human activity began in the Neolithic Period within the mountain foot region and have developed over millennia. Even though there has been a rapid rate of resurfacing by lava during historic times, the impact on human activity has been short-lived, recovery has been rapid and society has adjusted to the ever present hazard in distinctive ways.
    Description: Published
    Description: 467-478
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 5
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    Investigating the architecture of the Paganica Fault (2009Mw6.1 earthquake, central Italy) by integrating high-resolution multiscale refraction tomography and detailed geological mapping (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal Internationa ©: 2017 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: We present a 2-D subsurface image of the Paganica Fault from a high-resolution refraction tomography and detailed geological investigation carried out across part of the northwestern segment of the 20-km-long Paganica–San Demetrio fault-system, and which was responsible of the 2009 April 6 Mw 6.1 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy). We acquired two seismic profiles crossing the Paganica basin with a dense-wide aperture configuration. More than 30 000 P wave first-arrival traveltimes were input to a non-linear tomographic inversion. The obtained 250–300 m deep 2-D Vp images illuminate the shallow portion of the Paganica Fault, and depict additional unreported splays defining a complex half-graben structure. We interpret local thickening of low-Vp (〈2400 m s−1) and intermediate-Vp (2600–3400 m s−1) regions as syn-tectonic clasticwedges above a high-Vp (3800–5000ms−1) carbonate basement. These results are condensed in a 4.2-km-long section across the Paganica basin, clearly indicating that the Paganica Fault is a mature normal fault cutting the whole upper ∼10 km of the crust. We evaluate a minimum cumulative net displacement of 650 ± 90 m and a total heave of 530 ± 65 m accomplished by the Paganica Fault, respectively. In the conservative hypothesis that the extension started during the Gelasian (1.80–2.59 Ma),we obtain a minimum long-term slip-rate of 0.30 ± 0.07 mm yr−1 and an extension-rate of 0.25 ± 0.06 mm yr−1, respectively. Considering the regional averaged extensional field of ∼1 mm yr−1 obtained from geodetic and geological analyses at 104 yr timescale, we infer that the Paganica Fault accounts for ∼20 per cent of the NE-extension affecting this zone of the central Apennines axis due to the concurrent activity of other parallel normal fault-systems nearby (e.g. the Liri, Velino-Magnola, L’Aquila-Celano and Gran Sasso fault-systems).
    Description: Published
    Description: 403-423
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    The CO 2 flux from hydrothermal systems of the Karymsky volcanic Centre, Kamchatka (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The CO2 flux provided by the hydrothermal activity within the Karymsky Volcanic Centre, Kamchatka, was measured, and the CO2 balance of the Karymsky caldera lake was estimated in the framework of a Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) project. The Karymsky Volcanic Centre located in the SE of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the middle of the modern volcanic front, consists of two calderas, hosts a caldera lake and is characterized by hydrothermal activity that is manifested at several thermal fields. Within the Akademii Nauk (AN) caldera which is filled by a caldera lake, the Akademii Nauk springs discharge boiling water into the lake. The lake is drained by the Karymsky River that then crosses the caldera of the Karymsky volcano (Karymsky caldera) and drains the thermal field of CO2-rich Karymsky springs. The lake after the 1996 sublimnic eruption is in a steady-state condition with the total dynamic CO2 budget of about 4 t/day, and has a total amount of CO2 stored inside of the lake of around 8000 t. The thermal springs of the Karymsky caldera drained by the Karymsky River enrich the river in dissolved carbon species. A total CO2 output of 320 t/day from both Karymsky Centre calderas was estimated, carrying around 130 t/day carbon species (expressed as CO2) as dissolved species (HCO3 and CO2(aq)), and emitting to the atmosphere around 190 t/day of CO2 as the diffusion flux fromthe soil and bubbling emanations from the springs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-9
    Description: 3V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    First assessment of the local seismic amplification susceptibility of the Isernia Province (Molise Region, Southern Italy) by the integration of geological and geomorphological studies related to the first level seismic microzonation project (2018)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: This paper presents the results of the geological and geomorphological investigation carried out during the first level seismic microzonation project in the Isernia Province territory. The study area falls in one of the most seismically active areas of the Apennine chain and it has been struck, in historical times, by destructive earthquakes that caused several causalities and diffuse damages to the buildings. The analysis points out the occurrence of geological features that can determine possible site amplification phenomena related to areas with extensive outcrops of thick continental deposits or to unstable areas (both covering about 48% of the investigated areas). The latter are sometimes combined with geomorphological features such as scarps, isolated peaks, and ridges that are also responsible for possible site amplification. In addition, a susceptibility to local seismic amplification index has been introduced which highlights that more than 64% of the investigated area, along with a significant percentage of buildings, fall within the highest categories of susceptibility to local seismic amplification.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic microzonation ; Susceptibility to local seismic amplification ; GIS analysis ; Site effects ; Southern Italy ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Night–side effects on the polar ionospheric convection due to a solar wind pressure impulse (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: The Sudden Impulse (SI) of solar wind dynamic pressure of 20 february 2000, 21:03 UT, is investigated by making use of data from WIND, GEOTAIL, POLAR and GOES; ground magnetometer chains (Greenland, IMAGE, CANOPUS); SuperDARN HF radars in both Northern and Southern hemispheres. The main effect of the SI described herein is an enhancement of the ionospheric convection around midnight MLT. We suggest that such an enhancement be due to an increase of the dawn–dusk electric field caused by the SI compression of the magnetospheric tail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 91-93
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations for Region‐Specific Probabilistic Seismic‐Hazard Analysis (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: The goal of this article is to investigate the possibility of reducing the uncertainty of the ground motion predicted for a specific target area (Po Plain and northeastern Italy), by calibrating a set of ad hoc ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The derived GMPEs account for peculiarities that are not generally consid- ered by standard predictive models, such as (1) an attenuation rate dependent on dis- tance ranges and geological domains; (2) enhancement of short-period spectral ordinates, due to the reflection of S waves at the Moho discontinuity; and (3) gener- ation of surface waves inside an alluvial basin. The analyzed strong-motion dataset was compiled by selecting events in the 4.0– 6.4 magnitude range, records with distances shorter than 200 km, and focal depths shallower than 30 km; the major contribution comes from the recent 2012 Emilia sequence (first mainshock, 20 May 2012 Mw 6.1; second mainshock, 29 May 2015 Mw 6.0). The GMPEs are derived for the geometrical mean of horizontal com- ponents of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and 5% damped spectral acceleration in the 0.04–4 s period range. The derived region-specific models led to a reduction of the hazard levels for several intensity measures, with respect to the values obtained by considering the reference Italian attenuation model (Bindi et al., 2011), as exemplified by the com- parison of the hazard curves computed for two specific sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73-92
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    GNSS station characterisation for ionospheric scintillation applications (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Ionospheric scintillations are fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of the signals from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) occurring when they cross regions of electron density irregularities in the ionosphere. Such disturbances can cause serious degradation of several aspects of GNSS system performance, including integrity, accuracy and availability. The two indices adopted worldwide to characterise ionospheric scintillations are: the amplitude scintillation index, S4, which is the standard deviation of the received power normalised by its mean value, and the phase scintillation index, rU, which is the standard deviation of the de-trended carrier phase. Collaborative work between NGI and INGV supports a permanent network of GISTM (GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor) receivers that covers a wide range of latitudes in the northern European sector. Data from this network has contributed significantly to several papers during the past few years (see e.g. De Franceschi et al., 2008; Aquino et al., 2009; Spogli et al., 2009, 2010; Alfonsi et al., 2011). In these investigations multipath effects and noise that contaminate the scintillation measurements are largely filtered by applying an elevation angle threshold. A deeper analysis of the data quality and the development of a more complex filtering technique can improve the results obtained so far. The structures in the environment of each receiver in the network which contaminate scintillation measurements should be identified in order to improve the quality of the scintillation and TEC data by removing error sources due to the local environment. The analysis in this paper considers a data set characterised by quiet ionospheric conditions of the mid-latitude station located in Nottingham (UK), followed by a case study of the severe geomagnetic storm, which occurred in late 2003, known generally as the “Halloween Storm”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1237-1246
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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