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  • Cambridge University Press
  • 2015-2019  (1,876)
  • 2000-2004
  • 2017  (1,876)
  • 1
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    Implication of our technological species being first and early (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉According to the Principle of Mediocrity, a cornerstone of modern cosmology, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, we should believe that we are a typical member of an appropriately chosen reference class. If we assume that this principle applies to the reference class of all extant technological species, then it follows that other technological species will, like us, typically find that they are both the first such species to evolve on their planet and also that they are early in their potential technological evolution. Here we argue that this suggests that the typical technological species becomes extinct soon after attaining a modern technology and that this event results in the extinction of the planet's global biosphere.〈/p〉〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-3006
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 2
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    Can we extend local sea-ice measurements to satellite scale? An example from the N-ICE2015 expedition (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉Knowledge of Arctic sea-ice conditions is of great interest for Arctic residents, as well as for commercial usage, and to study the effects of climate change. Information gained from analysis of satellite data contributes to this understanding. In the course of using in situ data in combination with remotely sensed data, the question of how representative local scale measurements are of a wider region may arise. We compare in situ total sea-ice thickness measurements from the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition in the area north of Svalbard with airborne-derived total sea-ice thickness from electromagnetic soundings. A segmented and classified synthetic aperture radar (SAR) quad-pol ALOS-2 Palsar-2 satellite scene was grouped into three simplified ice classes. The area fractions of the three classes are: 11.2% ‘thin’, 74.4% ‘level’, and 14.4% ‘deformed’. The area fractions of the simplified classes from ground- and helicopter-based measurements are comparable with those achieved from the SAR data. Thus, this study shows that there is potential for a stepwise upscaling from in situ, to airborne, to satellite data, which allow us to assess whether in situ data collected are representative of a wider region as observed by satellites.〈/p〉〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 3
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    On the potential of hand-held GPS tracking of fjord ice features for remote-sensing validation (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉Research on young thin sea ice is essential to understand the changes in the Arctic. But it is also the most challenging to investigate, both in situ and from satellites. If satellite remote-sensing techniques are developing rapidly, fieldwork remains crucial for the mandatory validation of such data. In April 2016, an Arctic fieldwork campaign was conducted at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. This campaign provided an opportunity to combine various techniques to record the fjord ice properties ranging from local field sampling to broader ground-based and satellite radar remote sensing of the fjord. Tracking the boat used to access the field sites with hand-held GPS devices offered a good opportunity to map fjord ice and assess the limits of radar identification of small icebergs and thin ice. During 1 week, 17 icebergs and the thin ice edges in two different locations were mapped. The GPS tracks present a good agreement with the Radarsat-2 data analysis for one of the two ice edges. The second ice edge track only partly corresponds to the radar scene. Ice movement, recorded by a ground-based radar, is likely to explain this result. Grounded icebergs could be identified in both Radarsat-2 and ground-based radar.〈/p〉〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 4
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    Linking winter and spring thermodynamic sea-ice states at critical scales using an object-based image analysis of Sentinel-1 (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉Changing Arctic sea-ice extent and melt season duration, and increasing economic interest in the Arctic have prompted the need for enhanced marine ecosystem studies and improvements to dynamical and forecast models. Sea-ice melt pond fraction 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 has been shown to be correlated with the September minimum ice extent due to its impact on ice albedo and heat uptake. Ice forecasts should benefit from knowledge of 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 as melt ponds form several months in advance of ice retreat. This study goes further back by examining the potential to predict 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 during winter using backscatter data from the commonly available Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar. An object-based image analysis links the winter and spring thermodynamic states of first-year and multiyear sea-ice types. Strong correlations between winter backscatter and spring 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉, detected from high-resolution visible to near infrared imagery, are observed, and models for the retrieval of 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 from Sentinel-1 data are provided (〈span〉r〈/span〉〈span〉2〈/span〉 ≥ 0.72). The models utilize HH polarization channel backscatter that is routinely acquired over the Arctic from the two-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation mission, as well as other past, current and future SAR missions operating in the same C-band frequency. Predicted 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 is generally representative of major ice types first-year ice and multiyear ice during the stage in seasonal melt pond evolution where 〈span〉f〈/span〉〈span〉p〈/span〉 is closely related to spatial variations in ice topography.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Anomalous blocking over Greenland preceded the 2013 extreme early melt of local sea ice (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉The Arctic marine environment is undergoing a transition from thick multi-year to first-year sea-ice cover with coincident lengthening of the melt season. Such changes are evident in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait-Labrador Sea (BDL) region where melt onset has occurred ~8 days decade〈span〉−1〈/span〉 earlier from 1979 to 2015. A series of anomalously early events has occurred since the mid-1990s, overlapping a period of increased upper-air ridging across Greenland and the northwestern North Atlantic. We investigate an extreme early melt event observed in spring 2013. (~6〈span〉σ〈/span〉 below the 1981–2010 melt climatology), with respect to preceding sub-seasonal mid-tropospheric circulation conditions as described by a daily Greenland Blocking Index (GBI). The 40-days prior to the 2013 BDL melt onset are characterized by a persistent, strong 500 hPa anticyclone over the region (GBI 〉+1 on 〉75% of days). This circulation pattern advected warm air from northeastern Canada and the northwestern Atlantic poleward onto the thin, first-year sea ice and caused melt ~50 days earlier than normal. The episodic increase in the ridging atmospheric pattern near western Greenland as in 2013, exemplified by large positive GBI values, is an important recent process impacting the atmospheric circulation over a North Atlantic cryosphere undergoing accelerated regional climate change.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 6
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    Temporal and regional variability of Arctic sea-ice coverage from satellite data (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉With rapid and accelerated Arctic sea-ice loss, it is beneficial to update and baseline historical change on the regional scales from a consistent, intercalibrated, long-term time series of sea-ice data for understanding regional vulnerability and monitoring ice state for climate adaptation and risk mitigation. In this paper, monthly sea-ice extents (SIEs) derived from a passive microwave sea-ice concentration climate data record for the period of 1979–2015, are used to examine Arctic-wide and regional temporal variability of sea-ice cover and their decadal trends for 15 regions of the Arctic. Three unique types of SIE annual cycles are described. Regions of vulnerability within each of three types to further warming are identified. For the Arctic as a whole, the analysis has found significant changes in both annual SIE maximum and minimum, with −2.41 ± 0.56% per decade and −13.5 ± 2.93% per decade change relative to the 1979–2015 climate average, respectively. On the regional scale, the calculated trends for the annual SIE maximum range from +2.48 to −10.8% decade〈span〉−1〈/span〉, while the trends for the annual SIE minimum range from 0 to up to −42% decade〈span〉−1〈/span〉.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Ground-based detection of a cloud of methanol from Enceladus: when is a biomarker not a biomarker? (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉Saturn's moon Enceladus has vents emerging from a sub-surface ocean, offering unique probes into the liquid environment. These vents drain into the larger neutral torus in orbit around Saturn. We present a methanol (CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH) detection observed with IRAM 30-m from 2008 along the line-of-sight through Saturn's E-ring. Additionally, we also present supporting observations from the 〈span〉Herschel〈/span〉 public archive of water (ortho-H〈span〉2〈/span〉O; 1669.9 GHz) from 2012 at a similar elongation and line-of-sight. The CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH 5(1,1)-4(1,1) transition was detected at 5.9〈span〉σ〈/span〉 confidence. The line has 0.43 km s〈span〉−1〈/span〉 width and is offset by +8.1 km s〈span〉−1〈/span〉 in the moon's reference frame. Radiative transfer models allow for gas cloud dimensions from 1750 km up to the telescope beam diameter ~73 000 km. Taking into account the CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH lifetime against solar photodissociation and the redshifted line velocity, there are two possible explanations for the CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH emission: methanol is primarily a secondary product of chemical interactions within the neutral torus that: (1) spreads outward throughout the E-ring or (2) originates from a compact, confined gas cloud lagging Enceladus by several km s〈span〉−1〈/span〉. We find either scenario to be consistent with significant redshifted H〈span〉2〈/span〉O emission (4〈span〉σ〈/span〉) measured from the 〈span〉Herschel〈/span〉 public archive. The measured CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH:H〈span〉2〈/span〉O abundance (〉0.5%) significantly exceeds the observed abundance in the direct vicinity of the vents (~0.01%), suggesting CH〈span〉3〈/span〉OH is likely chemically processed within the gas cloud with methane (CH〈span〉4〈/span〉) as its parent species.〈/p〉〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-3006
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Darwin's aliens (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉Making predictions about aliens is not an easy task. Most previous work has focused on extrapolating from empirical observations and mechanistic understanding of physics, chemistry and biology. Another approach is to utilize theory to make predictions that are not tied to details of Earth. Here we show how evolutionary theory can be used to make predictions about aliens. We argue that aliens will undergo natural selection – something that should not be taken for granted but that rests on firm theoretical grounds. Given aliens undergo natural selection we can say something about their evolution. In particular, we can say something about how complexity will arise in space. Complexity has increased on the Earth as a result of a handful of events, known as the major transitions in individuality. Major transitions occur when groups of individuals come together to form a new higher level of the individual, such as when single-celled organisms evolved into multicellular organisms. Both theory and empirical data suggest that extreme conditions are required for major transitions to occur. We suggest that major transitions are likely to be the route to complexity on other planets, and that we should expect them to have been favoured by similarly restrictive conditions. Thus, we can make specific predictions about the biological makeup of complex aliens.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-3006
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Breakthrough Listen follow-up of the reported transient signal observed at the Arecibo Telescope in the direction of Ross 128 (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉We undertook observations with the Green Bank Telescope, simultaneously with the 300 m telescope in Arecibo, as a follow-up of a possible flare of radio emission from Ross 128. We report here the non-detections from the GBT observations in C band (4–8 GHz), as well as non-detections in archival data at L band (1.1–1.9 GHz). We suggest that a likely scenario is that the emission comes from one or more satellites passing through the same region of the sky.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-3006
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Extreme salinity as a challenge to grow potatoes under Mars-like soil conditions: targeting promising genotypes (2017)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉One of the future challenges to produce food in a Mars environment will be the optimization of resources through the potential use of the Martian substratum for growing crops as a part of bioregenerative food systems. 〈span〉In vitro〈/span〉 plantlets from 65 potato genotypes were rooted in peat-pellets substratum and transplanted in pots filled with Mars-like soil from La Joya desert in Southern Peru. The Mars-like soil was characterized by extreme salinity (an electric conductivity of 19.3 and 52.6 dS m〈span〉−1〈/span〉 under 1 : 1 and saturation extract of the soil solution, respectively) and plants grown in it were under sub-optimum physiological status indicated by average maximum stomatal conductance 2O m〈span〉−2〈/span〉 s〈span〉−1〈/span〉 even after irrigation. 40% of the genotypes survived and yielded (0.3–5.2 g tuber plant〈span〉−1〈/span〉) where CIP.397099.4, CIP.396311.1 and CIP.390478.9 were targeted as promising materials with 9.3, 8.9 and 5.8% of fresh tuber yield in relation to the control conditions. A combination of appropriate genotypes and soil management will be crucial to withstand extreme salinity, a problem also important in agriculture on Earth that requires more detailed follow-up studies.〈/p〉〈/div〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-3006
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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