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  • Animals  (1,371)
  • Aerospace Medicine  (173)
  • 2005-2009  (1,544)
  • 2009  (1,544)
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  • 2005-2009  (1,544)
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  • 1
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    10,000 genomes to come (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Check Hayden, Erika -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 5;462(7269):21. doi: 10.1038/462021a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Databases, Genetic ; Genomics/*trends ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions suggest that the late twentieth century was warmer than any other time during the past 500 years and possibly any time during the past 1,300 years (refs 1, 2). These temperature reconstructions are based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation sites; however, global average surface temperature changes closely follow those of the global tropics, which are 75% ocean. In particular, the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) represents a major heat reservoir that both influences global atmospheric circulation and responds to remote northern high-latitude forcings. Here we present a decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction from the IPWP that spans the past two millennia and overlaps the instrumental record, enabling both a direct comparison of proxy data to the instrumental record and an evaluation of past changes in the context of twentieth century trends. Our record from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, exhibits trends that are similar to a recent Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction. Reconstructed SST was, however, within error of modern values from about ad 1000 to ad 1250, towards the end of the Medieval Warm Period. SSTs during the Little Ice Age (approximately ad 1550-1850) were variable, and approximately 0.5 to 1 degrees C colder than modern values during the coldest intervals. A companion reconstruction of delta(18)O of sea water-a sea surface salinity and hydrology indicator-indicates a tight coupling with the East Asian monsoon system and remote control of IPWP hydrology on centennial-millennial timescales, rather than a dominant influence from local SST variation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oppo, Delia W -- Rosenthal, Yair -- Linsley, Braddock K -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 27;460(7259):1113-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. doppo@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/analysis ; Calibration ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Ice Cover ; India ; Indonesia ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton/metabolism ; Rain ; Records as Topic ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    A Biomechanical Approach to Assessing Hip Fracture Risk (2009)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Bone loss in microgravity is well documented, but it is difficult to quantify how declines in bone mineral density (BMD) contribute to an astronaut's overall risk of fracture upon return. This study uses a biomechanical approach to assessing hip fracture risk, or Factor of Risk (Phi), which is defined as the ratio of applied load to bone strength. All long-duration NASA astronauts from Expeditions 1-18 were included in this study (n=25), while crewmembers who flew twice (n=2) were treated as separate subjects. Bone strength was estimated based on an empirical relationship between areal BMD at the hip, as measured by DXA, and failure load, as determined by mechanical testing of cadaver femora. Fall load during a sideways fall was calculated from a previously developed biomechanical model, which takes into account body weight, height, gender, and soft tissue thickness overlying the lateral aspect of the hip that serves to attenuate the impact force. While no statistical analyses have been performed yet, preliminary results show that males in this population have a higher FOR than females, with a post- flight Phi of 0.87 and 0.36, respectively. FOR increases 5.1% from preflight to postflight, while only one subject crossed the fracture "threshold" of Phi = 1, for a total of 2 subjects with a postflight Phi 〉 1. These results suggest that men may be at greater risk for hip fracture due largely in part to their relatively thin soft tissue padding as compared to women, since soft tissue thickness has the highest correlation (R(exp 2)= .53) with FOR of all subject-specific parameters. Future work will investigate changes in FOR during recovery to see if baseline risk levels are restored upon return to 1-g activity. While dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most commonly used clinical measure of bone health, it fails to provide compartment-specific information that is useful in assessing changes to bone quality as a result of microgravity exposure. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) accomplishes this by imaging transverse "slices" of the long bones. This project was a re-analysis of a 90 day bed rest study to determine if changes to cortical and trabecular compartments could be detected in the distal tibia with statistical significance using a new pQCT image analysis method. Nearly all changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and cross sectional area (CSA) measures were seen with statistical significance, with the exception of a change in cortical BMD. Total bone CSA increased by 1.1 % (p =0.01), cortical CSA decreased by - 5.6% (p〈0.001) and trabecular CSA increased by 1.76% (p=0.007); the combination of which suggests bone resorption occurred at the endocortical surface in response to mechanical unloading by bed rest. Furthermore, total BMD and trabecular BMD decreased (-3.8%, p=0.001 and -2.8%, p =0.007, respectively), while decreases in cortical BMD failed to reach significance (-1.2%, p=0.07). Given that compartment-specific changes are seen with significance and are likely to influence bone strength, it is recommended that pQCT remain a standard measure used in bed rest because it provides a unique measure by which to better evaluate the efficacy of countermeasures to microgravity-induced bone loss.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-CN-18725 , SK Student Presentations; Aug 12, 2009; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 4
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    A burst of segmental duplications in the genome of the African great ape ancestor (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-13
    Description: It is generally accepted that the extent of phenotypic change between human and great apes is dissonant with the rate of molecular change. Between these two groups, proteins are virtually identical, cytogenetically there are few rearrangements that distinguish ape-human chromosomes, and rates of single-base-pair change and retrotransposon activity have slowed particularly within hominid lineages when compared to rodents or monkeys. Studies of gene family evolution indicate that gene loss and gain are enriched within the primate lineage. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of duplication content of four primate genomes (macaque, orang-utan, chimpanzee and human) in an effort to understand the pattern and rates of genomic duplication during hominid evolution. We find that the ancestral branch leading to human and African great apes shows the most significant increase in duplication activity both in terms of base pairs and in terms of events. This duplication acceleration within the ancestral species is significant when compared to lineage-specific rate estimates even after accounting for copy-number polymorphism and homoplasy. We discover striking examples of recurrent and independent gene-containing duplications within the gorilla and chimpanzee that are absent in the human lineage. Our results suggest that the evolutionary properties of copy-number mutation differ significantly from other forms of genetic mutation and, in contrast to the hominid slowdown of single-base-pair mutations, there has been a genomic burst of duplication activity at this period during human evolution.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2751663/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2751663/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marques-Bonet, Tomas -- Kidd, Jeffrey M -- Ventura, Mario -- Graves, Tina A -- Cheng, Ze -- Hillier, LaDeana W -- Jiang, Zhaoshi -- Baker, Carl -- Malfavon-Borja, Ray -- Fulton, Lucinda A -- Alkan, Can -- Aksay, Gozde -- Girirajan, Santhosh -- Siswara, Priscillia -- Chen, Lin -- Cardone, Maria Francesca -- Navarro, Arcadi -- Mardis, Elaine R -- Wilson, Richard K -- Eichler, Evan E -- HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P51-RR013986/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002385-08/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079-06/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):877-81. doi: 10.1038/nature07744.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Catarrhini/classification/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Duplication ; Genome/*genetics ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    A call to the custodians of deep time (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erwin, Douglas -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):282-3. doi: 10.1038/462282a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA. erwind@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; *Models, Biological ; Paleontology/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    A Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway regulates presynaptic differentiation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: Presynaptic axonal differentiation is essential for synapse formation and the establishment of neuronal circuits. However, the mechanisms that coordinate presynaptic development in the brain are largely unknown. We found that the major mitotic E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdc20-anaphase promoting complex (Cdc20-APC) regulates presynaptic differentiation in primary postmitotic mammalian neurons and in the rat cerebellar cortex. Cdc20-APC triggered the degradation of the transcription factor NeuroD2 and thereby promoted presynaptic differentiation. The NeuroD2 target gene encoding Complexin II, which acts locally at presynaptic sites, mediated the ability of NeuroD2 to suppress presynaptic differentiation. Thus, our findings define a Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway that governs presynaptic development, which holds important implications for neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the brain.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846784/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846784/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Yue -- Kim, Albert H -- Yamada, Tomoko -- Wu, Bei -- Bilimoria, Parizad M -- Ikeuchi, Yoshiho -- de la Iglesia, Nuria -- Shen, Jie -- Bonni, Azad -- F32 CA124028/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS041021/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS051255/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041021/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041021-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041021-07/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041021-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051255/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051255-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051255-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051255-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):575-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177087.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics/metabolism ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Animals ; Axons/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Cdc20 Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cerebellar Cortex/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synapsins/metabolism ; Synaptic Vesicles/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    A Cell Kinetic Model of Granulocytopoiesis Under Radiation Exposure: Extension from Murines to Canines and Humans (2009)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Space radiation poses significant challenges to space travel, and it is essential to understand the possible adverse effects from space radiation exposure to the radiosensitive organ systems that are important for immediate survival of human, e.g., the hematopoietic system. In this presentation a biomathematical model of granulocytopoiesis is described and used to analyze the blood granulocyte changes seen in the blood of mammalians under continuous and acute radiation exposure. This is one of a set of hematopoietic models that have been successfully utilized to simulate and interpret the experimental data of acute and chronic radiation on rodents. We discuss the underlying implicit regulation mechanism and the biological relevance of the kinetic parameters estimation method. Extension of the model to predictions in dogs and humans systems indicates that the modeling results are consistent with the cumulative experimental and empirical data from various sources. This implies the potential to integrate the models into one united system for monitoring the hematopoietic response of various species under irradiation. Based on the evidence of threshold responses of dogs to extended periods of low daily dose exposures, we discuss the potential health risks of the space traveler under chronic stress of low-dose irradiation and the possibly encountered Solar Particle Events.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-CN-19109 , 15th International Symposium on Microdosimetry (MICROS 2009); Oct 25, 2009 - Oct 30, 2009; Verona; Italy
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    A change of strategy in the war on cancer (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gatenby, Robert A -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 28;459(7246):508-9. doi: 10.1038/459508a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Radiology and Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. robert.gatenby@moffitt.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects ; Drug Therapy/methods/*trends ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; *Models, Biological ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology ; Pest Control/methods ; Secondary Prevention ; Survival Rate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    A chemist realizes that popularity is no measure of strength (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jungwirth, Pavel -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 30;460(7255):555. doi: 10.1038/460555f.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylamides/chemistry ; Acrylic Resins ; Amides/metabolism ; Animals ; Polymers/chemistry ; Protein Denaturation/*physiology ; Urea/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Characterizing the evolutionary history of early dinosaurs is central to understanding their rise and diversification in the Late Triassic. However, fossils from basal lineages are rare. A new theropod dinosaur from New Mexico is a representative of the early North American diversification. Known from several nearly complete skeletons, it reveals a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features that clarify early saurischian dinosaur evolution and provide evidence for the antiquity of novel avian character systems including skeletal pneumaticity. The taxon further reveals latitudinal differences among saurischian assemblages during the Late Triassic, demonstrates that the theropod fauna from the Late Triassic of North America was not endemic, and suggests that intercontinental dispersal was prevalent during this time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nesbitt, Sterling J -- Smith, Nathan D -- Irmis, Randall B -- Turner, Alan H -- Downs, Alex -- Norell, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1530-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1180350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. nesbitt@jsg.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Bones of Lower Extremity/anatomy & histology ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; New Mexico ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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