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  • *Ecosystem
  • 2005-2009  (107)
  • 2006  (107)
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  • 2005-2009  (107)
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  • 1
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    Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: Novel, low-abundance microbial species can be easily overlooked in standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based surveys. We used community genomic data obtained without PCR or cultivation to reconstruct DNA fragments bearing unusual 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein-coding genes from organisms belonging to novel archaeal lineages. The organisms are minor components of all biofilms growing in pH 0.5 to 1.5 solutions within the Richmond Mine, California. Probes specific for 16S rRNA showed that the fraction less than 0.45 micrometers in diameter is dominated by these organisms. Transmission electron microscope images revealed that the cells are pleomorphic with unusual folded membrane protrusions and have apparent volumes of 〈0.006 cubic micrometer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, Brett J -- Tyson, Gene W -- Webb, Richard I -- Flanagan, Judith -- Hugenholtz, Philip -- Allen, Eric E -- Banfield, Jillian F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1933-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; *Biofilms ; California ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA, Archaeal ; Databases, Genetic ; *Ecosystem ; *Euryarchaeota/genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mining ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Phylogeny ; Pyrophosphatases/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Microbiology. Ramping up the heat on nitrogenase (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Capone, Douglas G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1691-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. capone@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/*enzymology/growth & development/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Hot Temperature ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Nitrogenase/*metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Operon ; Seawater/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Nitrogen fixation at 92 degrees C by a hydrothermal vent archaeon (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: A methanogenic archaeon isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluid was found to reduce N(2) to NH(3) at up to 92 degrees C, which is 28 degrees C higher than the current upper temperature limit of biological nitrogen fixation. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the hyperthermophilic nitrogen fixer, designated FS406-22, was 99% similar to that of non-nitrogen fixing Methanocaldococcus jannaschii DSM 2661. At its optimal growth temperature of 90 degrees C, FS406-22 incorporated (15)N(2) and expressed nifH messenger RNA. This increase in the temperature limit of nitrogen fixation could reveal a broader range of conditions for life in the subseafloor biosphere and other nitrogen-limited ecosystems than previously estimated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehta, Mausmi P -- Baross, John A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1783-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mausmi@alum.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Archaea/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Nitrogenase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Operon ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Biomass, size, and trophic status of top predators in the Pacific Ocean (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Fisheries have removed at least 50 million tons of tuna and other top-level predators from the Pacific Ocean pelagic ecosystem since 1950, leading to concerns about a catastrophic reduction in population biomass and the collapse of oceanic food chains. We analyzed all available data from Pacific tuna fisheries for 1950-2004 to provide comprehensive estimates of fishery impacts on population biomass and size structure. Current biomass ranges among species from 36 to 91% of the biomass predicted in the absence of fishing, a level consistent with or higher than standard fisheries management targets. Fish larger than 175 centimeters fork length have decreased from 5% to approximately 1% of the total population. The trophic level of the catch has decreased slightly, but there is no detectable decrease in the trophic level of the population. These results indicate substantial, though not catastrophic, impacts of fisheries on these top-level predators and minor impacts on the ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sibert, John -- Hampton, John -- Kleiber, Pierre -- Maunder, Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1773-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. sibert@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; Body Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Food Chain ; Pacific Ocean ; Perciformes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Sharks/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Tuna/anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Nannoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, approximately 55 million years ago) was an interval of global warming and ocean acidification attributed to rapid release and oxidation of buried carbon. We show that the onset of the PETM coincided with a prominent increase in the origination and extinction of calcareous phytoplankton. Yet major perturbation of the surface-water saturation state across the PETM was not detrimental to the survival of most calcareous nannoplankton taxa and did not impart a calcification or ecological bias to the pattern of evolutionary turnover. Instead, the rate of environmental change appears to have driven turnover, preferentially affecting rare taxa living close to their viable limits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Samantha J -- Bown, Paul R -- Sessa, Jocelyn A -- Bralower, Timothy J -- Wilson, Paul A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1770-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK. sxg@noc.soton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; New Jersey ; Oceans and Seas ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton/classification ; *Plankton/classification ; Rivers ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle of alternating warm El Nino and cold La Nina events is the dominant year-to-year climate signal on Earth. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, but its environmental and socioeconomic impacts are felt worldwide. Spurred on by the powerful 1997-1998 El Nino, efforts to understand the causes and consequences of ENSO have greatly expanded in the past few years. These efforts reveal the breadth of ENSO's influence on the Earth system and the potential to exploit its predictability for societal benefit. However, many intertwined issues regarding ENSO dynamics, impacts, forecasting, and applications remain unresolved. Research to address these issues will not only lead to progress across a broad range of scientific disciplines but also provide an opportunity to educate the public and policy makers about the importance of climate variability and change in the modern world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McPhaden, Michael J -- Zebiak, Stephen E -- Glantz, Michael H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1740-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA. michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Pacific Ocean ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Responding to amphibian loss (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pounds, J Alan -- Carnaval, Ana Carolina -- Puschendorf, Robert -- Haddad, Celio F B -- Masters, Karen L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1541-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chytridiomycota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Homoploid hybrid speciation in an extreme habitat (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: According to theory, homoploid hybrid speciation, which is hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number, is facilitated by adaptation to a novel or extreme habitat. Using molecular and ecological data, we found that the alpine-adapted butterflies in the genus Lycaeides are the product of hybrid speciation. The alpine populations possess a mosaic genome derived from both L. melissa and L. idas and are differentiated from and younger than their putative parental species. As predicted, adaptive traits may allow for persistence in the environmentally extreme alpine habitat and reproductively isolate these populations from their parental species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gompert, Zachariah -- Fordyce, James A -- Forister, Matthew L -- Shapiro, Arthur M -- Nice, Chris C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1923-5. Epub 2006 Nov 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Altitude ; Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; Bayes Theorem ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genome ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Ploidies ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: Old-growth forests have traditionally been considered negligible as carbon sinks because carbon uptake has been thought to be balanced by respiration. We show that the top 20-centimeter soil layer in preserved old-growth forests in southern China accumulated atmospheric carbon at an unexpectedly high average rate of 0.61 megagrams of carbon hectare-1 year-1 from 1979 to 2003. This study suggests that the carbon cycle processes in the belowground system of these forests are changing in response to the changing environment. The result directly challenges the prevailing belief in ecosystem ecology regarding carbon budget in old-growth forests and supports the establishment of a new, nonequilibrium conceptual framework to study soil carbon dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Guoyi -- Liu, Shuguang -- Li, Zhian -- Zhang, Deqiang -- Tang, Xuli -- Zhou, Chuanyan -- Yan, Junhua -- Mo, Jiangming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China. gyzhou@scib.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Soil/*analysis ; Trees/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Likelihood analyses of 1176 fossil assemblages of marine organisms from Phanerozoic (i.e., Cambrian to Recent) assemblages indicate a shift in typical relative-abundance distributions after the Paleozoic. Ecological theory associated with these abundance distributions implies that complex ecosystems are far more common among Meso-Cenozoic assemblages than among the Paleozoic assemblages that preceded them. This transition coincides not with any major change in the way fossils are preserved or collected but with a shift from communities dominated by sessile epifaunal suspension feeders to communities with elevated diversities of mobile and infaunal taxa. This suggests that the end-Permian extinction permanently altered prevailing marine ecosystem structure and precipitated high levels of ecological complexity and alpha diversity in the Meso-Cenozoic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, Peter J -- Kosnik, Matthew A -- Lidgard, Scott -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1289-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA. pwagner@fmnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Invertebrates ; Likelihood Functions ; Marine Biology ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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