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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Mit dem Ziel, die geodynamischen Modelle durch die Ermittlung der Dichteverteilung im tieferen Untergrund zu überprüfen und schließlich ein optimales Modell in Bezug auf die Herkunft der sächsischen Granulite vorzustellen, wird das Schwerefeld im Bereich Sachsens mit folgenden gravimetrischen Methoden analysiert und modelliert: • Numerische Analyse des Schwerefeldes mit Hilfe von Tiefenabschätzungen, Horizontalabieitungen der Schwere, Euler-Dekonvolution, Wellenlängenfilterungen sowie • zwei- und dreidimensionale Dichtemodellierungen. Die eingesetzten Verfahren zur Dichtemodellierung zeigen, daß direkte Verfahren zur Analyse des Schwerefeldes bei den komplizierten geologischen Strukturen den indirekten Auswerteverfahren mittels Dichtemodellierung unterlegen sind. Sie geben aber wichtige Hinweise für die dreidimensionale geometrische Modellierung. Die Resultate aus den unterschiedlichen numerischen Analyse des Schwerefeldes lassen folgende Interpretation zu. Die Erkenntnisse sind Grundlage für die gravimetrischen Vorwärtsmodellierung. • Das Schwerehoch im Bereich der Lausitzer Antiklinalzone wird von zwei Störkörpem verursacht. Ein Störkörper, der eine geringere Tiefe (ca. 2-4 km) hat, verursacht hauptsächlich das Schwerehoch im NW-Gebiet der Antiklinalzone. Ein anderer Störkörper, der von der Unterkruste bis zu einer Tiefe von ca. 8 km eingedrungen ist, verursacht die Hauptwirkung des Schwerehoches. Die Antiklinalzone wird durch rhenoherzynische Streichrichtungen (NW-Richtung) charakterisiert. • Die maximale Tiefe des Störkörpers für das Schwereminimum im Erzgebirge liegt zwischen 2 km und 10 km in der Oberkruste. • Im Bereich der NW-Grenze des Sächsischen Granulitgebirge zeigen sich die für das Moldanubikum typischen Streichrichtungen (SO-Richtung). • Durch Wellenlängen-Filterungen wurde die Wirkung der basischen Vulkanite im Eger-Rift separiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Vulkanite von der Unterkruste bis in oberflächenahe Bereiche intrudiert sind. • Im Zwischengebirge und im SW-Gebiet des Eibenstock-Granitgebietes befindet sich Unterkrustmaterial in einer maximalen Tiefe von ca. 8 km. • Das Schwerehoch in der MGM wird von einem Störkörper verursacht, dessen maximale Tiefe auf ca. 6 km geschätzt wird. Die Verbindung und Interpretation aller verfügbaren Randbedingungen aus der Reflexions-, Refraktionsseismik, den geophysikalischen Untersuchungen und den magnetotelluri sehen Messungen sowie dem geothermischen Modell führt zum komplexen dreidimensionalen Dichtemodell Sachsens. Das Modell erfaßt die aus der Analyse abgeleiteten Störmassen in der Oberkruste durch die Verwendung der zur Verfügung stehenden Bouguer-Anomalie (Conrad, 1996) und berücksichtigt markante Strukturen, die aus den reflexionsseismischen Untersuchungen abgeleitet wurden. Zusammen mit den Informationen aus der oberflächenahen Geologie konnten alle wesentlichen, bekannten Strukturen zwischen der topographischen Oberfläche und der Moho in die Modellierung integriert werden. Die Ergebnisse der 3D-Modellierung lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: • Das Sächsische Granulitgebirge (SGG) stellt die aus Pyroxen-Granuliten bestehende domartige Struktur dar, die, entsprechend der geothermischen Interpretation, mit der in 15 km Tiefe liegenden Schicht im Erzgebirge in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. Die vom SGG bis zum Erzgebirge durchgehende Granulit-Schicht zeigt, daß das SGG aus der SW-Gebiet (aus dem Tepla-Barrandium) transportiert sein könnte. • Die Oberkruste im Bereich des Erzgebirges ist charakterisiert durch eine Gneis-Schicht mit einer Mächtigkeit von 15 km, worin die Granite intrudiert wurden. Die durchschnittliche Mächtigkeit der Granite beträgt 5 km. • Nach dem Vergleich mit dem MT- Widerstandsmodell wurde eine zweigeteilte Unterkruste angenommen. Ein Teil wurde vom Rhenoherzynikum transportiert und taucht im Sächsischen Granulitgebirge ab. Die andere Unterkruste wurde vom Tepla-Barrandium her eingelagert und auf das Zwischengebirge aufgeschoben. Zur Berechnung der Schwerewirkungen der einzelnen Modellkörper wird eine Methode des “gravity striping” in dieser Arbeit verwendet. Das Ergebnis dieser Methode zeigt, daß die ins Erzgebirge intrudierten Granite das Schwereminimum im Erzgebirge verursachen. Der gemessene Schwerelauf wird durch die gemeinsame Schwerewirkung der Granite und der Pyroxen-Granulite in der Oberkruste erklärt. Die gravimetrischen Überprüfungen über alternative Modelle sprechen gegen ein tektonisches Aufdringen der Granulite aus großen Tiefen (Diapir-Uplift) und gegen die Herkunft der Granulite aus dem Rhenoherzynikum. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse dieser Arbeit erhärten das “Zahnpasta-Modell” (Granulitkomplex aus dem Tepla-Barrandium). Entsprechende Modellexperimente, unter zugrundelegen einer entsprechenden Geometrie, ergaben eine gute Modell-Schwere-Anpassung an das beobachtete Feld.
    Description: I analyse the gravity field in the region of Saxony with the aim of testing geodynamic models by determining the density distribution at deeper levels and presenting an optimal model relating to the origin of saxonian granulites. The data are are modelled with the following gravimetric methods: • Numerical analysis of the gravity field with the help of depth estimations, horizontal gradient of gravity field, Euler-Deconvolution, wavelength filtering, and • two- and three-dimensional density modelling The process of density modelling which was used shows that direct methods of numerical analysis (e.g. wavelength filtering) are not successful in resolving the complex geological structures, in contrast to indirect density modelling. But the results of direct methods do provide important information for three-dimensional geometrical modelling. The results of the different numerical analyses of the gravity field can be interpreted in different ways. This knowledge is the basis for density modelling. • The gravity high in the area of the Lausatian anticlinal zone is caused by two dense bodies. One body, at a shallow depth (approx. 2-4 km) is the main cause of the gravity high in the NW area of the anticlinal zone. Another body, which has penetrated from the lower crust to a depth of approx. 8 km, is the major contributor to the gravity high. The anticlinal zone is characterised by rhenohercynian gradient-directions (in a NW direction). • The maximum depth of the density body for the gravity low in the Erzgebirge lies at between 2 km and 10 km, in the upper crust. • In the area of the NW edge the Saxonian Granulitgebirge, gradient-directions (in a SE direction) are evident, which are typical for the Moldanubian. • The effect of the basic vulcanites in the Eger Rift is separated by wavelength filtering. It is demonstrated that these vulcanites have intruded from the lower crust into surface areas. • In the Zwischengebirge and in the SW region of the Eibenstock-Grannitgebiet, lower crustal material is present to a depth of approx. 8 km. • The gravity high in the Munchberg Gneiss Massif (MGM) is caused by a body, with an estimated maximum depth of approx. 6 km. The combination and logical interpretation of all available constraints from reflectionseismics, refractionseismics, geological investigations and magnetotelluric research as well as a geothermal model yields a complex three-dimensional density model for Saxony. The model includes the bodies in the upper crust derived from analysis using the available Bouguer Anomaly (Conrad, 1996) and takes into account distinctive structures derived from reflectionseismological investigations. Together with information from the geology near the surface all important known structures between the topographic surface and the moho could be integrated into the model. The results of the 3D-modelling can be summarised as follows: • The Saxonian Granulitgebirge (SGG) is a dome-like structure consisting of pyroxene granulites which, consistent with geothermal interpretation, can be connected with the layer in the Erzgebirge which is at a depth of 15 km. The granulite layer, stretching from the SGG to the Erzgebirge shows that the SGG could have been transported from the SW region (the Tepla-Barrandium). • The upper crust in the Erzgebirge region is characterised by a gneiss layer with a thickness of about 15 km in which the granites were intruded. The average thickness of the granites is 5 km. • After comparison with the MT-model, an lower crust divided into two parts was assumed. One part was transported by the Rhenohercynian and disappears in the Saxonian Granulitgebirge. The other lower crust was originated from the Tepla-Barrandian and propelled to the Zwischengebirge. To calculate the gravity effects of individual modelbodies, I used a method of gravity stripping. This method shows that the granites which intruded into the Erzgebirge are causing the gravity minimum in the Erzgebirge. The observed gravity is explained by the combined gravity effect of the granites and the pyroxene granulites in the upper crust. Gravimetric testing of other models contradicts a tectonic uplift of the granulites from great depth (Diapir Uplift) and granulites originating from the Rhenohercynian. The results of this investigation support the toothpaste model (granulites complex from the Tepla-Barrandium). Corresponding model experiment with a revelent geometry, resulted in a good model-gravity fitting of the observed field.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Gravimetrie ; Dichteverteilung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 126
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Die mit der Drehwaage gemessenen Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials, insbesondere der Horizontalgradient und die Krümmungsgröße, begründeten ganz wesentlich den kommerziellen Erfolg der Geophysik bei der Suche nach Kohlenwasserstoffen. Die Bedeutung der Drehwaage - und damit die Weiterentwicklung der Auswertemethodik - nahm jedoch mit der weiten Verbreitung von Gravimetern seit etwa 1950 immer mehr ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Frage, mit welchen Methoden die Berechnung von Schwerewerten aus Drehwaagemessungen am besten gelingt und verfolgt den Ansatz, eine Synthese aus klassischen Verfahren mit computergestützten numerischen Methoden herzustellen. Bei Lösung dieser Aufgabe dienen die Horizontalgradienten Wxz und Wyz als Eingangsparameter, während die Krümmungsgrößen Wxy und Wyy-xx keine Verwendung finden. Die verschiedenen Methoden werden dazu zunächst an einem synthetischen Modell und später mit Drehwaagedaten von BEB Erdgas und Erdöl GmbH (Hannover) getestet. Dazu sind insgesamt 39 Meßtischblätter im Gebiet Soltau bzw. Wathlingen (Norddeutschland) mit 35000 Drehwaagemessungen digitalisiert worden. Das Verfahren von Haalck liefert trotz seines simplifizierten Ansatzes eine recht gute Übereinstimmung zwischen der aus den Gradienten berechneten Schwere und der Modellschwere (etwa 0.4 x 10-5 ms-2), reagiert jedoch sehr empfindlich auf Datenfehler, die sich in ausgeprägten Verbiegungen der Isolinien der Schwere äußern. Durch nachträgliche Glättung läßt sich jedoch eine Verbesserung erzielen. Nachteilig bei diesem Verfahren ist die Abhängigkeit des Ergebnisses von der vorher durchzuführenden Interpolation der Gradienten auf ein regelmäßiges Gitter und die methodenbedingte Mittelwertbildung zweier unabhängig voneinander berechneten Schwerefelder. Diese Nachteile lassen vermeiden, wenn die Berechnung der Schwere aus den Horizontalgradienten als Ausgleichungsproblem formuliert wird, bei dem die vorherige Interpolation der Horizontalgradienten auf ein Gitter entfallen kann und eine gewisse Filterung von Fehlern in den Daten implizit durchgeführt wird. Die hiermit erreichbaren Genauigkeiten betragen bis zu 0.1 x 10-5 ms-2 und liegen in der Größenordnung der Genauigkeit einer Schweremessung. Eine noch flexiblere Berechnungsmethode bietet die Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, bei der sowohl „Rauschen“ in den Daten als auch die gleichzeitige Berücksichtigung von Horizontalgradienten und Schwerewerten möglich wäre. Die hiermit erreichte Genauigkeit beträgt etwa 0.5 x 10-5 ms-2. Die berechneten Schwerewerte lassen einfach sich in bestehende Datensätze integrieren, um Datenlücken zu füllen bzw. die Stationsdichte zu verdichten. In einem vier Meßtischblätter umfassenden Gebiet (Salzstock Wathlingen) konnte auf diese Weise für Teilgebiete eine verbesserte, detailreichere Schwerekarte generiert werden. Eine unmittelbare Verwendung der Horizontalgradienten - ohne vorherige Umrechnung in Schwerewerte - erlaubt die Modellierung von Dichte und Geometrie eines dreidimensionalen Untergrundmodells. Das aus der Modellierung über- und untertägiger Schweremessungen entstandene Dichtemodell des Salzstocks von Wathlingen zeigt auch eine prinzipielle Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und berechneten Horizontalgradienten. Geringfügige Abweichungen sind durch Vernachlässigung von Strukturen in Oberfiächennähe zu erklären. Deren Berücksichtigung und die damit verbundene Modellierung der Horizontalgradienten könnte jedoch eine Verbesserung des bestehenden Modells erbringen.
    Description: Torsion balance measurements of derivatives of gravitational potential - especially horizontal gradient and curvature - were a significant factor in the commercial success of exploration geophysics in detecting hydrocarbons. However, with the widespread use of gravimeters since about 1950, there has been a continuous decrease in the importance of the torsion balance and hence in the improvement of methods of analysis. This study aims to establish which are the best methods of determining gravity values from torsion balance measurements. Its approach is to synthesize classical procedures with computer-based numerical methods, taking horizontal gradients Wxz and Wyz as input parameters, but not using the curvature values Wxy and Wyy - xx . The various methods were first tested in a synthetic model and again using torsion balance data supplied by BEB Erdgas and Erdöl GmbH (Hanover). A total of 39 topographical maps (1:25,000) of the Soltau and Wathlingen areas (northern Germany) were digitzed with 35,000 torsion balance measurements. Despite its simplified approach, the Haalck procedure yields a good agreement between theoretical gravity and gravity calculated from gradients (about 0.4 x 10-5 ms-2 ); however it shows a highly sensitive response to data errors, expressed in pronounced deformations of the gravity contour lines. This can be improved by subsequent smoothing. The disadvantage of this procedure is that results depend on prior interpolation of the gradients to a regular grid and taking the mean of two independently calculated gravity fields. These disadvantages may be avoided by formulating the gravity calculation from the horizontal gradients as a least squares adjustment problem, leaving out the prior interpolation of the horizontal gradients to a grid and implicitly filtering errors in the data. Accuracies of 0.1 x 10-5 ms-2 may be obtained in this way and are in the order of magnitude of gravity measurement accuracy. A more flexible method of calculation is the method of least squares collocation by which both "noise” in the data and simultaneous allowance for horizontal gradients and gravity values are possible. Here the accuracy is about 0.5 x 10-5 ms-2. The computed gravity values can be readily integrated in existing datasets in order to fill data gaps or enhance station density. In the case of an area covered by four topographical maps (the Wathlingen salt dome) this method allowed us to create an improved, more detailed gravity map for specific sub-areas. The direct use of horizontal gradients - without prior conversion into gravity values - allows the modeling of density and geometry of a three-dimensional subsurface model. The density model of the Wathlingen salt dome generated by the modeling of surface and subsurface gravity measurements also shows a basic agreement between measured and computed horizontal gradients. Slight deviations are due to the disregard of near-surface structures. However, their inclusion and the simultaneous modeling of horizontal gradients could improve the existing model.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Schwerefeld ; Modellierung ; Gravimetrie ; Torsionswaage ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 152
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Das Untersuchungsgebiet (Wrangell Island) gehört zu Südost-Alaska mit temperiertem, immergünem Regenwald, in dem auch viele Moore zu finden sind. Dort wurde ein Moorkomplex (muskeg) anhand von vegetationskundlichen Aufnahmen nach der Methode von Braun-Blanquet untersucht. Darin dominieren Zwergsträucher, Hemikryptophyten und Moose. Insgesamt wurden vier Vegetationstypen aufgrund von Oberflächenstrukturen und Artenzusammensetzung unterschieden: deckenmoorähnliche Strukturen, Bultstrukturen, teppichartige Matten oder flache Schlenken und Schlenken.
    Description: The visited Wrangell Island is situated in Southeast-Alaska, covered with temperate coniferious rainforests. In this area there are many bogs. One of the mire complexes (muskeg) was investigated by study of the vegetation by phytosociological relevés according to the principles of Braun-Blanquet. The mire complex was dominated by dwarf shrubs, hemicryptophytes and mosses. On the basis of topography and floristic compositions four different types of vegetation has been found: blanket bog-like structures, hummock-like structures, flat moss carpets or flat hollows and hollows.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:581.7 ; Moor ; Vegetation ; peatland
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Spurenelementdaten der untersuchten jurassischen Sandsteine nicht nur Rückschlüsse über die Herkunft der Sedimente geben, sondern auch Sandsteinlagen innerhalb von Formationen unterschieden werden können. Die Untersuchung der Sedimente erfolgte weitgehend mit den Seltenen Erden, Zirkonium und Hafnium, sowie Thorium, Scandium und Kobalt. Aus der Betrachtung der Proben geht hervor, dass die unlöslichen/immobilen Spurenelemente die Signatur des eigentlichen Ausgangsgesteins bewahrt haben, und dadurch Rückschlüsse über das eigentliche Ausgangsgestein gezogen werden dürfen. Es ließ sich auch erkennen, dass die Auswertungen dieser Spurenelemente, u.a. in den Dreiecksdiagrammen zur Unterscheidung der tektonischen Provinz, für Proben mit hohen Karbonatgehalten nur bedingt einsetzbar sind. Des weiteren wird eine Klassifikation klastischer Sedimente anhand von Spurenelementen im Rb/Sr gegen Al/10+Ti System vorgeschlagen. Die Unterteilung nach Korngröße (Ton – Sand) und Karbonatgehalt, stimmt gut mit den Daten dieser Arbeit und publizierten Daten überein. Die Untersuchung der Herkunft der Sedimente ergab, das mit Hilfe von Seltenen Erden und Zirkonium/Hafnium Verhältnissen die Sedimentquelle weiter differenziert werden kann und es können Konklusionen gezogen werden, ob es sich um eine oder mehrere Quellen handelt. Geologisch konnte anhand von Co/Th gegen La/Sc und Th/Sc zu La/Cr Diagrammen, sowie den Dreiecksdiagrammen u.a. Th-Sc-Zr/10 gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei dem eigentlichen Ursprungsgestein der untersuchten Sedimente, um ein granitisches, metamorph überprägtes Gestein handelt, das tektonisch mit den Inselbögen aus der Kaledonischen Orogenese in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. Durch die Betrachtung der REE und des Zr/Hf Verhältnisses der Proben konnten einzelne Quellen der Sedimente weiter differenziert werden. Dies ergab u.a., dass die untersuchten Sedimente der Eldfisk Fm. nicht nur ein, zu den anderen Proben, sehr unterschiedliches Ursprungsgestein aufweisen, sondern das die Eldfisk Sande auch aus dem Material verschiedener nahe liegender Quellen zusammen gesetzt sind. Des weiteren konnte gezeigt werden das es sich beim Basal Sandstein sowohl um aufgearbeitetes Material der Bryne Sedimente wie auch der Skagerrak Fm. handelt.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: Das Suez Rift gehört zum Ostafrikanischen Riftsystem und ist die NW Verlängerung des Roten Meeres Rift. Das im Oligozän einsetzende Rifting begann aufgrund der Rotation der Sinai Subplatte relativ zur afrikanischen Platte und führte zur Öffnung des Suez Golfs. Die Deformationen im Suez Rift werden von Extensionsverwerfungen und Verwerfungsblöcken dominiert. Die Riftschultern sind symmetrisch zum Becken. Die Anhebung der Riftschultern erfolgte zeitgleich mit dem Rifting. Diese Extension wurde von magmatischen Intrusionen und Laven begleitet. Die bis dahin abgelagerten Sedimente werden als prerift Ablagerungen bezeichnet. Die während des Riftings abgelagerten Sedimente reichen von kontinentalen bis hin zu bathyalen Ablagerungen, wobei die einleitenden Gesteinsformationen überwiegend aus klastischem Material bestehen. Die Sedimentation dieser synrift Sedimente im Golf von Suez ist nicht einheitlich, da sie sowohl durch die Absenkung der einzelnen Unterbecken als auch die Entfernung zu den Grabenschultern kontrolliert wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den klastischen synrift Sedimenten und dem Paläorelief des östlichen Suez Rifts in W - Sinai, Ägypten. Dabei beschränkt sich die Untersuchung auf das im Rahmen dieser Diplomkartierung kartierte Gebiet am Gebel Hammam Faraun. Die kartierten Einheiten umfassen die tertiären Ablagerungen der Thebes Formation, Darat Fm., Tanka Fm., Abu Zenima Fm., Nukhul Fm. sowie der Rudeis Formation. Das Hauptinteresse lag in den klastischen Ablagerungen der synrift Sedimente der Abu Zenima und Nukhul Formationen. Die Fazies Varietäten innerhalb der Formationen wurden untersucht und die Problematik der Unterteilung der Abu Zenima und Nukhul Sedimente diskutiert. Dazu wurden Profile der Ablagerungen der beiden Formationen aufgenommen und korreliert. Des weiteren wurde die Relation der tektonischen Ereignisse auf die Sedimentablagerungen betrachtet. Die tektonischen Ereignisse können in drei Phasen unterteilt werden: Die 1. Phase ist die Phase der clysmischen Extension. Es kam es zur Bildung von Subblöcken durch auftretende clysmische Verwerfungen, und zur Erosion von prerift Sedimenten. Synrift Sedimente der Abu Zenima Fm., Nukhul Fm. und der unteren Rudeis Formation wurden abgelagert. In der 2. Phase kam es durch die Extension des Aqaba Rifts zur Reaktivierung der 8 Zusammenfassung 54 clysmischen Verwerfungen und zum Auftreten von Verwerfungen die dem Aqaba Trend folgten. Dies führte zur Subsidenz im Suez Rift und zur Entstehung von Horst und Graben Strukturen, wie dem Hammam Faraun Horst. Die 3. Phase ist geprägt durch die regionale thermische Subsidenz. Diese führte u.a. vermutlich zur Rückrotationen der Blöcke an der Westseite des Hammam Farauns Subblocks. Die Schwierigkeit der biostratigraphischen Einteilung der Abu Zenima Sedimente und die damit verbundene nur bedingt mögliche Korrelation dieser Schichten könnte mit Hilfe von Spurenelementanalysen verbessert werden. Diese mögliche Korrelation von Sedimenten auf grund ihrer Spurenelement Vergesellschaftung ist ein Schwerpunkt der Diplom Laborarbeit.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: Es wurden pulse chase Experimente in Sedimenten der Tiefsee mit 13c/15N-markierten Diatomeen der Art Thalassiosira rotula durchgeführt, um zu untersuchen, in welchen Zeiträumen und mit welcher Intensität die Mikroorganismen und im speziellen die Bakterien auf einen Nahrungpuls reagieren. Die Untersuchungen fanden im Rahmen des BIGSET II-Projektes auf zwei Expeditionen statt: im Februar 2000 im 1270 m tiefen Sognefjord und im Mai - Juni 2000 im Nordost-Atlantik an der 4800 m tiefen BENGAL-Station. Die Experimente wurden unter in-situ-Verhältnissen mit benthischen Kammer-Landern durchgeführt, in deren Benthoskammern das markierte Algenmaterial injiziert wurde. Je Gebiet wurden drei Inkubationsintervalle untersucht, im Sognefjord 8, 36 und 72 Stunden, an der BENGAL-Station 2.5, 8 und 20 Tage. Die Reaktion der mikrobiellen Biomasse auf den Nahrungspuls wurde anhand der Phospholipidkonzentration bestimmt, die Aufnahme von 13c in die Bakterien über eine δ13C-Isotopenanalyse der bakterienspezifischen Fettsäuren der Phospholipidfraktion (PLFA=polar lipid fatty acids) verfolgt. An der BENGAL-Station ist nach 20 Tagen Inkubation ein Wachstum der mikrobiellen Biomasse um 50% in der Oberflächenschicht gemessen worden, der gut mit einem erhöhten Einbau von 13C in die bakteriellen Fettsäuren korreliert. Diese Aufnahme des organische Materials fand zu 90% in den aeroben Bakterien statt. Nach 20 Tagen sind mindestens 0.1% des Kohlenstoffs der mikrobiellen Biomasse auf die zugegebenen Algen zurückzuführen. In tieferen Sedimentschichten fand nur ein geringer Einbau von 13C und kein eindeutiges Wachstum statt. Der Zugang der dort lebenden Mikroorganismen zu dem frisch herabsedimentierten Material hängt stark von der Bioturbationsaktivität der Makrofauna ab. Weitere Untersuchungen in anderen Zeitintervallen waren sinnvoll, um den Zeitpunkt des maximalen Einbaus der organischen Substanz bestimmen zu können. Im Sognefjord ist ein tendenzielles Wachstum der mikrobiellen Biomasse gemessen worden, bei den Untersuchungen zum Einbau von 13C erwies sich als problematisch, daß die Algen nicht bakterienfrei gezüchtet worden waren. Da die Phospholipide innerhalb von wenigen Tagen im Sediment abgebaut werden, die längste Inkubation im Sognefjord jedoch nur drei Tage dauerte, kann man keine Aussage treffen, zu welchen Anteilen ein Einbau in die im Sognefjord lebenden Bakterien stattgefunden hat und zu welchen Anteilen die mit den Algen zugegebenen Bakterienfettsäuren gemessen wurden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: In dem Vorhaben wurden durch die quantitative Analyse von Meeresbodenfotografien, epibenthische Besiedlungsmuster auf der Großen Meteorbank im subtropischen Atlantik in Beziehung zu potentiell steuernden Umweltfaktoren untersucht. Insgesamt 622 Meeresbodenfotografien von 15 Stationen Meteor Seeberg, in Wassertiefen von 288 bis 602 m, wurden quantitativ ausgewertet. Hierbei wurde eine Fläche von 516 m2 abgedeckt. Die Ergebnisse der Auswertungen lassen auf eine hinsichtlich Artendiversität und Abundanz vergleichsweise arme Epifauna schließen. Insgesamt 53 verschiedene epibenthische Taxa von Schwämmen bis zu Fischen wurden identifiziert. Eine Artbestimmung war nicht immer möglich. In diesen Fällen wurden lediglich Morphotypen unterschieden, die aber mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit distinkte Arten darstellen. Auffälligste megabenthische Taxa waren mehrere Schwammarten (z.B. Haliclona sp.), Hornkorallen (z.B. Elisella flagellum), Steinkorallen (z.B. Dendrophyllia cf. corniger, Flabellum sp.) und Seeigel (z.B. Cidaris cidaris). Die Besiedlungsdichten der erfassten Taxa wurden durch Zählungen der Individuen bzw. Koloniezahlen auf den Bildern. Die mittleren Gesamt-Abundanzen waren vergleichsweise gering und lagen im Bereich von 0,03 bis 55,6 ind. m-2. Die kleinräumigen Besiedlungsmuster auf der 10-m-Skala waren geprägt von einer ausgeprägten Fleckenhaftigkeit, d.h. die Abundanzen dominanter Arten konnten zwischen benachbarten, ca. 10 m voneinander entfernten Bildern einer Station um fast zwei Größenordnungen zwischen 3 ind. m-2 und 180 ind. m-2 schwanken. Bei der Gemeinschaftsanalyse wurden drei Zonen unterschiedlicher Epifauna auf der Meteorbank identifiziert: "Hang", "Südliches Plateau" und „Nördliches Plateau". Diese Stationen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Abundanzen, dem Artenreichtum und der Diversität verglichen. Hierbei ergab sich, dass dieses Muster vor allem auf Unterschiede im Vorkommen der Steinkorallen Dendrophyllia cf. corniger und Lophelia sp. und einer Schwammart Zurückzuführen ist. Hinsichtlich der Beeinflussung durch abiotische Umweltfaktoren Wassertiefe, Temperatur und Salzgehalt als Bestimmend für die Besiedlungsmuster erkannt. Die kleinskalige Verteilung sowohl der einzelnen Taxa als auch der assoziierten Gemeinschaften erwies sich als fleckenhaft. Das epibenthische Besiedlungsmuster korrespondiert in grober räumlicher Auflösung mit der mesoskaligen Hydrographie der Großen Meteorbank, die durch einen bank-umfassenden antizyklonalen Wirbel und darüber hinaus durch zwei kleinere topographie-gesteuerte anti-zyklonale Zirkulationen über den beiden Erhebungen auf dem nördlichen bzw. südlichen Plateau gekennzeichnet ist. Dies könnte für regionale Unterschiede sowohl in den Bodenströmungsmustem und damit der Meeresbodenstruktur als auch in der Nahrungszufuhr ins Benthal verantwortlich sein.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: In laboratory experiments with the coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica the ratio of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) to particulate organic carbon (POC) production decreased with increasing CO2 concentration ([CO2]). This was due to both reduced PIC and enhanced POC production at elevated [CO2]. Carbon dioxide concentrations covered a range from a pre-industrial level to a value predicted for 2100 according to a "business as usual" anthropogenic CO2 emission scenario. The laboratory results were used to employ a model in which the immediate effect of a decrease in global marine calcification relative to POC production on the potential capacity for oceanic CO2 uptake was simulated. Assuming that overall marine biogenic calcification shows a similar response as obtained for E. huxleyi or G. oceanica in the present study, the model reveals a negative feedback on increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations due to a decrease in the PIC/POC ratio. The individual response in cellular PIC and POC production of E. huxleyi to [CO2] depended strongly on the light intensity. POC production increased with increasing [CO2], irrespective of the light intensity, and PIC production decreased with increasing [CO2] at a light intensity of 150 μmol m-2 s-1, whereas below this light level it was unaffected by [CO2]. The diurnal variation in PIC and POC content, monitored over 38 h period was larger than the difference in carbon content between cells grown at high and low [CO2]. However, consistent with the results described above, cellular POC content was higher and PIC content was lower at high [CO2], respectively, compared to the values at low [CO2], and the offset was observed throughout the day. It is suggested that the observed sensitivity of POC production for ambient [CO2] may be of direct importance in regulating speciesspecific primary production and species composition. The stable carbon isotope fractionation (εp) of E. huxleyi was examined in relation to CO2 concentration and light conditions in dilute batch cultures. Er was largely independent of ambient [CO2], varying generally by less than 2 ‰ over a range of [CO2] from 5 to 34 μmol r-1. Instantaneous carbon specific growth rates (μc) and light intensity, ranging from 15 to 150 μmol m-2 s-1, positively correlated with εp. This result is inconsistent with theoretical considerations and experimental results obtained under constant light conditions, suggesting an inverse relationship between εp and μ. In the present study the effect of light intensity on εp was stronger than that of μ and thus resulted in a positive relationship between μ and εp. In addition, the light/dark cycle of 16h/8h resulted in significantly lower εp values compared to continuous light. Since the observed offset of about 8 ‰ could not be related to daylength-dependent changes in μc, this implies a direct influence of the irradiance cycle on εp. A comparison between chemostat and batch culture data corrected for the effect of the irradiance cycle on εp, suggests that a discrepancy in the εp response between E. huxleyi batch and nitrate-limited chemostat cultures may not exist and that the relationship between εp and μcl[CO2] in E. huxleyi is non-linear. The findings are best explained by invoking active carbon uptake in E. huxleyi. If representative for the natural environment, these results severely complicate the interpretation of carbon isotope data in geochemical and paleoceanographic applications. Under controlled laboratory conditions the coccolithophore E. huxleyi was grown under non-steady state conditions. Over a period of 20 days a monospecific bloom was followed, in which growth was finally limited by the nitrate concentration. The results indicate that the close correlation between cellular PIC and POC content during exponential growth is not due to an interdependence of the two parameters, but is rather a consequence of a coincident similar production rate. The dissociation of coccolith production from POC production in the stationary phase is caused by a decrease in the POC production, rather than a stimulation of calcification by the absence of a nutrient. The chemical composition of E. huxleyi showed to be highly variable during the progression of the bloom. Next to changes in the cellular PIC and POC content, both POC/PON and POP/POP ratios strongly deviate from Redfield values under N-limitation. Also the proportion of lipids to overall cell carbon is not constant. Observed enhanced alkenone production relative to POC production during exponential growth points to a membrane or some other structural function of alkenones in the cell. The offset in the stable carbon isotopic signal between POC and lipids changes during exponential growth. Furthermore, calculated temperatures using the uk'37 - temperature relationship strongly deviate from the actual temperature during exponential growth. These findings may compromise the use of biomarkers like alkenones as proxies for paleo-CO2 and temperature, and a much better understanding of the relevant physiological factors and processes involved in the build-up of the signal are required for a sensible application for ancient environmental reconstruction.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-11-08
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-11-07
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2023-11-07
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: RV "SONNE" cruise So151, during 1 to 27 November 2000 from Bridgetown, Barbados to Recife, Brazil was carried out by the Institut für Meereskunde Kiel within the contect of the international CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Predictability) projects. The work was a contribution of the german ocean-CLIVAR (Sub-project "tropical-subtropical interaction") program of Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF). One main aim of the sub-project is the investigation of the climate relevance of the shallow tropical-subtropical circulation cell in the equatorial Atlantic and its focus in the western boundary current off Brazil. The main objectives beneath the CLIVAR related research in the upper ocean were investigations of the deep sea circulation. In the upper ocean the interaction between the tropical water circulation an the subtropical North Atlantic in the late phase of the northern summer was one particular objective. Some goals of it were the measurements of transports of warm water off the coast towards the Caribbean, the existence and structure of the equatorial Undercurrent as part of the northern hemispheric shallow thermohaline cell and its focus in the western boundary current. Objectives of the deep circulation are the spreading of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) at and across the equator, as well as the recirculation in the Guyana-Basin and the expected arrival of a strong pulse of Labrador Sea Water at the equator. Measurements carried out were high resolution measurements of temperature, conductivity, pressure and oxygen by CTD casts, continuous current profiling in the upper 500 m of the water column using shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), top to bottom velocity profiles from an ADCP lowered with the CTD, freon distribution from the Niskin bottles and continuous surface temperature and salinity distributions, meteorological parameters and depth soundings. In addition 2 moorings were recovered and redeployed and 5 profiling floats were deployed. The cruise was carried out in close co-operation with So152 (Prof. M. Rhein) and So153 (Prof. U. Send) who also carried out CLIVAR investigations. The sections perpendicular to the coast will be worked up together with the ones from So152 to investigate large scale water mass and circulation distributions.
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  • 13
  • 14
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The circulation of gases and aqueous fluids, as well as the abundance of gas hydrates in convergent margin scenarios, play a significant role in global mass balances. Hence, the study of these processes with various techniques has become a major objective in geosciences research during the previous decade. The main focus of the research expedition HYDGAS during cruise Sonne SO-150 was the qualification and quantification of massive gas hydrates in the sediment using seismic methods. Gas hydrates, or clathrates, are ice-like crystals of gases (predominantly methane) and water, which occur in various forms in subseafloor sediments. According to global estimates, the carbon fixed in such gas hydrates exceeds by far the amount of presently discovered oil and gas occurrences. Thus, gas hydrate research is of both scientific, economic, and environmental importance. The continental margin off Oregon, where the Juan de Fuca Plate is subducted beneath the North American continental plate, is a well studied area which is characterized by its wealth of clathrates and hydrate-related deposits. Within the accumulated sediment of the upper subduction zone, the so called Cascadia accretionary prism, massive gashydrates and associated chemical anomalies (brines), their chemical oxidization products (authigenic carbonate), and typical fauna assemblages related to methane-rich fluids have been previously reported. Apart from shedding more light on the principal understanding of gas hydrate environments, the main aim of the HYDGAS expedition is an estimate of gas hydrate quantities, their potential economic relevance in the future, and the risk of environmental hazards (submarine slides, release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere) from gas hydrate dissociation. During cruise Sonne SO-150 , improved geophysical methods were used to identify and quantify the spatial variation of gas hydrates across Hydrate Ridge. Narrowly spaced receivers on the seafloor (approximately 200 m apart), shallow and deep towed systems, and a broad range of source frequencies (5 Hz to 2 kHz) were used to guarantee pristine data quality. Here, special attention will be given to parameters which will assist in gas hydrate identification and quantification. The new geophysical data will be compared and calibrated using the results from direct measurements on recovered core as well as along the borehole wall (downhole logging) at ODP Site 892. Calibration of the geophysical information will allow us to optimize data processing and interpretation. The results from cruise Sonne SO-150 will significantly broaden the understanding of seismic signals in hydrate-bearing sediments, and thus will add a quantitative component to the overall gas hydrate research. Five receiver assemblages in three locations, at Site 892 (ODP Leg 146) and at two future ODP drillsites (ODP Leg 204, scheduled for autumn 2002), provided a wealth of data from 5 different sources used. During intervals of data retrieval and OBH/OBS refitting, a total of 1490 km of seismic reflection profiles were acquired using five different source (broad frequency range) and three different streamer (surface and deep tow) configurations. The narrowly spaced grid of seismic reflexion and Parasound lines permits us to tie in the results from the receiver experiments for quantitative estimates.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The oceanic Cocos Plate subducting beneath Costa Rica has a complex plate tectonic history resulting in segmentation. New lines of magnetic data clearly define tectonic boundaries which separate lithosphere formed at the East Pacific Rise from lithosphere formed at the Cocos-Nazca spreading center. They also define two early phase Cocos-Nazca spreading regimes and a major propagator. In addition to these sharply defined tectonic boundaries are overprinted boundaries from volcanism during passage of Cocos Plate over the Galapagos hot spot. The subducted segment boundaries correspond with distinct changes in upper plate tectonic structure and features of the subducted slab. Newly identified seafloor-spreading anomalies show oceanic lithosphere formed during initial breakup of the Farallon Plate at 22.7 Ma and opening of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center. A revised regional compilation of magnetic anomalies allows refinement of plate tectonic models for the early history of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center. At 19.5 Ma a major ridge jump reshaped its geometry, and after ∼14.5 Ma multiple southward ridge jumps led to a highly asymmetric accretion of lithosphere. A suspected cause of ridge jumps is an interaction of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center with the Galapagos hot spot.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-07-17
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2023-02-03
    Description: Remote sensing of clouds is hampered by its inhomogeneity. The nonlinear effect of clouds in radiative transfer causes strong differences in brightness temperatures between homogeneous clouds and inhomogeneous cloud structures, depending on inhomogeneity. These differences are related to the so-called 'beam filling' effect. In this study the beam filling (BF) effect in microwave remote sensing is investigated. The calculations are carried out for the frequencies of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). An analytical BF-Model and a BF-Model assuming a gamma-distributed liquid water path (LWP) are developed in order to illustrate the dependence of the BF-effect on the mean LWP and its inhomogeneity. These models show decreasing atmospheric emission and increasing surface emission with increasing inhomogeneity. Because the loss of emissivity dominates, the net effect of inhomogeneity is a decreased brightness temperature for an inhomogeneous cloud. The main cause for the strong frequency dependence of the BF-effect is the extinction efliciency of the hydrometeors, which depends on frequency. BF-effects are reduced with increasing atmospheric water vapor which in turn depends on frequency, too. Using clouds of the mesoscale atmospheric model GESIMA, the BF-effect for non-idealised cloud structures and distributions is calculated and agrees weil with the findings for idealised clouds. The effects of three-dimensional cloud structures in radiative transfer are taken into account by using a 3d Monte Carlo Model. In this study, LWP-retrieval algorithms are developed using a neural network (NN). While decreased brightness temperatures for inhomogeneous clouds show a systematic underestimation of the LWP when applied to LWP-retrieval algorithms developed for homogeneous clouds, no systematic underestimation occurs if inhomogeneous clouds are used for NN-training. That is, there is no need for additional information about the cloud inhomogeneity, because the brightness temperatures of inhomogeneous clouds, especially their combinations, account for BF-effects to a !arge extent. Nevertheless, random retrieval errors are slightly increased compared to algorithms for homogeneous clouds. This can be related to BF-effects. Explicite information about cloud inhomogeneity can be used to reduce these additional retrieval errors. However, the higher resolved measurements of the 85 GHz B-Scan data of SSM/I do not yield enough information about cloud inhomogeneity; the accuracy of the detected inhomogeneity is insuflicient to improve the LWP-retrieval, because the 85 GHz brightness temperature is not weil related to the liquid water path. Using the sensitivity of the BF-effect to mean LWP and cloud inhomogeneity, it is estimated to what accuracy cloud inhomogeneity must be known, in order to achieve a significant improvement of the retrieval quality compared to algorithms compiled without information about cloud inhomogencity.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2023-02-03
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2023-02-03
    Description: A most profound knowledge about the radiative characteristics of clouds is required for the development of realistic atmospheric circulation models and cloud remote sensing algorithms. At present, cloud fields are treated extremely simplified in both application areas. Cloud radiative flux parameterizations in atmospheric circulation models as well as the correlation between radiance and cloud properties as required for remote sensing algorithm are usually based on the assumption of plane-parallel homogeneous (PPHOM) clouds. Compared to realistically 3D cloud fields, this simplification leads to large systematic errors. In order to quantify these errors a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model has been developed and applied to 3D cloud fields. The latter origin from the non-hydrostatic 3D atmospheric model GESIMA. Absorption and scattering properties of the cloud particles have been calculated by means of Mie-theory for spherical water droplets and a ray-tracing code for non-spherical ice, rain, and snow particles. Line by line calculations have been used to obtain the absorption properties of the relevant atmospheric gases. It is shown that accounting for horizontally inhomogeneous distribution of water vapor does not lead to noticeable improvements in calculating the radiative fluxes compared to using horizontally stratified water vapor fields. Differences in upward reflected and in absorbed solar broadband flux are less than 0.1 % of the total incoming flux. A larger influence is due to the non-stratified structure of cloud hydrometeors. Investigations in the UV-A spectral band for random solar azimuth angle provide errors in domain averaged direct (total) downward solar fluxes up to 49 % (32 %) of the incoming flux for the PPHOM approximation, whereas the use of radiatively independent atmospheric columns (independent column approximation, ICA) yields errors up to 6 % (2 %). Similar investigations for the entire solar spectral range and for fixed solar azimuth show errors in upward reflected flux (absorption) exceeding 17 % (4 %) for the PPHOM approximation and 2 % (1 %) for the ICA. Largest deviations are found for the most inhomogeneous convective cloud fields. Errors due to the ICA are very sensitive to horizontal resolution and solar zenith angle. It is proposed that presently used correction schemes (artificial reduction of cloud optical thickness) for radiative flux parameterizations based on the PPHOM assumption or the ICA should be derived as a function of these parameters.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2023-02-03
    Description: The Izu Island arc is located south of Japan on one of the most active plate boundaries on earth. Since subduction began, phases of arc front volcanism alternated with phases of backarc spreading, rear arc volcanism and rifting. 40Ar/39Ar laserdating and step heating experiments from single crystal and glass particles from drilled forearc ash layers reveal volcanic activity in the Izu volcanic front for more than 40 million years. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios from the ash layers 〈17 Ma show nearly constant isotope ratios, while the isotope ratios of the older ash layers show larger variations and on average tend to less radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions with age. The spatial variations of the Izu arc system were investigated on lavas from the 〈17 Ma volcanic front, the active rift (〈3 Ma), submarine rear arc volcanoes (13-3 Ma) and lavas and glass particles drilled in the Shikoku backarc basin (25-17 Ma). Trace element and isotope ratios reveal distinct geochemical signatures for each zone of the arc. Assuming a corner flow model for the streaming of mantle material, the isotope ratios can be explained by two component mixing between the underlying asthenospheric mantle wedge and a subduction component consisting of fluids from the subducted plate. The spatial geochemical variations reveal that both components must be heterogeneous across the arc. The temporal geochemical evolution shows that depletion of the mantle wedge beneath the volcanic front started when the Shikoku Basin began to spread about 25 Ma ago. With the exception of the state of enrichment or depletion of the mantle wedge and the subduction component, the input into the arc as well as the structure of the subduction zone are reflected in the arc output. The input into the arc is reflected in the temporal evolution and the Pb isotopes. These data possibly reflect a less radiogenic input in the Eocene and Oligocene due to the lesser age and smaller sediment carapace of the subducting plate.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Humpback whales in the southern hemisphere migrate in the beginning of the austral winter from their Antarctic feeding grounds to their winter breeding grounds in tropical or sub-tropical waters. Some of these reproduction areas are situated in the waters off the South American coast. However, hardly any information is available on occurrence and distribution of humpback whale in South American waters and especially of their breeding areas in the tropical East Pacific. Therefore a study was conducted in the Machalilla National Park off the coast of Ecuador in the years 1997 to 1999. The goal was to determine whether the humpback whales seen here use the area as a breeding ground, to determine population size and to investigate habitat utilisation, with a special focus on environmental factors which might govern distribution. Also, behaviour patterns and the influence of the newly-developing whale-watching industry were to be a focus of the research. The main methods used were photo-identification as well as observations from the Isla de la Plata, an island about 30km from the mainland. The results of this study showed that the area of the Machalilla National Park forms a breeding and calving area for southern hemisphere humpback whales from early June and to late September. The whales showed typical migration patterns, annual return of individuals, re-sightings of individual whales within a season, presence of young calves and a variety of typical behaviours associated with reproduction, including the forming of competitive groups and the presence of singing humpbacks. The mean distance between breaching humpback whales was found to differ significantly from the distance between non-breaching animals and indicated the use of breaching as a spatial distance holder on the breeding ground. Using results from this study it is hypothesised that the mating system of humpback whales might can be used to explain large scale movements and small-scale habitat use of humpback whales. The best population estimate for the Machalilla National Park using mark-recapture methodology is 405 animals (CJ.: 221-531). Individually-identified animals have been sighted repeatedly within a season as well as from year to year. A total of 93 individual whales were identified using their flukes and the photographs are stored in a catalogue to aJlow comparison with other humpback whale populations in the future. During the year 1997/98 an El Nino event caused a change of relative abundance of humpbacks, but no change in behaviour, group sizes or compositions was noted.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This study concerns the tectonic setting of the Troodos Ophiolite. The volcaniclastic sediments of the Kannaviou Formation, accumulated in westem Cyprus, are the main geological criteria to find a solution to this question. The Kannaviou Formation is subdivided into eight different volcaniclastic facies which are distinguished from each other by bedding characteristics and grain size in massive sandstone to claystone (facies 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8) and bedded (up to 4 cm thick) to laminated (〈1 cm thick) sandstone to siltstone (facies 4 and 5). The sediments are accumulated either on the Javas of the Troodos Ophiolite or locally on the younger Fe-Mn-rich umbers and radiolarian claystones overlying the ophiolitic body. The volcaniclastic deposits are distributed mainly in western Cyprus, particularly on the westem periphery of the Troodos Ophiolite making up a succession of more than 700 m based on the geological maps, but less than half is exposed. Facies 1 and 2 form the top of the succession whereas the base is characterized by the facies 6 and 7. Highly vesicular rhyolitic glass (pumice) is the main component reaching in the pumice-rich layers of facies 5 〉50 vol% and in the massive sediments 〈10-〉50 vol%. Glass shards (mainly rhyolitic, minor basaltic to basaltic andesitic) reach up to 20 volo/o. Wherever basal and fine grained massive beds are exposed (facies 6 and 7), the pumice concentration is lower than 5 vol%. Plagioclase (An32_95) is less than 25 vol% in the massive sediments and 〈10-20 vol% in the bedded sediments. Other igneous components are quartz ( 〈5-〈 10 vol%), clinopyroxene (mainly augite, minor diopside), amphibole (edenite, hastingsite), minor orthopyroxene (hypersthene) (mafic mineral phases up to 5 vol%) and opaque minerals (up to 5 vol%). Lithic fragments (radiolarian claystones, volcanic and metamorphic lithics (〈5 to 〉15 vol%) and fauna (mostly radiolaria and calcareous nannofossils reaching up to 10 vol%) are other important components. Minor metamorphic assemblage includes chiefly polycrystalline quartz, pargasite, epidote/zoisite, minor chromian spinel and white mica. Pumice clasts of facies 1 are characterized by large "lapilli" (up to 3 cm) whereas basal beds of facies 6, in contrast, are characterized by ash-sized pumice clasts. The sediments are interpreted to be accumulated either as turbidity currents (sharp contacts of the bedded sediments e.g. facies 5) or as debris flows. The sedimentation takes place in form of small channels. The Kannaviou Formation is possibly autochthonous. Abundance of highly vesicular ash to lapilli-sized particles in the sediments higher in the uccession suggests a successively shallowing of the water depth during the volcaniclastic deposition. The eruptions possibly continued under subaerial conditions, as shown by pyroclastic flows which are nearly monomineralic. Lithological criteria together with the faunal assemblage suggest that the sedimentation place was deep-marine (1000-2500 m) and the position of the CCD was higher than that during the Troodos emplacement (〈5000 m). The majority of the examined crystals are placed in the Late Campanian (c. 75 Ma) suggesting a short life-time of the accumulation. Magma mixing is the reason for inhomogeneous concentration of anorthite and sieve-like structures in the plagioclases. Calc-alkaline composition suggests the activity of a subduction zone beneath the Troodos Ophiolite leading to the Kannaviou volcanic sources. Ta/Yb versus Th/Yb in the Kannaviou sediments further suggests an island arc setting. Such a composition is dissimilar to coeval volcanoes erupted in Turkey, Israel and Lebanon. Chemical data of the Kannaviou Formation and the Mariana arc volcanoes overlap. The comparison between the compositional data between the Mariana backarc volcanoes and the Troodos Ophiolite reveals geochemical similarities as well, suggesting that the Troodos Ophiolite represents possibly a backarc setting. The Kannaviou eruptions derived possibly from arc volcanoes located in the sea area close to Troodos Ophiolite.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: The plate boundary off Indonesia was investigated using a number of geophysical techniques and data. The work concentrated on the structural and tectonic differences along the central part of this 5600 km long margin. The subduction zone marks the collision of the Indian-Australian and the Eurasian plates and displays a significant variation of trench curvature resulting in areas of normal and of oblique subduction. A combined interpretation of marine seismic wide-angle and reflection data yields the subduction zone geometry. Traveltime analysis of the wide-angle data incorporated the results from the migrated MCS data for the shallow structure of the lines. The resulting velocity field is further constrained by gravity modelling and synthetic data. The Moho reflection of the downgoing slab could be verified to a depth of more than 30 km. The frontal part of the prism is experiencing active accretion in between the deformation front and an active backstop structure, which separates the accretionary domain from the outer high. Velocities underneath the outer high are fairly low, suggesting a sedimentary origin. Adjacent to the highly deformed outer high lies the undisturbed forearc basin. A significant change of the Moho depth underneath the forearc basin is observed: A shallow Moho is present underneath the Javanese forearc domain, while the crust underneath the forearc off Sumatra is more continental in nature. From these results the dominant role of the upper plate geometry and buttress in the evolution of this subduction zone is unraveled.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Meridional transport processes of water masses and tracers in the subtropical and tropical Atlantic are investigated using a regional eddy resolving model of the wind driven and thermohaline circulation. Analytical emphasis is on float simulations in the model which, complementary to Eulerian means, represent the Lagrangian view and give further insight into the spreading and pathways of characteristic water masses in this area. In the tropics and subtropics shallow 3-dimensional circulation cells are superim posed on the northward warm water transfer within the deep reaching thermohaline overturning cell (MOQ as part of the global "Conveyor Belt". Under present-day climate conditions the model shows that the equatorial thermocline is exclusively ventilated by subsurface flow within the tropical-subtropical cell (STQ of the South Atlantic). Only with a prescribed „Conveyor-ofF-Mode the STC of the North Atlantic contributes to this ventilation process with equal amounts. Throughout the year the interhemispheric transport of surface and central water masses of South Atlantic origin into the Caribbean Sea is dominated by zonal detours to the east as a consequence of die interplay of several retroflection events occuring in the North Atlantic. The eulerian mean flow field in the deep layer postulates the interhemispheric mass transport into the South Atlantic to be confined entirely to the western boundary, whereas Lagrangian means indicate intermittent eastward excursions along the equator, related to seasonally alternating zonal currents due to long Rossby waves. It was suggested that the observed characteristic eastward maximum of tracer concentrations along the equator is a consequence of rectifying effects of single or interacting equatorial waves. The model does not validate this hypothesis. The response to transport anomalies of subpolar origin and long periodicity is subject to different time-scales in both hemispheres. The fast response is confined to the northern hemisphere and dominates the first two years because of the mediating waves which at first propagate only around the North Atlantic basin. After 8 to 10 years the changes in the overtuming are not restricted to the North anymore but are apparent in both hemispheres.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: The overall goal of this work is to investigate the performance of ecosystem models and to relate their results to existing observations in the North Atlantic. Different data assimilation methods are applied. A variational adjoint technique and a micro-generic algorithm (mGA) are utilized to estimate model parameters, such that the misfit between model results and observations is minimised. Experiments are performed with nitrogen based ecosystem models, comprising three and four state variables (NPZ- and NPZD models): dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N), phytoplankton (P), herbivorous zooplankton (Z) and detritus (D). First, data assimilation experiments are conducted with observations from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) in order to optimise the NPZ-model. While applying the adjoint method different optimal parameter sets are obtained when starting from different initial parameter sets. It is shown that for parameter optimisation of an ecosystem model, the application of the mGA is superior to the performance of the adjoint method. Second, simultaneous assimilation experiments are performed with the NPZD-model using observational data from three locations in the North Atlantic. The parameter set retrieved from the simultaneous optimisations produces substantial differences in the biogeochemical fluxes when compared with model results using previously published parameters. The optimisation yields a best parameter set, which can be utilized for basin wide simulations in coupled physical-biological models of the North Atlantic.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden klassische mikrobiologische Methoden (Kultivierung, Denitrifikationstests) und molekularbiologische Methoden (PCR von 16S rDNA-Fragmenten und Auftrennung der Amplifikate mittels Denaturierenden Gradienten Gel Elektrophorese (DGGE)) angewandt, die es erlauben die Diversität der ökologisch bedeutenden physiologischen Bakteriengruppe der Denitrifikanten bzw. Niratreduzierer in unterschiedlich gedüngten Parzellen eines Ackerbodens im Jahresgang zu analysieren. Durch die Isolierung wesentlicher Mitglieder dieser Bakteriengruppe und ihre Identifizierung über Fettsäuremuster wurde ein Überblick über die am Standort vorhandenen und mit den eingesetzten Verfahren kultivierbaren Bakterien, die zum dissimilatorischen Umsatz von Nitrat in der Lage sind, geschaffen. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Dynamik wesentlicher Mitglieder der Bakteriengemein-schaft im Jahresgang mit Hilfe der DGGE untersucht. Die isolierten Stämme dienten außerdem als Referenz für die Untersuchungen aus der Standort-DNA. Von Interesse war insbesondere die Diversität der Pseudomonaden, Bacilli und Bakterien der Gruppe Cytophaga/Flavobacterium, um mögliche Einflüsse ackerbaulicher Maßnahmen auf die Diversität einzelner Bakteriengruppen nachzuweisen. Die Auswertung der mittels PCR/DGGE erhaltenen Ergebnisse ergab eine eindeutige Änderung der Diversität von Bakterien der Gruppen Cytophaga/Flavobacterium mit Wechsel der angebauten Feldfrucht. Innerhalb eines Jahresganges konnten keine Diversitätsschwankungen festgestellt werden. Auch stimmten die Diversitätsmuster dieser Bakteriengruppe aller unterschiedlich behandelten Ackerparzellen fast vollständig überein.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Die Entwicklung parasitischer Helminthen von marinen Warmblütern und Fischen verläuft über Wirtswechselzyklen, die eng mit dem Nahrungsnetz verknüpft sind. Wirbellose und Fische sind darin die wichtigsten Zwischenwirte. In der Antarktis, wo Untersuchungen nur unter ungünstigen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden können, sind die Kenntnisse über die Lebenszyklen der Parasitenarten nur bruchstückhaft vorhanden. Der Vergleich von parasitischen Übertragungswegen in ufernahen Lebensgemeinschaften mit solchen im Tiefenwasser antarktischer Schelfgebiete gibt Einblicke in die Nahrungsbeziehungen zwischen Räubern und ihren Beutetieren in diesen unterschiedlichen marinen Lebensräumen. Die in dieser Studie durchgeführten Arbeiten sollen dazu beitragen, die Abläufe der Lebenszyklen in der Antarktis besser verstehen zu können. Ausgangsgebiet für die Untersuchungen in der Antarktis waren die Flachwasserbereiche nahe der argentinischen Forschungsstation „Teniente Jubany“ auf King George Island (Süd- Shetland-Inseln, Antarktische Halbinsel). Dort fanden während der Südsommer 1997/98 und 1998/99 im Gezeitenbereich umfangreiche Probennahmen statt, die zu einem besseren Verständnis des saisonalen Befalls der Evertebratenfauna mit Parasitenlarven führten. Die Ergebnisse der Probennahmen von Amphipoden und Napfschnecken zeigten einen saisonalen Verlauf im Befall mit Parasitenlarven aus der Gruppe der Acanthocephalen und digenen Trematoden. Diese Unterschiede im Befall korrelierten mit dem ebenfalls saisonalen Auftreten von Robben (Endwirte). Während beider Kampagnen konnten jeweils 50 Fische der dominanten Bodenfischart Notothenia coriiceps (Perciformes, Nototheniidae) auf ihre metazoische Parasitenfauna untersucht werden. Ein möglicher Zusammenhang unterschiedlicher Befallshäufigkeiten einzelner Parasitenarten, die N. coriiceps als Zwischenwirt nutzen, mit der Zunahme von Robben- und Walpopulationen dieser Region konnte aufgezeigt werden. Die Parasitenarten, die N. coriiceps als Endwirt nutzen, zeigten kaum Befallsunterschiede während beider Kampagnen. Die Parasitenfauna von Pinguinen, Seevögeln und verschiedenen Robbenarten der Region wurde anhand von Totfunden, Kotuntersuchungen und Magenspülungen untersucht und in Zusammenhang mit der Ernährung und Lebensweise dieser potentiellen Endwirte gebracht. Experimente zur Temperaturabhängigkeit der Ei- und Larvalentwicklung sowie die ermittelten Sinkgeschwindigkeiten von Eiern anisakider Nematodenarten zeigten, daß die extrem langsame Entwicklung der Eier bei den vorherrschenden niedrigen Wassertemperaturen notwendig ist, um über einen langen Zeitraum die schlupfbereiten Eier lebensfähig zu erhalten. Der Reiz für den Schlupf der Larven aus den Eiern ist nicht wie bei den aus borealen Gebieten bekannten Geschwisterarten die Temperatur. Wahrscheinlicher ist ein biochemischer Reiz, der durch die Aufnahme der Eier durch einen geeigneten Zwischenwirt hervorgerufen wird. Die Ergebnisse von vergleichenden Untersuchungen kanadischer Wissenschaftler zur temperaturabhängigen Eientwicklung können nicht auf die Antarktis übertragen werden, da sich durch Ausbildung spezieller Anpassungen an den extremen Lebensraum genetisch unterschiedliche Geschwisterarten gebildet haben. Der regionale Vergleich der Parasitenfauna ausgewählter Fischarten des Weddellmeeres zeigte, daß die Parasitierung der Fische bei gleichem Lebensraum und Nahrungsangebot dennoch Unterschiede aufweist, die aufgrund einer unterschiedlichen Ernährungsweise der Fische erklärt werden kann. Weiterhin konnte der Einfluß von Entwirtansammlungen (Pinguinkolonien, Robbenliegeplätze) in dem Untersuchungsgebiet nachgewiesen werden. Der regionale Vergleich der Flachwasserbereiche mit dem Lebensraum des Schelfmeeres führt zu dem Schluß, daß die Flachwasserbereiche der Süd-Shetland-Inseln aufgrund ihrer Gezeitendynamik und stärker wirkender abiotischer Faktoren abwechselungsreicher gestaltet sind. Dies führte zur Entwicklung einer diverseren Lebensgemeinschaft (größere Anzahl von Nischen), die von verschiedenen potentiellen Zwischenwirten eingenommen wurde. Daraus resultiert eine größere Parasitendiversität der Flachwasserbereiche im Vergleich zur artenärmeren Gemeinschaft im Bereich des Weddellmeeres. Die Artenfülle wird von den beiden Parasitenfaunen widergespiegelt.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Zusammenhänge der Prozesse im Sediment besser zu verstehen und die Rückführung von Stoffen aus dem Sediment in die Wassersäule genauer abzuschätzen. Als Basis wurde das von Boudreau (199 6b) entwickelte numerische Modell zur Frühdiagenese im Sediment CANDI (Carbon And Nutrient DIagenesis) verwendet. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil beschreibt die Prozesse an einzelnen gut untersuchten Stationen in Sedimenten der Tiefsee des Arabischen Meeres. Im zweiten Teil werden Konzentrationsverteilungen im Sediment und Flüsse zwischen Sediment und Bodenwasser in der Nordsee beckenweit simuliert. Das Arabische Meer ist aufgrund der durch die zyklischen Änderungen der Monsunwinde hervorgerufenen Saisonalität, sehr gut geeignet, nicht nur die Austauschprozesse zu quantifizieren, sondern darüber hinaus zu untersuchen, ob sich die saisonalen Schwankungen an der Meeresoberfläche auch in den frühdiagenetischen Prozessen im Oberflächensediment widerspiegeln. Auch in der Nordsee ist eine starke Saisonalität vorhanden, deren Einfluss auf die Prozesse im Sediment mit dem Modell beschrieben und untersucht werden kann.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Aim of this study was to describe and characterize three typical West Antarctic Peninsula continental margin depositional environments. Seismic, downhole and laboratory tools and techniques were applied to record physical and chemical proxies for a mulifacetted and differenciated understanding of the particular environments. 1) A detailed seismostratigraphic characterisation of the unique Antarctic inner and outer shelf along the passive margin of the West Antarctic Peninsula has been complemented by logging informations that are tied to the seismic profiles via a new continuous depth vs. velocity profile. Sealevel fall overcompensated by increased isostatic subsidence due to ice build-up that affected the continent and the adjacent shelfs is the most likely explanation for time synchronous start of topset preservation at ~2.8 Ma observed in Antarctic Peninsula and East Antarctic shelf records in conjunction with Nothern Hemnisphere Glaciation. 2) Seismostratigraphic Model of Palmer Deep based on seismic Deep Tow Boomer records. 3) Large mounts on the continental rise along the Antarctic Peninsula margin between 63°S and 69°S and within 200 km of the shelf break are interpreted as sediment drifts, separated by turbidity current channels. Using a special standardized moving window counting routine the spatial facies information data has been transformed into a regional Antarctic Peninsula ice volume indicator curve that is in good agreement with the Lear et al., 2000 data over the past 10 Ma. This regional ice volume curve for the Antarctic Peninsula is the most significant finding of this thesis. All evaluated proxy data prove that the early Pliocene was a time of reduced global- and Antarctic ice volume (-70%) and sea ice extent. Never before and after during the last 10 Ma was palaeo productivity higher at the rise than during this time. During the late Miocene the ice sheet was highly dynamic with frequent advances and retreats. Starting at 3.2 Ma in concert with the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation the ice sheet became a permanent feature occupying the shelf during most of the glacial half cycles.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The focus of the present study is the investigation of the variability of the Arctic sea ice cover on interannual to multi-decadal time scales. Because there is only a rather small number of direct observations, this investigation is based on simulated data . Using realistic daily fields of near surface wind and air temperature derived from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, the Arctic sea ice cover is simulated with a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model integrated over the time period 1951 - 1999. Additionally, sensitivity experiments with prescribed interannual variability of either only winds or only air temperatures are performed in order to identify their relative contributions to the simulated variability of the ice pack. A comparison of available observations from satellites, drifting buoys, submarines, and oceanographic moorings reveals a good correspondence of the long-term averaged quantities of the simulated ice concentration, ice drift, and ice thickness, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that the simulation is able to reproduce the observed interannual variations of the sea ice extent. The simulation results reveal pronounced interannual variability of the main quantities of the Arctic sea ice cover as, for instance, its thickness, its areal extent, and the ice volume export into the North Atlantic. These variations are investigated with respect to their main causes in the atmospheric forcing fields and to its possible impacts on the freshwater input into the North Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, from statistical analyses of the model output dominant modes of interannual variability are identified and partly related to the dominant modes of atmospheric variability of the northen high latitudes, that are the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). It is found that the AO leads to cyclonic and anticyclonic ice drift variations which are associated with changes of the ice mass advection between the Beaufort and East Siberian Seas leading to enhanced ice thickness variability in those regions. The NAO is responsible for the out-of-phase variability of the wintertime ice extent between the regions east and west of Greenland. Moreover, since the mid-1970s the NAO exhibits coherence with variations of the wintertime ice volume export through Fram Strait which is missing in the time period before. The temporal change of the link between both processes is explained by an eastward shift of the NAO's centers of interannual variability around the mid-1970s. This eastward shift was associated with increased anomalous meridional wind components near Fram Strait during high and low NAO winters and, hence, with increased coherence between the NAO and sea ice exports through Fram Strait on interannual time scales. On the background of interannual variability the simulation also reveals significant long-term trends of the Arctic ice pack. Because of a rise of surface air temperatures, the total ice volume of the Arctic has linearly decreased by about 16% since the mid 1960s. In agreement with observational estimates, largest thinnings occur in the Eastern Arctic and near the North Pole whereas the ice concentration and thickness north of the Canadian Archipelago and in the Baffin Bay have slightly increased. The deepening of Arctic surface air pressures led to a weakened anticyclonic large-scale flow of the ice pack. Whereas the effects of long- term changes of the wind field generally tend to damp the thermally induced thinning of the ice cover, the dynamic effects during the last 15 years of the simulation led to an acceleration of the decrease of the Arctic ice pack.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: Es werden die Prozesse untersucht, die den Ausstrom von Mittelmeerwasser in den Golf von Cadiz und das iberische Becken bestimmen. Zwei unterschiedliche Modelltypen, die sich in der Repräsentation der Topographie im Modellgitter unterscheiden, werden verglichen und der Einfluß der Bodentopographie auf die Bildung und Ausbreitung des tiefen Randstroms untersucht. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Modellanalysen liegt auf den Bildungsvorgängen und der Ausbreitung von mesoskaligen Wirbeln am Kap St. Vincent und südlich des Tejo-Plateaus. Hier sind vor allem die antizyklonalen Wirbel für die westwärtige Ausbreitung von Wassermassen mit einem starken Mittelmeerwassersignal in den östlichen Atlantik verantwortlich. Beide Modelle zeigen die Bildung und westwärtige Translation von Meddies in guter Übereinstimmung mit bisherigen Beobachtungen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine Analyse der Vorticitybalance durchgeführt. Dazu werden in Tankversuchen erzeugte, antizyklonale Wirbel betrachtet und mit entsprechenden in numerischen Modellen erzeugten Wirbeln verglichen. Durch die Verwendung numerischer Modelle werden zusätzliche Größen berechnet, die in den Tankversuchen nicht gemessen werden können.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit kapillarelektrophoretischen Untersuchungen an Gemischen verschiedener Sulfat- und Nitratlösungen. Hierbei dient die Ramanspektroskopie als Detektor. Nachweisgrenzen, sowie Steigerung der Auflösung durch Einsatz der Kapillarelektrophorese im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Ramanspektroskopie an Gemischen von Sulfat und Nitrat werden evaluiert.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: To investigate the cycle of sulfur compounds within the sea bottom of high productivity zones sediments from the Arabian Sea offshore the Makran coast in Pakistan and sediments from the Baltic Sea deep basins were characterised microbiologically and geochemically. Twenty locations in the Arabian Sea were examined, five of them thoroughly. In the Baltic Sea nine locations were sampled up to four times each in the period from 1996 to 1998, with the main emphasis on the Gotland Deep. Depth profiles of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfite) are presented together with profiles of bacterial sulfate reduction rates and thiosulfate oxidation rates, content of organic matter, redox potential, nutrient content, pH value, iron content, and the occurrence of sulfur oxidizing bacteria. The feasibility of BERNER's diffusion model (1964) for the determination of sulfate reduction rates in the investigated area is discussed. Sites at the Makran area within the oxygen minimum zone around cold seeps are populated by sulfur bacterial mats consisting of specimens from the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. A model of an idealised sediment is proposed for these locations. Based on depth profile data from the Baltic Sea basins the formational and transformational processes of reduced sulfur compounds, in particular elemental sulfur, are discussed. For the first time evidence was found that sulfite occurs in anoxic and suboxic sediments of the Baltic Sea basins. The appearance of tetrathionate is discussed in connection with the salt water inflow in 1994 into the central Gotland Deep.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: A multidisciplinary study of upper Cenomanian-lower Turonian strata of the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway explored possible mechanisms for the formation of cyclic bedding sequences seen in the Western Interior Seaway. Numerical climate modeling was used to investigate the sensitivity of the climate to changes of one of the Earth's orbital parameters, the precession of the equinoxes. One complete precessional cycle was simulated with four orbital runs; 1) northern spring equinox at perihelion, 2) northern winter solstice at perihelion, 3) northern fall equinox at perihelion, and 4) northern summer solstice at perihelion. The cyclic organization of limestone/shale couplets seen in the sedimentological record of the central part of the Western Interior Seaway can be interpreted as reflecting climatic cycles. The most important mechanism for the formation of bedding couplets were changes induced by the precession of the equinoxes. The most important variable was surface runoff, which affected both the discharge of rivers and the amount of sediment transported into the Western Interior Seaway. Annual river discharge from western North America into the seaway was equivalent to a layer of fresh water ~0.3m thick. River discharge into the Arctic Ocean was even greater, equivalent to a layer more than 1m thick each year. These very large supplies of fresh water from land were adequate to maintain low salinity surface waters in the Arctic Ocean and the Western Interior Seaway. High surface runoff from the highlands bordering the Western Interior Seaway to the west occured during summer in three of the orbital configurations but low surface runoff when northern hemisphere winter is at perihelion. The precession signal seen in the sediment is interpreted as being produced by the elimination of high summer surface runoff when perihelion occurs during northern hemisphere winter.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: This study deals with the adjustment of behaviour to environmental conditions and the extent to which these adaptations affect an animal's fitness. The adjustments by Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) to different oceanographic conditions and the consequences of the behaviour for reproduction were investigated. During the austral summer breeding seasons 1997/98 and 1998/99 data on foraging effort, foraging success, and reproductive success were collected at two penguin breeding colonies in Chile. Data on oceanographic conditions were compiled from several sources. The effects of the strong El Niño 1997/98 were given particular attention. The results showed that Humboldt Penguins mainly adjust the horizontal components of their foraging behaviour, particularly foraging trip duration, according to prey availability. It is hypothesised that the highly variable environment puts a selection pressure on the variability of horizontal components of the foraging behaviour, and that the Humboldt Penguin adjusts foraging trip duration according to prey availability balancing proximate with lifetime reproductive success.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-11-30
    Description: Fossile Faunen aus dem tiefsten Oberems (Emsquarzit)werden mit vielen Neufunden beschrieben. In der Diskussion der Faunen-Wende zwischen Unter- und Oberems erweist sich der Brachiopode Adolfia pruemiensis (Drevermann) als bedeutende Leitform für das tiefe Oberems. Für die heute vorliegende räumliche Verteilung der Biofazies werden einerseits paläogeographische Fakten, andererseits großräumige tektonische Prozesse als Ursache angenommen. Der paläontologische Teil der Arbeit umfasst Bemerkungen und Untersuchungen der Trilobita Digonus intermedius (Vietor), Trimerus crassicauda (Sandberger), der Bivalvia Stappersella lodanensis (Frech), Leptodesma (Peraptera) lodanensis (Frech), Myalina (Myalina) circularis (Frech), Myalina (Myalina) peltata n. sp., Rhenanomya tumida (A. Fuchs) und der Brachiopoden-Art Euryspirifer robustiformis Mittmeyer.
    Description: Abstract: Biostratigraphic fossil research in the Koblenz-area (Lower Devonian, lower part of Upper Emsian, Emsquartzite) is summarized in this report. In this region belonging to the Rhenish Massiv thick layers of quartzites were deposited in the beginning of the Upper Emsian substage. Only few fossil horizons with rieh fauna proving normal marine shallow water conditions could be investigated. It can be presumed, thaf the visible distribution of fossil horizons depends on paleogeographic facts. In the youngest Upper Emsian sand was deposited into the Mosel-trough, probably delivered by the Siegen-swell. Numerous outcrops show dominating thick quartzitic layers resulting on changing sedimentary conditions. Heavy storms eroding older Sediments, washed out all faunal assemblages. Other faunal elements may have been suffocated by sand masses when the storms were slacking. So it can be believed, that optimal living conditions for the Emsquartzite-fauna were reduced only to few locations. The second part of this report contains investigations and remarks about the trilobite species Digonus iniermedius (Vietor) and Trimerus crassicauda(Sandberger 1849), the Bivalvia species Stappersella lodanensis (Frech), Leptodesma (Peraptera) lodanensis (Frech), Myalina (Myalina) circularis(Frech), Myalina (Myalina) peltata n. sp., Rhenanomya tumida (A. Fuchs)and the brachiopod species Euryspirifer robustiformis Mittmeyer. The brachiopod species Adolfia pruemiensis (Drevermann) must be added to other valid index fossils of the lower part of the Upper Emsian substage.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562 ; Rheinisches Schiefergebirge ; TK 5611 ; Unterdevon ; Trilobiten ; Crinoiden ; Gastropoda ; Bivalven ; Brachiopoden ; Biostratigraphie
    Language: German
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: In einer Sandgrube bei Steinhardt wurde im Verzahnungsbereich oligozäner, fluviatiler Kiese des „Proto-Ellerbachs” mit Meeressanden eine horizontbeständige Schwermineralseife gefunden. Sie enthält eine Klinopyroxen-Epidot-Biotit- Assoziation und unterscheidet sich somit deutlich von der Turmalin-Muskovit-Zirkon- Assoziation der Meeressande. Als Muttergesteine für die Turmalin-Muskovit-Zirkon- Assoziation werden tiefgründig verwitterte, devonische Gesteine und die Rotliegend- Sedimente angenommen. Die Klinopyroxene werden auf Rotliegend-Vulkanite zurückgeführt, der Biotit ebenfalls auf die Vulkanite aber auch aufrhyolithische Tuffite und der Epidot auf die Gesteine der metamorphen Hunsrücksüdrandzone.
    Description: Abstract: A concordant Rupelian heavy mineral placer was found in a sand pit at Steinhardt near Bad Sobernheim. It was formed near the mouth of the „Proto-Ellerbach”- creek in an area of interlocking fluvial gravels with marine sands of the Mainz Basin. The placer clearly differs by its clinopyroxene-epidote-biotite-assemblage from the marine sands’ tourmaline-muscovite-zircon-assemblage. Deeply weathered Devonian sediments and the Rotliegend sediments are supposed to be the bedrocks of the latter heavy mineral-assemblage. The clinopyroxenes were derived from volcanic rocks of the Rotliegend, the biotite from the volcanic rocks and rhyolitic tuffites and the epidote from the metamorphic rocks of the South-Hunsrück-zone.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:549.943
    Language: German
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-09-19
    Description: The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) has completed a decade of intensive process and time-series studies on the regional and temporal dynamics of biogeochemical processes in five diverse ocean basins. Its field program also included a global survey of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the ocean, including estimates of the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the ocean and the atmosphere, in cooperation with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). This report describes the principal achievements of JGOFS in ocean observations, technology development and modelling. The study has produced a comprehensive and high-quality database of measurements of ocean biogeochemical properties. Data on temporal and spatial changes in primary production and CO2 exchange, the dynamics of of marine food webs, and the availability of micronutrients have yielded new insights into what governs ocean productivity, carbon cycling and export into the deep ocean, the set of processes collectively known as the "biological pump." With large-scale, high-quality data sets for the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters as well for other DIC parameters in the ocean and trace gases in the atmosphere, reliable estimates, maps and simulations of air-sea gas flux, anthropogenic carbon and inorganic carbon export are now available. JGOFS scientists have also obtained new insights into the export flux of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOG), the variations that occur in the ratio of elements in organic matter, and the utilization and remineralization of organic matter as it falls through the ocean interior to the sediments. JGOFS scientists have amassed long-term data on temporal variability in the exchange of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon export in the oligotrophic subtropical gyres. They have documented strong links between these variables and large-scale climate patterns such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). An increase in the abundance of organisms that fix free nitrogen (N-2) and a shift in nutrient limitation from nitrogen to phosphorus in the subtropical North Pacific provide evidence of the effects of a decade of strong El Ninos on ecosystem structure and nutrient dynamics. High-quality data sets, including ocean-color observations from satellites, have helped modellers make great strides in their ability to simulate the biogeochemical and physical constraints on the ocean carbon cycle and to extend their results from the local to the regional and global scales. Ocean carbon-cycle models, when coupled to atmospheric and terrestrial models, will make it possible in the future to predict ways in which land and ocean ecosystems might respond to changes in climate.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-09-14
    Description: Der Baugraben einer Treibstoff-Pipeline bei Odenbach erschloss kurzfristig ein ca. 200 m mächtiges Profil, das große Teile der Lauterecken-Formation umfasst. Ein neuer Leithorizont wird aufgestellt, drei weitere detailliert beschrieben. Die Abfolge wird mit anderen Aufschlüssen bei Odenbach verglichen.
    Description: Abstract: In 1998 the restoration of the Trans European NATO Pipeline (TENP) in northern Palatinate (Southwest Germany) opened a two hundred meter long exposure yielding big parts of the Lauterecken formation (Lower Permian). The lithology and palaeontology of the outcrop is described, focusing arthropod and fish remains. A new lake horizon called Roetherhof bed is erected. Together with the formerly known Odenbach bed and Medard bed it is described in detail. The whole section is compared with other localities in the vicinity of Odenbach.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 43
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  ARGE GMIT
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2001 enthält die Themenblöcke: Berufsstand: Der Höhepunkt der Welterdölproduktion - ein Wendepunkt für die Menschheit?, Rohstoffe: Erfolgreiche Erdöl-Erdgas-Bohrungen im deutschen Nordsee-Sektor, Forschung: Neue Sonderforschungsbereiche, Geothermie: Neues Projekt in Hannover, Geokalender: Alle Termine und Adressen auf einen Blick
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 44
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  ARGE GMIT
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2001 enthält die Themenblöcke: Berufsleben: Die Paläontologische Bodendenkmalpflege in Deutschland, Geologische Landesdienste: Zehn Jahre Geologisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt, Ausbildung: Bessere Studienbedingungen oder Bildungskatastrophe?, Hochschulen: Neue Studiengänge, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Geowissen, Tourismus, Ökonomie und nachhaltige Entwicklung:European Geoparks
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  ARGE GMIT
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Dezember 2001 enthält die Themenblöcke: Berufsleben: Der Geologische Landesdienst in Hessen, Chance: Das Jahr der Geowissenschaften 2002, Forschung: Größte deutsche Forschungsorganisation gegründet, Ausbildung: Neue Studiengäge in Oldenburg und Freiberg, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Die Situation der Naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des Museums Wiesbaden
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German , English
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 46
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  ARGE GMIT
    Publication Date: 2022-08-31
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Juni 2001 enthält die Themenblöcke: Berufsstand: Weltenergierat warnt vor Problemen in der Energieversorgung, Rohstoffe: 1. Rohstaofftag Baden-Württemberg, Geologische Landesdienste: Verlagerung der Aufgaben des Geologischen Dienstes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Forschung: Geotechnologien - ein geowissenschaftliches Forschungsprogramm gewinnt an Kontur, Berufsbild: Industrielle Beschäftigung eines Geologien- Ein Beispiel aus der NE-Metallindustrie
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: In der Umgebung von Homburg/Saar werden die Tektonik und die Schichtenfolge des Buntsandstein der Nordwestflanke der Pfälzer Mulde beschrieben. Aufgrund der Auswertung aller bekannten Brunnenbohrungen und einer geologischen Kartierung können die Lage und die Ausbildung der Kluftgrundwasserleiter in den verschiedenen tektonischen Schollen näher charakterisiert und in Schnitten dargestellt werden. Sie bilden großräumig zusammenhängende Grundwasserstockwerke im höheren Buntsandstein (Voltziensandstein, Felsbänke in den Zwischenschichten, Obere Felszone), in den Karlstal-Schichten (Karlstal-Felszone) und im tieferen Buntsandstein (Rehberg- und Trifels-Schichten). Der für die Wasserversorgung wichtige tiefere Buntsandstein- Grundwasserleiter hat im peripheren Nordwestteil der Mulde (Westpfälzische Moorniederung) generell höhere Transmissivitäten, als in deren innerem Teil (Sickinger Höhe), wo er jedoch durch die auflagernden Karlstal-Schichten besser geschützt ist.
    Description: Abstract: The tectonics and strata sequence of the Bunter of the northwest flank of the Palatinate syncline in the Homburg/Saar area are described. Based on the evaluation of all known well boreholes and geological mapping, the location and development of the fissured aquifers in the various tectonic blocks can be characterized and illustrated in profiles. They form connected aquifer tables over large areas in the higher Bunter (Voltziensandstein, Zwischenschichten, Obere Felszone), in the Karlstal beds (Karlstal-Felszone) and in the deeper Bunter (Rehberg- and Trifels-Schichten). The deeper Bunter aquifer, being important for trinking water supply, has generally higher transmissivities in the peripheric northwestern part of the syncline (Westpfälzische Moorniederung) than in the interior part (Sickinger Höhe). In the interior part however this aquifer is better protected by the superposed Karlstal beds.
    Description: 1 Einleitung \ 2. Geographisch-morphologischer Überblick 3. Tektonik 4. Paläogeographie, Faziesentwicklung 5. Schichtenfolge und Charakterisierung der Grundwasserleiter 5.1. Stauf-Schichten (sSt bzw. zSt) 5.2. Trifels-Schichten (sT) 5.3. Rehberg-Schichten (sR) 54. Karlstal-Schichten (sK) 5.5. Höherer Buntsandstein 5.5.1. Obere Felszone (sOF) und Zwischenschichten (soZ) 5.5.2. Voltziensandstein (soV) 5.6. Unterer Muschelkalk (mu) 5.6.1. Muschelsandstein und Mergelige Schichten ( mul) 5.6.2. Terebratelzone mit basaler Hauptterebratelbank (zusammen als mu 1 T dargestellt) Schriften Anhang
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: 26th Annual Conference of IAMSLIC held 30 September - 5 October, 2000 at Victoria, British Columbis, Canada
    Type: Proceedings , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Type: Proceedings , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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