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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Recent studies suggest that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in neurons and microglia degrades Abeta, the principal component of beta-amyloid and one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses of seven genetic markers on chromosome 10q, six of which map near the IDE gene, in 435 multiplex AD families. These analyses revealed significant evidence of linkage for adjacent markers (D10S1671, D10S583, D10S1710, and D10S566), which was most pronounced in late-onset families. Furthermore, we found evidence for allele-specific association between the putative disease locus and marker D10S583, which has recently been located within 195 kilobases of the IDE gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bertram, L -- Blacker, D -- Mullin, K -- Keeney, D -- Jones, J -- Basu, S -- Yhu, S -- McInnis, M G -- Go, R C -- Vekrellis, K -- Selkoe, D J -- Saunders, A J -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2302-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease/*genetics ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; *Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Insulysin/*genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Middle Aged
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Plasma Abeta42 (amyloid beta42 peptide) is invariably elevated in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is also increased in the first-degree relatives of patients with typical late-onset AD (LOAD). To detect LOAD loci that increase Abeta42, we used plasma Abeta42 as a surrogate trait and performed linkage analysis on extended AD pedigrees identified through a LOAD patient with extremely high plasma Abeta. Here, we report linkage to chromosome 10 with a maximal lod score of 3.93 at 81 centimorgans close to D10S1225. Remarkably, linkage to the same region was obtained independently in a genome-wide screen of LOAD sibling pairs. These results provide strong evidence for a novel LOAD locus on chromosome 10 that acts to increase Abeta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ertekin-Taner, N -- Graff-Radford, N -- Younkin, L H -- Eckman, C -- Baker, M -- Adamson, J -- Ronald, J -- Blangero, J -- Hutton, M -- Younkin, S G -- AG06656/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH59490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG16574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2303-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/*blood/*genetics ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*blood/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedigree ; Peptide Fragments/*blood/genetics ; Phenotype ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: In all eukaryotic organisms, inappropriate firing of replication origins during the G2 phase of the cell cycle is suppressed by cyclin-dependent kinases. Multicellular eukaryotes contain a second putative inhibitor of re-replication called geminin. Geminin is believed to block binding of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex to origins of replication, but the mechanism of this inhibition is unclear. Here we show that geminin interacts tightly with Cdt1, a recently identified replication initiation factor necessary for MCM loading. The inhibition of DNA replication by geminin that is observed in cell-free DNA replication extracts is reversed by the addition of excess Cdt1. In the normal cell cycle, Cdt1 is present only in G1 and S, whereas geminin is present in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Together, these results suggest that geminin inhibits inappropriate origin firing by targeting Cdt1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wohlschlegel, J A -- Dwyer, B T -- Dhar, S K -- Cvetic, C -- Walter, J C -- Dutta, A -- CA60499/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell-Free System ; Chromatin/metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Evolution, Molecular ; G1 Phase ; G2 Phase ; Geminin ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Interphase ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Precipitin Tests ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Replication Origin ; *S Phase ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Many areas of science depend on exploratory data analysis and visualization. The need to analyze large amounts of multivariate data raises the fundamental problem of dimensionality reduction: how to discover compact representations of high-dimensional data. Here, we introduce locally linear embedding (LLE), an unsupervised learning algorithm that computes low-dimensional, neighborhood-preserving embeddings of high-dimensional inputs. Unlike clustering methods for local dimensionality reduction, LLE maps its inputs into a single global coordinate system of lower dimensionality, and its optimizations do not involve local minima. By exploiting the local symmetries of linear reconstructions, LLE is able to learn the global structure of nonlinear manifolds, such as those generated by images of faces or documents of text.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roweis, S T -- Saul, L K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2323-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. roweis@gatsby.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Face ; Humans ; Mathematics ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the only genetic risk factor that has so far been linked to risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, 50 percent of Alzheimer's disease cases do not carry an APOE4 allele, suggesting that other risk factors must exist. We performed a two-stage genome-wide screen in sibling pairs with LOAD to detect other susceptibility loci. Here we report evidence for an Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 10. Our stage one multipoint lod score (logarithm of the odds ratio for linkage/no linkage) of 2.48 (266 sibling pairs) increased to 3.83 in stage 2 (429 sibling pairs) close to D10S1225 (79 centimorgans). This locus modifies risk for Alzheimer's disease independent of APOE genotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myers, A -- Holmans, P -- Marshall, H -- Kwon, J -- Meyer, D -- Ramic, D -- Shears, S -- Booth, J -- DeVrieze, F W -- Crook, R -- Hamshere, M -- Abraham, R -- Tunstall, N -- Rice, F -- Carty, S -- Lillystone, S -- Kehoe, P -- Rudrasingham, V -- Jones, L -- Lovestone, S -- Perez-Tur, J -- Williams, J -- Owen, M J -- Hardy, J -- Goate, A M -- AG16208/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG5681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U24 AG021886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2304-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125144" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Aged ; Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease/*genetics ; Apolipoprotein E4 ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Nuclear Family ; Odds Ratio
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the mechanism by which cholinergic enhancement improves working memory. We studied the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine on subcomponents of this complex function. Cholinergic enhancement increased the selectivity of neural responses in extrastriate cortices during visual working memory, particularly during encoding. It also increased the participation of ventral extrastriate cortex during memory maintenance and decreased the participation of anterior prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that cholinergic enhancement improves memory performance by augmenting the selectivity of perceptual processing during encoding, thereby simplifying processing demands during memory maintenance and reducing the need for prefrontal participation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furey, M L -- Pietrini, P -- Haxby, J V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2315-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. furey@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/drug effects/*physiology ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/*drug effects/physiology ; Occipital Lobe/drug effects/physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Physostigmine/*pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/drug effects/physiology ; Visual Cortex/drug effects/physiology ; Visual Perception/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Niemann-Pick type C2 disease (NP-C2) is a fatal hereditary disorder of unknown etiology characterized by defective egress of cholesterol from lysosomes. Here we show that the disease is caused by a deficiency in HE1, a ubiquitously expressed lysosomal protein identified previously as a cholesterol-binding protein. HE1 was undetectable in fibroblasts from NP-C2 patients but present in fibroblasts from unaffected controls and NP-C1 patients. Mutations in the HE1 gene, which maps to chromosome 14q24.3, were found in NP-C2 patients but not in controls. Treatment of NP-C2 fibroblasts with exogenous recombinant HE1 protein ameliorated lysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naureckiene, S -- Sleat, D E -- Lackland, H -- Fensom, A -- Vanier, M T -- Wattiaux, R -- Jadot, M -- Lobel, P -- DK45992/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK54317/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- NS37918/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2298-301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; CHO Cells ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Lysosomes/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) disease is characterized by cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes and aberrant feedback regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. We provide evidence that the NPC1 protein has homology with the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of prokaryotic permeases and may normally function as a transmembrane efflux pump. Studies of acriflavine loading in normal and NPC1 fibroblasts indicated that NPC1 uses a proton motive force to remove accumulated acriflavine from the endosomal/lysosomal system. Expression of NPC1 in Escherichia coli (i) facilitated the transport of acriflavine across the plasma membrane, causing cytosolic accumulation, and (ii) resulted in transport of oleic acid but not cholesterol or cholesterol-oleate across the plasma membrane. These studies establish NPC1 as a eukaryotic member of the RND permease family.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davies, J P -- Chen, F W -- Ioannou, Y A -- R01 DK54736/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2295-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, Box 1498, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acriflavine/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Transport ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cholesterol Esters/metabolism ; Endosomes/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Humans ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/genetics/*metabolism ; Oleic Acid/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proton-Motive Force ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Scientists working with large volumes of high-dimensional data, such as global climate patterns, stellar spectra, or human gene distributions, regularly confront the problem of dimensionality reduction: finding meaningful low-dimensional structures hidden in their high-dimensional observations. The human brain confronts the same problem in everyday perception, extracting from its high-dimensional sensory inputs-30,000 auditory nerve fibers or 10(6) optic nerve fibers-a manageably small number of perceptually relevant features. Here we describe an approach to solving dimensionality reduction problems that uses easily measured local metric information to learn the underlying global geometry of a data set. Unlike classical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), our approach is capable of discovering the nonlinear degrees of freedom that underlie complex natural observations, such as human handwriting or images of a face under different viewing conditions. In contrast to previous algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction, ours efficiently computes a globally optimal solution, and, for an important class of data manifolds, is guaranteed to converge asymptotically to the true structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tenenbaum, J B -- de Silva, V -- Langford, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2319-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jbt@psych.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Face ; Humans ; Mathematics ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2000-12-16
    Description: The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Little is known about the ligands that activate RXR in vivo. Here, we identified a factor in brain tissue from adult mice that activates RXR in cell-based assays. Purification and analysis of the factor by mass spectrometry revealed that it is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is highly enriched in the adult mammalian brain. Previous work has shown that DHA is essential for brain maturation, and deficiency of DHA in both rodents and humans leads to impaired spatial learning and other abnormalities. These data suggest that DHA may influence neural function through activation of an RXR signaling pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Urquiza, A M -- Liu, S -- Sjoberg, M -- Zetterstrom, R H -- Griffiths, W -- Sjovall, J -- Perlmann, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2140-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Box 240, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Brain/growth & development/metabolism ; *Brain Chemistry ; Cell Line ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Dimerization ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/*isolation & purification/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Signal Transduction ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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