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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1991-12-30
    Description: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder in humans that is caused by a deficiency of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). An animal model for FH, the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbit, was used to develop an approach for liver-directed gene therapy based on transplantation of autologous hepatocytes that were genetically corrected ex vivo with recombinant retroviruses. Animals transplanted with LDLR-transduced autologous hepatocytes demonstrated a 30 to 50 percent decrease in total serum cholesterol that persisted for the duration of the experiment (122 days). Recombinant-derived LDLR RNA was harvested from tissues with no diminution for up to 6.5 months after transplantation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chowdhury, J R -- Grossman, M -- Gupta, S -- Chowdhury, N R -- Baker, J R Jr -- Wilson, J M -- P01-DK-42718/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK-34357/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK42193-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1802-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1722351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gene Expression ; *Genetic Therapy ; Hypercholesterolemia/*genetics/*therapy ; Liver/physiology ; Liver Transplantation/physiology ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Rabbits ; Receptors, LDL/analysis/*genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/analysis ; Serum Albumin/analysis/genetics ; *Transfection ; beta-Galactosidase/analysis/genetics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Pancreatic islet cells are the targets of an autoimmune response in type I diabetes. In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins was inversely correlated with diabetes; in this mouse a mutation in the MHC class II-linked gene for the putative MHC class I peptide transporter was also present. Mice deficient in MHC class I expression because they do not produce beta 2-microglobulin also developed late onset autoimmune diabetes. In cells from humans with type I diabetes expression of MHC class I was decreased; subsets of prediabetics categorized as most likely to become hyperglycemic also had low MHC class I. T cell responses to self antigens are faulty in diabetics. In sets of genetically identical twins that are discordant for diabetes, the defect appeared to reside with the antigen presenting cell. Thus, a lack of surface MHC class I protein is associated with autoimmune diabetes; the concomitant defect in antigen presentation may impair the development of self tolerance, which could result in autoimmune disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faustman, D -- Li, X P -- Lin, H Y -- Fu, Y E -- Eisenbarth, G -- Avruch, J -- Guo, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1756-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics/*immunology ; Diseases in Twins ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, MHC Class I ; Humans ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Prediabetic State/genetics/immunology ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The goal of islet transplantation in human diabetes is to maintain the islet grafts in the recipients without the use of immunosuppression. One approach is to encapsulate the donor islets in permselective membranes. Hollow fibers fabricated from an acrylic copolymer were used to encapsulate small numbers of rat islets that were immobilized in an alginate hydrogel for transplantation in diabetic mice. The fibers were biocompatible, prevented rejection, and maintained normoglycemia when transplanted intraperitoneally; hyperglycemia returned when the fibers were removed at 60 days. Normoglycemia was also maintained by subcutaneous implants that had an appropriately constructed outer surface on the fibers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lacy, P E -- Hegre, O D -- Gerasimidi-Vazeou, A -- Gentile, F T -- Dionne, K E -- DK01226/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1782-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acrylic Resins ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blood Glucose/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood/*surgery ; In Vitro Techniques ; Insulin/secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/*physiology ; Male ; Membranes, Artificial ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Polyvinyl Chloride ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WF ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is associated with expression of a chloride conductance that is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Xenopus oocytes injected with RNA coding for CFTR that contained mutations in the first nucleotide binding fold (NBF1) expressed chloride currents in response to raising adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) with forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). The mutant CFTRs were less sensitive than wild-type CFTR to this activating stimulus, and the reduction in sensitivity correlated with the severity of cystic fibrosis in patients carrying the corresponding mutations. This demonstration provides the basis for detailed analyses of NBF1 function and suggests potential pharmacologic treatments for cystic fibrosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drumm, M L -- Wilkinson, D J -- Smit, L S -- Worrell, R T -- Strong, T V -- Frizzell, R A -- Dawson, D C -- Collins, F S -- DK29786/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK39690/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK42718/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1797-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1722350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Chloride Channels ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics/physiopathology ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Microinjections ; *Mutation ; Oocytes/drug effects/*physiology ; RNA/administration & dosage/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Dimerization among transcription factors has become a recurrent theme in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) is a homeodomain-containing protein that functions as a dimer. A dimerization cofactor of HNF-1 alpha (DCoH) was identified that displayed a restricted tissue distribution and did not bind to DNA, but, rather, selectively stabilized HNF-1 alpha dimers. The formation of a stable tetrameric DCoH-HNF-1 alpha complex, which required the dimerization domain of HNF-1 alpha, did not change the DNA binding characteristics of HNF-1 alpha, but enhanced its transcriptional activity. However, DCoH did not confer transcriptional activation to the GAL4 DNA binding domain. These results indicate that DCoH regulates formation of transcriptionally active tetrameric complexes and may contribute to the developmental specificity of the complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mendel, D B -- Khavari, P A -- Conley, P B -- Graves, M K -- Hansen, L P -- Admon, A -- Crabtree, G R -- CA 09302/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD 07201/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HL 33942/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1762-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Chromosome Deletion ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Gene Library ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; Humans ; *Hydro-Lyases ; Liver/physiology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Reticulocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: In the mollusk Aplysia the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) has a fundamental modulatory role in several forms of learning and memory that involve an increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission between tail sensory neurons (SNs) and motor neurons. The classical 5HT antagonist cyproheptadine (CYP) permits dissociation of three forms of serotonergic modulation in these SNs: (i) CYP reversibly blocks spike-broadening induced either by exogenous application of 5HT or by sensitizing stimulation of a tail nerve. (ii) CYP does not block 5HT-induced or tail input-induced increases in SN somatic excitability. (iii) Concomitant with its block of spike-broadening, CYP reversibly blocks 5HT-induced facilitation of synaptic transmission from SNs. These results suggest that endogenously released 5HT may act at different receptor subtypes that are coupled to different forms of neuromodulation in tail SNs of Aplysia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mercer, A R -- Emptage, N J -- Carew, T J -- MH 141083/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1811-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT 06520.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1662413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Aplysia ; Cyproheptadine/*pharmacology ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/drug effects/*physiology ; Serotonin/*pharmacology ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Oct-1 is a transcription factor involved in the cell cycle regulation of histone H2B gene transcription and in the transcription of other cellular housekeeping genes. Oct-1 is hyperphosphorylated as cells enter mitosis, and mitosis-specific phosphorylation is reversed as cells exit mitosis. A mitosis-specific phosphorylation site in the homeodomain of Oct-1 was phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase A. Phosphorylation of this site correlated with inhibition of Oct-1 DNA binding activity in vivo and in vitro. The inhibition of Oct-1 DNA binding during mitosis suggests a mechanism by which the general inhibition of transcription during mitosis might occur.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Segil, N -- Roberts, S B -- Heintz, N -- GM 13752/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 32544/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1814-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1684878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Cell Cycle ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Homeobox ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/genetics ; Host Cell Factor C1 ; Humans ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocardium/enzymology ; Octamer Transcription Factor-1 ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphopeptides/isolation & purification ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Transient activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene after antigen recognition by T lymphocytes is crucial for subsequent T cell proliferation and differentiation. Several IL-2 gene regulatory elements and binding factors necessary for activation of the IL-2 gene have been defined. However, little is known about negative regulation of IL-2 expression, which is likely to be important in the rapid shut-off of IL-2 transcription. A nucleotide sequence element (NRE-A) that negatively regulates IL-2 expression has been identified within the IL-2 gene. T cell nuclear extracts contained an NRE-A binding activity. A complementary DNA was isolated that encodes a zinc finger-containing protein that suppressed IL-2 gene expression. The observation of negative regulation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer by an element similar to NRE-A suggests that related proteins may regulate multiple immune response genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, T M -- Moolten, D -- Burlein, J -- Romano, J -- Bhaerman, R -- Godillot, A -- Mellon, M -- Rauscher, F J 3rd -- Kant, J A -- AI23879/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA23413/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA54428/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1791-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1840704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; DNA Probes ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/*genetics ; Interleukin-2/*genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Restriction Mapping ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Zinc Fingers/*genetics/physiology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: Metal ion coordination in the regulatory domain of protein kinase C (PKC) is suggested by the conservation of six cysteines and two histidines in two homologous regions found therein. By monitoring x-ray fluorescence from a purified sample of rat PKC beta I overexpressed in insect cells, direct evidence has been obtained that PKC beta I tightly binds four zinc ions (Zn2+) per molecule. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data are best fit by an average Zn2+ coordination of one nitrogen and three sulfur atoms. Of the plausible Zn2+ coordination models, only those featuring nonbridged Zn2+ sites accommodate the EXAFS data and all of the conserved potential ligands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hubbard, S R -- Bishop, W R -- Kirschmeier, P -- George, S J -- Cramer, S P -- Hendrickson, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1776-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Absorptiometry, Photon/methods ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinase C/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Zinc/*metabolism
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The binding of multivalent immunoglobulin G complexes to Fc receptors (Fc gamma Rs) on macrophages activates multiple immune functions. A murine macrophage cell line, but not a fibroblast cell line, that was transfected with human Fc gamma RIIA mediated phagocytosis and an intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) flux upon cross-linking of human Fc gamma RIIA. Transfected macrophages that expressed a truncated receptor lacking 17 carboxy-terminal amino acids phagocytosed small antibody complexes. However, only wild-type transfectants phagocytosed labeled erythrocytes and fluxed [Ca2+]i. Thus, the cytoplasmic domain of human Fc gamma RIIA contains distinct functional regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Odin, J A -- Edberg, J C -- Painter, C J -- Kimberly, R P -- Unkeless, J C -- AI 24322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 24671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR 33062/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1785-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1837175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, Differentiation/genetics/*physiology ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macrophages ; Mice ; *Phagocytosis ; Receptors, Fc/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, IgG ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; *Transfection
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