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  • Journals
  • Other Sources  (388)
  • MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT  (387)
  • Meteorology and Climatology
  • 1985-1989  (388)
  • 1989  (388)
  • 1
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    The CELSS research program - A brief review of recent activities (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The history of the Controlled Ecological Life Support System program, initiated by NASA in the late 1970s to explore the use of bioregenerative methods of life support, is reviewed. The project focused on examining the process involved in converting inorganic minerals and gases into life support materials using sunlight as the primary energy source. The research, planning, and technological development required by the CELSS program and conducted at NASA field centers, at various universities, and by commercial organizations are reviewed. Research activities at universities have focused upon exploring methods of reducing the size of the system, reducing system power requirements, understanding issues that are associated with its long-term stability, and identifying new technologies that might be useful in improving its efficiency. Research activities at Ames research center have focused on the use of common duckweed as a high biomass-producing plant, which is high in protein and on waste processing.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Life support systems research at the Johnson Space Center (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The bioregenerative life support systems research at Johnson Space Center focuses on the use of lunar regolith as a plant growth medium. Current dissolution experiments are being conducted to ascertain the response of lunar regolith to various solvents and weathering environments. The transformation of lunar minerals into minerals such as zeolites which would be more conducive to plant growth is also investigated. A study is currently underway to examine the ability of zeolite/apatite mixtures to provide N, P, and K through dissolution and ion exchange. The development and characterization of simulated lunar regolith for preliminary experimentation are also discussed. The life support systems technology used on the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Shuttle missions is reviewed and current research on regenerative life support systems technology for potential use in Space Station Freedom is discussed.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space Center (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The CELSS Breadboard Project is described, noting that it was initiated to study aspects of a CELSS for long-term space missions. Topics for extensive investigation included air and water regeneration, engineering control, and food production. The many options available for growing food crops in commercial plant growth chambers were investigated and the best of this information was translated to the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC). The chamber contains 20 sq m of crop growing area under 96 400 W HPS lamps; sixteen 0.25 sq m plant growth trays used on each of four growing shelves for a total of 64 trays; and one 256-L nutrient solution reservoir with the appropriate continuous-flow, thin-film plumbing for each shelf. A heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system maintains atmospheric conditions and serves to distribute oxygen and carbon dioxide and maintain pressure at 12 mm of water. The control and monitoring subsystem, which uses a programmable logic controller, manages the BPC subsystems.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Manufactured soils for plant growth at a lunar base (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic soils are discussed. It is pointed out that synthetic soils may provide the proper physical and chemical properties necessary to maximize plant growth, such as a toxic-free composition and cation exchange capacities. The importance of nutrient retention, aeration, moisture retention, and mechanical support as qualities for synthetic soils are stressed. Zeoponics, or the cultivation of plants in zeolite substrates that both contain essential plant-growth cations on their exchange sites and have minor amounts of mineral phases and/or anion-exchange resins that supply essential plant growth ions, is discussed. It is suggested that synthetic zeolites at lunar bases could provide adsorption media for separation of various gases, act as catalysts and as molecular sieves, and serve as cation exchangers in sewage-effluent treatment, radioactive-waste disposal, and pollution control. A flow chart of a potential zeoponics system illustrates this process.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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  • 5
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    Effective radiation reduction in Space Station and missions beyond the magnetosphere (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper investigates the efficiency of low- and high-atomic number materials used as protective shields against biologically effective radiation in doses equivalent to those expected in low-earth-orbit and interplanetary manned missions. Results are presented on calculations for single-material shields from polyethylene, water, Be, Al, Fe, and Ta and multilayer shelds made from the combinations of any two or any three of these materials, for both LEO and interplanetary conditions. It is shown that, whereas for protons and Galactic cosmic rays the ordering of shield materials has a negligible effect, for electrons and secondary bremsstrahlung, both the order and the composition are important parameters. It was found that low-atomic-number materials are most effective shields against protons and galactic cosmic rays, and are most effective in decreasing bremsstrahlung production, while high-atomic-number shields are the best attenuators of both primary electrons (if the dose is dominated by primary electrons) and secondary bremsstrahlung (if this is produced).
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: - Radiation Biology, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 261-274
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  • 6
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    Sustaining humans in space (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA research on the functioning of biological systems in space and the resulting improvement in space suits and life-support systems is discussed. The centrifuge facility which will provide the major elements of a life science research facility for Spacelab and Space Station Freedom is described, and the Vestibular Research Facility for studying motion sickness in space is examined. The aluminum AX-5 space suit and the Controlled Ecological Life-Support System are described, and biomedical sensors for studying bone mass changes in space are discussed. Studies on the use of exercise to control tissue-fluid shifts in space are described.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Mechanical Engineering (ISSN 0025-6501); 111; 40-44
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  • 7
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    Phase separated membrane bioreactor - Results from model system studies (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The operation and evaluation of a bioreactor designed for high intensity oxygen transfer in a microgravity environment is described. The reactor itself consists of a zero headspace liquid phase separated from the air supply by a long length of silicone rubber tubing through which the oxygen diffuses in and the carbon dioxide diffuses out. Mass transfer studies show that the oxygen is film diffusion controlled both externally and internally to the tubing and not by diffusion across the tube walls. Methods of upgrading the design to eliminate these resistances are proposed. Cell growth was obtained in the fermenter using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing that this concept is capable of sustaining cell growth in the terrestrial simulation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Natural and Artificial Ecosystems, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 185-193
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  • 8
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    Subcritical and supercritical water oxidation of CELSS model wastes (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A mixture of ammonium hydroxide with acetic acid and a slurry of human feces, urine, and wipes were used as CELSS model wastes to be wet-oxidized at temperatures from 250 to 500 C, i.e. below and above the critical point of water (374 C and 218 kg/sq cm or 21.4 MPa). The effects of oxidation temperature ( 250-500 C) and residence time (0-120 mn) on carbon and nitrogen and on metal corrosion from the reactor material were studied. Almost all of the organic matter in the model wastes was oxidized in the temperature range from 400 to 500 C, above the critical conditions for water. In contrast, only a small portion of the organic matter was oxidized at subcritical conditions. A substantial amount of nitrogen remained in solution in the form of ammonia at temperatures ranging from 350 to 450 C suggesting that, around 400 C, organic carbon is completely oxidized and most of the nitrogen is retained in solution. The Hastelloy C-276 alloy reactor corroded during subcritical and supercritical water oxidation.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Natural and Artificial Ecosystems, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 99-110
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  • 9
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    Sources and processing of CELSS wastes (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The production rate and solid content of waste streams found in a life support system for a space habitat (in which plants are grown for food) are discussed. Two recycling scenarios, derived from qualitative considerations as opposed to quantitative mass and energy balances, tradeoff studies, etc., are presented; they reflect differing emphases on and responses to the waste stream formation rates and their composition, as well as indicate the required products from waste treatment that are needed in a life support system. The data presented demonstrate the magnitude of the challenge to developing a life support system for a space habitat requiring a high degree of closure.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Natural and Artificial Ecosystems, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 85-97
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  • 10
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    Waste recycling issues in bioregenerative life support (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Research and technology development issues centering on the recycling of materials within a bioregenerative life support system are reviewed. The importance of recovering waste materials for subsequent use is emphasized. Such material reclamation will substantially decrease the energy penalty paid for bioregenerative life support systems, and can potentially decrease the size of the system and its power demands by a significant amount. Reclamation of fixed nitrogen and the sugars in cellulosic materials is discussed.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Natural and Artificial Ecosystems, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 75-84
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