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  • Articles  (57,561)
  • Springer  (57,561)
  • 1985-1989  (57,561)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1989  (57,561)
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  • 1985-1989  (57,561)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The induction of sun and shade leaves of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): anatomical studies (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Leaf primordia ; Fagus sylvatica ; Sun shade leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Primordia from buds of sun and shade twigs of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were collected six times a year for anatomical investigations. Differentiation into sun-leaf and shade-leaf primordia was first observed in early August. Sun-leaf primordia had five, and shade-leaf primordia four layers of mesophyll meristem cells. With potted graft unions of beeches possible structural changes of leaf primordia were investigated. Trees adapted to shade develop sun-leaf primordia when put into full daylight, provided the transfer happened before July. Trees adapted to full daylight developed leaf primordia which remained structurally sun-leaf primordia when the plant was kept under shade conditions. Shadeleaf branches of young beech trees cut in February in order to expose the shade buds to full daylight developed either shade leaves or intermediate shade/sun leaves. These experiments show that the subtending leaf may provide the developing axillary bud with photoassimilates, but its character, whether sun or shade leaf, has no influence on the character of the developing leaf primordia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202394
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of labeled nitrogen to monitor transition in nitrogen dependence from storage to current-year uptake in mature walnut trees (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mineral nutrition ; Xylem sap ; Nitrogen isotope ; Juglans regia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) derived from both the soil during current-year uptake, and the withintree pool of storage N was distinguished in two groups of “Serr” walnut trees using labeled fertilizer (15N-depleted ammonium sulfate) applied in different years. Mass spectrometric analysis of N in xylem sap collected periodically in spring allowed quantification of the relative contributions of N from storage and current season uptake and the transition in N usage from previously assimilated (storage) N to the onset of current season uptake of soil N. N derived from storage accounted for 〉 50% of the xylem sap N during the staminate and pistillate bloom periods and throughout the period of spur leaf expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202395
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon transfer associated with assimilation of organic nitrogen sources by silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Heterotrophic carbon assimilation ; Betula pendula ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Shade tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Qualitative and quantitative aspects of heterotrophic carbon assimilation by mycorrhizal plants of birch (Betula pendula) were examined. Plants were grown aseptically from seed in the mycorrhizal condition with the fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme and in the non-mycorrhizal condition, with protein as their sole exogenous nitrogen source. Yields and nitrogen contents were determined in some of the plants, while the roots of others were supplied with 14C-labelled protein and their shoots exposed for up to 72 h to different irradiance regimes. Only mycorrhizal plants utilised the organic nitrogen. Uptake of carbon associated with this utilisation and its translocation to the leaves was demonstrated directly by means of autoradiography. Amounts of activity transferred to shoots were greatest in low irradiance regimes. Calculation of net carbon gain from the heterotrophic source, based upon the assumption that breakdown products of protein are assimilated as amino-acids, indicates that over a 55-day growth period up to 9% of plant C may be derived from protein. The physiological and ecological significance of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202396
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 fixation in stem slices of Picea abies (L.) Karst: microautoradiographic studies (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Stem chlorophyll ; CO2 fixation ; Microautoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microautoradiography was used to show that chlorophyllous cells of young Picea abies stem slices are able to fix 14CO2, in the dark as well as in the light. The amount of 14CO2 fixed in the dark is much lower than that in the light. In the dark the concentration of radioactive label is equally high in all chlorophyllous cells of the stem. In the light, however, a gradient of radioactive assimilates extends from the stem surface to its centre, with the highest concentration being located in the phelloderm and the outer one-third of the cortex. This is in spite of even illumination and CO2 supply across the whole stem slice. In the dark, stem slices with and without bark show the same amount of radioactive label in the chlorophyllous cells of xylem, perimedullary region and pith. In the light, however, the concentration of radioactive assimilates in these cells is much higher in stem slices with bark than in stem slices without bark. It is assumed therefore that light fixation products of phelloderm and cortex are transported radially into the tissue inside the cambium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202397
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of water and solutes through twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: P/V curve ; Picea abies ; Aerial uptake ; Bark permeability ; Mass flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Uptake of water and magnesium chloride solution was investigated through the outer surface of twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Water uptake was determined by using pressure/volume (P/V) curves of the twigs as a basis for calculation to avoid problems of superficial extraneous water. When water was sprayed on bark and needles of 3- to 7-year-old twigs at a xylem water potential of -1.00 MPa, they absorbed as much as 80 mm3 water in 200 min/g twig dry weight as the twig water potential recovered to -0.15 MPa. With fluorescent dyes, pathways for absorption of water and solutes through the twig bark were found, particularly through the radially orientated ray tissue. In addition to uptake by mass flow, magnesium could also diffuse along a concentration gradient from the twig surface into the xylem. In the field, the magnitude of these uptake processes would depend on the concentration of elements deposited by atmospheric precipitation, the concentration gradient between the plant surface and the xylem sap, the xylem water potential and the intensity and duration of each precipitation event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202398
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a thermo-osmotic gas transport mechanism in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; Gas transport ; Root aeration ; Thermo-osmosis of gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A gas transport system based upon the physico-chemical effect of thermo-osmosis of gases in described for the black alder, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Air is transported through the alder's stem to the roots, thus improving O2 supply to respiring tissues of the root system. The gas transport system is investigated by means of a tracer gas technique (11% ethane in air, v/v). Gas transport depends on any source of radiant heat generating a temperature difference between the tree's stems and the atmosphere. The amount of gas transported in leafless trees is four times higher than the amount of gas reaching the roots by gas diffusion. Two-thirds of the gas is transported in the wood, only one-third in the bark. Intercellular spaces inside the porous lenticels of the bark are responsible for this kind of gas transport. Their diameters are estimated by the effusion rates of different tracer gases to be in the range of 1 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202399
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delignification of subsidiary and guard cell walls of Picea abies (L.) Karst. by fumigation with ozone (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Delignification ; Hydroregulation ; Ozone ; Stomata ; UV absorbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary After fumigation with ozone, the exterior periclinal walls of the stomatal apparatus of Picea abies appear to be partially delignified, as in earlier experiments with SO2. This shows up cytophotometrically as reduced UV absorption. Random samples from the stand named Wank in the Bavarian Alps clearly showed a relation between the degree of lignification of the stomatal cells and the grading of the respective trees in their damage classes. The significance of delignification for the regulatory capacity of the stomata is discussed, and a hypothesis is proposed for a specific disturbance of hydroregulation by ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202401
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal conductance and transpiration of Acacia under field conditions: similarities and differences between leaves and phyllodes (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acacia ; Phyllodes ; Bipinnate leaves ; Stomatal conductance ; Transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf diffusive conductance and transpiration rates in response to situations of high evaporative demand were measured in 40 Acacia species varying widely with regard to the morphological and anatomical characters of their assimilatory organs. The measurements took place in south-eastern and central Australia, central Africa and south-western Europe and included species of all three subgenera of Acacia Mill. Soil moisture conditions and consequently the water status of the experimental plants varied between the different measuring sites, some of which were regularly watered. All the species investigated showed a similar daily pattern of diffusive conductance with a morning peak and a subsequent decrease, which was more pronounced in plants growing under water stress, indicating a decisive stomatal regulation of transpiration. A relationship between the structure of assimilatory organs and leaf diffusive conductance or transpiration rates per unit surface area could not be detected in the Australian acacias. However, there are indications that the leaves of the non-Australian species operate on higher conductances than the foliage of the Australian ones. It is suggested that the observed differences in the performance of African and Australian acacias reflect the deciduous or evergreen nature of foliage rather than structural differences. In regard to taxon-specific differentiation this might implicate an ecophysiological character which separates the evergreen species of the geographically isolated subgenus Heterophyllum from the deciduous species of the subgenera Aculeiferum and Acacia with an overlapping area of distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202400
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191535
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein synthesis in Pinus resinosa and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus prior to ectomycorrhiza formation (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhizae ; Paxillus ; Pinus ; Root exudate ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of Pinus resinosa Ait. in test tubes were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus Fr. or with discs of sterile modified Melin-Norkrans (MMN) medium. Paxillus involutus was also inoculated to control tubes in the absence of Pinus resinosa seedlings. In vivo labelling of proteins in Pinus resinosa roots and in Paxillus involutus mycelium was carried out using 35S l-methionine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) of the protein extracts from the four treatments and autoradiography demonstrated that the presence of root exudates altered protein synthesis in Paxillus involutus as three major bands disappeared when Paxillus involutus was exposed to root exudates. Protein synthesis in Pinus resinosa was also altered when Paxillus involutus was introduced into the tubes, since at least two bands were more intense when seedlings were inoculated with Paxillus involutus, as compared to control roots. No difference was observed in the growth and the label incorporation of Paxillus involutus growing with or without root exudates. Ectomycorrhizal roots were not formed during this experiment. Gene regulation in this ectomycorrhizal association occurs, therefore, prior to the formation of ectomycorrhizal roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191536
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