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  • Elsevier  (44,981)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (4,523)
  • 1985-1989  (49,504)
  • 1985  (49,504)
  • 101
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    Identification of the Meiotic Division of Malarial Parasites (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zygotes of Plasmodium berghei were cultured 15–25 h in vitro to yield mature infective ookinetes. Samples taken in the first 5 h of culture were examined by electron microscopy. Meiotic figures were detected in the nuclei of the zygotes. Threadlike leptotene chromatids (chromosomes) condensed from attachment plaques on the nuclear envelope; chromatid pairing followed (zygotene), with synaptonemal complexes subsequently appearing (pachytene). These complexes persisted into metaphase but dissociated when the chromatids rapidly decondensed during anaphase. At telophase of the first meiotic division the kinetochores were retracted toward two small spindle complexes, which were found at widely separated poles in the nuclear envelope. The observations are consistent with a haploid genome of 8–10 chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x
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  • 102
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    Nutrition of the Trypanosomatids Crithidia acanthocephali and C. harmosa. Ribose and Adenosine: Substrates for C. acanthocephali (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Crithidia acanthocephali and C. harmosa share the same minimal nutritional requirements as the standard C. fasciculata. Crithidia acanthocephali is exceptional, however, in that it utilizes D-ribose, free or as nucleoside (e.g. adenosine), as carbon source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04048.x
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  • 103
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    Effects of Chemical Substances on Rate of Locomotion in the Amoeba Mayorella penardi (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationship between the locomotive velocity of amoeba which had not been fed for 24 h and the concentration of the test solutions was examined. With solutions of L-amino acids, protein substances, and alcian blue 8GS, an increase in velocity began at very low concentrations, reaching a maximum at a higher concentration and as the concentration increased further, the velocity fell to zero. In contrast, no increase was observed with D-glutamic acid and β-alanine. Moreover, the velocity of well fed amoebae did not increase significantly even in L-amino acid solution. These results may suggest a correlation between orthokinesis and amoeboid phagocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04051.x
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  • 104
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    Feeding Behavior in the Ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius is a Series of Morphologically and Physiologically Distinct Events (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Based upon light and electron microscopical observations, the feeding behavior of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius, when fed the cyanobacterium Oscilatoria formosa, is resolved into two principal phases, contact swimming and phagocytosis, the latter being separable into two steps, attachment aad ingestion. Following collision with an O. formosa filament. cells swim along the filament with their ventral cilia in contact with it during the contact swimming phase. Phagocytosis commences with the attachment of the cytostome to the filament, which initiates lysosomal streaming in the cytostomal-cytopharyngeal region. The filament then enters the cytopharynx concomitant with food vacuole formation during the ingestion step. Treatment of cells with trypsin or modification of the extracellular ionic medium inhibits the attachment step of phagocytosis but does not affect contact swimming. Behavior of cells when fed different cyanobacterial species as well as artificial food substrates is also examined. Contact swimming is a form of contact guidance since the shape of the food substrate determines the direction of cell movement. Additionally, a chemical factor may be present in or on the cyanobacteria and play a role in contact swimming. Evidence is presented that suggests that during the attachment step, two phenomena are involved: direct adhesion between cell surfaces and adhesion due to material liberated by exocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04049.x
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  • 105
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    Effects of Cations on Phagocytosis in the Ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Various cations have been examined for their effects on phagocytosis. Media with high [Ca2+] and low [K+] favor phagocytosis, which is inhibited in media with high [K+], [Rb+], or [Ba2+] and low [Ca2+]. Microscopical observations of inhibited cells demonstrate that swimming behavior is not modified but they cannot perform the initial step of phagocytosis, attachment to food; when Ca2+ is added, cells attach to and ingest food, demonstrating rapid reversal of inhibition. Attachment is shown to be a linear function of the ratio [K+]/[Ca2+]1/2 or [Rb+]/[Ca2+]1/2 in the medium. The Ca2+ influx inhibitor Verapamil blocks attachment, as does La3+; the latter is believed to compete with Ca2+ for access to the Ca2+ channel. Likewise, treatment of cells with media containing no added Ca2+ inhibits attachment, and addition of 10 μM Ca2+ allows 90% of these cells to attach to and ingest food. The ionophore A23187, known to transport Ca2+ into a wide variety of cells, provokes lysosomal streaming movements typical of attachment. Based upon these observations, Ca2+ influx plays an essential role in attachment; K+ efflux also appears to be necessary since tetraethylammonium chloride blocks attachment. Treatment of cells with Tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of Na+ transport, or suspending them in media containing no added Na+ does not affect attachment or ingestion, indicating that Na+ is not implicated in these processes. An hypothesis is presented which implicates Ca2+ in both direct adhesion and exocytosis phenomena during attachment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04050.x
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  • 106
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    An Organofluorophosphate-Hydrolyzing Activity in Tetrahymena thermophila (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An enzymatic activity that hydrolyzes O,O-diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP) and O-1,2,2–trimethylpropylmethyl-phosphonofluoridate (Soman) was discovered in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The enzymatic activity classifies the protein as Mazur-type similar to that found in hog kidney and Escherichia coli. The rate of hydrolysis of Soman by the Tetrahymena-extract is the highest, on a per gram of extract basis, of any eucaryote. The molecular weight is approximately 75,400 as determined by Sephacryl column chromatography. A maximum fifteen-fold purification has been achieved.Potential exists for the detoxification and one-step detection of common organofluorophosphate pollutants. Additionally, Tetrahymena should prove an easier subject for manipulation than mammalian or squid sources. Protozoa may be a potentially important source of detoxification and degradation enzymes for other environmental contaminants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04053.x
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  • 107
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    Rumen Ciliates of Musk-Oxen (Ovibos moschatus Z.) from the Canadian Arctic (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Samples of rumen contents were obtained from 13 musk-oxen living on Banks Island, N.W.T., Canada. Total protozoan numbers ranged from 38.5 to 124.6 times 104 per ml of rumen contents with a mean generic distribution of 52.4%Entodinium, 45.9%Diplodinium, and 1.7%Epidinium. A total of 18 protozoan species were found, six of which have not previously been observed in this host, i.e. D. (Diplodinium) costatum, D. (Ostracodinium) gracile, D. (Ostracodinium) trivesiculatum. D. (Eudiplodinium) medium, Epidinium quadricaudatum, and Epidinium parvicaudatum. Two new species of protozoa are described, Entodinium ovibos n. sp. and Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium) banksi n. sp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03045.x
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  • 108
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    On the Organization and Affinities of the Amoeba, Pompholyxophrys punicea Archer, Based on Ultrastructural Examination of Individual Cells from Wild Material (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genus Pompholyxophrys includes amoebae which have a spherical body, fine radiating pseudopodia, and a layer of adhering siliceous “perles.” These organisms are normally regarded as a type of heliozoon. Ultrastructural examination of P. punicea reveals that those characters associated with well characterized heliozoa, such as microtubular axonemes and extrusomes, are lacking. The species has much in common with nucleariid filose amoebae with which it, and the related genus Pinaciophora, are regarded as having affinities. The species P. punicea is rare, and this study was made possible by the application of techniques developed for the ultrastructural examination of single cells. The assessment of protistan diversity and interrelationships relies heavily on the use of ultrastructural characters. Although techniques that are based on the examination of a small number of individual cells have limitations, they do allow rare organisms to be included in the re-evaluation of protistan systematics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03044.x
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  • 109
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    PKX, the Causative Agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in Pacific Salmonid Fishes and Its Affinities with the Myxozoa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by an unclassified protozoan (PKX), is reported from Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) and O. kisutch (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, held at the Mad River Hatchery in California, USA. The cumulative mortality attributed to the disease was 95, 13, and 18% respectively. The mortalities were greatest at mean water temperatures of 12-14°C during July 1983. The ultrastructure of the PKX organism and its associated pathology during clinical disease in all three species were consistent with those of the parasite in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as described in European outbreaks. Significant mortalities did not occur after August, at which time the parasite could no longer be detected in the salmon species. The steelhead continued to exhibit parasites in the kidney interstitium and epithelium and lumens of the tubules. Myxosporidan trophozoites and developing spores were also observed in the lumens of the kidney tubules of these fish. Although a mixed infection with another parasite may have occurred, evidence suggests that the myxosporidans are later stages of PKX. They were only observed in fish exposed to water with the infective stage and were particularly prominent in recovering fish. The PKX organism is similar to UBO, an unclassified protozoan of carp suspected to be an early stage of Sphaerospora renicola Dyková & Lom. Both parasites infect the blood and kidney, divide by endogeny, and are released by disintegration of the primary mother cell. The intraluminal myxosporean forms show similarities to Sphaerospora spp. in that they are monosporous and sporoblasts are formed within pseudoplasmodia. It is possible that PKX migrates to the lumen of the kidney tubule and subsequently sporulates. If the myxosporean forms are later stages of PKX, then it would belong to the phlyum Myxozoa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03047.x
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  • 110
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    Early Morphogenesis of Glugea-lnduced Xenomas in Laboratory-Reared Flounder (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glugea stephani-infecled submucosal cells of laboratory-reared winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, change to unique giant cell xenomas. These cells hypertrophy while the intracellular Glugea propagate to high numbers in the cytoplasm and eventually overrun the host cell. The xenomas slowly reach 20-25 muml;m (at 17°C) by day 10 after parasite invasion. These xenomas (eight often examined by electron microscopy) are coated with a mucus-like envelope onto which is attached a layer of endothelial ceils. The 10-day xenomas display (a) host cell endonuclear polyploidization and amitosis, (b) limited parasite growth and reproduction, and (c) a host cell cytoplasm structure similar to that seen in undifferentiated phagocytes. Glugea parasites do not induce obvious cell degenerative effects in 10-day xenomas; the 20-day xenomas are hypertrophied to 70-100 m̈m. These cells are characterized by (a) a host cell component denuded of endoplasmic reticulum and phagosome membrane, (b) a reduction in host cell ribosomes and the disappearance of host cell cytoskeletal assemblages, including microtubules, and (c) a significant increase in vegetative Glugea within xenomas. Evidence indicates cytoplasmic calcium of the host cell xenoma is perturbed by the intracellular Glugea; the alterations in the host cell calcium domains may be a big factor in the induction of the block of mitosis in the host cell and in the disruption in its cytoskeletal controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03049.x
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  • 111
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    Morphological, Biometric, and Morphogenetic Comparison of Two Closely Related Species, Stylonychia vorax and S. pustulata (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Differences in the morphology of Stylonychia vorax Stokes, 1885 and S. pustulata (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg, 1838 recognizable in vivo are the shape, the ventral cirral pattern, the caudal cirri, and the mode of moving. The dorsal-bristle complexes are distinguishable by the length of dorsal kinety four and the spaces among the pairs of basal bodies. When the ranges of variation of different populations and clones are compared by biometric analyses, S. vorax shows a relatively stable cortical pattern whereas in S. pustulata the cortical elements are regulated depending on the size of the body and the number of adoral membranelles. In S. vorax morphogenesis begins with a proliferation of basal bodies close to the transverse cirri. In contrast, in S. pustulata, the oral primordium appears de novo between the left marginal row and the postoral cirri. All other morphogenetic events are the same for both species. In proters and opisthes the six anlagen of the frontal-ventral-transverse cirri are of different origin and evolve independently. Three anlagen of the opisthe separate from the oral primordium, two originate from the right, and one from the left postoral cirrus. Three anlagen of the proter evolve from the posteriormost cirrus in the frontal area, one from the parental undulating membranes, one from the buccal cirrus, and one from the cirrus below the buccal cirrus. The anlagen one to six generate one, three, three, three, four, and four cirri. The characteristic arrangement of the undulating membranes and the participation of only two postoral cirri in the formation of primordia provide features that distinguish between the often confused genera Oxytricha and Stylonychia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03048.x
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  • 112
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    Fine Structure of Hepatozoon mocassini (Apicomplexa, Eucoccidiorida) Gamonts and Modifications of the Infected Erythrocyte Plasmalemma (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the fine structure of Hepatozoon mocassini gamonts and modifications of the infected erythrocyte plasmalemma. Intraerythrocytic gamonts were contained within a parasitophorous vacuole. An electron-lucid space observed between the gamont pellicle and the membrane of the vacuole corresponded to the unstained space described in light microscopy studies. Gamonts possessed a conoid, polar ring, subpellicular microtubules, four pairs of rhoptries, micronemes, ovoid granules, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and a pellicle composed of three individual unit membranes. The conoid had an anterior diameter of 320 nm, a posterior diameter of 360 nm, and a length of 150 nm. In contrast to a report on Hepatozoon aegypti, no micropore or “canopy-like structure” was observed. The plasmalemma of infected erythrocytes exhibited two types of modifications: gross membrane deformations and knobs with an electron-dense central mass. These knobs are structurally distinct from previously described membrane excrescences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03050.x
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  • 113
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    Some Properties of Discharged Glugea hertwigi (Microsporida) Sporoplasms (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glugea hertwigi spores were activated to discharge sporoplasms in Medium 199 with 3% gelatin at pH 9.0; the liberated sporoplasms were transferred to a maintenance medium with 6% gelatin (pH 7.0) supplemented with 2 mM ATP and 10% (v/v) fetal calf scrum. The spherical sporoplasms (measuring 3.5-4 m̈m in diameter) had single nuclei and had a cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. Each G. hertwigi sporoplasm was initially bounded by an external (0.1-0.2 m̈m) satellite body adjoining the plasma membrane. The satellites displayed ordered membrane and appeared to merge with the sporoplasm 15-30 min after spore discharge. The external location of the satellite (in reference to the discharged sporoplasm) seems to be part of the normal sequence of events under the in vitro conditions provided. The surface of G. hertwigi sporoplasms does not bear an obvious surface coat; however, our cytochemical observations indicate the plasma membrane of the sporoplasm was somewhat responsive to concanavalin A-peroxidase, colloidal iron, and native ferritin. During the short term incubations of sporoplasms with ferritin, the particles permeated membrane channels extending into the sporoplasm cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03052.x
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  • 114
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    Stage-Dependent Protein Composition in the Life Cycle of Synchronous Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a Ciliate Fish Parasite (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The sequential development of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 at 22°C was monitored from detachment from the fish through to infective tomites using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Methods are described for synchronizing I. multifiliis cells to permit the collection of large numbers of cells at stages during mitotic division. The electrophoretic protein patterns of the encysted stage differ from those of the tomite stage as well as from those of the other measured intervals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03066.x
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  • 115
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    Genetic Encodement of Acanthamoeba Lactic Dehydrogenase (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electrophoretic separation of the water-soluble proteins from seven Acanthamoeba strains, followed by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) visualization by the zymogram method, has indicated a single LDH activity in each extract. To account for this observation, three alternatives are considered: inadequate electrophoretic resolution, two gene-encodement of LDH with constraints relating to subunit assembly or oligomer stability, and one gene-LDH encodement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03067.x
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  • 116
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    Incorporation and Toxicity of 32P-Orthophosphate and Occurrence of Poly phosphate in Entamoeba Trophozoites (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We explored the requirements of inorganic phosphate (Pi), the incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate (32Pi), and the occurrence of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in axenic Entamoeba cultures. Maximal population densities and growth rates of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were attained in complete TP-S-1 medium. As 32Pi concentration was increased in the medium, its own incorporation and the culture growth rate were progressively inhibited, especially in Pi-deficient medium. PolyP grains were found in the cytoplasm and occasionally in the nuclear membrane of E. histolytica, E. histolytica-like, E. invadens, and E. moshkovskii trophozoites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03065.x
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  • 117
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    A Comparison of Spore Polypeptides in Microsporidia from a Grasshopper Control Program (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spore polypeptide profiles of Nosema locustae and an unidentified microsporidium infecting Aulocara elliotti and Psoloessa delicatula are compared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Unique spore polypeptide profiles are not detected for the unknown microsporidium from A. elliotti and P. delicatula whereas these profiles are distinctly different from N. locustae spore polypeptide profiles. These results indicate that the microsporidium is not a polymorphic form of N. locustae but a separate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03069.x
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  • 118
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    Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Host Cell Surface Receptor for Trypanosoma cruzi1 (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Membrane fragments from trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi inhibited the association of intact trypomas- tigotes with rat heart myoblasts whereas a similar preparation from non-invasive epimastigotes did not. Furthermore, killed trypo- mastigotes bound to the host cell surface and prevented the attachment of living organisms. Conversely, the extent of association of killed parasites with the host cells was reduced by the presence of living flagellates. These results suggest the presence of a distinct structure(s) on the surface of rat heart myoblasts to which infective forms of T. cruzi can bind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03070.x
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  • 119
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    Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., New Combinations and Emendations in the Names of Apicomplexan Protozoa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS,Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES,Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME,Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS,Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980),Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981),E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955),Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS,Selenidium francianum(Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965,Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938,P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951,P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951,P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980,Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982,Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947,Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916,Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978,Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914,H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912,H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910,Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970,Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944,I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973,Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947,Octosporetla sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975,Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975,Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916,Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916),Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974,Haemohormidium batrachi(Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).
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    Book Review section (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03073.x
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    Species of the Coccidian Genus Alveocystis (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Publications on the coccidia of certain invertebrates are reviewed and two new taxonomic-nomenclatural combinations are introduced: Alveocystis macrocoronata (Lüling, 1942) n. comb., in hosts Priapulus caudatus and Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapuloidea); and A. gugleri (Wacha, 1981) n. comb., in Triodopsis albolabris (Mollusca).
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    The Full Schedule of Macronuclear DNA Synthesis is Not Required for Cell Division in Paramecium tetraurelia1 (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Macronuclear DNA synthesis normally continues until late in the cell cycle in Paramecium; however, blockage of macronuclear DNA synthesis after 0.72 in the cell cycle does not alter the occurrence or timing of the subsequent cell division. When DNA synthesis is blocked after cells have reached the transition point, macronuclear DNA content at the following division is reduced to about 75% of the normal level. The point at which macronuclear DNA synthesis is no longer required for division corresponds to the beginning of micronuclear mitosis and the early stages of oral morphogenesis.
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    Etude ultrastructurale comparée du processus de dégradation de l'hémoglobine par P. berghei (Vincke et Lips, 1948) en fonction de l'état de maturité de la cellule hǒte (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: By serial sectioning and 3D reconstruction we have been able to demonstrate that the type of system for hemoglobin digestion in two strains of Plasmodium berghei, N and RC, is dependent on the maturity of the host cell. In parasites growing in erythrocytes, both systems for the endocytosis of hemoglobin—micropinocytosis and the cytostomal system (i.e. a cytostome budding a cytostomal tube that releases food vacuoles)—are fully functional and produce a great quantity of residual pigment. Parasites growing in reticulocytes have a disrupted cytostomal system; no tube is formed and only food vacuoles are visible in their cytoplasm. Residual pigment is smaller in size and in quantity. The reduced quantity of pigment in reticulocytes is explained by our observation of the exocytosis of pigment. We propose a hypothesis that relates the process of degradation of hemoglobin to the maturity of the host cell and a possible mechanism of protection against chloroquine, a drug known for its affinity for malarial pigment.
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    Amebostomes of Naegleria fowleri (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The strain of ameba, culture incubation temperature, and phase of ameba growth affected the number of amebostomes present on amebae of Naegleria fowleri. Serial passage of N. fowleri through mice decreased the average number of amebostomes. Amebostomes were shown to be functional by their ability to engulf yeast cells.
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    Invasive Activity of Allogromia Pseudopodial Networks: Skyllocytosis of a Gelatin/Agar Gel (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Time-lapse phase-contrast videomicroscopy revealed that the psudopodial network of two allogromiid foraminiferense display an invasive behaviour, previously undescribed, which I term Skyllocytosis (Greek: skylo—to rend, tear, pluck). When these networks encounter an interface between a gelatin/agar overlay and a glass substratum, portions of the overlay are penetrated and partly surrounded by reticulopodia. By the coordinated activity and contraction of these reticulopodia, small segments of the overlay are ripped away. Manageable portions of the overlay are subsequently transported towords the cell body. In carnivorous foraminifera skyllocytosis may account for the removal of soft, autolysed tissues from dead invertebrate prey.
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    Processing of Digestive Vacuoles in Tetrahymena and the Effects of Dichloroisoproterenol (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The digestive-lysosomai system in Telrahymena has been extensively studied; however, the various vacuole stages and the existence of a required processing period prior to defecation have not been clearly denned, in this study the presence of such a required processing period and the rate of DV defecation in Tetrahymena thermophila were determined. Like the cycle in Paramecium. a digestive cycle in Tetrahymena consisted of two periods: the processing period was 45 min and the defecation period was ˜2 h, making the complete cycle ˜3 h. During the defecation period vacuole egestion followed the kinetics of a first-order rate reaction and had a rate constant of 0.0187/min and a t1/2 of 37 min (82 min into the cycle). Using the naphthol AS-TR phosphate-hexazotized rosanilin method to visualize acid phosphatase activity at the light microscopic level, DVs became positive beginning at 10 min. The number of positive DVs increased to a maximum of 13% when DVs were 20-min old and declined to 5-7% beyond 30 min. Although dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) has been reported by others to stimulate vacuole defecation, we found it inhibited the defecation rate. The extent of inhibition depended on the age of the DVs when exposed to DCI. Vacuole formation was completely blocked in cells pre-exposed to 40 μ DCI for only 10 min; however, upon further exposure, cells could recover from this inhibition. The time required for complete recovery increased with increasing DCI concentrations. If DCI was given to cells simultaneously with latex beads, it was found to exert a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on DV formation. These results showed the heterophagic pathway of the digestive-lysosomal system in Telrahymena to be similar to that of Paramecium, though it was less efficient in the former cell.
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    The Catabolism of Tryptophan to Indole-3-Ethanol by Crithidia fasciculata and Phytomonas davidi (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Crithidia fasciculata and Phytomonas davidi catabolize tryptophan (TRP) to indole-3-ethanol, which was identified by both thin layer and gas chromatography. The catabolic pathway involved in this metabolic conversion is suggested to be similar to that proposed for other members of the family Trypanosomatidae. Although this catabolism occurs at both 25° and 37°C, the catabolic rate is greater at 37°C, a non-permissive growth temperature. Conditions that inhibit protein synthesis would appear to favor the catabolism of tryptophan to indole-3-ethanol. The possible importance of this catabolic pathway to these organisms is discussed.
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    Comparative Study of the Ribosomal RNA from Leishmania and Trypanosoma (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ribosomal RNA from several stocks of the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma were studied by gel electrophoresis, sedimentation on sucrose density gradients and RNA/DNA hybridization experiments. Three major components were observed after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels (PAGE-SDS), the relative molecular masses being respectively: X1= 0.83 megadaltons, X2= 0.63 megadaltons and X3= 0.54 megadaltons for Leishmania RNA; and X1= 0.86 megaldaltons, X2= 0.78 megadaltons, and X3= 0.58 megadaltons for Trypanosoma RNA. Depending upon the isolation procedure, a fourth component. X0= 1.2 megadaltons (26S), became evident. The later component was purified from Leishmania brasiliensis (Y) by centrifugation on a linear 15-30% sucrose density gradient. This component, after heat denaturation and PAGE-SDS, gave rise to two bands coinciding in molecular mass with those of X2 and X3 indicating that these components are part of the large ribosomal subunit whereas X1 belongs to the small one. The above mentioned differences in mobilities of components X1 and X2 between the two genera were no longer observed after electrophoresis in denaturing agarose-formaldehyde gels, suggesting secondary structural differences among these RNA species. Hybridization experiments with L. brasiliensis (Y) DNA showed that both RNA types compete equally well for the ribosomal sites in this DNA, and that L. brasiliensis (Y) rRNA recognizes the ribosomal sites in DNA of Trypanosoma cruzi (EP), thus indicating that no gross changes occurred in their nucleotide sequences during evolution.
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    Purification of Tissue Forms (Amastigotes) of Trypanosoma cruzi by Immunoaffinity Chromatography (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A rapid and simple method for the purification of amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi from spleens of infected mice is described. A protein A-Scpharose 4B immunoadsorbent column bound with antisera to epimastigotes of T. cruzi was used to purify the tissue forms of this parasite. Host cells and debris are not retained, and parasites can be eluted in high yields and purity. Studies of surface glycoproteins and glycolipids of the purified amastigotes with 18 lectins of various specificities revealed the presence on the parasites of receptors for N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, D-galactose, and D-mannose binding lectins.
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    An in Vitro Assay for Sequestration: Binding of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes to Formalin-Fixed Endothelial Cells and Amelanotic Melanoma Cells (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum bind specifically to cultured endothelial cells and to a line of amelanotic melanoma cells. We have fixed endothelial cells and amelanotic melanoma cells in various ways and determined whether the fixed cells were still able to bind infected erythrocytes. Only cells fixed with 1.0-2.5% formalin in phosphate-buffered saline continued to bind infected erythrocytes as well as unfixed cells. The mechanism of binding to fixed and unfixed cells appeared to be identical for the following reasons. First, erythrocytes infected by parasite strains that bound to unfixed cells also bound to fixed cells while those that did not bind to unfixed cells did not bind to fixed cells. Second, immune serum that inhibited binding to unfixed cells also inhibited binding to fixed cells. Third, electron microscopy showed that knobs were the points of attachment between infected erythrocytes and both fixed and unfixed melanoma cells. Fixed cells gave reproducible results over at least 2 months. Thus, we have developed a simplified, reproducible assay for measuring binding of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to target cells.
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    Isolation and Partial Characterization of Mutants of the Trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata and Their Use in Detecting Genetic Recombination (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Crithidia fasciculata was used as a model trypanosomatid to study the possible existence of genetic recombination in this group of protozoa. The approach was based on the ability to select a variety of mutants on agar plates. Following mutagenesis of wild type cells by nitrosoguanidine or ethylmethanesulfonate, stable mutant phenotypes were obtained. These included mutants resistant to the drugs actinomycin D, 6-azauracil, 6-azauridine, and 5-fluorouracil, auxotrophs and colony morphology mutants. Following mixed growth of pairs of drug-resistant mutants on selective media, isolates exhibiting stable recombinant phenotypes were obtained. The data presented suggest that 1) Crithidia undergoes some type of genetic recombination and 2) Crithidia must be diploid at some time during this process.
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    Exoantigens of Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Conditions for Their Detection and Immunogenic Properties in Experimental Infections (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Notes: Exoantigens of Trypanosoma cruzi were produced in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The exoantigens were detected by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method (CIE), with antisera raised in rabbits by immunization with total homogenates of culture forms of ***T. cruzi in plasma from ***field animals obtained by centrifugation and filtration. Control experiments indicated that exoantigens are not somatic components of T. cruzi leaked during the preparative procedure. Exoantigens were detected in male and female mice, 11-90 days old, between 6 and 60 days of infection, and in all mice with patent parasitemia. After 13 days of infection, mice developed antibodies to exoantigens; by CIE up to three populations of antibodies were revealed in different groups of animals. In mice between 13 and 60 days of infection, the coexistence of exoantigens and homologous antibodies was also observed. The exoantigens are not strain specific since a cross reactivity between antigens from three strains of T. cruzi (Tulahuén, Higueras, and Alejandro) was seen. Finally, the presence of antibodies to exoantigens in humans with chronic Chagas’ disease was demonstrated.
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    Effects of Intestinal Contents from Normal and Immunized Mice on Sporozoites of Eimeria falciformis (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The interaction of Eimeria falciformis sporozoites with the intestinal epithelium and with the intestinal contents from the cecum and colon of normal and specifically immunized mice was studied by light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Fecal (FM) and enterocyte-associated (EAM) mucus were removed from the cecum and colon of normal mice and mice that had been immunized 1, 6, 12, or 20 days earlier with a series of oral inoculations of E. falciformis oocysts. Sporozoite-specific IgA, but neither IgM nor IgG, was detected by the immunofluorescent antibody test in FM and EAM from immunized mice. No sporozoite-specific immunoglobulin was detected in normal mice. When examined by LM, sporozoites exposed to all FM and EAM preparations exhibited greater motility and excystation from sporocysts. At 4 h after incubation in FM or EAM from normal or immune mice, about 10% of the sporozoites appeared damaged, being non-motile and non-refractile. Immune FM and EAM caused agglutination of sporozoites and sporocysts and oocyst walls of E. falciformis. but did not agglutinate those of E. ferrisi. Scanning electron microscopy of in vitro interactions between E. falciformis sporozoites and intestinal contents revealed that sporozoites exposed to immune EAM were coated with particulate material whereas those exposed to normal EAM were relatively clean. Sporozoites exposed to immune FM were usually embedded within the mucus whereas those exposed to normal FM were situated on top of the mucus. No significant differences occurred between the length/width (L/W) ratios of sporozoites incubated in normal FM and EAM or in PBS. Sporozoites exposed to immune FM had significantly greater L/W ratios than those exposed to normal FM whereas those exposed to immune EAM had significantly shorter L/W ratios than ones exposed to normal EAM. Few of the sporozoites observed on the luminal surface of the colon and cecum of normal mice were covered by mucus and none was altered in shape or showed pellicular damage. Only a few sporozoites were observed on the luminal surface of the colon and cecum of immunized mice. Most of these were covered by mucus and some exhibited pellicular alterations.
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    Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowled for Cultured Rat Neuroblastoma Cells (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri strain LEE (ATCC-30894) for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells (B-103) has been investigated. Both live N. fowleri amoebae and Naegleria lysates added to 51Cr-labeled B-103 cells caused release of radiolabel, which was dependent upon the ratio of amoebae to target cells or to the lysate concentration. Lysates of N. fowleri strains LEE, NF-66, NF-69, and HB-4 were equally injurious to B-103 target cells whereas lysates of strains 6088 and KUL were less cytotoxic. Highly pathogenic mouse-passaged strain LEE were less cytotoxic than axenically grown amoebae. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed in lysates from amoebae in late exponential or early stationary phase of growth. Cytopathogenicity of lysates was reduced after heating at 44°C for 60 min or at 60°C for 30 min. Cytotoxicity was stable during storage at 4°C or at −20°C for 26 h. Neither live amoebae nor lysates injured B-103 target cells at 4°C. Live amoebae and lysates injured B-103 by a time, temperature, and concentration dependent process.
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    Search for Cell Organelles in Protozoa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Paramoeba invadens n. sp. (Amoebida, Paramoebidae), a Pathogenic Amoeba from the Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in Eastern Canada (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Notes: Paramoeba invadens n. sp. is described from sea urchin tissues and from culture. Amoebae are 20–40 μm in length with an irregular hyaline region producing short subpseudopodia. One parasome per cell is present. The parasome is bipolar with basophilic, Feulgen-positive poles and a Feulgen-negative median segment. The fine structure of the parasome resembles those in other species of Paramoeba and the surface of the amoeba is plain with no hairs or scales. Amoebae dislodged from tissues often adopt a semifloating form; floating forms have been seen in culture. Amoebae circulate within lumina of the water vascular system and can migrate readily into or out of tissues.
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    Goussia polylepidis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sporozoea: Coccidia) from Chondrostoma polylepis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) of the Duero Basin (NW Spain) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    Notes: In the examination of 90 Chondrostoma polylepis caught in the Esla River, a coccidium of the genus Goussia was found in the swimbladder, peritoneum, kidney, and ureter. It is described as Goussia polylepidis n. sp. and its taxonomic affinities are discussed. Data on its prevalence and seasonality are also given.
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    Isolation of Naegleria australiensis from an Oklahoma Lake (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eight isolates of Naegleria australiensis were obtained from a small lake in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The eight strains were isolated during the hot summer months of July through September, when water temperatures ranged from 27 to 33°C. All eight isolates were pathogenic for mice. The mean time to death for mice was 10 days (range 6–13 days). This pathogenic free-living ameba has not before been reported from the United States or the Western Hemisphere.
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    Isospora dawadimiensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Jerboa (Jaculus jaculus) in Saudi Arabia (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isospora dawadimiensis n. sp. is described from the jerboa, Jaculus jaculus, from Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia. Sporulated oocysts of I. dawadimiensis n. sp. were ovoidal or nearly subspherical 22–26.5 times 20.5–22 μm (24.4 times 21.4 μm). Oocyst wall had one layer. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule were absent. Sporocysts were ellipsoid 12–16.5 times 9–10.5 μm (14.6 times 9.9 μm). Sporocyst residuum was present. The sporocysts lack a Stieda body. Sporozoites 8–11 times 2–3 μm (10 times 2.6 μm) were sausage-shaped, slightly curved, and tapered at one end.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hausmann, K. (with the collaboration of M. Mulish and D. J. Patterson) 1985. Protozoologie.
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  • 141
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    Microsporidium novacastriensis n. sp., a Microsporidian Parasite of the Grey Field Slug, Deroceras reticulatum, (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of microsporidium (phylum Microspora), Microsporidium novacastriensis n. sp., from the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum, is described on the basis of light and electron microscope studies. Meronts are spherical at first, then become irregular as nuclear number increases. Sporonts are tubular or ribbon-like and divide unevenly to produce sporoblasts and then spores of varying lengths. Sporogonial stages are enclosed in a vesicle by a subpersistent membrane of uncertain origin. Fresh spores measure 3.5 by 2.08 μm and are produced in clusters of 12 to 120. The parasite infects only the intestinal epithelium of the slug. The new species is compared to microsporidia of other gastropod molluscs and to other microsporidia of similar developmental pattern and morphology.
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  • 142
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    Balantidium prionurium n. sp., Symbiont in the Intestine of the Surgeonfish, Prionurus punctatus (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the spring of 1984, the ciliate Balantidium prionurium n. sp. was collected from the intestinal lumen of the herbivorous surgeonfish, Prionurus punctatus, from the Gulf of California. The symbionts were found in five fish from two well separated collection sites. Morphostatic specimens average 51 μm x 42 μm, and thus fall within the size range of several other fish balantidia. But the presence of Balantidium in a saltwater fish has not been reported, and such a host difference alone supports at least provisional recognition of this organism as a new species.
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  • 143
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    BOOK REVIEW (1985)
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hausmann, K. & Patterson, D. J. 1983. Taschenatlas der Einzeller: Protisten. Arten und Mikroskopische Anatomie.
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  • 144
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    Enzyme Composition and the Taxonomy of Acanthamoeba (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The enzyme activities of 37 representative strains of Acanthamoeba against 19 substrates have been examined. A total of 13 enzyme complements were identified, which could be arranged in six larger groups. There was good agreement between these groupings and the arrangement of the strains that was suggested by the electrophoresis patterns of their esterases and acid phosphatases. A nomericlature is described which provides an unequivocal numerical label for each enzyme complement.
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  • 145
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    Biochemical Identification and Phylogenetic Relationships in Free-Living Amoebas of the Genus Naegleria (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using isoelectric focusing, the zymograms of 23 pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria strains were studied for the activity of 16 enzymes. Certain enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, L-threonine dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase, malic enzyme, and leucine aminopeptidase) proved particularly useful from a practical point of view as they allow easy and reliable identification of pathogenic N. fowleri and N. australiensis as well as nonpathogenic N. lovaniensis strains. Genetic interpretation of these zymograms gave estimates of genetic distances that largely confirmed the taxonomic position of the Naegleria species. In addition, the genetic data suggest that there are two main phylogenetic groups in the genus Naegleria.
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  • 146
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    Fluorescein-Conjugated Folate as an Indicator of Specific Folate Binding to Paramecium (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Normal Paramecium tetraurelia cells stained with fluorescein-conjugated folate show intense fluorescence that can be reduced to near background autofluorescence with excess K2-folate, but not with excess KCl. Mutant d4–534, which is not attracted to folate and does not specifically bind 3H-folate, shows reduced fluorescence when stained. This method of monitoring specific folate binding to cells can be adapted to a microscale for rapid screening of clones since cells are routinely fixed and stained in microtiter wells.
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  • 147
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    Subcellular Distribution of Hydrolases in Naegleria fowleri (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presence and particle association of various hydrolytic enzymes in Naegleria fowleri has been studied in whole cell extracts of trophozoites in an effort to establish authentic markers for surface membrane and lysosomal components. Evidence from the experiments reported here indicates that in N. fowleri a) acid proteinase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase are associated with cytoplasmic granules closely resembling lysosomes; b) 5'-nucleotidase is associated with the surface membrane, probably on the external surface; c) aspartate aminotransferase is associated with mitochondria; d) a-D-glucosidase and an aminopeptidase have bimodal distributions, activity being associated with both the surface membrane and lysosomal particles.
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  • 148
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    Enzyme Variation in Paramecium caudatum (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stocks of four “syngens” (syngens 1, 3, 12, 13) of Paramecium caudatum could not be distinguished on the basis of isozymic variations of six enzymes. Using the most common enzyme form as the standard for the syngen, we found a higher coefficient of identity between syngens (〉90%) than within syngens (73%). These observations, combined with evidence for fertile matings among the groups, suggest that the groups do not warrant the status of syngens. True syngenic variation in P. caudatum is, however, clearly established on the basis of isozymic and breeding studies of wild stocks collected from various places. Some stocks from England have a close affinity with those from Japan, but stocks from Scotland and California must be placed in separate syngenic sets. Thus, P. caudatum is indeed a species complex, within which evolutionarily distinct groups (species = syngens) are identifiable. The definition of syngens on the basis of initial agglutination response is, however, unjustified.
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  • 149
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    Pleiotropic Effects of a Temperature-Sensitive Mouthless Mutation in Tetrahymena thermophila on the Excretion of Extracellular Enzymes (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mode of enzyme excretion was investigated during balanced growth in wild type Tetrahymena thermophila and in a temperature-sensitive mutant that did not form a mouth and food vacuoles at the restrictive temperature. The mutant was used to determine which of the extracellular enzymes are normally excreted by defecation. During balanced growth at the permissive temperature the excretion of enzymes was constant, and maximal in complex medium. No protease activity against azocasein was detected. Changes in the growth temperature of the wild type cells only affected the release of 3′-nucleotidase. For the mutant, however, the excretion changed markedly with increasing temperature: (a) ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase were detected in 0–10% of normal amounts; (b) 3′- and 5′-nucleotidase, not measured previously in Tetrahymena, were found in 10- to 14-fold of normal amounts; (c) excretion of acid phosphatase was unaffected. We therefore conclude that the extracellular enzymes (a) are released by defecation, that 3′- and 5′-nucleotidase are secreted through the membrane system, and that acid phosphatase is released by lysosomes emptied through pinocytosis. It is proposed that the lysosomes used for the formation of digestive vacuoles are different from those used for the formation of pinocytotic vacuoles and for autophagic vacuoles.
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  • 150
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    Interactions of Giardia lamblia with Human Intestinal Mucus: Enhancement of Trophozoite Attachment to Glass (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Giardia lamblia trophozoites frequently are associated with mucus in vivo. We investigated the effects of human intestinal mucus on parasite attachment and survival in vitro. All samples of mucus from the duodenum and ileum (from four humans and two rabbits) enhanced attachment at 100 μm/ml. Attachment increased with mucus concentrations from 1 to 1000 μg/ml but declined toward the unstimulated level at concentrations above 1000 μg/ml. Mucus from the small intestine also promoted the survival of the parasites during the 2-h incubation. In contrast, colonic mucus promoted survival, but inhibited attachment. Fractionation of mucus from the human small intestine by cesium chloride equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that both attachment- and survival-promoting activities were in the low density, protein-rich fraction. The high density fractions containing the mucins were devoid of activity. Thus, a non-mucin fraction of mucus from the human small intestine may promote colonization by G. lamblia.
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  • 151
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    Form and Function of the Dinoflagellate Transverse Flagellum (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A reexamination of the dinoflagellate transverse flagellum in relation to swimming in more than 50 species, using a television recording system, has revealed the following new facts: the flagellar beat always proceeds counterclockwise when seen from the cell apex; the cell always rotates in the direction of the flagellar beat, and fluid is propelled in the opposite direction. These observations can be explained by the actions of flagellar mastigonemes not included in previous models. The shape of the flagellar wave is not isotropic. New explanations are offered for other morphological features of the cell as they relate to swimming.
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  • 152
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    Metabolism of Threonine, Methionine, and Related Compounds in Mixed Rumen Ciliate Protozoa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Metabolic pathways of L-threonine and L-methionine in starved, bacteria-free, mixed rumen ciliate protozoa were examined. Rumen ciliates produced 2-oxobutanoate (2OB) from both L-threonine and L-methionine; 2OB was then converted to 2-aminobutanoate (2AB) and propionate. The 2AB appeared to be converted slowly to propionate. D-Threonine seemed to be hardly metabolized.
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  • 153
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    Selection for and Enrichment of Non-Discharge Mucocyst Variants of Tetrahymena thermophila 1,2 (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The present protocol for selection for and enrichment of potential non-discharge mucocyst variants of Tetrahymena thermophila is based on the ability of wild-type cells to discharge their mucocyst contents simultaneously when stimulated with alcian blue 8 GS. Under appropriate ionic conditions, the discharged mucocyst contents form a capsule around each cell and prevent its locomotion. Non-discharge variants unable to shed a capsule are assumed to retain their ability to swim and are simulated in this study by cells not induced to shed their capsule. For mass phenotype screening, the conditions for maximum capsule shedding were established for wild-type cells. One hour starvation in Wagner's solution rendered 100% of the cells competent to shed a capsule when triggered with a 0.4% solution of alcian blue 8 GS. Decontamination of the shedding mixture by addition of egg albumin in a final concentration of 0.1% guaranteed survival of 〉95% of these cells that were now encapsulated, but allowed up to 5% of the cells to escape their capsule and swim freely. Cells with intact mucocysts and cells with emptied mucocysts were separated in reconstruction experiments by density-gradient centrifugation in which 95% of the cells with intact mucocysts appeared in a discrete band. Using the same protocol, the efficiency of separation was tested with mixtures of morphologically marked (food vacuoles stained with India ink) and genetically marked (resistance to cycloheximide) cells. Using 1:1 mixtures of marked cells with intact mucocysts and cells with emptied mucocysts (or vice versa), the cells with intact mucocysts were efficiently separated from other cells; one cell with emptied mucocysts per 100 cells with intact mucocysts was found in the upper discrete gradient band.
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  • 154
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    Nutritional Requirements of Plasmodium falciparum in Culture. I. Exogenously Supplied Dialyzable Components Necessary for Continuous Growth (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum presently requires the nutritionally complex medium, RPMI 1640. A basal medium of KCl, NaCl, Na2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2, MgSO4, glucose, reduced glutathione, HEPES buffer, hypoxanthine, phenol red (in RPMI 1640 concentrations), and 10% (v/v) exhaustively dialyzed pooled human serum was used to determine which vitamins and amino acids had to be exogenously supplied for continuous cultivation. Supplementation of basal medium with calcium pantothenate, cystine, glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, and tyrosine was necessary for continuous growth. This semi-defined minimal medium supported continuous growth of four isolates of P. falciparum at rates slightly less than those obtained with RPMI 1640. Adding any other vitamin or amino acid did not improve growth. Incorporation of several non-essential amino acids, particularly phenylalanine and leucine, into proteins was markedly enhanced in the minimal medium compared to RPMI 1640.
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  • 155
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    Effects of Long-Term in Vitro Cultivation on Leishmania donovani Promastigotes (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani that had been subcultued in modified Tobie's medium for 2 to 3 years showed decreased infectivity and lack of virulence for hamsters and mice compared to newly transformed promastigotes. Amastigotes derived from these long-term promastigote cultures decreased in number rapidly in hamsters, but only slightly in mice, over a 48-day period. In cultured mouse and hamster macrophags infected in vitro, amastigotes derived from long-term cultures rapidly decreased to low numbers, which persisted. The same pattern was seen in macriphages treated with catalase, an inhibitor of the oxygen-dependent killing mechanism of the macrophage. Promastigotes from long-term cultures also differed from virulent first-passage promastigotes in size, growth patterns in Tabie's medium, and in the quantities of some of their antigens.
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  • 156
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    Observation on Complete Schizogony of Plasmodium vivax in Vitro (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Attempts to grow Plasmodium vivax in vitro were made on 43 isolates in three different culture media. Complete schizogony occurred in the new medium SCMI 612 in which 34 out of 43 isolates produced merozoites. The RPMI 1640 and Waymouth media suitable for the cultivation of P. falciparum were also used with markedly less success. Results of the experiments indicate differences in nutritional requirements between the two species of Plasmodium.
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  • 157
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    Stage-Dependent Toxicity of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine to Plasmodium falciparum (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of N-acetyl-glucosamine on growth of synchronized cultures of Plasmodium falciparum were assessed by morphological observations and by measurement of parasite incorporation of 3H-hypoxanthine. Inhibition of 3H-hypoxanthine incorporation was more marked during the later stages of the erythrocytic cycle. At concentrations of the sugar below 20 mM, however, the deleterious effects were mainly a result of failure of released merozoites to invade erythrocytes, rather than a failure of schizonts to mature or release merozoites. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that a lectin-like substance on the merozoite interacts with a surface glycoprotein on the red cell and that sugar residues on this glycoprotein may be involved in this recognition.
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  • 158
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    Long-Term Patterns of Protozoan Colonization in Douglas Lake, Michigan (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Long-term patterns of noninteractive and interactive protozoan colonization of polyurethane foam (PF) artificial substrates in Douglas Lake, Michigan, were examined for a 14-yr period. Species-time data were fitted to the Mac Arthur-Wilson equilibrium model, S =Šeq(1 - eGt), and examined through time from 1969-1982. Comparisons were made to historical water chemistry measurements. No long-term changes in water chemistry were evident. Similarly, equilibrium species number (Šeq) and colonization rate (G) oscillated about a mean through time. Protozoan colonization of PF substrates appeared stable for extended periods and showed modest variation from year to year. Examination of 7-yr-old substrates in 1982 revealed little difference from young (〈 50 days) substrates. Previous reports of senescence of artificial substrate communities may have been due to habitat loss within the substrates. No evidence existed for chemical or biological degradation of the lake.
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  • 159
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    Vertical Distribution of Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae in Freshwater Lakes (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The vertical distribution of thermotolerant (37°C and 45°C) free-living amoebae (FLA) in warm monomictic lakes was determined in relation to the onset of thermal stratification and associated physical and chemical changes. The position of abiotic or biotic paniculate layers in the water column was located by using a submersible horizontal beam transmissometer that measures attenuance, or the absorption and scattering of light by participates in the water column. During mixis, the vertical distribution of amoebae was sporadic with significant numbers of FLA only occurring in clay layers caused by runoff after heavy rains. With the onset of thermal stratification in the lakes, phytoplankton layers began to form. Few amoebae were isolated from layers containing flagellated phytoplankton; however, significant (P 〈 0.005) numbers of FLA were isolated from two paniculate layers dominated by the filamentous blue-green algae Aphanizomenon and Lyngbya, respectively. By late June, a persistent detrital or decomposition layer formed in the lower metalimnion, as well as a hypolimnetic iron layer where the Fe2+ state was predominant. In this midsummer period, 13 Naegieria fowleri were isolated, with three from the detrital layer and seven from the iron layer. The presence of attenuation zones was found to be the best indicator of the vertical distribution of FLA in the water column, and such layers represent an important, previously undescribed habitat for potentially pathogenic FLA.
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    Ultrastructure and Description of a New Species of Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) from the Semiaquatic Beetle, Ora texana Champ. (Coleoptera: Helodidae) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of the uncommon microsporidian genus Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) has been found parasitizing the larval fat body of the semiaquatic beetle, Ora texana. In this species, the sporogonic sequence results in the formation of sporocysts measuring 7.7 times 6.5 μm that contain two crested uninucleate spores (averaging 5.7 times 2.2 μm). The spores are essentially oblong/ovate, tapering toward the anterior end and remaining bound together after sporogony by a persistent accessory membrane or sporocyst. The two spores in the sporocyst are produced by an unusual morphogenetic sequence in which, after one mitosis, the binucleate sporont elongates, forming two lobes that fold toward one another and cleave along a central plane, forming two parallel sporoblasts. The general ultrastructural features of this process are described, and diagnostic characters of this new species of Telomyxa are presented.
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    The Cytology of Sheep Rumen Ciliates. II. Ultrastructure of Eudiplodinium maggii (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The anterior adoral zone of syncilia (AZS) of Eudiplodinium maggii is mounted on an extrusible peristome within a vestibulum. The peristome contains cytopharyngeal components derived from the infraciliature. These components include a crescent-shaped palisade of nematodesmata, two types of sub-membrane cytopharyngeal ribbons, and an ensheathing fibrous layer enclosing a phagoplasmic zone containing the other components. A convoluted esophagus is continuous with and extends from the posterior of the cytopharynx adjacent to the macronucleus. A posterior cytoproct has specialized cytoplasm around it and associated myoneme-like elements. The skeletal plate is composed of finely granular platelets and lies under the cortex ventral to the macronucleus. The endoplasm is separated from the ectoplasm by a fibrous boundary layer. The cortex has an external glycocalyx, a membranous layer, epiplasm, and microtubular and microfilament layers. The AZS infraciliature is of the usual cntodiniomorph type, kinetosomes linked by a sub-kinetosomal rod and with associated bifurcated kinetodesma, postciliary and transverse microtubules-the latter extending into the cytopharynx—nematodesmata, and a fibrous reticulum. A possible vestigial, somatic infraciliature consisting of short, barren kinetosomes with associated basal and cortex-directed microtubules and a periodic incomplete fiber, is found subcortically throughout the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Consideration of Taxonomic-Nomenclatural Problems Posed by Report of Myxosporidians with a Two-Host Life Cycle (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The recent report of two hosts in the life cycle of the myxosporidian parasite causing whirling disease in rainbow trout left unresolved several important taxonomic-nomenclatural problems that are thus treated here. Although the spore morphology is totally different in the invertebrate host, the species involved can legally have but one name, viz., Myxobolus cerebralis Hofer, 1903 (until 1984, widely known under the name “Myxosoma cerebralis”). The “actinomyxidean” stage found in tubificid worms could have been tentatively assigned to the genus Triactinomyxon only if the latter had been considered as a collective-group name. While intermediate ranks are also affected, even the high-level groups Myxosporidia and Actinomyxidea, long considered taxonomically separate in conventional protozoan classification schemes, must be redefined. If future investigations confirm the existence of a two-host life cycle for Myxobolus cerebralis and perhaps for other related myxosporidian fish parasites, then the phylogenetic distinctiveness of Myxosporidia and Actinomyxidea has been undermined and perhaps they can no longer be treated as evolutionarily divergent assemblages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03083.x
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  • 163
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    Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Insectivores: New Species from Shrew Moles (Talpidae) in the United States (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All of 18 shrew moles, Neurotrichus gibbsii, collected in Oregon and Washington were infected with one or more species of coccidia. Three eimerians and one isosporan were identified and described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria heterocapita n. sp. were subspheroid to ellipsoid, 25.5 times 21.4 (23–27 times 18–23) μm. A membranous, cap-like structure was present at one pole of the oocyst, but a micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar body were absent. Ovoid sporocysts were 13.6 times 10.0 (12–15 times 9–11) μm; a compact sporocyst residuum was present, but Stieda, sub-, and parastieda bodies were absent. This species was found in 2 of 18 (11%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria neurotrichi n. sp. were avoid, 17.6 times 13.6 (16–20 times 11–16) μm; micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a polar body was present. Ovoid sporocysts were 10.7 times 5.5 (9–12 times 5–6) μm; Stieda body and sporocyst residuum were present, but sub- and parastieda bodies were absent. This species was found in 2 of 18 (11%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria parastiedica n. sp. were subspheroid, 27.4 times 25.5 (25–30 times 22–28) μm; micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar body were absent. Ovoid sporocysts, pointed at both ends, were 18.3 times 10.4 (16–20 times 9–11) μm; Stieda, sub-, and parastieda bodies were present as was a sporocyst residuum. This species was found in 2 of 18 (11%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora neurotrichi n. sp. were subspheroid, 13.9 times 12.0 (11–16 times 10–15) μm; micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but 1–3 polar bodies were present. Ellipsoid sporocysts were 9.2 times 6.1 (8–11 times 5–8) μm; sub- and parastieda bodies were absent, but a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum were present. This species was found in 17 of 18 (94%) hosts. Ten of 18 (56%) hosts were seen to be naturally infected with only one coccidium.
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    Nutritional Requirements of Plasmodium falciparum in Culture. III. Further Observations on Essential Nutrients and Antimetabolites (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In a semi-defined minimal medium for cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, and maltose could not replace glucose. Hypoxanthine was the preferred purine source for the parasite over adenine, guanine, inosine, adenosine and guanosine although all supported growth equally. Inhibitors of nucleoside uptake had low potency in killing the parasites but depressed incorporation of [3H]adenosine more than [3H]hypoxanthine. Glutamate could not be replaced by 5-oxoproline, indicating that the γ-glutamyl transferase pathway for amino acid uptake is probably not found in this organism. Adenine, nicotinamide, and orotic acid could not supplement glutamine-deficient medium. The pyridoxine antagonists isoniazid and 4-deoxypyridoxine were reversed by amino acid supplementation, suggesting that transaminases may be targets of these drugs. Orotic acid, but not glutathione or its amino acid components, partially reversed the effects of 8-methylamino-8-desmethyl riboflavin. Thus, the flavin enzyme, dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase, but not glutathione reductase, appears to be a target of this riboflavin antagonist. Five biotin antagonists had no significant activity. The choline antagonist 2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol and thiamin uptake inhibitors had nonspecific inhibitory effects, which were not reversed by the respective target vitamin. Buthionine sulfoximine and methionine sulfoximine, inhibitors of glutathione synthesis, had significant oxygen-dependent toxicity. Six sulfonamides showed marked variation in potency and efficacy. Sulfathiazole and sulfadoxine were reversed differentially by p-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, and folinic acid. Folinic acid was more effective than folic acid at reversing the toxicity of the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors aminopterin and pyrimethamine; p-aminobenzoic acid had no effect.
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    Action of the Organophosphorous Insecticide Parathion on the Free-Living Marine Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth of cultures of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. was slowed by parathion 〉1 ppm. Parathion also decreased chlorophyll content and perturbed cellular ultrastructure, eliciting especially plastoglobuli in their chloroplasts. Toxicity of this organophosphorous insecticide is unlikely to be due to its anticholinesterase activity since P. micans appears not to contain cholinesterase. Fluorescence kinetics show that parathion affects the photosynthetic system, particularly photosystem II.
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    The 5S and 5.8S Ribosomal RNA Sequences of Tetrahymena thermophila and T. pyriformis (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNAs of Tetrahymena thermophila and two strains of T. pyriformis have been determined to be identical. The 5.8S rRNA sequences have also been determined; these sequences correct several errors in an earlier report. The 5.8S rRNAs of the two species differ at a single position. The sequencing results indicate that the species are of recent common ancestry. Molecular evidence that has been interpreted in the past as suggestive of an ancient divergence has been reviewed and found to be consistent with a T. pyriformis complex radiation beginning approximately 30–40 million years ago.
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    Flagellar Morphology in Stumpy-Flagella Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sixteen new mutants of the biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with either stumpy-flagella or no flagella at all were examined by electron microscopy. Four of the mutants were found to carry short bulbous flagella containing amorphous electron-dense material which may represent unassembled flagellar protein. Basal bodies of normal ultrastructure were present in all mutants. Dikaryon dominance tests indicated that the stumpy mutations were recessive to wild-type in all cases tested. Stumpy mutations also conferred a measure of detergent resistance to Chlamydomonas, apparently by affecting the detergent-solubility of the flagellar membrane.
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    RNA and Protein Synthesis During Meiotic Prophase in Tetrahymena thermophila (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tetrahymena is one of the few organisms from which large amounts of precisely staged meiotic material can be obtained. We took advantage of this fact to monitor RNA and protein synthesis during meiosis. The rate of total protein synthesis as well as the synthesis of the majority of heavily labeled conjugation-specific polypeptides (monitored by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) was maximal during meiotic prophase. We therefore cloned cDNAs corresponding to genes active during this time. The mRNA levels of three conjugation-specific genes (pC1, pC2, and pC7) and one conjugation-induced gene (pC3) were followed by using the corresponding labeled cDNAs to probe RNA isolated from different times during mating that was also followed cytologically. Synthesis of the conjugation-specific mRNAs was maximal just prior to maximum crescent stage (pachytene). Evidence is presented for transcription by the normally inactive micronucleus just prior to the maximum crescent stage, confirming an earlier report. The significance of these results is discussed.
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    Phagocytic Activity of Three Naegleria Strains in the Presence of Erythrocytes of Various Types (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phagocytic activities of N. lovaniensis (Aq/9/1/45D) and N. gruberi (1518/1f and 1518/1e) were studied in the presence of erythrocytes of various species: chicken, rabbit, goat, and human (A+, B+, and AB+ were tested). The percentage of amoebae with ingested red cells, the phagocytic index (PhI), can be considered as an expression of phagocytic activity. Under given conditions (erythrocyte concentration, incubation time, age of amoebic cultures) each strain of Naegleria prefers one erythrocyte type. Thus, for 72-h cultures, N. lovaniensis ingested more A+ type erythrocytes than did N. gruberi strains but had very low affinity for rabbit red cells except when very high concentrations were tested. Naegleria gruberi 1f was the most active of the three strains towards rabbit and B+ and AB+ human erythrocytes, but very low PhIs were obtained with goat erythrocytes. Naegleria gruberi le exhibited high phagocytic activity for every erythrocyte type except for rabbit red cells.
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    Cytolytic Activity Released from Tetrahymena (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a hemolytic assay system, we have detected cytolytic activities in extracellular medium from Tetrahymena thermophila and T. pyriformis. In addition, we have identified two phospholipase activities (types A and C) from the same source by thin layer chromatography analysis of the breakdown products of a phospholipid preparation. The hemolytic activity peaks at low pH values. It is inhibited by egg lecithin, supporting the view that a phospholipase activity is involved in the cytolytic processes. Cytolytic activities may play important roles in Tetrahymena, both in nutrition, especially in parasitic and scavenger forms, and in defense against predators. Tetrahymena is probably partly protected from its own released cytolytic phospholipase by having a high proportion of phosphonolipids on its surface membrane.
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    Development of the Swine Coccidium Eimeria debliecki Douwes, 1921 in Mammalian Cell Cultures (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sporozoites of Eimeria debliecki entered human fetal lung and porcine kidney cells grown in cultures and underwent one merogenous cycle, terminating in the production of second-generation trophozoites. Sporozoites were intracellular 1 h post-inoculation (PI) and developed into sporozoite-shaped meronts at 40 h PI. These meronts, one of which was motile, had from two to ten nuclei. Sporozoite-shaped meronts then developed into elongate or spheroidal meronts with 10 to 24 nuclei by two days PI. Ten to 26 first-generation merozoites were formed by budding from the meront surface. Mature first-generation merozoites were most numerous three days PI. Most meronts had ruptured and released nonmotile merozoites into the culture medium by four days PI. Merozoites that were not released became rounded and developed into second-generation trophozoites. Refractile bodies were present in all developmental stages. No further development was observed five through eight days PI.
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    Holospora elegans-Infected Micronuclei of Paramecium caudatum Still Serve a Function During Vegetative Life (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The fission rate of Paramecium caudatum cells infected with the micronucleus-specific bacterium Holospora elegans was examined before and after elimination of the micronucleus. Uninfected cells, micronucleate and amicronucleate, were used as controls. Emicronucleation of Holospora elegans-infected cells causes a decrease of fission rates, as is observed after emicronucleation of uninfected cells. This is taken as an argument that infected micronuclei still serve a function for the vegetative life of P. caudatum.
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    An Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Study of the Cell Surface of a Suctorian Ciliate (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The surfaces of the main cell body, tentacle shaft, and knob of Discophrya collini, a freshwater suctorian ciliate, were characterized using various cytochemical techniques. Cells prepared for conventional transmission electron microscopy exhibited a 50–60 nm thick fuzzy layer over the cell body surface; this layer was absent from the tentacle knob. A thick (240 nm), two-layered surface coat surrounding the main cell body was stained with ruthenium red. This heavy coat was absent from the surface of the knob where a thin, dense, ruthenium red-positive layer and projecting filaments were present. Freeze-etched material revealed a “particle region” (150–250 nm in thickness) closely associated with the outer cell surface of the suctorian. Fixed specimens were treated with four different lectins and analyzed with electron microscopy in order to obtain information about the carbohydrate composition of the outer surface of D. collini. Concanavalin A bound to the surface of the cell body and tentacle shaft as a dense, particulate layer (80 nm thick) but thinned to 13–16 nm over the surface of the knob. Wheat germ agglutinin-treated cells also displayed a heavy, electron-dense layer (128 nm thick) that surrounded the main cell body and tentacle shaft, but only scattered patches of bound wheat germ agglutinin were observed on the surface of the knob. Discophrya treated with Helix agglutinin or peanut agglutinin appeared similar to control cells. Suctorians were treated with lectins in vivo in an attempt to inhibit capture and ingestion of their prey, Tetrahymena pyriformis, by masking prey receptor sites on the knob. Concanavalin A and, to a lesser degree, wheat germ agglutinin, successfully inhibited attachment of the prey organism. Helix agglutinin and peanut agglutinin had little effect on prey capture.
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    Cellulose Detected in the Stalk of Protostelium irregularis (Eumycetozoea) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The stalk of Protostelium irregularis (Eumycetozoea) has been studied with light and electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. The stalk is positively birefringent and fibrillar. Diffraction patterns obtained from stalks indicate that crystalline cellulose I is one component of the stalk.
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    Protozoa as Hosts for Endosymbioses and the Conversion of Symbionts into Organelles, (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: .Protozoa may be thought of as preadapted to serve as hosts for cellular endosymbionts by virtue of their widespread ability to take up particles by endocytosis. The absence of the cell wall so characteristic of plants and fungi and the commonly large size of most protozoa are additional factors favoring protozoan cells for endosymbioses. The conversion of symbiont into a cellular organelle (e.g. a mitochondrion or chloroplast) is more complicated, especially since the latter do not code for all of their own proteins. Thus, such conversions are held to be rare. Among protozoa, numerous foraminifera appear to have characteristics making them very favorable as hosts for certain algae. Such adaptations, both physiological and morphological in nature, are discussed. Also discussed in this paper are the ways by which (present-day) chloroplasts and mitochondria may have been derived from early endosymbionts: a single ancestral cyanobacterium, in the first case, and a single ancestral purple-nonsulfur bacterium, in the second. Mechanisms for insertion of proteins into and across the organellar membranes had to be evolved for all genes transferred from the symbionts into the host nucleus.
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    Structural Alteration of the Membrane of Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium falciparum (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Human erythrocytes infected with five strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Aotus erythrocytes infected with three strains of P. falciparum were studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. All strains of P. falciparum we studied induced electron-dense conical knobs, measuring 30–40 nm in height and 90–100 nm in diameter on erythrocyte membranes. Freeze-fracture demonstrated that the knobs were distributed over the membrane of both human and Aotus erythrocytes. A distinct difference was seen between the intramembrane particle (IMP) distribution over the knobs of human and Aotus erythrocyte membranes. There was no change in IMP distribution in infected human erythrocyte membranes, but infected Aotus erythrocytes showed an aggregation of IMP over the P face of the knobs with a clear zone at the base. This difference in IMP distribution was related only to the host species and not to parasite strains. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that a higher proportion of band 3 was bound to the cytoskeleton of uninfected Aotus erythrocytes than uninfected human erythrocytes after Triton X-100 extraction. This may account for the different effects of P. falciparum infection on IMP distribution in the two different cell types.
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    Functional Groups in the Protozoa: Roles in Differing Ecosystems, (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Feeding habits of freshwater protozoa were used to group species into functional, trophic groups. Community structure in differing ecosystems was examined in relation to the number of species occurring in the functional group categories. Six wetland ecosystems and a large river ecosystem were studied. Changes in community structure during the colonization of artificial substrates were also examined. Changes during colonization were studied in a mesotrophic lake, in low-order streams, and in laboratory microecosystems. In the latter case, the response of colonizing communities to a heavy metal toxicant was studied. All communities studied were dominated by bactivorous-detritivorous species and, to a lesser extent, by photosynthetic species. The chief functional role of substrate-associated protozoans appears to be the processing of dead organic matter and its associated bacterial flora. Functional groups utilizing resources other than detrital or mineral nutrients (saprotrophs, algivores, omnivores, and predators) were always minor community components. Colonizing communities were often dominated by photosynthetic species during early colonization stages but were again dominated by bactivorous-detritivorous species at species equilibrium. Low levels of toxicant (Cd) reduced numbers of both photosynthetic and bactivorous-detritivorous species. Higher toxicant levels virtually eliminated photosynthetic species and reduced bacterial detritivores by over one-half. Roles of protozoan species in ecosystems are closely tied to the processing of detritus and the recycling of mineral nutrients. Enumeration of individuals in functional categories is proposed as a simplified method for studying the abundance and activity of protozoa in ecosystems. Examination of changes in functional group composition and the relationship of functional group abundances to rates of carbon processing are suggested for studies of the importance of protozoa to the flow of energy and materials in ecosystems.
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    The Mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum Visualized by Rhodamine 123 Fluorescence (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) has been used to probe the functional status of the mitochondrion present within the asexual, intraerythrocytic stages of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This cationic fluorescent dye accumulates specifically in negatively charged cellular compartments, such as mitochondria. Using epifluorescence microscopy the development of what appears to be a single mitochondrion has been followed through the intraerythrocytic cycle. Mitochondrial development progresses from a fine thread-like organelle that becomes longer and eventually branched. Each daughter merozoite receives a branch or piece of the parent organelle. Cytoplasmic Rh 123 accumulation was also observed, indicating that there exists a transmembrane potential across the outer plasma and parasitophorous vacuolar membranes of the parasite. The effects of uncouplers (protonophores), ionophores, and inhibitors were examined by monitoring Rh 123 accumulation and retention. Our results demonstrate that the mitochondrion of P. falciparum actively maintains a high transmembrane potential, the function of which is as yet undefined.
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    Reproducing Singlets with an Inverted Oral Apparatus in Glaucoma scintillans (Ciliophora, Hymenostomatida) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A fragment with only an abnormal oral apparatus (OA) was obtained by operation from a doublet of Glaucoma scintillans possessing one normal and one abnormal OA. This singlet could reproduce and produced a cell line. Singlets frequently possessed an inverted OA, whose antero-posterior axis was rotated 180°. This inversion of the OA has been perpetuated through a considerable number of generations. Oral replacement commonly occurred in singlets with an abnormal OA regardless of growth phases of a culture. The position of the contractile vacuole pore, the direction of curvature of ciliary rows surrounding the OA, and the organization of postoral ciliary rows were mirror-images of those of a normal singlet.
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    Invasion and Early Development of Sarcocystis muris (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) in Tissue Cultures (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ultrastructural observations on the invasion and early development of merozoites (bradyzoites) of Sarcocystis muris in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are presented. Invading merozoites cause the host cell plasmalemma to invaginate; they form a membrane junction (moving junction) and move into the host cell where they are enclosed in a primary parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Within 30–45 min after becoming intracellular, merozoites begin to vacate the newly established primary PV and move, forming a new membrane junction, into a secondary PV. Simultaneously with the movement of the parasite, the contents of dense granules in the apical part of the merozoites are shed by exocytosis into the lumen of the developing secondary PV. A lamella of the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell becomes attached to the PV membrane, forming a PV limited by three host cell membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04042.x
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  • 181
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    Morphogenesis in the Heterotrich Ciliate Climacostomum virens. II. Oral Development During Regeneration (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The regeneration (RG) of the oral apparatus (OA) by Climacostomum virens (Ciliophora, Heterotrichida) is examined by estimation of the ability of live cells to ingest food as well as by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, bright field microscopy of protargol-stained specimens, and by scanning electron microscopy. When placed in a 6% (w/v) urea solution for ∼ 2 min 10 sec, populations of 10,000–100,000 cells shed a large part of their OA. In more than 90% of the cells that shed, the discarded segment is comprised of the apical membranelles, most of the adoral membranelles, and of a variable part of the buccal tube. After washing and incubation at 26°C, 50% of the cells regenerate a functional OA in 4 h 47 min, and after 5 h 26 min, 90% of the cells are able to ingest food. At any given moment during the process, 50–90% of the cells are morphologically in the same stage of RG.Seven stages (among which three are divided into two substages) of RG are defined. The process begins by the disorganization of the remnant oral structures. Concomitantly, kinetosomes multiply along the kineties of the zone of discontinuity and form the longitudinally oriented oral primordium. The latter gives rise to the adoral primordium, which rapidly produces the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM), and to the paroral primordium, which subsequently forms the apical membranelles, the buccal peristomial kineties, and the paroral kinety. Morphogenetic movements lead to incurvation of the AZM and the frontal field and to invagination of the buccal tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04044.x
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  • 182
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    Starved Tetrahymena Synthesize and Maintain an Excess of 5s rRNA in Their Cytoplasm (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have measured the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized 5s ribosomal RNA (5s rRNA) in Tetrahymena thermophila cells in early log phase growth and in cells that had been starved in a dilute salt solution. From these measurements we have determined the rates of synthesis and levels of accumulation of 5s rRNA relative to 5.8s rRNA in these two different cell populations. In growing cells 5s rRNA is transcribed and accumulated in a 1:1 molar ratio when compared with 5.8s rRNA. In contrast, in starved cells, 5s rRNA is produced at a rate which is about 15% higher than that seen for 5.8s rRNA. This excess 5s rRNA accumulates in the cytoplasm in a non-ribosomal form and is maintained in the cell as long as the cell remains in a starved condition. The role this excess 5s rRNA may play in the control of 5s rRNA gene expression is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04045.x
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  • 183
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    Updating rDNA Restriction Enzyme Maps of Tetrahymena Reveals Four New Intron-Containing Species (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The extrachromosomal rDNA molecules from a number of Tetrahymena strains wered racterized by restriction enzyme mapping using three different restriction enzymes combined with gel blotting and hybridization analysis. Strains from four out of six recently described species were found to contain an intron in the 26s rRNA coding region. The evolutionary relationship among the species of the T. pyriformis complex was examined on the basis of the rDNA maps with emphasis on similarities between two of the new species and the widely studied T. thermophila and T. pigmentosa. Examination of a large number of T. pigmentosa strains showed this species to exhibit an unusual polymorphism with respect to its rDNA. It is suggested that recombinational cross-over events play a role in the formation of new rDNA alleles in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04046.x
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  • 184
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    Nuclear Behavior During Reconjugation in Euplotes patella (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nuclear behavior during reconjugation and the ultimate fate of the ex-reconjugants were followed after induction of reconjugation in Euplotes patella. An exconjugant could reconjugate with a vegetative cell or with another exconjugant. Exconjugants at an early stage of macronuclear development (oval macronuclear anlagen) did not reconjugate frequently whereas exconjugants at a late stage of macronuclear development (rod-like macronuclear anlagen) reconjugated frequently. In all cases, the micronucleus underwent normal meiosis and other nuclear changes. After reconjugation, a new macronuclear anlage and a new micronucleus were formed normally, so that there were two kinds of macronuclear anlagen in the exconjugants, an old and a new. The old rod-shaped anlage did not disappear after the differentiation of a new one, but it was broken up into several fragments. While the survival rate after normal conjugation was 78%, it was 0–20% after reconjugation. These results suggest that the micronuclei of exconjugants can act as germ nuclei even at a very early stage and that reconjugation, unlike conjugation, is harmful to the cell.
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  • 185
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    Klossiella (Apicomplexa, Klossiellidae) in Petaurid and Macropodid Marsupials in Australia (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Six new species of Klossiella are described in the kidneys of Australian marsupials: Klossiella rufogrisei in Bennett's Wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus; Klossiella rufi in the Red Kangaroo, Macropus rufus; Klossiella thylogale in the Red-Bellied or Tasmanian Pademelon, Thylogale billardierii; Klossiella beveridgei in the Spectacled Hare-Wallaby, Lagorchestes conspicillatus; Klossiella bettongiae in the Tasmanian Bettong, Bettongia gaimardi; and Klossiella schoinobatis in the petaurid Greater Glider, Petauroides volans. It is concluded that the genus Klossiella has radiated widely among Australian marsupials, and that since it is present in American marsupials, it may have an ancient association with the subclass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04054.x
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  • 186
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    Polyphenol Oxidase Produced During Encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acanthamoeba castellanii has a phenol oxidase activity that is believed to be a laccase. Enzyme activity was found in the outer cyst wall, in the cytoplasm of encysting amoebae and in the encystment medium. Encystment procedures were modified to promote an increase in the amount of soluble enzyme secreted during encystation. Acanthamoeba polyphenol oxidase has a pH optimum of 6.0 and a Km value of 0.21 mM with dihydroxyphenylalanine. The enzyme does not oxidize tyrosine, and it is inhibited by chloride but not by inhibitors of peroxidase. Its synthesis coincides with encystation. and known inhibitors of polyphenol oxidase prevent encystation. Polyphenol oxidase may have a role in making the cyst resistant to mechanical and chemical breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04052.x
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  • 187
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    Coccidia (Eimeria tachyglossi n. sp., E. echidnae n. sp., and Octosporella hystrix n. sp.) in the Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oocysts of Octosporella hystrix n. sp., Eimeria tachyglossi n. sp., and E. echidnae n. sp. are described from the feces of the echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae) from Australia. Eimeria tachyglossi has subspherical oocysts, 26.4 × 23.7 μm in size, with a single oocyst wall; no micropyle; four ellipsoidal sporocysts 13.2 × 9.7, slightly pointed at one end, each containing two sporozoites. Eimeria echidnae has subspherical oocysts, 19.4 × 17.8 in size, with a single oocyst wall; no micropyle; four ellipsoidal sporocysts 9.8 × 7.8, blunt at both ends, each containing two sporozoites. Octosporella hystrix has ovoid or subspherical oocysts 32.9 × 29.7 in size with a thick outer and thin inner oocyst wall; no micropyle; eight sporocysts spherical or slightly subspherical 11.3 × 11.2 each containing two sporozoites lying in embrace, with an extensive granular sporocyst residuum about the equator of the sporocyst. Endogenous stages considered to be of E. tachyglossi at least, were recognized in the lamina propria and epithelium on villi in the small intestine of three echidnas.
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  • 188
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    Calyptospora empristica n. sp. (Eimeriorina: Calyptosporidae) from the Liver of the Starhead Topminnow, Fundulus notti (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oocysts of Calyptospora empristica n. sp., the second described species in its genus, are described from the freshwater starhead topminnow, Fundulus notti, in southern Mississippi. Oocysts are 22 μm in diameter with a wall about 20 nm thick and have no residuum, micropyle, or polar granule. Sporocysts are spheroid, 9 × 5 μm with a two-layered wall approximately 120 nm thick. They have an oblong apical opening at the anterior pole, a single ornamented sporopodium approximately 5.7 μm long at the posterior pole, and a residuum. An intermediate host, most likely the freshwater grass shrimp Palaemonetes kadiakensis, is probably required to complete the life cycle.
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  • 189
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    A New Pathogen, Microsporidium itiiti n. sp. (Microsporida), from the Argentine Stem Weevil, Listronotus bonariensis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of microsporidium (phylum Microspora) infecting the Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel. 1955), is described on the basis of light and electron microscope observations. It has the following characteristics: nuclei always isolated; meronts spherical and sporonts ribbon-shaped, with variable numbers of nuclei; sporogony within a vacuole which is bounded by a thin membrane that usually breaks down before uninucleate spores mature; occasionally parts of the membrane remain so that clusters of variable numbers of spores may be seen in light microscopic preparations. Spores measure 2.5 × 1.4 μm (fresh) and development occurs mainly in the midgut, but also in the epidermis, fat body, muscle, and ovaries.
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  • 190
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    Eimeria ladronensis n. sp. and E. albigulae (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Woodrat, Neotoma albigula (Rodentia: Cricetidae) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Of 50 white-throated woodrats (Neotoma albigula) collected from Socorro Co., New Mexico, 21 (42%) had eimerian oocysts in their feces when examined. Of the 21 Neotoma found positive for Eimeria, 19 (90%) harbored a single eimerian species at time of examination. Eimeria albigulae Levine, Ivens & Kruidenier, 1957, was found in 18 (86%), and E. ladronensis n. sp. was found in five (24%) infected woodrats. Sporulated oocysts of E. ladronensis are ellipsoidal, 19–25 × 13–15 (21.4 ± 1.3 × 14.1 ± 1.1) μm, have a smooth wall and one or two polar granules, but lack a micropyle and an oocyst residuum. Sporocysts are tapered at one end, 7–10 × 6–7 (8.5 ± 0.7 × 6.5 ± 0.3) μm, and have a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum, but no substieda body. Prepatent periods for E. albigulae and E. ladronensis n. sp. are 5–6 and 8–9 days, respectively; patent periods are 7–18 and approximately 11 days, respectively.
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  • 191
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    Occurrence of a New Microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp., in the Enterocytes of a Human Patient with AIDS (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new microsporidium is reported infesting the enterocytes of a Haitian patient with AIDS. The stages observed were diplokaryotic cells, sporogonial plasmodia, unikaryotic sporoblasts, and spores. Neither a sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblastic membrane) nor parasitophorous vacuole were differentiated around the developmental stages, which were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. The polar tube (5-6 coils) was differentiated before fission of the sporogonial plasmodium. The mature spores measured 1.5 m̈m × 0.5 m̈. The spore wall was very thin as the endospore was absent or poorly differentiated. The organism is named Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp. and is assigned to the suborder Apansporoblastina.
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  • 192
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    Rhoptry Secretion of Membranous Whorls by Plasmodium berghei Sporozoites (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electron microscopy of sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei, reveals electron-dense multi-laminate membranous whorls within components of the rhoptry-microneme complex after fixation with tannic acid in conjunction with glutaraldehyde. This multilaminate material, which has a dark line to dark line periodicity of approximately 5 nm, appears to be secreted from the sporozoite since it is also found adhering to the sporozoite's external surface. The material may function in sporozoite gliding motility and in invasion of host cells.
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  • 193
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    Further Studies of Dopamine Metabolism and Function in Tetrahymena (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The large amounts of dopamine accumulated by cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT-1 and secreted into their growth medium were found to depend primarily upon an extracellular, non-enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); L-DOPA was then rapidly taken into the ceils and transformed into dopamine enzymatically. Efforts to find physiologically significant dopamine binding sites on the cell surface or dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity were unsuccessful, suggesting that the catecholamine does not function in Tetrahymena as it does in higher animals.
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  • 194
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    S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Deficiency in Cysteine Auxotrophs of Tetrahymena thermophila (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The biochemical lesion in two cysteine auxotrophs of Tetrahymena thermophila has been established as a defect in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, an enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway. As a result, these mutants require cysteine (or cystathionine or homocysteine) for growth in a denned medium. Cell-free extracts of the mutants contained 〈 5% of the level of the enzyme seen in the wild type. One of the mutant strains accumulated intracellular levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine as high as 1380 üM, a level 200 times normal. When both mutant strains were maintained in defined medium without cysteine, growth occurred after a long lag; this phenomenon was termed “adaptation.” Adaptation was a) reversed by passage through rich medium, b) was not a recovery of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, and c) was probably linked to induction of an alternate pathway for cysteine biosynthesis, involving a lysosomal S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase activity.
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  • 195
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    Isolation and Properties of Macronuclei from Tetrahymena thermophila (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A simple and efficient method is described for the isolation of macronuclei from Tetrahymena thermophila (7B). The steps involved are deciliation and removal of the mucocysts’ contents by dibucaine treatment, digitonin mediated lysis, differential centrifugations, and finally isopyenic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Judging from the distribution of marker enzymes and electron microscopy, the macronuclei obtained were free of cytoplasmic and paniculate contamination and were highly active in endogenous RNA-synthesis (1.5 pmol UTP incorporation/ng DNA min at 30°C). The ratio of protein: RNA: DNA was 2.0:0.33:1.0 (weight) and each macronucleus contained an average of 17 pg DNA. The average yield of isolation was 50%.
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  • 196
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    A method to measure the susceptibility of pasture soils to poaching by cattle (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A new method of measuring susceptibility to poaching is described, based on the concept that poaching is caused by a progressive loss of soil strength during repeated treading in wet weather. Susceptibility was measured by the rate of loss of strength in response to concurrent treading and irrigation at standard rates. The pressures exerted on the ground by a walking dairy cow were simulated by a purpose-built penetrometer, whilst water was applied via a network of plastic pipes fitted with syringe needles. Measurements were performed on four pasture soils having a range of clay contents and compared in relation to a mechanism proposed for the process. The results show susceptibility to be a property not wholly determined by the clay content of the soil, but suggest that it is influenced by bulk density and the strength of the sward, which will van, according to weather and pasture management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00976.x
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  • 197
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    Urea for topdressing winter cereals: an interim report (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00663.x
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  • 198
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    The nitrate issue—a review (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: IT IS now almost two years since the Royal Society published its authoritative study group report, The Nitrogen Cycle of the UK, the first comprehensive account of the nitrate issue. For the first time a complete picture was revealed of the nitrogen cycle in the UK and the Study Group was able to make a wide-ranging series of recommendations for future research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00667.x
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    Soil degradation and management under intensive sugarcane cultivation in North Queensland (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Sugarcane yields in the Herbert Valley in North Queensland have been declining over the past 15 years. Better yields are obtained where crops are grown on previously unused land. Soils under cane are more compacted, more acid, contain less organic matter and are lower in cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations. These differences reflect soil degradation caused by intensive cultivation.Contributing factors to the degradation of soils include soil compaction and structural breakdown occurring during harvest and cultivation operations, losses of organic matter due to burning of crop residues and acidification of soils due to large applications of nitrogen fertilizers.Soil management practices should aim to increase soil organic matter levels, provide a more favourable biological environment, reduce physical damage to soils during harvesting and cultivation, reduce soil acidity and improve the effectiveness of fertilizing practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00972.x
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    Assessment of soil erosion risk in England and Wales (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Information on rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and land capability is combined to produce a map of England and Wales showing areas with a risk of soil erosion at rates above the soil loss tolerance level. About 20 500 km2 or 37% of the arable area is at risk. Given the shallow soils and current rates of erosion, sustained use of this area for cereal, sugar beet and vegetable production beyond the first quarter of the next century is threatened. A further 4000 km2 is at risk in non-arable areas, mainly associated with blanket peat in the uplands and with coastal sand dunes.
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