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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (4,348)
  • 1980-1984  (4,348)
  • 1984  (4,348)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling the dynamics of decision-making for emerging medical technologies (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There has been considerable interest in systematic methods for technology assessment that can be used to evaluate the social impact of medical practices. Policy-makers have been attracted to these methods because they offer a capability to logically and systematically analyze a decision. Assessing newly “emerging” technologies proves most difficult because practitioners' perceptions of their clinical effectiveness are continually changing. We propose and illustrate a mathematical model framework which, when simulated by computer, could serve as a tool to help analyze future consequences of hypothetical alternative public policies for emerging medical technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00514.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Business innovation in the UK (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is argued that a viable and durable solution to corporate maturity is new business development (NBD). An idealised process for NBD is outlined. The results of an in-depth study of fourteen UK firms’ experience in NBD, including a case study of one NBD, illustrate the problems with this approach, and some suggestions for overcoming these are advanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00503.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clarity of manager roles and performance of R&D multidisciplinary projects in matrix structures (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The matrix structure recommends itself as a convenient framework for implementing cross-disciplinary projects. However, this structure tends to generate conflict between project and disciplinary managements. In excess, conflict can reduce performance. The aim of the work described in this paper was to see whether conflict could be controlled by better definition of the respective roles of project and functional managers.The study was carried out in a large laboratory in Brazil. A group of project managers, responsible for 58 cross-disciplinary projects, quantified their perceptions of the strength of their responsibilities for ten management activities, via a specially devised questionnaire. A Clarity about Responsibilities Index (CRI) was constructed to represent the fraction of these activities each respondent felt responsible for. Project performance was measured according to four criteria, technical, cost, schedule and client satisfaction.The results show that better technical performance was associated with higher role clarity; no significant association was found with the other performance measures. The author discusses the reasons for these results, the validity of the measures used and the generality of the conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb01150.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A classification and review of models of the intra-firm innovation process (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The recognised complexity of the innovation process not only makes it difficult to manage, explain and study, but also presents problems for the development of a generalised model.Cooper's recent article in ‘R&D Management’ suggests that the construction of a generalised model is inappropriate because there appear to be a number of different types of innovation processes. However, many of the studies of innovation postulate or assume a general model which represents the stages involved in the firm.This paper reviews the models of the innovation process which have been proposed and the author classifies them according to his taxonomy of different types:(a) Departmental-stage models(b) Activity-stage models(c) Decision-stage models(d) Conversion process models(e) Response modelsThe advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and the conclusion reached is that still more research needs to be concentrated on the nature of the innovation process within the firm itself. The absence of a definitive model compounds the problems of semantics and definitions when discussing innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00504.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Technical Insights, Inc. Annual report on research and development… 1982: the year that was… 1983: the year to come Project Management Industrial R&D Management—the modern issues Trends in Information Transfer Information Society, For Richer, For Poorer Cybernetics and Systems Research
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00509.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Managers and the distribution of Scientific and Technical Information (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Keeping in touch with progress in science and technology is one of the most important functions of R&D organizations. A study of nine engineering organizations shows that managers recognize this importance and consciously plan ways to encourage their subordinates to use scientific and technical information (STI) originating at outside organizations. The most prevalent forms of influence are routing articles and encouraging interpersonal contacts with outside professionals.Managers especially route information and references related to sources of STI uniquely accessible to the manager. Such information includes:—notices about and notes from meetings restricted to managers;—unpublished material and preprints sent to the manager for review or because of the manager's reputation;—articles from publications more likely to be read by managers; and—information on the directions and accomplishment of competitive firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00517.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving Matrix Relationships in R&D Organizations – Marketing Support Services (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study examines the relationship between a support group (electronic fabrication) and the internal users of its services in a large government research laboratory recently converted to a matrix structure. The results reveal complex user decisions for selecting sources of support services and a frequent lack of knowledge of the support group's capabilities. Common usage of external sources of services suggests a need for more aggressive “marketing” by the internal group. Use of market research techniques reveals user decision criteria, decision-maker participation and perceptions of the support unit. It is concluded that results of the study provide management of the support group with information necessary to improve services and group image.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00518.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role Structures and Creative Potential of Working Teams (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The authors have carried out a study in a number of engineering research institutes of the relationship between the performance of teams engaged in technological innovation and the existence in the team of possible roles. Their objective was to ascertain the optimum role composition. They have identified as essential to an effective innovating team the roles of leader/organiser, idea generator, critic, gatekeeper, research technique specialist, and interface manager.They found that which roles were the key depended on the stage of progress of a project. For example, during the earliest stage the idea generator and the gatekeeper were the most important; in the last stage the interface manager and research technique specialist roles came to the fore. The leader's role was always crucial. His most important functions were to staff the team (getting the right balance of roles and skills, develop the team members, help to generate ideas and act as a gatekeeper. Preferably he should be neither a critic nor a research technique specialist.The authors conclude that the use of these role concepts will improve innovation performance. They also believe that they will be found to be of importance for teams engaged in any form of creative activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00519.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Technological Lifecycle Approach to the Organisational Factors determining Gatekeeper Activities (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper deals with the question whether gatekeepers arise spontaneously (non-hierarchical) or are created by administrative action (hierarchical). The author's approach to the problem relies on the use of a lifecycle model of an organisation devised by Utterback and Abernathy. They distinguish a product-innovation, a transitional and process- innovation (consolidation) phase in the development of an enterprise. The author's hypothesis is that gatekeepers can arise via either route depending on the phase in which enterprise is operating. In the earlier phases the author predicts that gatekeepers will either be absent or non-hierarchical (spontaneous) while in later phases they will be hierarchical (ex-officio).A test of the hypothesis was carried out on R&D engineers in 16 small firms making non-consumer products in Belgium. The investigation involved sociometric analysis of the communication patterns of members of various R&D groups with their group colleagues or with contacts outside the organisation from which a new gatekeeper definition was derived. The author also devised a new means of characterising the innovatory phase of an enterprise.The results are broadly in accordance with the author's hypothesis. The lesson for management of firms about to innovate radically is to set up its structure in such a way that spontaneous communication links cross-cutting formal communication lines are able to flourish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00520.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computers in R&D A brief report of a survey of UK R&D establishments (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1984.tb00522.x
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