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  • ASTRONOMY  (270)
  • 1975-1979  (270)
  • 1979  (270)
  • 1
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    Astronomy satellite obtains first X-ray burst picture (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-65 , P79-10051
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  • 2
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    Americans and Canadians to study February 26 eclipse (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-18 , P79-10018
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  • 3
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    X-ray observatory reveals extremely distant quasars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-36 , P79-10036
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  • 4
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    International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) Post Launch Report 2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), an Explorer class ultraviolet astronomy mission, is an international cooperative program between the United States, the United Kingdom (UK), and the European Space Agency (ESA) which provides for a single launch into geosynchronous orbit to conduct spectral distribution studies of celestial and solar system ultraviolet sources. The spacecraft and scientific instruments were designed and fabricated at the Goddard Space Flight Center. The spectrograph camera was provided by the UK; ESA provided the solar array as well as the European ground station. The IUE observatory system was designed to functionally resemble a ground-based optical observatory at which guest observers could execute observing programs in real time. Observatory performance substantially exceeded design and mission objectives. The secondary mission objectives were also met.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-80471 , S-868-78-03 , REPT-2
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  • 5
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    A flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A study of unusual gamma-ray bursts detected on March 5 and March 6, 1979 in the KONUS experiment on the Venera 11 and Venera 12 spacecraft shows their source to be flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75658 , REPT-617
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  • 6
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    UBVR observation of V1357 Cyg = Cyg X-1. Search of the optical radiation of the accretion disk (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data from 30 nights of V 1357 Cyg observations in July, August, and September of 1977 are presented. The contribution of the disk to the optic brightness of the system is computed with regard for the heating of its surface by ultraviolet radiation from V 1357 Cyg and X-ray radiation from Cyg X-1. The disk radiation explains the irregular variability in the system brightness. The possibility of the eclipse of the star by the disk and the disk by the star is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75677 , PR-408
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  • 7
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    Southern RS CVn systems - Candidate list (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A list of 43 candidate RS CVn binary systems in the far southern hemisphere of the sky (south of -40 deg declination) is presented. The candidate systems were selected from the first two volumes of the Michigan Spectral Catalog (1975, 1978), which provides MK classifications for southern HD stars and identifies any unusual characteristics noted for individual stellar spectra. The selection criteria used were: (1) the occurrence of Ca II H and K emission; (2) known or suspected binary nature; (3) regular light variations of zero to one magnitude; and (4) spectral type between F0 and K2 and luminosity less than bright giant (II).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Sept
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  • 8
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    Tropospheric limitations on the accuracy of phase measurement of coordinates in astronomy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of tropospheric fluctuation on the accuracy of phase measurements of coordinates is discussed. The nature of the averaging of the tropospheric effects, if N coordinate measurements of duration T with period mu are made, is investigated. Various averaging modes depending on the relation of the various time parameters are investigated. Equations taking into account the correlations between individual observations are presented. It is shown that the correlation interval between the individual observations is always greater than the fluctuation period of tropospheric inhomogeneities typical for a given baseline.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75480
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  • 9
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    Heliostat for astronomical usage (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The design of a heliostat is presented. The invention consists of a mechanical polar axis which can rotate and which is parallel to the world axis. A mirror is supported in such a way that it can be rotated arbitrarily around a declination axis which is perpendicular to it. After execution of this rotation, the mirror can be clamped in the plane of the world axis, which can be corrected and verified by special collimation directions. The clockwork or drive unit can be driven for a 24 or 48 hour complete rotation of the axis using any known device such as switchable gears, without changing its regular variation related to stellar time or mean solar time.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75481
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  • 10
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    On the origin of a very close similarity between the spectra of the supernova type 1 in NGC 3198 and the absorption of DQ HeR (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The type 1 supernova discovered late in 1966 in NGC 3198 has broad minima in its spectrum break down into a number of significantly narrower absorption bands. The broad minima of tau, sigma and mu, which usually show no details in the spectra of type supernovas, contain a number of narrow absorption bands. The reality of most of these absorption bands is demonstrated by comparison of recordings of spectra of the supernova presented for two moments in time. These minima (particularly of tau and mu,) are a result of blending of several broad absorption bands. The minimum of tau should be a blend of intensive and very broad Fe absorption lines, in which the lower level is metastable. The wavelengths of these line are: 5169, 5198, 5235, 5276, 5317, 5363A.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75421
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  • 11
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    Huge cluster of galaxies suggested by U-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-168 , P79-10170
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  • 12
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    The list of the stars from the Two-micron sky survey: A preliminary catalog by G. N. Neugebauer et al (IRC), the identification of which is not correct (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Two tables are published. The first presents the numbers of stars according to the Catalog IRC for which all or part of the identification with the Catalogs BS-HR, GC or DM is incorrect. The second table presents the numbers of stars in the IRC catalog, for which the identifications with variable stars printed with them are erroneous, whereas other identifications are usually correct.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75423
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  • 13
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    Determination of the Telluric Water Vapor Absorption Correction for Astronomical Data Obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The amount of telluric water vapor along the line of sight of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory telescope as obtained concommitantly on 23 flights is compared with the NASA-Ames Michelson interferometer and with the NOAA-Boulder radiometer. A strong correlation between the two determinations exists, and a method for computing the atmospheric transmission for a given radiometer reading is established.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-78582 , A-7805
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  • 14
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    Infrared receivers for low background astronomy: Incoherent detectors and coherent devices from one micrometer to one millimeter (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The status of incoherent detectors and coherent receivers over the infrared wavelength range from one micrometer to one millimeter is described. General principles of infrared receivers are included, and photon detectors, bolometers, coherent receivers, and important supporting technologies are discussed, with emphasis on their suitability for low background astronomical applications. Broad recommendations are presented and specific opportunities are identified for development of improved devices.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-78598 , A-7874
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  • 15
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    The new identifications of the variable stars with the stars from the ""Two-Micron Sky Survey: A Preliminary Catalog'' by G. Neugebauer etal. (IRC) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A list of 151 variable stars is presented. The identification of 148 of them is beyond any doubt. The identification of 3 stars is quite probable, but requires further checking.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-75422
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  • 16
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    Infrared telescope begins operations in Hawaii (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-66 , P79-10052
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  • 17
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    High-resolution optical telescope for ultraviolet /UV/ radiation field (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Design techniques are discussed for all-reflecting optics from first-order system considerations and applications currently utilized in the field of astronomical optics. The solution of the Dall-Karkham design problem is described, showing the advantage of inexpensive construction as compared with higher order surfaces. The design process reported here is a F/5 collecting system which quickly mates directly with the spectrometer; it is capable of achieving desired high resolution and sensitivity requirements. The theoretical limit of aberration tolerances is achieved with less than 1/8 of a wavelength at final focus (OPD). The design of spectrometer for ultra-violet (UV) radiation and its mechanism is included in this study.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 18
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    Space Telescope fine guidance - A design for manufacturability (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The NASA Space Telescope (ST) is a 2.4-m aperture, f/24 Ritchey-Chretien telescope coupled to five on-board astronomical scientific packages. The very accurate line-of-sight stability required by ST during operating periods of up to 24 hours is maintained by the Pointing Control System whose optical system, the Fine Guidance Subsystem (FGS), is described. The Pointing Control System includes three identical FGSs, any two of which provide line-of-sight stabilization by tracking guide stars while the third performs astrometry. The optical system for the ST FGS performs the field aberration correction within the FGS near a pupil plane measuring only 52.7 mm. The design is simple and easily corrected, and offers substantial advantages over the traditional approach in terms of manufacturability.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Optical systems engineering; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 19
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    X-ray astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A brief history of X-ray astronomy is presented. This is followed by a discussion of current results with the Einstein Observatory and an examination of the proposed Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-3073 , Shuttle to the next space age; July 18, 19, 1979; Huntsville, Ala
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  • 20
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    Distribution of astronomical sources in the second Equatorial Infrared Catalogue (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Measurements of infrared (2.7-micron) source positions and flux densities have been derived based on an additional 60.6 hours of satellite observations beyond those considered in the preparation of the Equatorial Infrared Catalogue No. 1 (EIC-1). These data have been processed together with the EIC-1 data to produce EIC-2. The new catalog differs from EIC-1 as follows: there are 1278 sources; there is a larger percentage of unidentified sources; there are increased numbers of sources identified with Two-Micron Sky Survey sources, AFGL sources, AGK3 stars and SAO stars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Modern utilization of infrared technology V; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 21
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    Restoration of turbulence degraded images - A review (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper surveys techniques for recovering high resolution information from atmospheric turbulence degraded images. Several approaches to image restoration are covered, noting that the effectiveness of each technique is strongly dependent on the brightness and the angular extent of the object being observed. These approaches include: speckle holography and betelgence imaging, nonredundant aperture imaging, phase retrieval, and speckle imaging. In addition, the applications and the expected performance range of the various techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 22
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    A two-dimensional white-light amplitude interferometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A review of the applications of a point-symmetric, 180-degree, rotational shearing interferometer is given. Material includes, photographs of the Michelson stellar interferometer fringes from Alpha-Lyr, measures of amplitude of phase excursions in the atmosphere, and a measure of the order of interference of speckle patterns. New material includes unpublished double star speckle patterns to illustrate the isoplanatic patch, a measure of the time fluctuations in the earth's atmosphere, and measurements of the properties of a 256 channel linear reticon.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 23
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    The potential for astrometry in the infrared (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Using a 10-micron heterodyne interferometer, it proved possible to obtain measurements of the star alpha-Orionis, which exhibit phase coherence over a period of at least 1000 seconds and which are equivalent to a positional determination of 60 milliarcsecond accuracy every 5 seconds of integration. A feature of the IR interferometer that makes it an attractive instrument for astrometry is its capability of measuring the relative positions of stars with a precision independent of how widely the stars are separated, or the amount of time that elapses between measurements.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 24
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    Results and future uses of heterodyne spatial interferometry at 11 microns (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Properties of circumstellar dust shells are examined by heterodyne spatial interferometry at 11-micron wavelength. Over the course of the past two years, observations have been made for ten different sources including various M-type supergiants, Mira variables, and other peculiar infrared stars. These objects exhibit a variety of features which help determine the properties of circumstellar dust. The results obtained on four of these objects, for which the data are reasonably extensive, are presented. The future of IR heterodyne interferometry is highlighted.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 25
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    Recent developments at JPL in the application of image processing to astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Four applications of image processing to astronomy, automated location and analysis of star and galaxy images, geometric and radiometric decalibration of vidicon spectra, display of multiband radio images, and generation of high resolution polarization direction and magnitude maps from images are presented with illustrative examples. The technique by which a digital image can be analyzed automatically to locate and segregate between stars and galaxies and the steps performed by the classifier to determine the nature of each object are outlined. The classification program executed on a 48 inch Schmidt plate of the cluster of galaxies 655 is described. The calibration and decalibration steps to remove geometric and radiometric distortions from a silicon vidicon camera digital spectra are discussed. Three methods of displaying multispectral radio data, generating a mosaic of each image, producing a color coded image to depict radio velocity, and producing a stereo pair with radial velocity as depth are described. The generation of polarization information from images obtained through linear polarizing filters is illustrated, and it is concluded that in each case information was displayed using digital techniques which could not readily have been provided visually.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 26
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    An orbiting infrared interferometer to search for nonsolar planets (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: This paper proposes an orbiting infrared interferometer with its fringe null centered on a nearby star at a distance of say 10 parsecs. A large planet ('Jupiter') would have an angular separation from the star of about 0.5 arcsec. To have a fringe crest on the planet, a fringe period of 1.0 arcsec is needed and at 40 microns the required baseline is 8 m. Spinning the interferometer about the line of sight to the star results, even with pointing errors, in a relatively slowly varying but strongly suppressed stellar output and a more rapidly varying fringe-like planetary signal rich in higher harmonics. For pointing errors up to .050 arcsec the planet's fourth harmonic greatly exceeds that from the star, thereby relaxing interferometer pointing tolerances. Indeed, it appears that the limiting factor is zodiacal infrared background radiation and not the intense localized stellar flux which can effectively be eliminated by the fringe null of the spinning infrared interferometer.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 27
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    A small helium-cooled infrared telescope for Spacelab 2 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A helium cooled telescope of 15 cm aperture is being designed and constructed jointly by the University of Arizona, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Marshall Space Flight Center for high sensitivity infrared astronomical observations from Spacelab 2. A focal plane array of ten detectors provide a total field of view of 3 deg and cover the wavelength regions 4.5-8.5, 6-7, 9-16, 18-30 and 80-120 microns. A highly redundant all sky survey will be conducted by repeated scanning of the sky during many orbits of the spacecraft. High redundancy will allow discrimination among variable and constant celestial sources and several types of variable nearby sources. The principal astronomical result of the survey will be the absolute flux measurement of low surface brightness, large scale celestial infrared emissions but it will also extend existing IR sky surveys by a factor of 10 in point source sensitivity. The experiment will also make significant engineering measurements of contaminants in the Shuttle environment, test the technology of storage and utilization of large quantities of superfluid helium in space and test mechanical designs for future infrared telescopes for the Space Shuttle.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 28
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    High resolution spectrograph for the Space Telescope (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The high resolution spectrograph (HRS) for ultraviolet astronomy with the Space Telescope will provide a spectral resolution of approximately 120,000 over a nominal wavelength range of 110-320 nm, together with a spatial resolution of about 0.25 arc seconds. The two detectors will consist of 512-element Digicons with cesium telluride and cesium iodide photocathodes, respectively. Photoelectrons in transit between the photocathodes and the diodes within the Digicons can be deflected in two axes with 12-bit resolution. This feature facilitates a design that emphasizes reliability since (once a hermetic seal is opened in orbit), only two moving parts, a grating carrousel and a shutter, are required for regular operation of the HRS. The instrument will be controlled by a computer in the spacecraft. The scientific objectives of the HRS investigation relate to interstellar matter in our own and nearby galaxies, physical processes of stellar mass loss and mass transfer, chemical abundances, bright quasars and Seyfert galaxy nuclei, and solar system phenomena.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: PB-297906
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  • 29
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    Optical infrared sky survey instrumentation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An unusual, highly modified, Baker reflector-corrector class telescope has been adapted for wide field survey photography in the near infrared. This optical system uses a full field corrector plate and a field flattening lens to provide a flat field subtending about 4.5 deg on the sky. The small aperture telescope (20 inch primary) has been modified for use in the Newtonian focus configuration while preserving the optical elements of the Prime focus configuration. The telescope has been further modified to accept a very large format (146mm diameter photocathode) image intensifier camera to serve as a detector. The camera output is recorded photographically on film rather than glass plates. This unique instrument system is used in a program of sky survey photography in the optical infrared (8000-9000A bandpass) supplemented by visual bandpass photography. The photographs obtained with this system are of value not only for the extreme redness of the band but also because of their high resolution and their freedom from hydrogen emission.
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  • 30
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    A cryogenically-cooled, balloon-borne far infrared survey telescope (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The design and performance of the Arizona cryogenically-cooled, balloon-borne, multiband far infrared survey telescope are described. The 40 cm Cassegrain telescope is completely contained in a liquid helium dewar. The focal plane array consists of Fabry optics and four detectors which each have a 12 arc minute field of view. Both photoconductive and bolometer detectors are utilized at effective wavelengths of 20, 80, 100 and 150 microns. In 1977 the telescope was used to make multicolor large scale maps of 70 square degrees in the Cygnus X region and the W3 region.
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  • 31
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    A linear scanning balloon-borne telescope for far-infrared astronomy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A low-background balloon-borne far-infrared (30-300 microns) telescope, utilizing a linear scan mode has dramatically increased the efficiency of mapping large extended areas over more conventional systems. The system consists of a 20 cm linear scanned mirror mounted as an off-axis (Herchelian) telescope designed to achieve an emissivity of 1% or less, a ten position cooled aperture-filter wheel, a cooled Pfund optical system with a composite diamond-germanium bolometer mounted in a spherical cavity, a minimum phase shift ultra-low frequency amplifier, and a 4 micron thick mylar dewar window. This system was used to produce detailed far-infrared maps of the galactic plane. The system specifications and operating parameters will be discussed and preliminary data shown.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 32
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    A 1.2 meter balloon-borne telescope for a submillimeter wave sky survey (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A balloon-borne, 1.2 meter Cassegrain telescope designed for diffraction-limited imagery at 100 microns is being developed for a survey of the Galactic plane at submillimeter wavelengths. The telescope pointing system is servocontrolled using a gyroscope for the primary stabilization reference. Extensive use is made of microprocessors for flight sequencing, pointing control and stabilization, and telemetry formatting. A description of the telescope, helium-cooled detectors, and the orientation subsystems are presented together with a brief discussion of the proposed astronomical observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 33
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    Space telescope astrometry (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description of instruments used for astrometric observations are examined with special emphasis on the Fine Guidance Systems of the space telescope. The telescope consists of a 2.4 meter diameter primary and a secondary figured to the Ritchey-Chretien design that yields a f/24 focal plane. The function of the FGS is to keep the total guidance jitter within the ST requirement of + or - 0.0007 rms, and to maximize the probability of finding suitable guide stars with the available 210 arcmin. Attention is given to the focal plane arrangement and to the ray paths and output images from the Koester's prisms. Some projected scientific uses of the space telescope are given as well as beneficial areas of close cooperation between the space telescope and the ESA.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Modern astrometry; Sep 11, 1978 - Sep 14, 1978; Vienna; Austria
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  • 34
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    Current results and developments in astrometric VLBI at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1979)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's program of astrometric VLBI as one element of a navigation system for interplanetary spacecraft includes developing a radioastrometric source catalog, and a catalog of positions of compact extragalactic radio sources correct to about 0.01 arc sec. The three (64 m) antenna complexes of the Deep Space Network in Spain, Australia, and the U.S. are involved, each equipped to receive simultaneously at wavelengths of 13 and 3.6 cm with total system temperatures of about 20-25 K at both wavelengths. The program is to provide precise values of parameters used in navigational computations, including UT1 accurate to about 0.001s, and current values of polar motion to 30 cm. Bandwidth synthesis methods were applied to measure delays as well as rates regarding source positions derived from observations using the Mark II VLBI recording system which has a sampling rate of four million bits per second.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Modern astrometry; Sep 11, 1978 - Sep 14, 1978; Vienna; Austria
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  • 35
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    Paraboloidal X-ray telescope mirror for solar coronal spectroscopy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The telescope mirror for the X-ray Spectrograph Spectrometer Telescope System is a sixty degree sector of an extreme off-axis paraboloid of revolution. It was designed to focus a coronal region 1 by 10 arc seconds in size on the entrance slit of the spectrometer after reflection from the gold surface. This paper discusses the design, manufacture, and metrology of the mirror, the methods of precision mechanical metrology used to focus the system, and the mounting system which locates the mirror and has proven itself through vibration tests. In addition, the results of reflection efficiency measurements, alignment tolerances, and ray trace analysis of the effects of misalignment are considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 36
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    X-ray spectrometer spectrograph telescope system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new sounding rocket payload that has been developed for X-ray spectroscopic studies of the solar corona is described. The instrument incorporates a grazing incidence Rowland mounted grating spectrograph and an extreme off-axis paraboloic sector feed system to isolate regions of the sun of order 1 x 10 arc seconds in size. The focal surface of the spectrograph is shared by photographic and photoelectric detection systems, with the latter serving as a part of the rocket pointing system control loop. Fabrication and alignment of the optical system is based on high precision machining and mechanical metrology techniques. The spectrograph has a resolution of 16 milliangstroms and modifications planned for future flights will improve the resolution to 5 milliangstroms, permitting line widths to be measured.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 37
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    Astronomical applications of grazing incidence telescopes with polynomial surfaces (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The report has examined the claim that grazing incidence telescopes having surfaces described by generalized equations have image characteristics superior to those of the paraboloid-hyperboloid and Wolter-Schwarzschild configurations. With emphasis on specific applications in solar and cosmic X-ray/EUV astronomy, raytracing has shown that in many cases there is no advantage in the polynomial design, and in those cases where advantages are theoretically to be expected, the advantages are outweighed by practical considerations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 38
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    Design of stigmatic grazing incidence telescopes with non-parabolic primaries (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A two-mirror grazing-incidence telescope having a non-parabolic primary, and designed to be free of spherical aberration has been investigated. A method for determining the second surface equation is described, when the surface equation for one mirror is given. Application to grazing incidence systems such as used in X-ray and planed for EUV astronomy is discussed. Of special interest is the design of a secondary mirror when the hyperboloid of a conventional Wolter type I system is taken as the primary.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 39
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    Influence of alignment and surface defects on the performance of X-ray telescopes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of misalignment and surface deformations on the image quality of a grazing incidence telescope with six nested subsystems are investigated. The axial rms-spot size serves as a measure for the image quality. The surface deformations are simulated by ellipsoidal and sinusoidal deviations from the ideal surface. Misalignments are tilts, decenters, and despaces of the individual elements. The effects of each type of defect are analyzed in a single two-element system. The full nested system is then analyzed in the presence of all possible defects on all 12 elements, whereby the magnitude of the defects is randomized within a given upper limit.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 40
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    Layered synthetic microstructures - Properties and applications in X-ray astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Refinements in vacuum deposition technology have made it possible to produce structures in which two materials are arranged in alternating layers of uniform thickness and as thin as 5 A. Such structures act as Bragg diffractors or 'artificial crystals' for X-rays, as well as they may be regarded as multilayer interference coatings. A dynamical theory is used to show how the properties of layered synthetic microstructures are dependent on the layer materials and thicknesses and how these properties can be tailored to specific applications. Laboratory results at various X-ray wavelengths are presented. In particular, specific X-ray astronomy applications in spectroscopy, imaging, polarimetry and laboratory calibration are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 41
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    X-ray optics for the LAMAR facility, an overview (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper surveys the Large Area Modular Array of Reflectors (LAMAR), the concept of which is based on meeting two major requirements in X-ray astronomy, large collecting area and moderately good or better angular resolution for avoiding source confusion and imaging source fields. It is shown that the LAMAR provides the same sensitivity and signal to noise in imaging as a single large telescope having the same area and angular resolution but is a great deal less costly to develop, construct, and integrate into a space mission. Attention is also given to the LAMAR modular nature which will allow for an evolutionary development from a modest size array on Spacelab to a Shuttle launched free flyer. Finally, consideration is given to manufacturing methods which show promise of making LAMAR meet the criteria of good angular resolution, relatively low cost, and capability for fast volume production.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 42
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    Quest for ultrahigh resolution in X-ray optics (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A program of solar X-ray astronomy using grazing incidence optics has culminated in X-ray images of the corona having one arc second spatial resolution. These images have demonstrated that, in general, X-ray optics can be fabricated to their specifications and can provide the level of resolution for which they are designed. Several aspects of these programs relating to the performance of X-ray optics in regard to resolution, including the point response function, the variation of resolution with off-axis position and the recognition that nearly all solar X-ray images have been film limited, are discussed. By extending the experience gained on this and other programs it is clearly possible to design and fabricate X-ray optics with sub arc sec resolution. The performance required to meet the scientific objectives for the remainder of the century are discussed in relation to AXIO, an Advanced X-Ray Imaging Observatory for solar observations which is proposed for flight on the Space Shuttle. Several configurations of AXIO are described, each of which would be a major step in the quest for ultrahigh-resolution observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 43
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    Wolter-Schwarzschild optics for the extreme-ultraviolet - The Berkeley stellar spectrometer and the EUV Explorer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The design, fabrication and performance of two Wolter-Schwarzschild grazing incidence optics are described. Both telescopes have been figured by single point diamond turning and have achieved better than 15-arcsec on-axis imaging. The telescope for the stellar spectrometer is an f/10 Type II system with an effective area of 225 sq cm at 250 A and 300 cm2 at 500 A. The primary has a maximum diameter of 38 cm and was fabricated in three elements. The copper-plated aluminum substrate was diamond turned; following nickel plating, the surface was polished and coated with evaporated gold. The performance during a sounding rocket flight is discussed. The prototype telescope for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer is an f/1.24 Type I system with an effective field of view of 5.0-deg diameter. The telescope has a maximum diameter of 40 cm and was fabricated as a single element. The aluminum substrate is to be diamond turned; the nickel plated surface will be polished and electroplated with gold. The design choice and defocusing optimization aimed at maximizing the field of view and number of image pixels is examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 44
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    Cosmic X-ray telescope for ARIES rocket observations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A rocket-borne Wolter Type I X-ray telescope having a focal length of 2.3m, an entrance aperture of 66cm and a geometrical area of 380cm2 is nearing completion. The telescope mirrors are formed by diamond turning their figures into forged aluminum substrates of 5083 alloy. These diamond-turned substrates are subsequently plated with a thin coating of electroless nickel and polished to obtain the final X-ray reflecting surfaces. Details of the rocket payload, the X-ray telescope, its calculated response and the experience gained in selecting the mirror substrate alloy are discussed and the current status of the telescope is reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 45
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    Einstein Observatory /HEAO-B/ mirror design and performance (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The mirrors for the Einstein Observatory represent a substantial advance in the state of the art X-ray optics, and have been tested more thoroughly than previous telescopes. The image is characterized by a narrow, wavelength independent core, and broad energy dependent wings. The width of the core is about that expected from mechanical and visible light measurements taken during fabrication and assembly. The wings of the response function are caused by microscopic surface scattering, but only a qualitative understanding of this process exists. Improvement in surface texture to reduce the wide angle scatter is the most urgent task in the development of large X-ray optics. The mirrors have survived the experiment integration period and launch, and are performing in orbit as they performed upon the ground.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 46
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    Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; Proceedings of the Seminar, Huntsville, Ala., May 22-24, 1979 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The papers in this volume are broadly based and represent a comprehensive summary of past achievements, new designs, techniques and future plans in space optics. The design, construction, testing and use of grazing incidence optics have played an integral role in the advance of X-ray astronomy. Topics of interest include a cosmic X-ray telescope for ARIES rocket observations, quest for ultrahigh resolution in X-ray optics, optical coating techniques for Wolter-type substrates, astronomical applications of grazing incidence telescopes with polynomial surfaces, and a paraboloidal X-ray telescope mirror for solar coronal spectroscopy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 47
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    Detector arrays for photometric measurements at soft X-ray, ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The construction and modes of operation of the Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detectors are described, and the designs of spectrometers utilizing them are outlined. MAMA consists of a curved microchannel array plate, an opaque photocathode (peak quantum efficiency of 19% at 1216 A), and a multi-anode (either discrete- or coincidence-anode) readout array. Designed for use in instruments on spaceborne telescopes, MAMA can be operated in a windowless configuration in extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths, or in a sealed configuration at UV and visible wavelengths. Advantages of MAMA include low applied potential (less than 3.0 kV), high gain (greater than 10 to the 6th electrons/pulse), low sensitivity to high-energy charged particles, and immunity to external magnetic fields of less than 500 Gauss
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 48
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    Starlab ultraviolet /UV/ astronomy telescope facility (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes a 1-m high-resolution wide field-of-view telescope (Starlab) to be used on board the Space Shuttle. The purpose of Starlab is to obtain optical astronomical observations in the UV domain of the spectrum. The discussion focuses on scientific programs and technical description of the Starlab. The use of photographic film and rapid reconfiguration is possible because Starlab is flown in the Shuttle-attached mode. The Starlab uses an f/15-modified Ritchey-Chretien telescope, followed by an instrument selector that gives access to the conventional Cassegrain focus or, by inserting a diagonal mirror, to a radial focal plane. Results of five critical subsystem-design studies confirm the feasibility of using state-of-the-art design practices in meeting the Starlab science and engineering requirements.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 49
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    Bidirectional reflectance distribution function /BRDF/ measurements of stray light suppression coatings for the Space Telescope /ST/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper considers the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of black coatings used on stray light suppression systems for the Space Telescope (ST). The ST stray light suppression requirement is to reduce earth, moon, and sun light in the focal plane to a level equivalent to one 23 Mv star per square arcsecond, an attenuation of 14 orders of magnitude. It is impractical to verify the performance of a proposed baffle system design by full scale tests because of the large size of the ST, so that a computer analysis is used to select the design. Accurate computer analysis requires a knowledge of the diffuse scatter at all angles from the surface of the coatings, for all angles of incident light. During the early phases of the ST program a BRDF scanner was built at the Marshall Space Flight Center to study the scatter from black materials; the measurement system is described and the results of measurements on samples proposed for use on the ST are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 50
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    Space telescope scientific instruments (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes the Space Telescope (ST) observatory, the design concepts of the five scientific instruments which will conduct the initial observatory observations, and summarizes their astronomical capabilities. The instruments are the wide-field and planetary camera (WFPC) which will receive the highest quality images, the faint-object camera (FOC) which will penetrate to the faintest limiting magnitudes and achieve the finest angular resolution possible, and the faint-object spectrograph (FOS), which will perform photon noise-limited spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry on objects substantially fainter than those accessible to ground-based spectrographs. In addition, the high resolution spectrograph (HRS) will provide higher spectral resolution with greater photometric accuracy than previously possible in ultraviolet astronomical spectroscopy, and the high-speed photometer will achieve precise time-resolved photometric observations of rapidly varying astronomical sources on short time scales.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 51
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    Spacelab 2 infrared telescope cryogenic system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses the development of a cryogenic helium system to provide cooling to a scanning infrared telescope for the Spacelab 2 mission. The infrared optical/detector system and related electronics are being developed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Arizona. A superfluid helium dewar and porous plug phase separator permit gas cooling of the infrared focal plane assembly to about 2.5 K, and of the two telescope sections to 8 K and 60 K. The design of the cryogenic system,including a commandable vacuum cover, and the prelaunch liquid helium servicing and maintenance approach were discussed. It is concluded that the system will satisfy the Infrared Telescope requirements, and the superfluid helium system shall be capable of satisfying cryogenic helium cooled requirements for the next several years.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 52
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    Faint-object spectrograph for Space Telescope (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) for the Space Telescope to provide a digitized spectra of faint astronomical objects over the 115 to 700 nm wavelength range at resolving powers of 1000 and 100. A variety of concave gratings and prisms is employed to form nearly stigmatic spectra on one of the two Digicon photon counting detectors which are optimized for two different but overlapping ranges. The scientific goals associated with quasars, active galaxies, and objects within our solar system are discussed, and the FOS optical design features, including detectors, electronics, signal processing, power supplies, and data handling are examined. The FOS structural system, mechanism, and controls are described, along with the predicted performance capabilities in the spectral and spectropolarimetry modes. Finally, system performance parameters, including spatial resolution, time resolution, noise, and efficiency are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 53
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    Design alternatives for the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), a versatile astronomical telescope that can accomodate photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric measurements. It is expected to be 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than any existing infrared telescope; detailed designs of cooled IR telescopes were made for the Infrared Astronomical Satellite and the Small Helium Cooled Infrared Telescope for Spacelab 2. Rocket tests verified the capability of using superfluid helium as a cryogen in zero gravity. Constraints on funds for Shuttle payloads require an evolutionary approach to the development of the full potential of SIRTF, necessitating consideration of design alternatives involving the optical configuration, the cryogen, the mechanical structure, and size of SIRTF.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 54
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    Infrared telescope on Spacelab 2 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The infrared telescope (IRT) on Spacelab 2 which will be the first cryogenically cooled telescope operated from the Orbiter is discussed. Its objectives are to measure the induced environment about the Orbiter and to demonstrate the ability to manage a large volume of superfluid helium in space. The prime astrophysical objectives are to map extended sources of low surface brightness infrared emission, including the zodiacal light, the galactic plane, and extragalactic regions. The IRT design is described, including the f/4 15.2 cm highly baffled Herschelian telescope cooled to 8 K which may scan to within 35 deg of the sun. The focal plane cooled to 3 K consists of nine discrete photoconductors covering the wavelength of 4.5-120 microns in five bands, with a single stellar detector used for aspect determination. Overlapping scans, contiguous orbits, and a six degree per second scan rate permit rapid redundant coverage of 60 % of the sky.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 55
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    Space optics; Proceedings of the Seminar, Huntsville, Ala., May 22-24, 1979 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The seminar focused on infrared systems, the space telescope, new design for space astronomy, future earth resources systems, and planetary systems. Papers were presented on infrared astronomy satellite, infrared telescope on Spacelab 2, design alternatives for the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility, Spacelab 2 infrared telescope cryogenic system, geometrical theory of diffraction and telescope stray-light analysis, Space Telescope scientific instruments, faint-object spectrograph for the Space Telescope, light scattering from multilayer optics, bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements of stray light suppression coatings for the Space Telescope, optical fabrication of a 60-in. mirror, interferogram analysis for space optics, nuclear-pumped lasers for space application, geophysical fluid flow experiment, coherent rays for optical astronomy in space, optical system with fiber-optical elements, and Pioneer-Venus solar flux radiometer.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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  • 56
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    X-ray observations of a compact binary source (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simultaneous X-ray and ultraviolet measurements of selected binary X-ray sources can provide a unique probe of the wind structure and mass loss phenomena in an extended stellar atmosphere. Measurements of the X-ray flux from Vela X-1 (HC8 77581) and 4U1700-37 (HD153919) obtained by OAO 3 and IUE are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-162750
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  • 57
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    Characteristics of the Telescope for High Energy Gamma-ray Astronomy Selected for Definition Studies on the Gamma Ray Observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The high energy gamma-ray selected for definition studies on the Gamma Ray Observatory provides a substantial improvement in observational capability over earlier instruments. It will have about 20 times more sensitivity, cover a much broader energy range, have considerably better energy resolution and provide a significantly improved angular resolution. The design and performance are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-TM-80590 , IEEE 1979 Sci. Symp.; Oct 17, 1979 - Oct 19, 1979; San Francisco
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  • 58
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    Research study entitled advanced X-ray astrophysical observatory (AXAF) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: General background and overview material are presented along with data from studies performed to determine the sensitivity, feasibility, and required performance of systems for a total X-ray telescope assembly. Topics covered include: optical design, mirror support concepts, mirror weight estimates, the effects of l g on mirror elements, mirror assembly resonant frequencies, optical bench considerations, temperature control of the mirror assembly, and the aspect determination system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-161092
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  • 59
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    Airborne infrared and submillimeter astronomical polarization measurements at different wavelengths (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Because observations of the Kleinmann-Low region of the Orion Nebula reveal significant polarization in the wavelength range from 1 to 13 micron m, polarization at wavelengths greater than 15 micron were investigated. Far infrared polarization measurements were made of a number of sources using an instrument mounted at the bent cassegrain focus of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory's 90 cm telescope. About two hours of data were obtained on the Orion Nebula on each of two flights, and more careful calibration on Jupiter (assumed to be unpolarized) were obtained on both nights. The data on Orion and Jupiter for three filters are presented. Possible explanations are suggested for reconciling the high polarization observed by others in 1974 with the lower values obtained in this study.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-158751
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  • 60
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    Far-infrared observations of H 2 regions and associated galactic and extragalactic sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Using imaging techniques maps were made at 50 and 100 micrometers with one foot resolution of a region around the galactic center about one-half degree in extent. Higher resolution maps were made of the central portion of the galaxy at 30, 50, and 100 micrometers. Resolution maps of a reflection nebula were also made. Infrared sources associated with molecular clouds were investigated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-158695
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  • 61
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    The split comets - Gravitational interaction between the fragments (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The gravitational interaction between two fragments of a split comet nucleus in the sun's gravitational field is studied by means of the n-body computer program of Schubart and Stumpff (1966). Patterns of interactions are found for combinations of the masses, mass ratios and densities of the parent nucleus and the fragment, directions of separation, and regions of separation for nucleus separations occurring at perihelion and at true anomalies of +90 deg and -90 deg. It has been found that solar gravitational effects become noticeable about 0.5 to 1 day after separation at perihelion, and about 1 to 2 days after separation at twice the perihelion distance. Mass ratios and bulk density do not appreciably affect the appearance of the calculated trajectories. The calculated patterns vary from zero to very high inclinations, from a prograde to a retrograde sense of motion, and from escape of the companion to its pursuance of periodic quasi-stable orbits around the principal nucleus, terminated in some cases by collision of the fragments.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 62
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    Physical and dynamical evolution of long-period comets (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The source of long-period comets was investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation of comet evolution under the influence of a combination of physical and dynamical processes. The perturbation of cometary orbits by major planets and by non-gravitational forces was modeled, as was physical loss of comets due to random disruption (splitting) and planetary collision; a model was also derived for loss of all volatiles. The importance of each of these processes was examined. The primary end states found for long-period comets were: ejection on hyperbolic orbit, 65.2%; random disruption, 27.6%; and formation of silicate crusts, 7.1%. The basic correctness of the Ort hypothesis was confirmed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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    A look at the universe in gamma rays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The scientific background and objectives, proposed instruments, spacecraft constraints, operations plans and present status and schedule of the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), a shuttle-launched free-flyer satellite currently planned by NASA, are reviewed. Objectives for the satellite study of the highest energy electromagnetic radiation in the cosmos discussed include the investigation of the evolution of compact objects, nucleosynthesis, gamma-ray objects whose nature is not yet known, the gamma-ray properties of the Galaxy and other galaxies, cosmological effects and intense gamma-ray bursts. The five instruments considered in the definition study which span six decades in energy are presented and proposed experiments are outlined. Although a spacecraft has not yet been selected, several feasible alternatives have been identified, and a launch in the mid-1980s is planned.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: AAS PAPER 79-229 , Annual Meeting; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 64
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    Space telescope, a long-life free flyer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes NASA's Space Telescope (ST) adapted to Shuttle capabilities for launch and retrieval which utilizes the full Shuttle cargo bay space available for payloads and can be returned to the ground for refurbishment. Its objective is to maximize ST's productive lifetime, to probe the universe, and to analyze light from energy sources which cannot be studied by ground-based telescopes. The Shuttle orbiting lifetime will be extended to at least five years, and scientific instruments or failed spacecraft components will be replaced on-orbit. The ST will be returned to earth for major overhauls, refurbished, and relaunched. In summary, the Shuttle will allow space astronomy to be accomplished in the usual manner - by observing, adjusting, changing detectors, and reobserving. The support systems module, the optical telescope assembly, scientific instruments, including the wide field/planetary camera, the faint object spectrograph and the high speed photometer are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: AAS PAPER 79-228 , Annual Meeting; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 65
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    Observations and analysis of X-ray binary stars under the IUE guest observer program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: IUE data for X-ray binaries were collected and analyzed. Image processing was done for 144 IUE images. The images represent 27 different objects.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-160035
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    Bragg crystal spectroscopy on the OSO 8 satellite (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are reported for high-resolution OSO 8 Bragg-crystal spectroscopy of a variety of cosmic X-ray sources in the energy range from 2 to 10 keV. A continuous spectrum of Sco X-1 is examined, and results of a search for narrow line emission due to iron near 6.7 keV are presented for 32 galactic X-ray sources, including Sco X-1, Cyg X-3, and Cen X-3. It is noted that the strongest evidence for iron line emission has been obtained for Cyg X-3 and that evidence for an iron line feature has also been found in the spectrum of Cen X-3.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray astronomy; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 67
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    Positions and identifications of galactic X-ray sources (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A catalog of compact Galactic X-ray sources with precise positions is presented together with a large bibliography. The catalog provides available X-ray, optical, and radio data for the 96 compact Galactic sources that have been identified and contains the most precise of the available optical, X-ray, or radio positions, the maximum and minimum published intensities, references to finding charts, and a comprehensive referenced list of X-ray, optical, and radio characteristics. The catalog also includes X-ray sources in the Magellanic clouds as well as all unidentified hard (greater than 2 keV) compact sources with an error radius of less than 60 arcsec and a Galactic latitude of less than 10 deg (absolute value). The sources list includes 14 X-ray Doppler or eclipsing binaries, seven or eight other X-ray pulsators, 23 transients or X-ray novae, 15 persistent bright bulge sources, seven X-ray sources associated with globular clusters, nine bursters, seven Galactic Center sources, and 18 other identified sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: X-ray astronomy; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 68
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    Ultraviolet astronomy instrumentation for sounding rocket and Shuttle/Spacelab missions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper deals with an electrographic Schmidt camera for wide-field imaging and objective-spectrographic sky surveys, and with a nebula spectrograph designed to obtain slit spectra of nebulae and other diffuse sources. Each of these ultraviolet astronomy instruments has been successfully used in sounding rocket flights. It is seen that, with some minor modifications, both instruments should be readily adaptable to Spacelab missions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-0491 , Sounding Rocket Technology Conference; Mar 07, 1979 - Mar 09, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 69
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    Is lunar ranging a viable component in a next-generation earth rotation service (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The present actuality of the application of lunar laser ranging to the problem of the experimental determination of earth's rotation is discussed. The current status of the 'Earth Rotation from Lunar Distances' (EROLD) program is briefly summarized. Some results obtained up to 1978 for UT0 determinations are noted, and the situation regarding stations in Australia, France, West Germany, Japan, the United States, and the USSR is reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 70
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    On the effective use of lunar ranging for the determination of the earth's orientation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The history of the lunar laser ranging technique is reviewed, and some of the reasons that have limited the acquisition of basic data are examined. Limitations and advantages of using lunar laser ranging for the determination of earth's orientation are discussed. A set of goals is proposed which addresses the role this type of data will play in conjunction with other available techniques.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 71
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    Determination of UT1 and polar motion by the deep space network using very long baseline interferometry (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of UT1 with a formal accuracy as low as 0.6 msec with only 6 hr of data and construction of a radio astrometric catalog of approximately 45 sources whose positions are known to better than 0.05 arcsec are described which were made possible by very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) with the Deep Space Network (DSN). The characteristics and anticipated performance of the complete VLBI system being implemented within the DSN are discussed. It is noted that one of the capabilities of this system is the measurement of UT1 and polar motion at weekly intervals and that the determinations should be obtained with decimeter accuracy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 72
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    Empirical data on the origin of 'new' comets (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The mass distribution of a group of 62 comets from the sample of Marsden et al (1978) was determined by assuming that the size of a comet is in proportion to the surface area of its vaporizing nucleus. A bimodal distribution was found, with a gap between magnitudes 8.1 and 9. The 50 brighter comets (magnitudes 1 to 8) have been tentatively identified as true 'new' comets; their size distribution cannot be fit to a constant slope on a log-log graph. These comets were apparently formed by a mechanism which differs from the fragmentation process. The 12 fainter may be fragments of comets which split or dimmed during their first passages. Results indicate that new comets could be identified with pristine planetesimals; they decay rapidly, probably by splitting when they enter the inner solar system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 73
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    The rings of Saturn and Uranus (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Saturn has bright, broad rings separated by narrow gaps, while the rings of Uranus are dark, narrow and widely spaced. Presumably, both sets of rings lie inside the Roche limit, which is why the ring material has not condensed into satellites. This paper briefly reviews what is known about each ring system, with emphasis on properties of significance to dynamical astronomy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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    The discovery and orbit of /2060/ Chiron (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: 'Slow-moving Object Kowal' was discovered as an asteroidal object of photographic magnitude about 18 on photographic plates made on October 18 and 19, 1977 with the 122-cm Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory. It was determined that the object was located between 14 and 17 AU from the earth in a low-inclination, near-circular orbit. Examination of subsequent plates and earlier observations of the area allowed a more exact calculation of the orbital elements, which suggest the object to be in 3:5 resonance with Saturn at a perihelion of 8.5 AU. The object's orbital behavior suggests that of an inactive comet perturbed by Saturn from a previous orbit, however its magnitude is uncharacteristically large for a comet. It is proposed that object Kowal was once an ordinary minor planet that was deflected into its present orbit by collisions with other minor planets and a series of encounters with Jupiter and Saturn. The object has received the minor planet number (2060) and the name of Chiron has been proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 75
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    Theories of resonant satellite pairs in Saturn's system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Analytical theories have been devised for the three resonant pairs in Saturn's satellite system: Enceladus-Dione, Titan-Hyperion, and Mimas-Tethys. An algebraic manipulation language was adopted to calculate the theories; use of the canonically invariant Hori-Lie (1966) theory in noncanonical variables made it possible to perform direct computations of perturbations in such quantities as longitude, latitude and radius vector. Important terms at the 1-100 km level have been found second-order terms of the resonant satellite are calculated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Dynamics of the solar system; Symposium; May 23, 1978 - May 26, 1978; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 76
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    Theory of prediction of solar eclipse as observed from a sounding rocket using rocket trajectory and eclipse ephemeris (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The present paper deals with the problem of determining various solar eclipse variables as observed from a sounding rocket for various rocket trajectories. By applying the methods described to a set of trajectories, a set of boundary conditions, launch azimuth, quadrant elevation, and launch time may be selected to optimize any aspect of eclipse observation within the constraints imposed by rocket performance.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-0511 , Sounding Rocket Technology Conference; Mar 07, 1979 - Mar 09, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 77
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    Large area CCD image sensors for space astronomy (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has a substantial program to develop a 2200 x 2200 pixel CCD (Charge Coupled Device) mosaic array made up of 400 individual CCD's, 110 x 110 pixels square. This type of image sensor appeared to have application in space and ground-based astronomy. Under this grant a CCD television camera system was built which was capable of operating an array of 4 CCD's to explore the suitability of the CCD's to explore the suitability of the CCD for astronomical applications. Two individual packaged CCD's were received and evaluated. Evaluation of the basic characteristics of the best individual chips was encouraging, but the manufacturer found that their yield in manufacturing this design is two low to supply sufficient CDD's for the DARPA mosaic array. The potential utility of large mosaic arrays in astronomy is still substantial and continued monitoring of the manufacturers progress in the coming year is recommended.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-158478
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  • 78
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    An analysis of water in galactic infrared sources using the NASA Lear Airborne Observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Michelson interferometer system on the NASA Lear Jet Airborne Observatory is described as well as the data reduction procedures. The objects observed (standard stars, M stars, a nebula, planets, and the moon) are discussed and the observing parameters are listed for each flight date. The spectra obtained from these data flights are presented, grouped by class of object.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-152262 , RM-684
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  • 79
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    Grazing incidence imaging telescope for X-ray astronomy using sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A sounding rocket flight to image a point X-ray source and to determine the detector background characteristics in a space environment is evaluated. The verification of the HRI detector design in a flight environment is described. The environmental factors, including ambient neutral and charged particle densities, the electromagnetic radiation field, and the vibration and acceleration induced at launch, that affect the operations of the HRI are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-162356
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  • 80
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    Design, fabrication, and delivery of a charge injection device as a stellar tracking device (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Six 128 x 128 CID imagers fabricated on bulk silicon and with thin polysilicon upper-level electrodes were tested in a star tracking mode. Noise and spectral response were measured as a function of temperature over the range of +25 C to -40 C. Noise at 0 C and below was less than 40 rms carriers/pixel for all devices at an effective noise bandwidth of 150 Hz. Quantum yield for all devices averaged 40% from 0.4 to 1.0 microns with no measurable temperature dependence. Extrapolating from these performance parameters to those of a large (400 x 400) array and accounting for design and processing improvements, indicates that the larger array would show a further improvement in noise performance -- on the order of 25 carriers. A preliminary evaluation of the projected performance of the 400 x 400 array and a representative set of star sensor requirements indicates that the CID has excellent potential as a stellar tracking device.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-161226 , SRD-78-171
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  • 81
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    Space Telescope digicon technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective of this program was to develop the technology and construct a number of tubes conforming to the chosen configuration. A total of ten starts were made and ten tubes went through to test. Of the ten tubes three were CsI on LiF, six were CsTe on MgF2 and one was KNaCsSb on SiO2. All three faceplate crystals sealed successfully using indium as the sealant. In addition, a number of test seals were made and two photocathode sample runs were made. The tasks E-field, faceplate, anti-corona and electron optical analysis were actively pursued and the results integrated into the BASD HRS project.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-166704
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  • 82
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    NASA AMES infrared detector assemblies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Silicon: Gallium infrared detector assemblies were designed, fabricated, and tested using techniques representative of those employed for hybrid arrays to determine the suitability of this candidate technology for infrared astronomical detector array applications. Both the single channel assembly and the assembly using a 32 channel CMOS multiplexer are considered. The detector material was certified to have a boron background of less than 10 to the 13th power atoms/sq cm counter doped with phosphorus. The gallium concentration is 2 x 10 to the 16th power atoms/cu cm.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-166215
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  • 83
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    Systems level feasibility study for the detection of extra-solar planets. Volume 1: Infrared interferometer (IRIS) known as the Stanford Concept (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A sensor system for the direct detection of extrasolar planets from an Earth orbit is evaluated: a spinning, infrared interferometer (IRIS). It is shuttle deployed, free flying, requires no on-orbit assembly and no reservicing over a design life of five years. The sensor concept and the mission objectives are reviewed, and the performance characteristics of a baseline sensor for standard observation conditions are derived. A baseline sensor design is given and the enabling technology discussed. Cost and weight estimates are performed; and a schedule for an IRIS program including technology development and assessment of risk are given. Finally, the sensor is compared with the apodized visual telescope sensor (APOTS) proposed for the same mission. The major conclusions are: that with moderate to strong technology advances, particularly in the fields of long life cryogenics, dynamical control, mirror manufacturing, and optical alignment, the detection of a Jupiter like planet around a Sunlike star at a distance of 30 light years is feasible, with a 3 meter aperture and an observation time of 1 hour. By contrast, major and possibly unlikely breakthroughs in mirror technology are required for APOTS to match this performance.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-152253 , LMSC-D676424-VOL-1
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  • 84
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    Testing of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory 91-CM telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The 91 cm telescope of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory was tested for optical figure errors in the surface of the mirrors and misalignment of the optical components. When the present set of optical components are installed in the telescope in proper alignment, the telescope produces an image with 80% of the energy in a circle of 1.50 arc seconds in diameter; that is, a 0.11 mm spot diameter in the focal plane. The primary mirror, an f/2 parabola, was tested against a flat and has a quality that puts 80% of the energy in a 0.51 arc second diameter spot. Two principal sources account for the residual error: the tertiary folding flat and the chopping secondary. It appears that the method of mounting the folding flat causes some distortion and that the secondary mirror has some residual spherical aberration in its figure.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-166341 , NAS 1.26:166341
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    SKYMAP system description: Star catalog data base generation and utilization (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The specifications, design, software description, and use of the SKYMAP star catalog system are detailed. The SKYMAP system was developed to provide an accurate and complete catalog of all stars with blue or visual magnitudes brighter than 9.0 for use by attitude determination programs. Because of the large number of stars which are brighter than 9.0 magnitude, efficient techniques of manipulating and accessing the data were required. These techniques of staged distillation of data from a Master Catalog to a Core Catalog, and direct access of overlapping zone catalogs, form the basis of the SKYMAP system. The collection and tranformation of data required to produce the Master Catalog data base is described. The data flow through the main programs and levels of star catalogs is detailed. The mathematical and logical techniques for each program and the format of all catalogs are documented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-170463 , NAS 1.26:170463 , CSC/SD-76/6041UD2-REV
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  • 86
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    HD 149499 B - The hottest white dwarf (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: IUE spectra of the white dwarf component of HD 149499, discovered from the Skylab experiments S-019 UV survey, show prominent lines of He II. The star appears to be helium-rich with He/H not less than 1. The ultraviolet fluxes show the temperature to be within the range 70,000-100,000 K, with the most probable value near 85,000 K.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 87
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    Comet Encke - Precession of the spin axis, nongravitational motion, and sublimation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: From the observed light curve of P/Encke the jet force from sublimation is calculated both as a (precessing) torque and as a (perturbing) force transverse to the radius vector. An integral iteration is carried out over 59 perihelion passages, 1786-1977, to fit the previously determined nongravitational transverse force and to derive the precession of the spin axis. It is shown that the spin axis turned more than 100 degrees in longitude and almost 30 degrees in latitude from 1786 to 1977, but appears to have been almost fixed in direction for hundreds of revolutions before 1700. It is suggested that ejected meteoroidal debris accumulated on the currently less active hemisphere, insulating it to maintain a low activity level. A tentative rotation period of 6 h 33 min is derived, using Whipple's halo method. The suggested spinup rate is 21 min/century, while the current rate of relative mass loss by sublimation is 0.09% of the comet's mass per revolution. Moreover, the mass of the nucleus is estimated at less than 10 to the 16th grams, and its oblateness at less than 4%.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Dec. 197
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  • 88
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    N-body experiments and missing mass in clusters of galaxies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is commonly assumed that the distributions of surface density and radial-velocity dispersion in clusters of galaxies are sensitive tracers of the underlying distribution of any unseen mass. N-body experiments have been used to test this assumption. Calculations with equal-mass systems indicate that the effects of the underlying mass distribution cannot be detected by observations of the surface-density or radial-velocity distributions, and the existence of an extended binding mass in all well-studied clusters would be consistent with available observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 89
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    A high-resolution echelle spectrograph suitable for astronomical use at both far ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 90
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    Interstellar lines in the spectra of four stars (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of optical interstellar absorption lines arising from Na I, K I, and/or Ca II are reported in the spectra of HD 72127, Iota(1) Sco, 102 Her, and 6 Cas. Line components showing strikingly large Ca II/Na I ratios are found toward HD 72127 and are verified for 102 Her. The absorption toward Iota(1) Sco and 6 Cas illustrates features of the local galactic distribution of interstellar gas.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 91
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    Video techniques in comet-debris studies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes techniques for examining comets and meteors. Data was obtained on four nights around the peak of the Geminid shower, using SEC Vidicon equipment at Mount Hopkins Observatory in Arizona at a latitude of 31 deg 41.9 north, longitude 110 deg 52.7 west, and 2320 meters above sea level. The TV employed, was mated to an f/0.75 lens of 105 mm focal length, and agove the lens a transmission diffraction grating was fixed with 300 lines/mm. Attention is given to the calibration curve of the seven-pixer means and to the contour lines drawn by the Image Data Processing System (IDAPS).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 57; Jan. 197
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  • 92
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    Far-red surface photometry of the X-ray emitting BL Lacertae object PKS 0548-322 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 233
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  • 93
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    Data reduction and analysis of SAS-1 data (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An abstracted bibliography of 59 articles addressing the analysis of X-ray observations from the UHURU X-Ray Observatory (SAS-1) is presented. Investigations of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources, X-ray binaries, and transient and burst phenomena are highlighted.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-159990
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 94
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    Lyman alpha initiated winds in late-type stars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The IUE survey of late-type stars revealed a sharp division in the HR diagram between stars with solar type spectra (chromosphere and transition region lines) and those with non-solar type spectra (only chromosphere lines). Models of both hot coronae and cool wind flows were calculated using stellar model chromospheres as starting points for stellar wind calculations in order to investigate the possibility of having a supersonic transition locus in the HR diagram dividing hot coronae from cool winds. From these models, it is concluded that the Lyman alpha flux may play an important role in determining the location of a stellar wind critical point. The interaction of Lyman alpha radiation pressure with Alfven waves in producing strong, low temperature stellar winds in the star Arcturus is examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-162467
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    Deep X-ray survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An extended survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud with the SAS 3 X-ray observatory detected SMC X-1 but no other source with a luminosity greater than 1.0 x 10 to the 37th ergs/sec. In particular, SMC X-2 and SMC X-3, observed one month earlier at luminosities of 7 x 10 to the 37th and 10 x 10 to the 37th ergs/sec, respectively, were not detected, which proves that they are both highly variable. The results indicate that the maximum luminosities of early-type X-ray stars in the SMC congregate near 10 to the 38th ergs/sec, which is about five times the maximum luminosity of similar sources in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Evidence for a variable far-infrared source in NGC 6334 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: NGC 6334 has been mapped with a 40-250 micron photometer with 1 arcmin resolution. Six sources of far-infrared radiation have been detected. The second-strongest source was not detected in an earlier (2.7 years) 40-350 micron survey of the same region. This source is interpreted as a variable far-infrared source. The new source, located at the position of OH and H2O maser sources, is extended (0.7 arcmin FWHM) and has a bolometric luminosity of 190,000 solar luminosities and may represent a hitherto unobserved transient stage of protostellar collapse.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Search for H2 emission at 2.1 microns in ten southern hemisphere sources (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 2.12-micron line of molecular hydrogen was searched for in emission from a variety of southern hemisphere objects, including infrared sources associated with molecular clouds and H II regions, the galactic center, and three external galaxies. Negative results are reported for all sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Location of three stellar X-ray sources at high galactic latitudes with the HEAO 1 scanning modulation collimator (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Oct. 197
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Observations of emission lines in M supergiants (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Copernicus observations of Mg 2 h and k emission lines from M giants and supergiants are described. Supergiants with extensive circumstellar gas shells show an asymmetric k line. The asymmetry is ascribed to superimposed lines of Fe 1 and Mn 1. The Mg 2 line width fit the Wilson-Bappu relation derived from observations of G and K Stars. Results of correlated ground-based observations include (1) the discovery of K 1 fluorescent emission from the Betelgeuse shell; (2) extimates of the mass-loss rates; and (3) the proposal that silicate dust grains must account for the major fraction of the Si atoms in the Betelgeuse shell.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-163359
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Analysis of NOAA-MSFC GOES X-ray telescope (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The general telescope system was assumed to be a paraboloid-hyperboloid in a Wolter Type 1 configuration. The equations which specify the telescope parameters and the resolution as a function of the collecting area are discussed as well as the spot size and point response function for off-axis rays. The measured resolution of the Goddard ATM X-ray telescope (S-056) is compared to the rms blur circle radius and the full width half maximum of the line spread function. An empirical scaling formula, Eq. 26, which transforms the rms blur circle radius into a more accurate measure of resolution, is introduced. The geometrical imaging properties of the proposed NOAA-MSFC GOES X-ray telescope are considered. Conclusions and alternate mirror designs are included.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA-CR-161397
    Format: application/pdf
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