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  • Springer  (44,825)
  • 1975-1979  (44,825)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1978  (44,825)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deductive biology—Some cautious steps (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 40 (1978), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For certain environments, the Darwinian model allows unique prediction of a function that any surviving system adapted to such an environment has to perform. This is the case for those environments that determine a “survival functional” of position in space-time of known shape. Purely temporal survival functionals can be distinguished from spatial and mixed ones. In each case, there exists an optimum path in combined physical and (reduced) metabolic space. Dependent on the admissible error, approximate solutions of different complexity are sufficient. All solutions possess an afferent, a central, and an efferent part. Within this general frame, specific, “probably simplest”, solutions are proposed for adaptive chemotaxis, insect locomotion, lower vertebrates locomotion, higher vertebrates locomotion, chronobiological systems, and immune systems, respectively—or rather, for the underlying functionals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463129
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of glucagon in the regulation of blood glucose: Model studies (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 40 (1978), S. 59-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Mathematical models afford a procedure of unifying concepts and hypotheses by expressing quantitative relationships between observables. The model presented indicates the roles of both insulin and glucagon as regulators of blood glucose, albeit in different ranges of the blood glucose concentrations. Insulin secretion is induced during hyperglycemia, while glucagon secretion results during hypoglycemia. These are demonstrated by simulations of a mathematical model conformed to data from the oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin infusion test in normal control subjects and stable and unstable diabetic patients. The model studies suggest the parameters could prove of value in quantifying the diabetic condition by indicating the degree of instability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463130
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on dynamics of population with history-dependent birth rate (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 40 (1978), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model for the dynamics of a single-species population whose birth rate depends on densities of previous generations is introduced. A difference equation formulation is proposed and the solutions classified for the various parameter values. Data from an experimental population of mice growing in limited space is cited and compared with the model predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463134
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tension field theories for soft tissues (1978)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 40 (1978), S. 161-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract All soft tissues are modeled as either one-dimensionalstrings, two-dimensionalmembranes, or three-dimensionalsolids. Attention is restricted to tissues in which one of the principal stress components is large and positive in comparison with the other negligible components. Results indicate the following: (1) If a deformed string isconstrained to lie on a surface and is free of tangential pressure, the tension is carried by rays which are geodesics of the surface. If a string or membrane isfree to deform in space without normal pressure, the tension rays are straight lines. If a membrane deforms without tangential surface loads, the tension rays are always geodesics on the deformed surface. If a solid deforms without body forces, the tension rays are straight lines. (2) The stress in a string is a constant if the string is free of tangential pressure and has constant cross-sectional area. The stress in flat tension fields free of tangential surface loads decays inversely with distance along a tension ray from the edge of regression. The stress in a spherically symmetric tension field free of body forces decays inversely with the square of the distance from the center of the sphere. (3) Stress singularities can occur in soft tissues, such as at the corners of a closed rectangular hole in a flat membrane strip. (4) The tension rays in the torsion of soft annular membranes are more steeply inclined from the radial direction than the tension rays for hard metals equally displaced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461433
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the development of group insurance and collective saving in the Federal Republic of Germany and in Great Britain (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 50-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409807
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social security versus private saving and insurance (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 44-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion For all these reasons, the rediscovery of the equivalence theorem, first stated by David Ricardo in 1817, must be rejected as an adequate basis for policy, just as Ricardo had denied its applicability to the real world. Correspondingly, the concern with the adverse consequences of unfunded social insurance wealth for the supply of national saving, capital intensity, and living standards remains well founded. p ]If, as a practical matter, public pension and social security programs will never be funded actuarially in the United States and most other postindustrial countries, then government-supervised substitution of private for public retirement plans is the only way to achieve at least partial funding. If such substitution follows the British model of allowing employers to contract out of the earnings-related part of the state scheme if equivalent pensions are provided by the company plan, payroll taxes and social security wealth decline so as to reduce their adverse impact on capital formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409806
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The expansion of social security in Italy (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409809
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soziale sicherheit und staatsfinanzen (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409810
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problems of social under economic recession and inflation (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 96-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409811
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    La prévoyance dans l'economie italienne (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary: Social Policy in the Italian Economy Favourable social and economic conditions constitute the essential framework for a stable development of savings. Saving in the form of insurance becomes advantageous for the individual, and private insurance can thus extend its activity, when social attitudes and the economic situation favour the propensity to save. If conditions change, the State can take over the coverage of risks through social insurance. By means of this institutions, an anti-cyclical policy can be pursued: the amount of social security contributions, for instance, can be increased during the expansion of the cycle and the amounts thus accumulated can be used to grant benefits during the recession period, when contributions can be fixed at a lower percentage of wages. Another type of policy can be pursued by government authorities: that of adjusting social security contributions to industrial profits, thereby directing the subsequent effects on economic growth. Inflation cab cause instability in decisional policies taken by private insurance companies. A solution to the unbalanced increase of costs can be found in index-linking. Life policies of this kind, for instance, cab be closely related to investments in houses, to be bought by the insured themselves in price-linked instalments. After a reference to present developments regarding risk instability and to possibilities of new forms of insurance, this paper considers the competition resulting from the opening of the EEC insurance markets as an opportunity for the Italian market to strengthen its structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409808
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