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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (252)
  • 1975-1979  (252)
  • 1977  (252)
  • 1
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    Cloud laboratory in space to study earth weather (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-197 , P77-10195
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  • 2
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    Federal meteorological handbook no. 10: Meteorological rocket observations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-74739 , FMH-10
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  • 3
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    Statement of Dr. Alan M. Lovelace, Acting Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Comm. on Commerce, Sci. and Transportation Natl. Climate Program Act; p 122-131
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  • 4
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    Some principles for studying reduced visibility conditions in regions around airports (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A set of guidelines based on the experiences of the meteorological team at Tashkent airport is presented. These guidelines pertain to all the possible immediate and specific sources of relevant information in the vicinity of a given airport and to the combination of theoretical and experimental information which should be used in evaluating the data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-75152
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  • 5
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    Third National Aeronautics and Space Administration Weather and climate program science review (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Research results of developing experimental and prototype operational systems, sensors, and space facilities for monitoring, and understanding the atmosphere are reported. Major aspects include: (1) detection, monitoring, and prediction of severe storms; (2) improvement of global forecasting; and (3) monitoring and prediction of climate change.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-2029 , Nov 29, 1977 - Nov 30, 1977; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 6
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    Data simulation studies for field programs, satellite system tests, and regional weather prediction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the present paper, the status of the Drexel/NCAR regional numerical weather forecast system is summarized to show the extent of our experience and our immediate requirements for data within the United States on scales smaller than rawinsonde spacing (approximately 300 km). Preliminary experiments are described, and data assimilation problems are examined. It is shown that data requirements, assimilation methods, and forecast sensitivity differ for regional and large-scale models. Forecast verification statistics suggest that middle-troposphere temperature is well known but relative humidity is not. In some cases, regional forecasts require much better humidity data than available from rawinsondes. Numerics, lateral boundary conditions, model physics, and computing power are adequate for near real-time experimental regional prediction with horizontal mesh sizes down to 35 km. Subsynoptic data and assimilation are the primary challenges facing regional NWP.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 7
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    Severe weather prediction studies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A numerical forecast model is described which uses three-dimensional primitive equations to predict the evolution of the wind, temperature and moisture fields along with the subsynoptic-scale convective activity. There are 15 vertical levels set on a longitude-latitude horizontal grid. In this study, the horizontal grid distance is 70 km (0.625 deg latitude and 0.816 deg longitude at 40 deg N) and the time step is 90 sec. Orography is included and terrain coordinates are adopted. The forecast model is used to test two tornado-producing storms with very different synoptic structures. A 12 hr forecast is carried out for both cases. The rms errors of the forecast indicate much smaller errors in the middle troposphere than in the lower troposphere. The results demonstrate that a rather fine-mesh limited-area numerical model is capable of providing a valuable short-range forecast of the circulation and the mesoscale precipitation features.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 8
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    The impact of satellite soundings upon the NMC analysis and forecast system (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The importance of satellite-derived soundings on National Meteorological Center weather analysis and forecast was studied by comparing summertime DST (Aug. 18-Sept. 4, 1975) forecasts generated by analyses with and without both the operational VTPR soundings from NOAA-4 and the experimental soundings derived from the infrared and microwave instruments aboard Nimbus-6. Objective and subjective procedures, including evaluation of standard skill scores and judgment by skilled synopticians, was used to evaluate the importance of satellite data. The investigation shows that satellite data do not aid numerical weather prediction in the Northern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 9
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    The effect of increased horizontal resolution on synoptic forecasts with the GISS model of the global atmosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The improved horizontal resolution global circulation model in question has a horizontal spacing of 2.5 deg latitude by 3 deg longitude for a resolution of about 250 km in midlatitude. This paper reports on experiments to determine the improvements in forecasting skill and in initial conditions that were made possible by the ultrafine resolution and ultrafine assimilation. The size of the improvement in skill score when the ultrafine model is used for forecasting and assimilation was so large that 60-hour forecasts with the ultrafine model had as good a skill score as the 48-hour forecasts with the fine model. Synoptic evaluations confirmed that ultrafine model forecasts are better than the fine model forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 10
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    Dust storms - Great Plains, Africa, and Mars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Dust storms in the Great Plains of North America and in the Sahara Desert are analyzed on the basis of imagery from the geostationary Synchronous Meteorological Satellite. The onset time, location and areal extent of the dust storms are studied. Over land surfaces, contrast enhancement techniques are needed to obtain an adequate picture of dust storm development. In addition, infrared imagery may provide a means of monitoring the strong horizontal temperature gradients characteristic of dust cloud boundaries. Analogies between terrestrial dust storms and the airborne rivers of dust created by major Martian dust storms are also drawn.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 11
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    A multiscale numerical study into the cascade of kinetic energy leading to severe local storms (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The cascade of kinetic energy from macro- through mesoscales is studied on the basis of a nested grid system used to solve a set of nonlinear differential equations. The kinetic energy cascade and the concentration of vorticity through the hydrodynamic spectrum provide a means for predicting the location and intensity of severe weather from large-scale data sets. A mechanism described by the surface pressure tendency equation proves to be important in explaining how initial middle-tropospheric mass-momentum imbalances alter the low-level pressure field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 12
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    Relationships between convective storms and their environment in AVE IV determined from a three-dimensional subsynoptic-scale, trajectory model (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes interrelationships between synoptic-scale and convective-scale systems obtained by following individual air parcels as they traveled within the convective storm environment of AVE IV. (NASA's fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment, AVE IV, was a 36-hour study in April 1975 of the atmospheric variability and structure in regions of convective storms.) A three-dimensional trajectory model was used to calculate parcel paths, and manually digitized radar was employed to locate convective activity of various intensities and to determine those trajectories that traversed the storm environment. Spatial and temporal interrelationships are demonstrated by reference to selected time periods of AVE IV which contain the development and movement of the squall line in which the Neosho tornado was created.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 13
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    Turbulent transport model of a thunderstorm gust front (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A second-order closure turbulent model is adopted to predict complex fluid flows; few a priori assumptions about the internal turbulent and mean flow structures are required. The flow simulations are applied to the analysis of local gust fronts generated by rain-cooled outflows from severe thunderstorms. Results of the simulations provide a means for discussing the behavior of an aircraft passing through a thunderstorm-related downdraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 14
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    Moisture convergence from a combined mesoscale moisture analysis and wind field for 24 April 1975 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Precipitable water values inferred from the Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer data of the polar orbiting NOAA-4 satellite are used in conjunction with wind-field analyses obtained from Synchronous Meteorological Satellite visible-channel data to study the moisture convergence in the boundary layer immediately preceding a storm. This combination of data simulates the information that will be available from the Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer on board the GOES-D satellite, which is scheduled to begin operation in the 1980s. Serviceable representations of boundary layer flow are developed through analysis of the satellite infrared cumulus velocities, although the flow representations are not exactly located in the vertical.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 15
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    Thunderstorm-scale variations of echoes associated with left-turn tornado families (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The origin of tornadoes is studied on the basis of changing radar echo shapes and tornado location relative to the echoes. Three types of tornadoes appear to be associated with different hook echo configurations. No-turn or right-turn tornadoes are linked to a steady hook which does not change shape or orientation. Left-turn tornado families are generated in cases where the hook is unsteady and changes orientation at each successive tornado birth. Finally, left-turn tornado families may also be formed when the hook undergoes no orientation change and the tornadoes move along the rear of the hook. The correlation between a thunderstorm-scale cycle and periodic tornado production is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 16
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    Great Bend tornadoes of August 30, 1974 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Photogrammetric analyses of movies and still pictures taken of the Great Bend, Kansas Tornado series have been used to develop design specifications for nuclear power plants and facilities. A maximum tangential velocity of 57 m/sec and a maximum vertical velocity of 27 m/sec are determined for one suction vortex having a translational velocity of 32 m/sec. Three suction vortices with radii in the 20 to 30 m range are noted in the flow field of one tornado; these suction vortices apparently form a local convergence of inflow air inside the outer portion of the tornado core.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 17
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    Relationship between the kinetic energy budget and intensity of convection (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Synoptic data collected over the eastern United States during the fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment, April 24 and 25, 1975, is used to study the relationship between the kinetic energy budget and the intensity of convective activity. It is found that areas of intense convective activity are also major centers of kinetic energy activity. Energy processes increase in magnitude with an increase in convection intensity. Large generation of kinetic energy is associated with intense convection, but large quantities of energy are transported out of the area of convection. The kinetic energy budget associated with grid points having no convection differs greatly from the budgets of the three categories of convection. Weak energy processes are not associated with convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite, and raingauge data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Detailed surface rain and hail data are used to investigate the giant Chicago-area rainstorm of June 13, 1976, which caused up to seven inches of rain. The data provide an understanding of airflow patterns during the storm, and aid in developing proper interpretations of satellite and radar information on the storm. In particular, comparison of the rain and hail data with the satellite and radar imagery makes it possible to estimate the contributions of the two hydrometeors to the reflectivity. Furthermore, differences between the precipitation rate and the signal intensity are analyzed to infer the magnitude of vertical air motions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 19
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    Analysis of satellite derived winds for April 24, 1975 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cumulus cloud tracking based on short-interval GOES satellite imagery provided a representation of the low-level wind fields existing prior to the outbreak of severe thunderstorms. Through use of the satellite-derived winds and surface mixing ratios, moisture convergence fields were estimated. The effect of the spatial distribution of trackable clouds on the computed dynamic fields was also investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 20
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    Thunderstorm-associated cloud motions as computed from 5-minute SMS pictures (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The five-minute rapid-scan imagery from the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite is employed to study cloud motions associated with the Omaha tornado of May 6, 1975. Cloud-motion vectors derived from automated and man-machine interactive systems provide an account of the mesoscale phenomena. In addition to the geostationary satellite data, aerial photography obtained during a cloud-truth mission is used in the severe storm investigation. For tracking overland cumuli with short half-lives, a three-minute scan interval appears necessary for the satellite imagery.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 21
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    A satellite interpretation of the dynamics of a severe local storms area using 5 minute interval SMS data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wind fields derived from cloud-tracking on the visible digital data of the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite-2 are used to study the onset of local severe storms. The study is based on an assessment of several dynamic parameters of lower tropospheric wind fields, including the divergence, relative vorticity, and deformation. The automated cloud-tracking proves capable of detecting a preferred area of flow convergence located ahead of a dry line; the detection of this convergence aids in monitoring the onset of a hail-producing thunderstorm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 22
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    A method for measuring precipitation parameters and raindrop size distributions using radar reflectivity and optical extinction (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method of determining precipitation parameters from two remotely measurable quantities, the radar reflectivity factor and the optical extinction, is described. The raindrop size spectrum is approximated by a two-parameter exponential form; when these parameters are evaluated in terms of the radar reflectivity factor and the optical extinction, an exponential spectrum is obtained that is generally in very good agreement with the observed size spectrum. Other calculated precipitation parameters, such as rainfall rate and liquid water content, which are derived from the exponential approximation, also agree with experimental data. It is indicated that other combinations of two remote measurables can also be used to obtain more accurate estimates of precipitation parameters than can be obtained by the use of an empirical relationship.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Union Radio Scientifique Internationale Open Symposium; Apr 28, 1977 - May 06, 1977; Loire-Atlantique; France
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
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    Diffusion coefficients estimated from turbulence data measured by the Metrac positioning system in Minneapolis field test (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analysis is presented of the tropospheric turbulence data obtained by the Metrac positioning system, a radio location system which employs the Doppler principle to track inexpensive expendable balloon-borne transmitters. A Minneapolis field test of the Metrac system provided one-second samples of transmitter frequency from balloons tracked by four ground stations for more than an hour. The derivation of diffusion coefficients from the turbulence data was conducted by two methods, yielding highly consistent results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion, and Air Quality; Oct 19, 1976 - Oct 22, 1976; Raleigh, NC
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  • 24
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    Algorithm for inferring wind stress from Seasat-A (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 77-1614 , Conference on Satellite applications to marine technology; Nov 15, 1977 - Nov 17, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 25
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    Proceedings of the First Annual Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems Workshop (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The proceedings of a workshop of many disciplines of the aviation community are presented. The general topics addressed were general, services, aircraft design, simulation, and general aviation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CP-2028 , FAA-RD-77-173 , Annual Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems Workshop; Mar 08, 1977 - Mar 10, 1977; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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  • 26
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    Weather assessment and forecasting (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data management program activities centered around the analyses of selected far-term Office of Applications (OA) objectives, with the intent of determining if significant data-related problems would be encountered and if so what alternative solutions would be possible. Three far-term (1985 and beyond) OA objectives selected for analyses as having potential significant data problems were large-scale weather forecasting, local weather and severe storms forecasting, and global marine weather forecasting. An overview of general weather forecasting activities and their implications upon the ground based data system is provided. Selected topics were specifically oriented to the use of satellites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150468
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  • 27
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    Advances in laser technology for the atmospheric sciences; Proceedings of the Seminar, San Diego, Calif., August 25, 26, 1977 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: These papers deal with recent research, developments, and applications in laser and electrooptics technology, particularly with regard to atmospheric effects in imaging and propagation, laser instrumentation and measurements, and particle measurement. Specific topics include advanced imaging techniques, image resolution through atmospheric turbulence over the ocean, an efficient method for calculating transmittance profiles, a comparison of a corner-cube reflector and a plane mirror in folded-path and direct transmission through atmospheric turbulence, line-spread instrumentation for propagation measurements, scaling laws for thermal fluctuations in the layer adjacent to ocean waves, particle sizing by laser photography, and an optical Fourier transform analysis of satellite cloud imagery. Other papers discuss a subnanosecond photomultiplier tube for laser application, holography of solid propellant combustion, diagnostics of turbulence by holography, a camera for in situ photography of cloud particles from a hail research aircraft, and field testing of a long-path laser transmissometer designed for atmospheric visibility measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in laser technology for the atmospheric sciences; Seminar; Aug 25, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; San Diego, CA
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  • 28
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    Objective analyses of height and temperature at the 5-, 2-, and 0.4-mb levels using meteorological rocketsonde and satellite radiation data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 09, 1976 - Jun 10, 1976|Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA; US
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  • 29
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    The remote measurement of tornado-like flows employing a scanning laser Doppler system (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper deals with a scanning laser Doppler velocimeter system employed in a test program for measuring naturally occurring tornado-like phenomena, known as dust devils. A description of the system and the test program is followed by a discussion of the data processing techniques and data analysis. The system uses a stable 15-W CO2 laser with the beam expanded and focused by a 12-inch telescope. Range resolution is obtained by focusing the optical system. The velocity of each volume of air (scanned in a horizontal plane) is determined from spectral analysis of the heterodyne signal. Results derived from the measurement program and data/system analyses are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Radar Meteorology; Oct 26, 1976 - Oct 29, 1976; Seattle, WA
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 30
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    Estimation of regional heat flux from scanning radiometer measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a statistical method for extracting regional information on the radiative heat flux at the top of the atmosphere from a satellite-borne scanning radiometer. The radiative heat flux distribution is denoted by a double Fourier series with coefficients to be determined from measurements. The method determines, in the sense of minimum variance, the best linear estimator of the total flux over a region. The heat flux distribution is represented by a truncated series which is unbiased.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 31
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    A study of Stormsat interactive data analysis facility (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Stormsat, a third generation geosynchronous satellite intended for the investigation and forecasting of severe local storms, tropical cyclones and other mesoscale phenomena, could be launched as early as 1982. The paper outlines the interactive data processing and analysis functions which must be performed and presents a possible configuration capable of achieving the demonstration forecast objectives. Important features of the data processing system include (1) interactive extraction of wind, temperature and moisture profiles, cloud structure and precipitation from Stormsat data, and (2) numerical and statistical modeling necessary to provide demonstration forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 32
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    Measurements of Cumulonimbus Clouds using quantitative satellite and radar data (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are reported for a preliminary study of SMS-2 digital brightness and IR data obtained at frequent 5-7.5 min intervals. The clouds studied were over the Central and Great Plains in midlatitudes and thus were typical of an environment much different from that of the tropical oceans. The satellite data are compared to radar data for both a severe weather event and weak thundershower activity of the type which might be a target for weather modification efforts. The relative importance of short time interval satellite data is shown for both cases, and possible relationships between the two types of data are presented. It is concluded that (1) using a threshold technique for visible reflected brightness, precipitating vs. nonprecipitating clouds can be discriminated; (2) brightness is well related to cloud size and shape; and (3) satellite-derived growth rates may be a significant parameter to be used in determining storm severity, especially if rapid time sequence data are used during the development phase of the storm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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    Deriving winds for hurricanes using short interval satellite imagery (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented for a study program designed to develop a better means of obtaining wind data needed by hurricane forecasters and to determine the optimum space and time resolution of satellite data used to obtain such winds. The discussion covers cloud tracking with an image display and manipulation system and analysis of IR imagery of Hurricane Eloise. It is shown that greater resolution in time and space of satellite imagery made it possible to derive up to six times as many low-level winds in a hurricane case, to eliminate 'bad winds' caused by mistaking cloud growth for cloud motion, and to remove ambiguities that would have caused difficulty in tracking clouds using only the imagery taken at 30-min intervals. It is suggested to use short-interval imagery (less than 10 min) for wind determination for future research in areas of tropical cyclones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 34
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    Investigations with satellite data. 2: Temperature retrievals (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method for retrieving atmospheric temperatures in a severe storm situation was investigated. Retrieval was accomplished through the aid of satellite radiance measurements and nearby radiosondes. A set of coefficients was derived which when multiplied by the measured radiances, yielded smaller temperature retrieval errors than the minimum-information retrieval method.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-155256 , PUBL-77-174
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  • 35
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    The depression of remotely-sensed surface temperatures by a dust-laden tropical atmosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Plenary Meeting; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 36
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    Mt. Agung eruption as a confirmation of the effect of atmospheric radiative perturbations on climate (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of the 1963 Mt. Agung (Bali) volcanic eruption are studied with respect to the response of the climate system to global radiative perturbations. Volcanic aerosols, spread globally by stratospheric winds, cause a perturbation characterized by a reasonably well known forcing function. Since the climatic response to a large eruption should be pronounced, these phenomena might provide a means to test the validity of climate models. The Mt. Agung eruption is described, and the atmospheric thermal response is calculated. The magnitude, sign, and time delay of temperature changes computed with a simple one-dimensional climate model for both the stratosphere and troposphere are in agreement with the observed temperature changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Plenary Meeting; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 37
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    The use of lidar for stratospheric measurements (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper reviews stratospheric measurements possible with ground-based, airborne, and satellite-borne lidar systems. The instruments, basic equations, and formats normally used for various scattering and absorption phenomena measurements are presented including a discussion of elastic, resonance, Raman, and fluorescence scattering techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Laser Radar Conference; Jun 06, 1977 - Jun 09, 1977; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 38
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    Problems in characterizing atmospheric aerosols by lidar alone (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this paper we review the scattering properties of real atmospheric aerosols as they relate to laser radar measurements. We address two major subjects: theoretical approximations for modeling lidar experiments and laboratory measurements for characterizing real aerosols. In the first category we review: (1) the Mueller algebra and Stokes vectors, (2) approximations for the single scattering properties of various aerosols, (3) the information content of the Mueller or scattering matrix and related limitations of lidar measurements, and (4) the effects of multiple scattering on lidar returns. In the second category we review: (1) polar nephelometers, (2) calibration procedures for nephelometers, and (3) characterization of the scattering medium. Finally, we summarize the outstanding problems in measuring the atmospheric aerosols by lidar alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Laser Radar Conference; Jun 06, 1977 - Jun 09, 1977; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 39
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    Tornado detection data reduction and analysis (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data processing and analysis was provided in support of tornado detection by analysis of radio frequency interference in various frequency bands. Sea state determination data from short pulse radar measurements were also processed and analyzed. A backscatter simulation was implemented to predict radar performance as a function of wind velocity. Computer programs were developed for the various data processing and analysis goals of the effort.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-152595 , TSI-77163
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  • 40
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    All-weather ice information system for Alaskan arctic coastal shipping (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A near real-time ice information system designed to aid arctic coast shipping along the Alaskan North Slope is described. The system utilizes a X-band Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) mounted aboard a U.S. Coast Guard HC-130B aircraft. Radar mapping procedures showing the type, areal distribution and concentration of ice cover were developed. In order to guide vessel operational movements, near real-time SLAR image data were transmitted directly from the SLAR aircraft to Barrow, Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier. In addition, SLAR image data were transmitted in real time to Cleveland, Ohio via the NOAA-GOES Satellite. Radar images developed in Cleveland were subsequently facsimile transmitted to the U.S. Navy's Fleet Weather Facility in Suitland, Maryland for use in ice forecasting and also as a demonstration back to Barrow via the Communications Technology Satellite.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73619 , E-9108 , Ann. Offshore Technology Conf.; May 02, 1977 - May 05, 1977; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 41
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    Analysis of vector wind change with respect to time for Cape Kennedy, Florida: Wind aloft profile change vs. time, phase 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wind vector change with respect to time at Cape Kennedy, Florida, is examined according to the theory of multivariate normality. The joint distribution of the four variables represented by the components of the wind vector at an initial time and after a specified elapsed time is hypothesized to be quadravariate normal; the fourteen statistics of this distribution, calculated from fifteen years of twice daily Rawinsonde data are presented by monthly reference periods for each month from 0 to 27 km. The hypotheses that the wind component changes with respect to time is univariate normal, the joint distribution of wind component changes is bivariate normal, and the modulus of vector wind change is Rayleigh, has been tested by comparison with observed distributions. Statistics of the conditional bivariate normal distributions of vector wind at a future time given the vector wind at an initial time are derived. Wind changes over time periods from one to five hours, calculated from Jimsphere data, are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150238 , SAI-78-552-HU
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  • 42
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    The multiple nesting of mesoscale, submesoscale, and nonhydrostatic microscale numerical models for a case of mesocyclogenesis and severe storm development (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A fundamental approach involving the integration of two different numerical models over several different spatial mesh lengths is considered. Model I is a hydrostatic, incompressible, and adiabatic primitive (Newtonian) equation set with no boundary layer forcing, i.e., surface heat or moisture flux or external frictional stresses. Typically this model is initialized from conventional radiosonde data and run for a 12-15 hour forecast period over a 40 km horizontal mesh. If phase I of the tornado developmental processes develops, the data is 'frozen' in space and time, interpolated to a 20 km mesh, and integrated for a shorter time period (3 hours) with a shorter time step. Model II is a nonhydrostatic compressible 18-level complement of model I. If model II indicates the development of the intensification of phase V dynamical processes, the data is frozen and interpolated to finer mesh lengths until the tornadic circulation system is approximated
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 43
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    Comparisons among second-order, fourth-order, and pseudospectral advection techniques in a mesoscale numerical model (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported investigation is concerned with mesoscale squall-line simulation utilizing numerical techniques. Particular attention is given to fourth-order results and their implications for the dynamical evolution of mesoscale squall-line systems which contain severe local storms. An adiabatic inviscid set of prognostic equations is utilized in a z coordinate system for the fundamental experiment. The fourth-order advection is employed for all time-dependent equations. The Euler-backward time marching scheme is utilized with a 60 second time step. The horizontal mesh length is 42 km. Horizontal diffusion is accomplished by utilizing a smoother-desmoother. Lateral boundary conditions are designed to reduce the development of strong gradients in dependent variables near the boundaries by bringing interior values from the grid to the boundaries.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 44
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    Recent improvements in the GISS model of the global atmosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A simulation of the July climatology by the GISS GCM produced tropospheric temperatures which were systematically 1-2 C lower than the observed temperatures in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Convective cloud cover was nearly double the observed level in this region. Planetary albedo was much higher than the observed July value and showed the wrong seasonal trend. These problems have been solved through modifications of the GISS scheme for the parameterization of cumulus convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Apr 26, 1977 - Apr 28, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 45
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    Satellite-based thunderstorm intensity parameters (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Thunderstorm growth rates are investigated through use of infrared data furnished by the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite. Blackbody temperature isotherms provide an accurate method of delineating the areal expansion of cold areas; the blackbody temperature isotherms are valuable analytical tools even in cases when there is very little decrease with time of the minimum cloud top temperature. In an application of the severe storm monitoring technique, the origin of tornadoes is found to be closely linked to a rapid expansion of cold areas in seven out of eight cases.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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  • 46
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    Thunderstorm monitoring from a geosynchronous satellite (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It has been shown that SMS digital IR data can be used to calculate parameters which appear to be related to cloud or thunderstorm growth rates and variations in cloud top structure. The data appear to be useful in examining both clearly defined single clouds and cold areas within mature cirrus anvils. The data used for this study were blackbody temperatures derived from digital IR data from SMS-2 for a series of storms over the midwest United States on May 6, 1975.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 47
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    Risk of natural environment changes after Space Shuttle deorbit decision (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of the present paper is to point out the risk of change of certain natural environment events that may be of concern in Space Shuttle landing analyses and deorbit decisions. These events are: precipitation, except light rain showers; thunderstorms with ceilings below 4000 ft; runway crosswinds above 20 knots peak at 33 ft; and thunderstorms in the descending glide path. Risk calculations showed that for deorbit decisions made one hour before landing, the maximum risk of change from favorable to unfavorable natural environment conditions is approximately 12 percent, the risk existing for only a few hours in midafternoon. Thunderstorms in the glide path account for more than three fourths of the total risk.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 48
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    The Nimbus 6 data catalog. Volume 6: Data orbits 4339 through 5155 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Satellite operations from launch through 14 July (orbit 425) consisted of engineering evaluation of all spacecraft systems. As a result of that effort, data reception, accountability and processing were intermittent during that period. During orbit 4905 (12 June), Nimbus 6 successfully completed one year operations. A summary of the documentation for each Nimbus 6 Data Catalog volume is presented. The pitch of the Nimbus 6 satellite has been made to alternate between +2.0 degrees, +0.6 degrees, and 0.0 degrees since launch. A positive pitch angle of 0.6 degrees moves the nadir-looking position 11.5 kilometers ahead of the subsatellite point. A positive pitch angle of 2.0 degrees moves the nadir-looking position 38.3 kilometers ahead of the subsatellite point. At these pitch angles, a scanner-type instrument no longer scans the earth along a great circle arc through the subpoint, but scans along the small circle formed by the intersection of the scan plane with the earth. Since the plane of the small circle is tilted with respect to the nominal scan plane, points on the arc are displaced farther from the great circle as the scan angle increases. As noted above, a pitch angle of 0.6 degrees causes a displacement of 11.5 kilometers at nadir, but when the scanner turns 45 degrees away from nadir the displacement increases slightly to 12.8 kilometers. Similarly, for a 2.0 degree pitch the displacement is 38.3 kilometers at nadir and increases to 42.6 kilometers at a 45 degree scan angle. Thus, although the instrument records in lines normal to the orbit plane (in the absence of yaw) the perpendicular displacement from the perfect-attitude scan line is not uniform across the scan line.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-155232
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  • 49
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    All-weather ice information system for Alaskan Arctic coastal shipping (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Annual Offshore Technology Conference; May 02, 1977 - May 05, 1977; Houston, TX
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  • 50
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    The effect of UV variability on stratospheric thermal structure and trace constituents (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper examines the effect of observed UV flux variability in the spectral region of 0.175-0.3 microns on: (1) atmospheric concentrations of O3, O(1 D), OH, NO2, HNO3, and N2O; (2) stratospheric temperature structure; and (3) the calculated surface temperature. It is shown that perturbations in the number densities of the above constituents may be as large as 90 percent and that temperature deviations may range from 2 to 8 K for the altitude interval 20-40 km. These results have been determined using a 1-D radiative-convective-photochemical model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Plenary Meeting; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 51
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    Thermospheric seasonal-latitudinal variations of four major atmospheric constituents from ESRO 4 gas-analyzer measurements (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Plenary Meeting; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 52
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    Cloud elevations in near real time (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper shows how cloud elevations can be obtained from geosynchronous satellites within 15 min of an event and to an accuracy of less than 250 m. After careful consideration of pertinent factors, it is decided that a dual satellite system in parallel geosynchronous orbits would be the most feasible configuration for stereographic imaging of cloud systems. The discussion covers tracking accuracy, choice of imaging systems, data transmission and processing, image correlation, and proposed cloud heighting system. The described partially man-interactive system is substantially within the present state of the art and could be the basis for an interim system for cloud height determination.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ASP 77-149 , Annual Meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry; Feb 27, 1977 - Mar 05, 1977; Washington, DC
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  • 53
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    Numerical simulation of life cycles of advection warm fog (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The formation, development and dissipation of advection warm fog is investigated. The equations employed in the model include the equation of continuity, momentum and energy for the descriptions of density, wind component and potential temperature, respectively, together with two diffusion equations for the modification of water-vapor mixing ratio and liquid-water mixing ratios. A description of the vertical turbulent transfer of heat, moisture and momentum has been taken into consideration. The turbulent exchange coefficients adopted in the model are based on empirical flux-gradient relations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 77-130 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 24, 1977 - Jan 26, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 54
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    Vertical structure of short period waves in the tropical upper atmosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA; US|Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 09, 1976 - Jun 10, 1976
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  • 55
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    Observational and theoretical aspects of the semiannual zonal wind oscillation near the tropical stratopause (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 09, 1976 - Jun 10, 1976|Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA; US
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  • 56
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    A rain cell model (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Summer raincells in a marine temperate climate were monitored using radar, and the probability of raincell occurrence was described as a function of altitude, rain intensity and cell size. The study aimed at defining a cell model for communications engineers concerned with precipitation-induced interference or signal attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Radar Meteorology; Oct 26, 1976 - Oct 29, 1976; Seattle, WA
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  • 57
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    Observation of the development of individual clear air convective cells (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A series of radar observations has been used to monitor the development of clear air convective cells. It is suggested that an airfield may be a source of such cells. The cells first appear at a distance of about 11 km, and are observed to be produced every four minutes. The emergence of separate cells supports the bubble theory of convection. After reaching maximum height, a typical decrease of 100-200 m occurs. Various methods used to estimate convective cell energy yield values of 10 to the 12th, 4 x 10 to the 11th, and 10 to the 11th J.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Radar Meteorology; Oct 26, 1976 - Oct 29, 1976; Seattle, WA
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  • 58
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    A comparison between Nimbus 5 THIR and ITPR temperatures and derived winds with rawinsonde data obtained in the AVE II experiment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the second Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE II), atmospheric temperature profiles were computed from Nimbus 5 data, which comprised ITPR, NEMS, and SCR measurements. Rawinsonde data were obtained from NWS stations in the AVE II network and processed for each pressure contact; the soundings closest in space and time were interpolated to the Nimbus 5 sounding points for comparison purposes. Cross sections of thermal and geostrophic winds were computed from satellite-derived cross sections of temperature along the Nimbus orbital track.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 59
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    Application of meteorological satellite visible channel radiances for determining solar radiation reaching the ground (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 60
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    Cold climate mapping using satellite high resolution thermal imagery (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In an attempt to improve cold climate mapping and freeze forecasting techniques, thermal imagery from the NOAA-2 and -3 satellites and the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) were obtained and analyzed. Enhanced image transparencies showed detailed temperature patterns over the peninsula of Florida. The analysis was superior to hand-drawn isotherms drawn from the 300 to 500 thermograph stations presently in use. Satellite data on several cold nights with similar synoptic conditions showed that similar cold patterns existed. Thus, cold climate mapping is possible.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 61
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    A single field of view method for retrieving tropospheric temperature profiles from cloud-contaminated radiance data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a method for retrieving single field of view tropospheric temperature profiles directly from cloud-contaminated radiance data through the use of auxiliary data such as observed shelter temperatures and estimated cloud-top height. A model was formulated to calculate cloud parameters for use with the radiative transport equation at an estimated cloud-top level. The cloud and temperature data are used in conjunction with real and simulated radiance data from NOAA satellites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology and Symposium on Remote Sensing from Satellites; Nov 16, 1976 - Nov 19, 1976; Melbourne, FL
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  • 62
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    A system definition study for the Advanced Meteorological Temperature Sounder (AMTS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The functional requirements of Exhibit A (11) were used as the baseline for the conceptual design of a fixed grating out of plane multidetector spectrometer for the Space Shuttle application. Because the grating instrument would be large and the 28 element detector array would be difficult to cool radiatively from a free flying spacecraft and because increasing the spectral resolution of the grating instrument would be difficult in an instrument of reasonable size, a parallel study of a Nichelson interferometer spectrometer was undertaken. This type of instrument offers compact size, fewer detectors to cool, and the possibility of increased spectral resolution. The design and performance parameters of both the grating and interferometer approaches are described. The tradeoffs involved in comparing the two systems for sounding applications are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-164691
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  • 63
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    Satellite observations of the onset and growth of severe local storms (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The mesoscale nature of the forcing and evolution of these storms was investigated, with emphasis on techniques to aid in the early detection of such severe events. In the pre-storm environment (t-4 to t-2 hours), the satellite wind fields were combined with moisture parameters to derive horizontal moisture flux information. Low level moisture convergence was indicative of regions of subsequent severe storm genesis. Dynamic parameters such as boundary layer vorticity production and relative vorticity were also useful prognosticators of subsequent severe activity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157046 , AS-PAPER-278 , CSU-ATSP-278 , US-ISSN-0067-0340 , (ISSN 0067-0340)
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    An analysis of three weather-related aircraft accidents (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two aircraft accidents in 1975, one at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City on 24 June and the other at Stapleton International Airport in Denver on 7 August, were examined in detail. A third accident on 23 June 1976 at Philadelphia International Airport is being investigated. Amazingly, there was a spearhead echo just to the north of each accident site. The echoes formed from 5 to 50 min in advance of the accident and moved faster than other echoes in the vicinity. These echoes were photographed by National Weather Service radars, 130-205 km away. At closer ranges, however, one or more circular echoes were depicted by airborne and ground radars. These cells were only 3-5 km in diameter, but they were accompanied by downdrafts of extreme intensity, called downbursts. All accidents occurred as aircraft, either descending or climbing, lost altitude while experiencing strong wind shear inside downburst cells.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 58
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    Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 12-layer UCLA general circulation model encompassing troposphere and stratosphere (and superjacent 'sponge layer') is described. Prognostic variables are: surface pressure, horizontal velocity, temperature, water vapor and ozone in each layer, planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth, temperature, moisture and momentum discontinuities at PBL top, ground temperature and water storage, and mass of snow on ground. Selection of space finite-difference schemes for homogeneous incompressible flow, with/without a free surface, nonlinear two-dimensional nondivergent flow, enstrophy conserving schemes, momentum advection schemes, vertical and horizontal difference schemes, and time differencing schemes are discussed.
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    On the radiative damping of atmospheric waves (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: General expressions for computing time constants for radiative decay of harmonic temperature perturbations in planetary atmospheres are developed. Four spatial scales are shown to be generally important: the scale height of the atmospheric absorber, the absorption mean free path for thermal radiation, the altitude above the planetary surface, and the wavelength of the temperature perturbation. Atmospheric inhomogeneity is particularly important when the radiation mean free path and the vertical wavelength divided by 2 pi both exceed the absorber scale height. The surface is very important for wave decay at altitudes less than a few radiation mean free paths, and its effect depends on a comparison of the surface response time and the lifetime of the atmospheric perturbation. The surface response time depends on the conducting and emitting properties of the surface material and on the strength of turbulence in the planetary boundary layer. The additional influence of chemical reactions and phase changes on radiative damping is discussed, and several assumptions inherent in the development of the general expressions for time constants are evaluated. Terrestrial examples are used for purposes of illustration, but the development is kept sufficiently general so that the results remain applicable to most situations on other planets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; Sept
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    The Nimbus 6 data catalog. Volume 11: 1 March - 30 April 1977, data orbits 8410 through 9226 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Operations of various experiments during the reporting period are summarized. Orbital elements, data availability times, anomalies in the data, geographic location, and time of data are tabulated. Montages obtained by infrared and microwave radiometers are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-79422
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    Economic consequences of improved temperature forecasts: An experiment with the Florida citrus growers (control group results). Executive summary (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A demonstration experiment is being planned to show that frost and freeze prediction improvements are possible utilizing timely Synchronous Meteorological Satellite temperature measurements and that this information can affect Florida citrus grower operations and decisions so as to significantly reduce the cost for frost and freeze protection and crop losses. The design and implementation of the first phase of an economic experiment which will monitor citrus growers decisions, actions, costs and losses, and meteorological forecasts and actual weather events was carried out. The economic experiment was designed to measure the change in annual protection costs and crop losses which are the direct result of improved temperature forecasts. To estimate the benefits that may result from improved temperature forecasting capability, control and test groups were established with effective separation being accomplished temporally. The control group, utilizing current forecasting capability, was observed during the 1976-77 frost season and the results are reported. A brief overview is given of the economic experiment, the results obtained to date, and the work which still remains to be done.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-155584 , REPT-77-261-1
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    Economic consequences of improved temperature forecasts: An experiment with the Florida citrus growers (control group results) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A demonstration experiment is being planned to show that frost and freeze prediction improvements are possible utilizing timely Synchronous Meteorological Satellite temperature measurements and that this information can affect Florida citrus grower operations and decisions. An economic experiment was carried out which will monitor citrus growers' decisions, actions, costs and losses, and meteorological forecasts and actual weather events and will establish the economic benefits of improved temperature forecasts. A summary is given of the economic experiment, the results obtained to date, and the work which still remains to be done. Specifically, the experiment design is described in detail as are the developed data collection methodology and procedures, sampling plan, data reduction techniques, cost and loss models, establishment of frost severity measures, data obtained from citrus growers, National Weather Service, and Federal Crop Insurance Corp., resulting protection costs and crop losses for the control group sample, extrapolation of results of control group to the Florida citrus industry and the method for normalization of these results to a normal or average frost season so that results may be compared with anticipated similar results from test group measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-155583 , REPT-77-261-1
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    The Mechanics of Atmospheric Systems Derived Through Vertical and Horizontal Analysis of Parametric Data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For 36 hours during April 1975, an atmospheric variability experiment was conducted. This research effort supported an observational program in which rawinsonde data, radar data, and satellite data were collected from a network of 42 stations east of the Rocky Mountains at intervals of 3 hours. This program presents data with a high degree of time resolution over a spatially and temporally extensive network. Reduction of the experiment data is intended primarily as a documentation of the checking and processing of the data and should be useful to prospective users. Various flow diagrams of the data processing procedures are described, and a complete summary of the formulas used in the data processing is provided. A wind computation scheme designed to extract as much detailed wind information as possible from the unique experiment data set is discussed. The accuracy of the thermodynamic and wind data were estimated. Errors in the thermodynamic and wind data are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1072 , M-237
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    Cloud physics laboratory project science and applications working group (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The conditions of the expansion chamber under zero gravity environment were simulated. The following three branches of fluid mechanics simulation under low gravity environment were accomplished: (1) oscillation of the water droplet which characterizes the nuclear oscillation in nuclear physics, bubble oscillation of two phase flow in chemical engineering, and water drop oscillation in meteorology; (2) rotation of the droplet which characterizes nuclear fission in nuclear physics, formation of binary stars and rotating stars in astrophysics, and breakup of the water droplet in meteorology; and (3) collision and coalescence of the water droplets which characterizes nuclear fusion in nuclear physics and processes of rain formation in meteorology.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150477 , UAH-RR-205
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    An analysis of maximum vertical gusts recorded at NASA's 150-meter ground winds tower facility at Kennedy Space Center, Florida (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical summary is presented of vertical wind speed data recorded at NASA's 150-Meter Ground Winds Tower Facility on Merritt Island, Kennedy Space Center, Florida. One year of continuous around-the-clock vertical wind speed measurements processed by the Automatic Data Acquisition System (ADAS) is classified as a function of tower level (10, 18, 60, and 150 meters) and period of reference day, month, season: winter (October through March) and summer (April through September), and annual. Intensity, frequency, time of occurrence, prevailing conditions, etc., of the daily maximum vertical gusts (i.e., updraft and downdraft) are determined. The results are compared with the vertical gusts associated with the daily maximum horizontal gust. The intent of this summarization of vertical wind speed data is to provide a general description of wind flow in the lower 150 meters of the atmosphere for the identification of hazards involved in wind shear encounters relative to ascent and descent of the Space Shuttle and conventional aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78139
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    Model predictions of wind and turbulence profiles associated with an ensemble of aircraft accidents (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of predicting conditions under which wind/turbulence environments hazardous to aviation operations exist is studied by examining a number of different accidents in detail. A model of turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer is used to reconstruct wind and turbulence profiles which may have existed at low altitudes at the time of the accidents. The predictions are consistent with available flight recorder data, but neither the input boundary conditions nor the flight recorder observations are sufficiently precise for these studies to be interpreted as verification tests of the model predictions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2884 , M-225
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    Neutrally stable atmospheric flow over a two-dimensional rectangular block (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The phenomena of atmospheric flow over a two dimensional surface obstruction such as a building modeled as a rectangular block are analyzed by an approach using the Navier-Stokes equations with a two equation model of turbulence. The partial differential equations for the vorticity, stream function, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence length scale are solved by a finite difference technique. The predicted results are in agreement with the limited experimental data available. Current computed results show that the separation bubble originates from the upper front corner of the block and extends approximately 11.5 block heights behind the block. The decay of the mean velocity along the wake center line coincides almost perfectly with the experimental data. The vertical profiles of the mean velocity defect are also in reasonable agreement with wind tunnel results. Velocity profiles in the mixing region are shown to agree with the error function profile typically found in the shear layer. Details of the behavior of the turbulence kinetic energy and the turbulence length scale are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2926 , M-242
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    Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP 77) report to management (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A post analysis of the previous day's weather, followed by the day's forecast and an outlook on weather conditions for the following day is given. The normal NOAA weather charts were used, complemented by the latest GOES satellite pictures, the latest rawinsonde sounding, and the computer-derived thunderstorm probability forecasts associated with the sounding.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-74740 , KSC-TR-1556
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    Ground winds and winds aloft Edwards AFB, California (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ground level runway wind statistics cover crosswind, tailwind, and headwind reversal percentage frequencies with respect to month and hour for the two major runways. Also presented are bivariate normal wind statistics for a 90 degree flight azimuth for altitudes 0 through 27 km. Wind probability distributions, synthetic vector wind profiles, and statistics for any rotation of axes are computed from five given parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-78136
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    Seasonal oceanic precipitation frequencies from Nimbus 5 microwave data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Microwave brightness temperature data from the Nimbus 5 satellite have been analyzed by using threshold brightness temperatures to yield tropical oceanic precipitation frequencies for several classes of rainfall rates during the season December 1972 through February 1973. Data taken near local noon and near local midnight were analyzed. The overall results are consistent with both climatological precipitation frequency and with concurrent satellite-derived frequency of highly reflective clouds. The difference between the local noon and the local midnight frequency is small, but the heavier rainfall rates tend to occur more frequently near local noon. The ratios of the frequencies of light, moderate, and heavy rain were observed to be relatively constant over the tropical oceans. Passive microwave measurements from space seem to be an important step toward accurate measurement of oceanic precipitation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 20
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    Mean horizontal wind profiles measured in the atmospheric boundary layer about a simulated block building (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Instrumented wind towers are used to measure the three components of wind about a simulated block building. The mean horizontal wind profiles over the building are compared with wind profiles measured in the absence of the building and the wind speed deficit in the wake of the building is correlated. The turbulence intensity is of the order of 20% in the undisturbed flow whereas the free stream turbulence intensity of wind-tunnel studies is generally not more than 5%. The velocity profiles measured in the undisturbed flow zones support the representation of a neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer with a logarithmic wind profile.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 11; Mar. 197
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    Remote sounding of cloudy atmospheres. III - Experimental verifications (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cloud-filtering technique developed in Parts I and II of this study is experimentally verified in this paper. The verification is based on radiance data measured in the 4.3 and 15 micron CO2 bands using a multidetector sounder mounted on an aircraft. The results presented here show that, from the aircraft height of 7.6 km and in the presence of multiple cloud formations, it is possible to recover simultaneously: (1) the clear-column atmospheric temperature profile with an rms error of 1 K with respect to radiosondes, (2) the land and sea surface temperature at all sun zenith angles. The accuracy of the recovered sea-surface temperature is 0.5-1 K with respect to measured bucket temperatures, (3) the humidity profile (water vapor mixing ratio) with a precision of 10%, (4) the fractional covers and heights of up to three cloud formations, and (5) the types of clouds, i.e., whether convective or nonconvective.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; May 1977
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    A mechanism for inducing climatic variations through the stratosphere - Screening of cosmic rays by solar and terrestrial magnetic fields (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ability of heliomagnetic and geomagnetic fields to bring about climatic variations of long period is examined theoretically. A chemical relationship between low-energy cosmic rays and ozone balance in the stratosphere is sought as a crucial clue to historical changes in earth climate. A perturbation analysis is developed to arrive at zone depletion and reduction of stratospheric solar heating resulting from increased NOx concentration; temperature feedback and opacity feedback are allowed for. Modulation of galactic cosmic-radiation fluxes and ozone destruction in the stratosphere, colder surface temperatures associated with reduced magnetic shielding, and redistribution with height of total ozone decrease are explored.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; May 1977
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    Remote sounding of cloudy atmospheres. II - Multiple cloud formations (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dual frequency-range principle developed in Part I (Chahine, 1974) for infrared remote sounding of atmospheric temperature profiles in the presence of a single cloud layer is extended here to the case of multiple cloud formations. The approach requires no a priori knowledge of the spectral properties of the clouds or the number of cloud layers in the fields of view. The method of solution requires measurements over adjacent fields of view and leads to the determination of the clear-column atmospheric temperature profiles with the same degree of accuracy and vertical resolution permitted under cloudless conditions. Numerical verifications are carried out to illustrate the stability and accuracy of the method using simulated radiance data, from the 4.3 and 15 micron CO2 bands in the terrestrial atmosphere, in the presence of up to three cloud layers in the fields of view.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; May 1977
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    National Severe Storms Forecast Center (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The principal mission of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) is to maintain a continuous watch of weather developments that are capable of producing severe local storms, including tornadoes, and to prepare and issue messages designated as either Weather Outlooks or Tornado or Severe Thunderstorm Watches for dissemination to the public and aviation services. In addition to its assigned responsibility at the national level, the NSSFC is involved in a number of programs at the regional and local levels. Subsequent subsections and paragraphs describe the NSSFC, its users, inputs, outputs, interfaces, capabilities, workload, problem areas, and future plans in more detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150547 , SD77-MSFC-2177
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    The Nimbus 6 data catalog. Volume 9: Data orbits 6803 through 7619, 1 November - 31 December 1976 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Operations of various experiments during the reporting period are summarized. Orbital elements, data availability times, anomalies in the data, geographic location, and time of data are tabulated. Montages obtained by infrared and microwave radiometers are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Variational analysis of temperature and moisture advection in a severe storm environment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Horizontal wind components, potential temperature, and mixing ratio fields associated with a severe storm environment in the south central United States were objectively analyzed from synoptic upper air observations with a nonhomogeneous anisotropic weighting function. The particular case study discussed here is the tornado producting squall line which moved through eastern Oklahoma 26 May 1973. The synoptic situation which preceded squall line development was cyclogenesis and frontogenesis in the lee-of-mountain trough, which produced a well-defined surface dry line (or dew point front) and a pronounced mid-level dry air intrusion. It is shown that the intrusion was also characterized by warm air, with a lapse rate approaching the dry adiabatic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 55
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    Comparison of predicted and observed solar radiation in an urban area (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the downward solar radiant flux in the St. Louis area are compared with predictions from an approximate solution to the radiative transfer equation. The atmospheric aerosols were assumed to have a power size distribution and the refractive indices suggested by Fischer (1973) for an urban area. On a relatively clean day, the predictions compared well with observations. On a hazy day, the comparison was poor with the a priori choice of aerosol properties. The particles on the hazy day apparently had more submicron particles than those found in the assumed size distribution, and the particles were considerably less absorbing than those observed by Fischer. These changes could represent the effects of relative humidity and different air mass characteristics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Oct. 197
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    A balanced diagnostic system compatible with a barotropic prognostic model (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system of diagnostic equations for the velocity field, or wind laws, for a barotropic primitive-equation model of large-scale atmospheric flow is derived. Attention is given to the classical balance equation and its ellipticity condition. Numerical solutions of the diagnostic system are presented, including examples of cases of the mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type and cases with non-zero divergence. Procedures for implementing such a system are outlined, along with a review of factors in using the technique for operational numerical weather prediction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 105; Oct. 197
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    Advanced Meteorological Temperature Sounder (AMTS) study (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a system definition study (theoretical) for an Advanced Meteorological Temperature Sounder (AMTS) is described. From the data the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles can be determined over the entire earth's surface with a spatial resolution of 45 km. x 45 km; amounts and type of cloud cover as well as surface temperatures of the earth are also determined. The major purpose of the study was to determine the feasibility of cooling twenty-eight detectors to the 80-90 Kelvin region by means of a radiative cooler. Other related considerations were achieving high signal-to-noise ratios, maximizing optical throughput through the grating spectrometer, and reducing preamplifier noise. A detailed optical design of an f/5 Ebert-Fastie spectrometer was carried out to verify that image quality is adequate; field lenses near the spectrometer focal plane were designed to image the grating onto the smallest size detectors for each channel.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157083
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    The Nimbus 6 data catalog. Volume 10: 1 January - 28 February 1977, data orbits 7620-8409 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Operations of various experiments during the reporting period are summarized. Orbital elements, data availability times, anomalies in the data, geographic location, and time of data are tabulated. Montages obtained by infrared and microwave radiometers are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-79371
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    SESAME/Environmental Research Laboratories (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL) have been designated as the basic research group of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ERL performs an integrated program of research and research services directed toward understanding the geophysical environment, protecting the environment, and improving the forecasting ability of NOAA. Twenty-four laboratories located throughout the United States comprise ERL. The Project SESAME (Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment) Planning Office is a project office within ERL. SESAME is conceived as a joint effort involving NOAA, NASA, NSF, and the atmospheric science community to lay the foundation for improved prediction of severe convective storms. The scientific plan for SESAME includes a phased buildup of analysis, modeling, instrumentation development and procurement, and limited-scale observational activities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150551 , SD77-MSFC-2179
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    Survey: National Meteorological Center (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The National Meteorological Center (NMC) is comprised of three operational divisions (Development, Automation, and Forecast) and an Administrative Division. The Development Division develops and implements mathematical models for forecasting the weather. The Automation Division provides the software and processing services to accommodate the models used in daily forecasts. The Forecasting Division applies a combination of numerical and manual techniques to produce analyses and prognoses up to 120 hr into the future. This guidance material is combined with severe storm information from the National Hurricane Center and the National Severe Storms Forecasting Center to develop locally tailored forecasts by the Weather Service Forecast Offices and, in turn, by the local Weather Service Offices. A very general flow of this information is shown. A more detailed illustration of data flow into, within, and from the NMC is given. The interrelations are depicted between the various meteorological organizations and activities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150549 , SD77-MSFC-2151
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    NOAA/National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorological Laboratory (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorological Laboratory (NHEML) research programs concentrate on two atmospheric phenomena of the tropical troposphere: hurricanes and cumulus convection, together with the atmospheric environments in which they occur and with which they interact. These programs include basic research in the description of these phenomena and applied research in their prediction and potential beneficial modification. NHEML is partitioned into four working groups. Two important and logical parts of the research programs are the experimental program in hurricane modification (STORMFURY) and the program in cumulus modification (FACE). The ultimate goal of STORMFURY is the reduction of the maximum winds associated with the eyewall of hurricanes; the goal of FACE is to acquire a thorough understanding of cumulus cloud behavior that will enable NHEML to increase precipitation from cumulus clouds. The operational structure of NHEML and related agencies are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150550 , SD77-MSFC-2178
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    As-built design specification for the digital derivation of daily and monthly data bases from synoptic observations of temperature and precipitation for the People's Republic of China (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A data base of synoptic meteorological information was compiled for the People's Republic of China, as an integral part of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment. A system description is provided, including hardware and software specifications, computation algorithms and an evaluation of output validity. Operations are also outlined, with emphasis placed on least squares interpolation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-151616 , LEC-11680 , JSC-13825
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    Development of a procedure to model high-resolution wind profiles from smoothed or low-frequency data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The derivation of simulated Jimsphere wind profiles from low-frequency rawinsonde data and a generated set of white noise data are presented. A computer program is developed to model high-resolution wind profiles based on the statistical properties of data from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Comparison of the measured Jimsphere data, rawinsonde data, and the simulated profiles shows excellent agreement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1071 , M-239
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 94
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    A kinematic investigation of the influence of anvil air flow over convective nephsystems on high-level horizontal flow (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The interactions between horizontal ambient flow and divergent wind fields, such as those that obtain atop cumulonimbus complexes, were investigated (theoretically) kinematically. The following were observed from the results of the analyses. First, for a particular divergent field, the relative mass flux over the area of the nephsystem decreased as the strength of the horizontal flow increased. Secondly, while in some of the cases analyzed the interaction between the two flows only resulted in the fanning out of streamlines and a slight redistribution in the wind speed, in many cases backflows and a total reorganization of the wind field occurred. Backflows have a blocking effect on the horizontal flow. Some of the computed patterns were compared with upper level cloud vectors (from geostationary satellite photographs). The comparison indicated that the computed resultant wind field could be used to explain some features of such satellite-derived wind fields.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157426 , SMRP-160
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    A numerical investigation of the severe thunderstorm gust front (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The structure of the thunderstorm gust front is investigated by a nonhydrostatic, two-dimensional (x,z) numerical model. In the model, which is dry, the production of negatively buoyant air by evaporation is parameterized via an externally imposed, local-cooling function. This parameterization sustains a steady cold downdraft, which drives the surface outflow and associated gust front. It is shown that two dominant factors influencing gust front structure in the vertical plane are the solenoidal field coincident with the front and surface friction, modeled by means of a simple bulk aerodynamic drag formulation. The circulation theorem is invoked to illustrate how solenoidal accelerations oppose the deceleration by surface friction. After the onset of a downdraft in the model, these opposing tendencies soon reach a balance. Thus, following a brief transient stage, the model gust front exhibits a persistent configuration as it propagates rapidly forward. The essential features of this configuration are examined and compared with both tower observations of gust fronts and laboratory models of gravity currents.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 105; May 1977
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Inversion climatology at San Jose, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Month-to-month variations in the early morning surface-based and near-noon elevated inversions at San Jose, Calif., were determined from slow rise radiosondes launched during a four-year period. A high frequency of shallow, radiative, surface-based inversions were found in winter during the early morning hours, while during the same period in summer, a low frequency of deeper based inversions arose from a combination of radiative and subsidence processes. The frequency of elevated inversions in the hours near noon was lowest during fall and spring, while inversion bases were highest and thicknesses least during these periods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 105; May 1977
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    The electric fields produced by lightning stepped leaders (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The electric fields produced by stepped and dart-stepped leaders which immediately precede return strokes in lightning discharges to the ground have been recorded in Florida and Arizona. The mean interval time between normal steps is about 16 microsec, and the mean interval between dart steps is 6-8 microsec. The amplitudes of leader pulses in Florida increase just prior to the return stroke, the largest usually being about 10% of the return-stroke peak. In Arizona the leader pulse amplitudes are smaller than those in Florida, in relation to the return stroke, and are not as easy to identify. The shapes of the fields produced by normal steps are similar to dart steps, and the dart steps are very similar to regular sequences of pulses produced by many intracloud discharges. The 10-90% rise times of individual step wave forms are often less than 0.3 microsec, and the full width at half maximum of a step pulse is typically 0.4-0.5 microsec under conditions where the propagation distortion is minimal. The amplitudes and the shapes of leader step wave forms suggest that the peak step current is at least 2000-8000 A close to the ground and that the maximum rate of change of step current is 6-24 kA/microsec or larger. A rough estimate of the minimum charge lowered during the formation of a step is 0.001 to 0.004 C.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 20
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Spearhead echo and downburst in the crash of an airliner (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Meteorological conditions leading to the crash of an airliner short of the runway of a New York airport were studied. Thunderstorm downdrafts much stronger than those measured on the 1946-47 Thunderstorm Project were found. These exceptional downdrafts have been designated as 'downbursts'. The violent cloud systems that produce downburst cells can be identified in the form of forward extensions of radar echoes designed as 'spearhead echoes' which move with unusual speed. The development of downburst cells appears to be tied in with overshooting tops of clouds at the anvil level.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 105; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Simulation model of erosion and deposition on a barchan dune (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Erosion and deposition over a barchan dune near the Salton Sea, California, are modeled by bookkeeping the quantity of sand in saltation following streamlines of transport. Field observations of near surface wind velocity and direction plus supplemental measurements of the velocity distribution over a scale model of the dune are combined as input to Bagnold type sand transport formulas corrected for slope effects. A unidirectional wind is assumed. The resulting patterns of erosion and deposition compare closely with those observed in the field and those predicted by the assumption of equilibrium (downwind translation of the dune without change in size or geometry). Discrepancies between the simulated results and the observed or predicted erosional patterns appear to be largely due to natural fluctuations in the wind direction. The shape of barchan dunes is a function of grain size, velocity, degree of saturation of the oncoming flow, and the variability in the direction of the oncoming wind. The size of the barchans may be controlled by natural atmospheric scales, by the age of the dunes, or by the upwind roughness. The upwind roughness can be controlled by fixed elements or by sand in the saltation. In the latter case, dune scale is determined by grain size and wind velocity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2838
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Wind shear and wet and dry thermodynamic indices as predictors of thunderstorm motion and severity and application to the AVE 4 experimental data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two types of parameters are computed and mapped for use in assessing their individual merits as predictors of occurrence and severity of thunderstorms. The first group is comprised of equivalent potential temperature, potential temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and wind speed. Equivalent potential temperature maxima and strong gradients of equivalent potential temperature at the surface correlate well with regions of thunderstorm activity. The second type, comprised of the energy index, shear index, and energy shear index, incorporates some model dynamics of thunderstorms, including nonthermodynamic forcing. The energy shear index is found to improve prediction of tornadic and high-wind situations slightly better than other indices. It is concluded that further development and refinement of nonthermodynamic aspects of predictive indices are definitely warranted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-150220
    Format: application/pdf
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