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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,873)
  • 1975-1979  (2,873)
  • 1975  (2,873)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RELIABILITY CRITERIA FOR NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The reliability of national accounts is determined by the adequacy of a great variety of data sources and estimating methods. This inquiry focuses on major conceptual and methodological problems, and while it does not solve the reliability problem, it provides a framework for reliability analysis and suggests criteria for the evaluation of results; it also assists the producers of national accounts in determining the major trade-offs between different areas of possible data improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00823.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SYNTHETIC ESTIMATE OF THE NATIONAL WEALTH OF JAPAN 1885–1973 (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article present estimates, in current prices, of the national wealth of Japan and of about a dozen components for twelve benchmark dates between 1885 and 1973, the distance ranging, with one exception, from five to twelve years. The estimates are derived by a combination of (a) Ohkawa's perpetual inventory estimates of reproducible fixed assets for the period from 1885 to 1940 and Economic Planning Agency censuses for 1950 to 1965, roughly extrapolated to 1973; with (b) estimates of other components of national wealth (land, inventories, consumer durables and net foreign assets) taken for the pre-war period chiefly from census-type data and derived for the postwar period from miscellaneous, mainly official, sources.As in most countries the current value of Japan's national wealth increased until World War II considerably more slowly than its national product, which expanded with extraordinary rapidity. In the postwar period, however, the ratio showed a slight upward trend reaching by 1973 fully 3 1/2. The ratio of all reproducible assets to national product showed a similar pattern at a lower level, reaching 2 1/2 in 1973. In contrast the ratio of so-called productive assets (non-residential buildings, equipment and inventories) failed to show a definite secular trend remaining between 1.5 and 2.2 at all but one benchmark date.Changes in the structure of national wealth over the past century were pronounced, but very different before and after World War II. Up to the 1940's, the share of land declined sharply from about one-half to less than one-fourth, to the benefit primarily of producer durables and non-residential structures. In the last quarter of a century, in contrast, the extraordinary rise in urban land prices brought the share of land in national wealth back to one-third (though the share of agricultural land continued to decline rapidly), while that of producer and consumer durables continued to increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00686.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL TOOL (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to record the history of the national income and product accounts of the United States, concentrating on the period 1932–47. During that period the single national income aggregate evolved into a set of accounts and the estimates emerged as an important analytical tool. Interviews with participants in these developments were extensively utilized to trace the events, people, ideas, and other factors which shaped the history of the accounts.The generally recognized need for economic information during the Great Depression stimulated the request that the Department of Commerce undertake what became the first official continuing series on national income in the United States. These estimates were prepared with the cooperation of the National Bureau of Economic Research and were published in 1934. By the late 1930's, estimates were extended to include income by state and a monthly series. World War II was the impetus for the development of product, or expenditure, estimates. By the mid-1940's, the estimates had evolved into a set of income and product accounts–a consolidated production account, sector income and outlay accounts, and a consolidated saving-investment account–designed to provide a bird's-eye-view of the economy. During this period uses of the accounts widened; analysis of wartime production goals and anti-inflation policy are noteworthy examples. The National Income, 1947 Edition was the culmination of a period of intensive conceptual discussion, extension of data sources, and improvement of estimating techniques. Thereafter the mainlines of development are more familiar, encompassing refinement and elaboration of the estimates and proliferation of uses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00687.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMPACT OF TAX, TRANSFER, AND EXPENDITURE POLICIES OF GOVERNMENT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOME IN CANADA (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This is a study of the first order incidence of government taxation and expenditure policies on the incomes of families and unattached individuals in Canada in 1970. The specific purposes of the study are twofold. The first is to estimate for calendar year 1970 the first order incidence of governments’actual tax, transfer, and expenditure policies on spending units. The second objective is to simulate the changes in this incidence that would have occurred in 1970 if the new federal personal income tax, unemployment insurance, old age sccurity and family allowance programs had been in operation during that year. The methodology is similar to that used by W. Irwin Gillespie in his pioneering 1964 study for the Royal Commission on Taxation.It is concluded that the 1970 incidence of the combined tax and transfer programs of all levels of government is broadly redistributive, with net incidence of federal government programs being considerably more redistributive than that of provincial and local governments. In general, the public sector provides large net benefits to families and individuals with incomes of less than $4,000, declining net benefits to families earning from $4,000 to $11,000 and levies small but increasing levels of net tax on families and individuals with incomes in excess of $11,000. This general conclusion is relatively insensitive to the precise assumptions made about the shifting of taxes and the distribution of expenditures on pure public goods. From simulation experiments, recent reforms of the federal income tax, unemployment insurance, old age security and family allowance systems were estimated to increase the amount of redistribution from the rich to the poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00704.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACCOUNTING FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper seeks to set out in some detail an accounting structure for the public sector of developing countries which will provide the information essential for development planning. The public sector is of course of special importance in planning because of its sheer size and its pivotal position for altering the contours of the entire economy. Yet the information available for this strategic area often falls far short of what is needed, and also of what could be provided with more effort.The paper is divided into a number of sections, the first two of which are concerned with demarcating the public sector and with the nature of the accounting framework proposed. These are followed by sections dealing with the distinction between development and other expenditures; the need for separate financial information; public enterprises; the grouping of expenditures according to the purposes served; and income distribution. A final section touches briefly on some of the data problems involved in implementing the system. In addition, a full set of accounts for the public sector and its components is appended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00827.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00830.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INDEX NUMBERS AND THE COMPUTATION OF FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For purposes of analyzing the nature and meaning of index number formulas to be used in the calculation of factor productivity, a distinction is made between interetemporal comparison of factor productivity for a single country and contemporaneous comparison of factor productivity in two different countries. In the former case, the country in question is supposed ideally to be realizing fully its production possibilities, and the concern is seen as appraisal of shifts in such possibilities over time due to the advance of technological knowledge. Following Moorsteen such an advance is taken to be represented by the change in capacity to produce a standard mix of outputs per unit of a standard mix of inputs. Any mix might be standard, but those actually realized at the times in question are of particular interest.The index number formulas to be applied then depend on the assumed shape of the functions representing production possibilities. The conventional practice of aggregating output arithmetically and inputs geometrically, for example, is in order where production possibilities are given by an elaborated Cobb-Douglas function, but achieves only more or less approximate results otherwise. The analysis necessarily bears also on the prices at which inputs and outputs are to be valued.For the case of contemporaneous comparison of different countries, technological knowledge is taken ideally to be the same in the countries considered. Hence the concern is to gauge differences in production efficiency, i.e., realization of production possibilities. With production capacity understood to reflect any shortfall from possibilities, and hence production inefficiency in that sense, the analysis proceeds much as before, but given the fact of inefficiency determination of suitable prices for valuation of inputs and outputs becomes relatively difficult. Alternative expedients, none entirely satisfactory, are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00819.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE EIGHT BASIC UNITS OF A DYNAMIC ECONOMY CONTROLLED BY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The elegant general equilibrium world of Arrow and Debreu has had a considerable mathematical development in the last decade. Underlying this work is an extremely parsimonious model of the economic system. In particular, only one economic actor is distinguished, the consumer who maximizes his welfare (the firm which maximizes profit is an automation). One class of economic entities is considered. These are goods and services. There is no important operational distinction made between a good, which is durable, and a service, which is not.It is suggested here that a more fruitful basic economic model needed to achieve a unification of micro and macroeconomic theory needs both more actors and more basic economic units. Specifically, the structure of process in a political-economy is such that even at the level of relatively abstract theory operational differences among consumers, entreprenuers, administrators, financiers, and politicans should be discernible. Furthermore, several basic economic entities (or “basic particle”) must play important discernible roles in an adequate theory. In partiuclar, in the “real sector” physical assets should play a mahor role, i.e., the distinction between durable goods and consumables or services should be important. The paper sector must also be present with the roles of flat money, ownership claims and contracts all distinguished. It is argued here that any economy can be characterized in terms of two real and six paper basic units: goods, services and six financial instruments. All other financial instruments can be obtained as mixtures of this basic set.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00688.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME IN U.S. SMSAs, 1959 (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An attempt is made in this paper to identify and quantify the relative influence of several economic, social, and demographic factors on variations in the size distribution of family incomes in 208 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States in 1959. Using a simple ordinary least squares model with Gini's concentration ratio (R) as the proxy for family income inequality, the estimating equations explain up to 89 percent of the SMSA-to-SMSA variation. The “best” explanatory variables are those having to do with size of nonwhite population, occupational structure, and median years of education. City size and region—which are represented by dummy variables—are also revealed as playing an important role, both on their own and in conjunction with other of the independent variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00690.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON PRODUCTION, INCOMES AND EMPLOYMENT IN FINLAND (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 21 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study examines the effects of public expenditure on production activity and private consumption activity. An input-output model with consumption functions connected is used for evaluating the repercussions of public expenditure. Taking both production and consumption repercussions into account, it is concluded that in the year 1965 public expenditure generated 26 percent of domestic incomes and 18 percent of imports. Viewed in terms of the shares of different types of income generated, 72 percent of public expenditure goes to domestic income, and the remaining 28 percent to imports. Forty-five percent of public expenditure returns directly as income to general government. The study also examines the effects of public expenditure by industry and over time (1959 to 1965).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00706.x
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