ALBERT

Description: The cores and dredges described in this report were taken during the RC15 Expedition from October 1971 until July 1972 by the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University from the R/V Robert D. Conrad. An approximate total of 400 cores, dredges and camera stations were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

Description: research

Description: research

Description: research

Description: In den oberflächennahen Schichten eines Nieder- und eines Hochmoores wurden die Wurzelvolumina (Rhizome eingeschlossen) von zwei dort jetzt wachsenden Pflanzenarten bestimmt. Hierbei handelte es sich um Deschoampsia caespitosa (Niedermoor) und Narthecium ossifragum (Hochmoor). Dabei ergab sich für jede Art ein typisches Wurzelbild. Besonders auffällig war, daß gerade eine Art des unkultivierten Hochmoores besonders umfangreiche Wurzelanteile aufwies. Die Abnahmen der unterschiedlichen Pflanzenmassen vollziehen sich nicht nur kontinuierlich von oben nach unten, sondern verlaufen auch teilweise unregelmäßig. Die Maxima erscheinen in den beiden obersten Schichten. Bei Deschampsia caespitosa wird für die oberste Schicht ein überwiegend waagerechter Verlauf der Wurzeln sichtbar; Narthecium ossifmgum zeigt mit vorwiegend senkrechter Durchwurzelung in dieser Lage das Gegenteil. In die Untersuchungen wurden nur lebende Wurzeln einbezogen.

Description: Roots investigations of surface layer were made in a fen and a bog. The volume of the roots of species Deschampsia caespitosa and Narthecium ossifragum were determined. A typical root-distribution was found for each species. The greatest volume of the roots showed Narthecium ossifragum, which growed in a bog. The decrease of the roots occures both proportionately and disproportionately. The maximum appears in the uppermost layer. In this layer prevailed roots in horizontal direction of Descbampsia caespitosa and in vertical direction of Narthecium ossifmgum. Only living rotts were inquired.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Die Bodenentwicklung aus Niedermoortorfen und Hochmoortorfen verläuft abhängig von der Kultivierung unterschiedlich schnell. Sie hat physikalisch ungünstige, chemisch günstige Eigenschaften der Moorböden zur Folge. Deshalb sind nach der 1. Kultivierung in zeitlichen Abständen weitere Maßnahmen der Rekultivierung erforderlich, damit ein modernen Nutzungsansprüchen zugänglicher Pflanzenstandort erhalten bleibt. Geeignete Rekultivierungsverfahren werden vorgestellt: Für flachgründige Niedermoore die Tiefpflugsanddeckkultur, die Deutsche Sandmischkultur für gealterte Deutsche Hochmoorkulturen und für Leegmoore nach industrieller Abtorfung. Beide Verfahren haben Mehrung und Sicherung der Ackererträge zum Ziel. Für vorübergehenden Einsatz ist pflugloser Ackerbau im Versuchsstadium. Zur Beseitigung von Staunässe haben sich Moorschlitzdränung und Maulwurfdränung bewährt.

Description: The development of peat soils out of low moor peat and high moor peat depends on the method of cultivation and runs different quickly. It results at least in unfavourable physical conditions and favourable chemical conditions. Therefore after a first cultivation Within several years other methods of recultivation are necessary to keep a stand for plants with modern way of agricultural produce. Suitable methods of recultivation are presented: For flat low moor soils deep ploughing and sand covering method (,,Tiefpflugsanddeckkultur“), the German Cultivation of peat by mixing With sand („Deutsche Sandmischkultur“) for aged German High bog cultivation as well as for industrial cut off bogs. Both methods of recultivation aim at the increase of yield and security of arable land. For transitory use the minimum tillage is to be proved. To avoid water surplus caused by insufficient draining of gravitational water a special method of slitting crumbs of peat soils and forming a mole drain have been approved.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: First record of Bryum gemmiparum de Not. from The Netherlands. The taxonomy and distribution of the species are discussed. Bryum gemmiparum was collected in a clay-pit along the river Maas in the north of the province of Limburg. This locality seems to be the northernmost one known of the species. Bryum gemmiparum was found growing on steep, rather humid, loamy soils in a luxuriant cover of bryophytes characterized by Anisothecium varium, Riccardia sinuata, Riccardia pinguis, Bryum bicolor, Didymodon tophaceus, and Mniobryum wahlenbergii. A floristical and ecological investigation of this highly interesting bryophyte vegetation in The Netherlands is needed.

Description: Perennial (rarely annual) herbs, or undershrubs, terrestrial or aquatic, sometimes stoloniferous ( Gunnera). Leaves opposite, spiral, or verticillate, in the terrestrial species nearly always simple, in the aquatic ones always partly pinnately divided, pinnately nerved or (in Gunnera) palmately nerved. Stipules 0, but the leaves often flanked by small, subulate and caducous enations. Flowers mostly in spike-like inflorescences, sometimes in a compound panicle, mostly solitary or (sometimes) in clusters of up to a dozen flowers in the axil of a bract or reduced leaf, \xe2\x99\x80 monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, perigynous, actinomorphous, mostly 4-merous, or 2-, or (not in Mal.) 3-merous. Sepals 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3, in \xe2\x99\x80 flowers sometimes much reduced to 0, free or little connate, mostly persistent. Petals alternisepalous, 4, 2 or 0, rarely 3 (not in Mal.), free, in \xe2\x99\x80 flowers absent or strongly reduced, often soon caducous, mostly more or less unguiculate and cochleariform, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many as sepals and then epi- or alternisepalous, or twice as many, 8, 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3 fertile and 3 sterile, or 1, in \xe2\x99\x80 flowers completely reduced; filaments mostly filiform, long and very thin, rarely (not in Mal.) short and thick; anthers 2-celled, basifixed, latrorse, mostly oblong to linear, rarely \xc2\xb1 elliptic. Disk 0. Ovary 1- or 4-, rarely 2- or (not in Mal.) 3-celled, in the \xe2\x99\x82 flowers 0 or reduced; style alternisepalous, free, mostly short, grading into the globose or subulate stigmas which spread in fruit, the stigmatic, more-celled papillae hair-like elongating towards the end of the anthesis (except in Gunnera). Ovules as many as styles, or (in Gunnera) single, apical, pendulous, anatropous and apotropous. Fruit nut-like or (in Gunnera) a drupe, variously sculptured, indehiscent 1-seeded or breaking up into 4(-2) 1- seeded mericarps. Seed with a thin testa; embryo cylindrical, surrounded by a thick, white, oily albumen, or (in Gunnera) obcordate and in top of a very copious and oily albumen.\nDistribution. Genera 7, with c. 150 spp., nearly all over the world, but rather rare in the tropics.

Description: Siliceous skeletons were investigated in two core profiles (9 cores), one off Cap de Sines, Portugal and the other off Cap de Mazagan, Morocco. Total number of skeletons was determined per gram of dried sediment at different core depths of the fraction 〉21 µ. Results are compared with a core profile from the Arabian Sea. Diatoms are of four groups: (A) marine-planktonic, B) marine-benthic, (C) freshwater and (D) Tertiary species (Trinacria e.g.). Species from groups (B), (C) and (D) are redeposited in all cores taken at a water depth of greater than 100 m. Small numbers of Silicoflagellates and Radiolarians were found throughout the cores from the Ibero-Moroccan shelf. In the Arabian Sea core, Radiolarians were concentrated in distinct horizons in which Tertiary material was redeposited (40-50, 140-150, 250-260 cm). The number of siliceous skeletons per gram of dried sediment decreases more or less rapidly with increasing depth in all cores. Whereas about 2500 skeletons were found in sediments close to the surface, approximately 100 skeletons only were found in deeper (〉40 cm) layers. Deeper horizons with more than 100 specimens were interpreted as redeposited material. This sediment contained robust skeletons, resistant against dissolution, as well as benthic and Tertiary material. The decrease of siliceous skeletons relative to core depth depends upon the sedimentation rate. Where the sedimentation rate is high, the opal dissolution zone extends down to 30-60 cm, where the sedimentation rate is low, it is located at 10-30 cm. Below these depths opals disappears. These zones also have approximately the same age (4000 years) everywhere. Siliceous skeletons dissolve differentially, first the Silicoflagellates disappear, second the Diatoms, third the Radiolarians, and fourth the Sponge Spicules. Surface structure of skeletons from near the opal dissolution zones are similar to those of skeletons treated with NaOH. Tertiary diatoms (Trinacria e. g.) and benthic diatoms (Campylodiscus e.g.) dissolve less rapidly than skeletons of modern planktonic diatoms (Coscinodiscus e.g.). The time control of the opal dissolution zones appeared rather independent of various oceanic influences. No evidence was found for effects from upwelling either off Portugal or off Morocco. No difference in dissolution rates was recorded between the abyssal plains lying off these two areas. Likewise, there was no change in solution rates from Pleistocene to Holocene within either one of the abyssal plains. The Mediterranean outflow, which is enriched in dissolved silica, apparently had no effect on dissolution rates of siliceous skeletons in the sediment.

Description: Sediment samples from the southern West-Pakistan and the adjacent shelf have been studied for their heavy mineral contents and compositions. It is shown that the sediment load of the Indus river has influenced the sedimentation in the shelf areas south, southwest and in front of the Indus delta to a greater extent than in northerly direction. In the northern shelf region the smaller local rivers have dominated the marine sedimentation.

Description: The sandfraction of the sediment was analysed in five cores, taken from 65 m water depth in the central and eastern part of the Persian Gulf. The holocene marls are underlayn by aragonite muds, which are probably 10-11,000 years old. 1. The cores could be subdivided into coarse grained and fine grained layers. Sorting is demonstrated by the following criteria: With increasing median values of the sandfraction - the fine grained fraction decreases within each core; - the median of each biogenic component, benthonic as well as planktonic, increases; - the median of the relict sediment, which in core 1179 was carried upward into the marl by bioturbation, increases; - the percentages of pelecypods, gastropods, decapods and serpulid worms in the sandfraction increase, the percentages of foraminifera and ostracods decrease; - the ratios of pelecypods to foraminifera and of decapods to ostracods increase; - the ratios of benthonic molluscs to planktonic molluscs (pteropods) and of benthonic foraminifera to planktonic foraminifera increase (except in core 1056 and 1179); - the ratio of planktonic molluscs (pteropods) to planktonic foraminifera increases; - the globigerinas without orbulinas increase, the orbulinas decrease in core 1056. Different settling velocities of these biogenic particles help in better understanding the results : the settling velocities, hence the equivalent hydrodynamic diameters, of orbulinas are smaller than those of other globigerinas, those of planktonic foraminifera are smaller than those of planktonic molluscs, those of planktonic molluscs are smaller than those of benthonic molluscs, those of pelecypods are smaller than those of gastropods. Bioturbation could not entirely distroy this “grain-size-stratification". Sorting has been stronger in the coarse layers than in the finer ones. As a cause variations in the supply of terrigenous material at constant strength of tidal currents is suggested. When much terrigenous material is supplied (large contents of fine grained fraction) the sedimentation rates are high: the respective sediment surface is soon covered and removed from the influence of tidal currents. When, however, the supply of terrigenous material is small, more sandy material is taken away in all locations within the influence of terrigenous supply. Thus the biogenic particles in the sediment do not only reflect the organic production, but also the influence of currents. 2. There is no parameter present in all cores that is independently variable from grain size and can be used for stratigraphic correlation. The two cores from the Strait of Hormus were correlated by their sequences of coarse and fine grained layers. 3. The sedimentation rates of terrigenous material, of total planktonic and benthonic organisms and of molluscs, foraminifera, echinoids and ophiuroids are shown in table 1 (total sediment 6.3-75.5 cm/1000 yr, biogenic carbonate 1.9-3.6 cm/1000 yr). The sedimentation rates of benthonic organisms are nearly the same in the cores of the Strait of Hormus, whereas near the Central Swell they are smaller. In the upper parts of the two cores of the Strait of Hormus sedimentation rates are higher than in the deeper parts, where higher median values point to stronger reworking. 4. The sequence of coarse and fine grained intervals in the two cores of the Hormus Strait, attributed to variations in climate, as well as the increase of terrigenous supply from the deeper to the upper parts of the cores, agrees with the descriptions in the literature of the post Pleistocene climate as becoming more humid. The rise of sea level is sedimentologically not measurable in the marly sediments - except perhaps for the higher content of echinoids in the lower part of core 1056. These may be attributed to the influence of a migrating wave-base. 5. The late Pleistocene aragonite mud is very fine grained (〉 50%〈 2 p) and poor in fossils (0.5-1.8%) biogenic particles of total sediment. The sand fraction consists almost entirely of white clumps, c. 0.1 mm in diameter (1177), composed of aragonite needles and of detrital minerals with the same size (1201). The argonite mud was probably not formed in situ, because the water depth at time of formation was at most 35 m at least 12 m. The sorting of the sediment (predominance of the fine grained sand), the absence of larger biogenic components and of pellets, c. 0.2-0.5 mm in diameter, which are typical for Recent and Pleistocene locations of aragonite formation, as well as the sedimentological conditions near the sampling points, indicate rather a transport of aragonite mud from an area of formation in very shallow waters. Sorting as well as lenticular fabric in core 1201 point to sedimentation within the influence of currents. During alternating sedimentation - and reworking processes the aragonitic matrix was separated from the silt - and sand-sized minerals. The lenses grade into touches because of bioturbation. 6. In core 1056 D2 from Hormus Bay the percentages of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total carbonate were determined. With increasing amounts of smaller grain sizes the content of organic matter increases, whereas the amount of carbonate decreases. The amounts of organic carbon and of nitrogen decrease with increasing depth, probably due to early-diagenetic decomposition processes. Most of the total nitrogen is of organic origin, only about 10% may well be inorganically fixed as ammonium-nitrogen. In the upper part of the core the C/N-ratio increases with increasing depth. This may be connected with a stronger decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. The general decrease of the C/N-ratios in the lower part of the core may be explained by the relative increase of inorganically fixed ammonium-nitrogen with decreasing content of organic matter.

Description: Recent nannoplankton from the "Meteor”-stations M 242, M 243 and M 245 in the northern Arabian Sea were studied by means of the light and electron microscope, and 19 species were found. The nannoplankton assemblage of the northern Arabian Sea is compared with those of the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Gephyrocapsa oceanica (Kamptner), Cyclococcolithus leptoporus (Murray & Blackman), Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann), Helicopontospbaera kamptneri (Hay & Mohler), and Umbilicosphaera mirabilis (Lohmann) are the most common species in the northern Arabian Sea. Reworked nannoplankton and nannoplankton species agglutinated by tintinnids are discussed.

Description: The studies described here base mainly on sedimentary material collected during the "Indian Ocean Expedition" of the German research vessel "Meteor" in the region of the Indian-Pakistan continental margin in February and March 1965. Moreover,samples from the mouth of the Indus-River were available, which were collected by the Pakistan fishing vessel "Machhera" in March 1965. Altogether, the following quantities of sedimentary material were collected: 59.73 m piston cores. 54.52 m gravity cores. 33 box grab samples. 68 bottom grab samples Component analyses of the coarse fraction were made of these samples and the sedimentary fabric was examined. Moreover, the CaCO3 and Corg contents were discussed. From these investigations the following history of sedimentation can be derived: Recent sedimentation on the shelf is mainly characterized by hydrodynamic processes and terrigenous supply of material. In the shallow water wave action and currents running parallel to the coast, imply a repeated reworking which induces a sorting of the grains and layering of the sediments as well as a lack of bioturbation. The sedimentation rate is very high here. From the coast-line down to appr. 50 m the sediment becomes progressively finer, the conditions of deposition become less turbulent. On the outer shelf the sediment is again considerably coarser. It contains many relicts of planktonic organisms and it shows traces of burrowing. Indications for redeposition are nearly missing, a considerable part of the fine fraction of the sediments is, however, whirled up and carried away. In wide areas of the outer shelf this stirring has gained such a degree that recent deposits are nearly completely missing. Here, coarse relict sands rich in ooids are exposed, which were formed in very shallow stirred water during the time when the sea reached its lowest level, i.e. at the turn of the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Below the relict sand white, very fine-grained aragonite mud was found at one location (core 228). This aragonite mud was obviously deposited in very calm water of some greater depth, possibly behind a reef barrier. Biochemic carbonate precipitation played an important part in the formation of relict sands and aragonite muds. In postglacial times the relict sands were exposed for long periods to violent wave action and to areal erosion. In the present days they are gradually covered by recent sediments proceeding from the sides. On the continental margin beyond the shelf edge the distribution of the sediments is to a considerable extent determined by the morphology of the sea bottom. The material originating from the continent and/or the shelf, is less transported by action of the water than by the force of gravity. Within the range of the uppermost part of the continental slope recent sedimentation reaches its maximum. Here the fine material is deposited which has been whirled up in the zone of the relict sands. A laminated fine-grained sediment is formed here due to the very high sedimentation rate as well as to the extremely low O2-content in the bottom water, which prevents life on the bottom of the sea and impedes thus also bioturbation. The lamination probaly reflects annual variation in deposition and can be attributed to the rhythm of the monsoon with its effects on the water and the weather conditions. In the lower part of the upper continental slope sediments are to be found which show in varying intensity, intercalations of fine material (silt) from the shelf, in large sections of the core. These fine intercalations of allochthonous material are closely related to the autochthonous normal sediment, so that a great number of small individual depositional processes can be inferred. In general the intercalations are missing in the uppermost part of the cores; in the lower part they can be met in different quantities, and they reach their maximum frequency in the upper part of the lower core section. The depositions described here were designated as turbid layer sediments, since they get their material from turbid layers, which transport components to the continental slope which have been whirled up from the shelf. Turbidites are missing in this zone. Since the whole upper continental slope shows a low oxygen-content of the bottom water the structure of the turbid layer sediments is more or less preserved. The lenticular-phacoidal fine structure does, however, not reflect annual rhythms, but sporadic individual events, as e.g. tsunamis. At the lower part of the continental slope and on the continental rise the majority of turbidites was deposited, which, during glacial times and particularly at the beginning of the post-glacial period, transported material from the zone of relict sands. The Laccadive Ridge represented a natural obstacle for the transport of suspended sediments into the deep sea. Core SIC-181 from the Arabian Basin shows some intercalations of turbidites; their material, however, does not originate from the Indian Shelf, but from the Laccadive Ridge. Within the range of the Indus Cone it is surprising that distinct turbidites are nearly completely missing; on the other hand, turbid layer sediments are to be found. The bottom of the sea is showing still a slight slope here, so that the turbidites funneled through the Canyon of the Swatch probably rush down to greater water depths. Due to the particularly large supply of suspended material by theIndus River the turbid layer sediments show farther extension than in other regions. In general the terrigenous components are concentrated on the Indus Cone. It is within the range of the lower continental slope that the only discovery of a sliding mass (core 186) has been located. It can be assumed that this was set in motion during the Holocene. During the period of time discussed here the following development of kind and intensity of the deposition of allochthonous material can be observed on the Indian-Pakistan continental margin: At the time of the lowest sea level the shelf was only very narrow, and the zone in which bottom currents were able to stir up material by oscillating motion, was considerably confined. The rivers flowed into the sea near to the edge of the shelf. For this reason the percentage of terrigenous material, quartz and mica is higher in the lower part of many cores (e.g. cores 210 and 219) than in the upper part. The transition from glacial to postglacial times caused a series of environmental changes. Among them the rise of the sea level (in the area of investigation appr. 150 m) had the most important influence on the sedimentation process. In connection with this event many river valleys became canyons, which sucked sedimentary material away from the shelf and transported it in form of turbidites into the deep sea. During the rise of the sea level a situation can be expected with a maximum area of the comparatively plane shelf being exposed to wave action. During this time the process of stirring up of sediments and formation of turbid layers will reach a maximum. Accordingly, the formation of turbidites and turbid layer sediments are most frequent at the same time. This happened in general in the older polstglacial period. The present day high water level results in a reduced supply of sediments into the canyons. The stirring up of sediments from the shelf by wave action is restricted to the finest material. The missing of shelf material in the uppermost core sections can thus be explained. The laminated muds reflect these calm sedimentation conditions as well. In the southwestern part of the area of investigation fine volcanic glass was blown in during the Pleistocene, probably from the southeast. It has thus become possible to correlate the cores 181, 182, 202. Eolian dust from the Indian subcontinent represents probably an important component of the deep sea sediments. The chemism of the bottom as well as of the pore water has a considerable influence on the development of the sediments. Of particular importance in this connection is a layer with a minimum content of oxygen in the sea water (200-1500 m), which today touches the upper part of the continental slope. Above and beyond this oxygen minimum layer somewhat higher O2-values are to be observed at the sea bottom. During the Pleistocene the oxygen minimum layer has obviously been locatedin greater depth as is indicated by the facies of laminated mud occuring in the lower part of core 219. The type of bioturbation is mainly determined by the chemism. Moreover, the chemism is responsible for a considerable selective dissolution, either complete or partial, of the sedimentary components. Within the range of the oxygen minimum layer an alkaline milieu is developed at the bottom. This causes a complete or partial dissolution of the siliceous organisms. Here, bioturbation is in general completely missing; sometimes small pyrite-filled burrowing racks are found. In the areas rich in O2 high pH-values result in a partial dissolution of the calcareous shells. Large, non-pyritized burrowing tracks characterize the type of bioturbation in this environment. A study of the "lebensspuren" in the cores supports the assumption that, particularly within the region of the Laccadive Basin, the oxygen content in the bottom sediments was lower than during the Holocene. This may be attributed to a high sedimentation rate and to a lower O2-content of the bottom water. The composition of the allochthonous sedimentary components, detritus and/or volcanic glass may locally change the chemism to a considerable extent for a certain time; under such special circumstances the type of bioturbation and the state of preservation of the components may be different from those of the normal sediment.

Description: During the years 1942-1949 investigations were made on the fauna of the greenhouses of several Botanic Gardens in the Netherlands, on the initiative of Dr. A. D. J. Meeuse; material was also collected in greenhouses belonging to other institutions and in those kept for commercial purposes. A list of publications based on the results of these investigations has been given by Van der Hammen (1969).\nIn a number of greenhouses the terrestrial amphipod, Talitroides alluaudi (Chevreux), was collected. This paper reviews the distribution of this species in Dutch greenhouses, and gives a survey of the occurrence of terrestrial species or the genus Talitroides in Europe.\nThe genus Talitroides was erected by Bonnier (1898) for a species later named T. bonnieri by Stebbing (1906). Many authors consider Talitroides to be no more than a subgenus of Talitrus Bosc, but as the genera within the superfamily Talitridae can by no means be said to be settled, and as the representatives of Talitroides form, at least ecologically, a dearly defined complex, the name Talitroides will here be used. It is probable that this species-complex will have to be broken up into several genera, as the structural differences between the species (e.g. in the reduction of pleopods and 3rd uropods) are very considerable. The members of this genus form a characteristic element of the leaf-mould fauna of tropical and southern subtropical countries, chiefly in the Indo-Pacific area (cf. Hurley, 1959, 1968), but several species have been accidentally transported by man and have established themselves in greenhouses throughout the world, especially before the widespread use of modern insecticides. The terrestrial leaf-hoppers do not tolerate low temperatures and require a high, constant humidity

Description: From mid-January 1961 until the end of 1966 macroplankton was collected in the surface water of the North Sea around "Texel" lightship (position: 53\xc2\xb001\'3o"N 04\xc2\xb022\'E). As pointed out in a recent paper on decapod larvae (Van der Baan, Holthuis & Schrieken, 1972) the plankton nets were originally intended for collecting elvers and medusae, and the numbers of smaller species obtained, such as larvae and also Cumacea, was greatly influenced by incidental circumstances. Therefore no great significance can be attached to the actual numbers of these smaller animals.\nCumacea are mostly bottom-dwelling species, and cannot regularly be expected in surface waters. Still, four species were found in our samples viz.: Diastylis bradyi Norman, 1879 Iphinoe trispinosa (Goodsir, 1843) Pseudocuma similis G.O. Sars, 1900 Bodotria scorpioides (Montagu, 1804) The last two species are very small. They were only held back by the nets in a very few cases, when the meshes got clogged by great quantities of algae or various animal species.\nAccording to Zimmer all the above species belong to those Cumacea which are found throughout the North Sea (Zimmer, 1933: 11o) and also to the species which, by vertical migration, can be found at the surface at night, especially during the reproductive periods.\nThe only specimen of Bodotria scorpioides was caught in the evening, in a flood haul. Of the 15 hauls in which Pseudocuma similis occurred, 3 were made by day, the others completely or partly during the dark hours;

Description: Het Vogeljaar door Jac. P. Thijsse, waarvan in 1969 de zesde druk verscheen, is door zijn in opeenvolgende drukken herhaaldelijk wisselend uiterlijk, een interessant historisch object geworden. De tekst evolueerde langzaam, doordat bij iedere nieuwe druk nieuwe gegevens werden toegevoegd en kleine correcties werden aangebracht. Op het gebied van illustraties, formaat, typografie en bandversiering hadden echter bijna steeds (behalve bij de derde druk die veel lijkt op de tweede) ingrijpende veranderingen plaats. In grote lijnen kan men zeggen dat de eerste drie drukken nauw verbonden zijn met de kring van medewerkers aan het tijdschrift De Levende Natuur, de volgende drie drukken met die van medewerkers aan De Wandelaar. Door vergelijking van de drukken kan men b.v. de ontwikkeling van de vogelfotografie volgen, van P. L. Steenhuizen via R. Tepe en A. Burdet tot Nol Binsbergen; en de ontwikkeling van de tekening, van J. G. Keulemans en Jan van Oort tot R. Stuurman. Daarnaast is er in alle drukken medewerking geweest van minder bekende, maar niet minder enthousiaste amateurs.\nEen boek dat, in zijn uiterlijk, zozeer een spiegel is van de historie van 65 jaar ornithologie, verdient een nadere bibliografische analyse. Dit is temeer het geval omdat in alle drukken juist die historisch interessante gegevens met een zekere hardnekkigheid niet zijn gedocumenteerd. Bij een eerste analyse blijkt al spoedig dat niet alleen de bronnen van het illustratie-materiaal in vele gevallen niet, of onvolledig, of onjuist zijn vermeld, maar dat ook de gangbare meningen over data van publicatie niet altijd geheel correct zijn.\nOm deze redenen zijn de volgende aantekeningen over de opeenvolgende drukken van Het Vogeljaar verzameld. Bij de analyse is vooral gelet op het uiterlijk van het boek, de oorsprong van de illustraties, eventuele onjuist-

Description: INTRODUCTION\nDuring the week 7th to 12th June, 1971 opportunity was taken of accompanying members of the I.B.P. team based at the Tjeukemeer, the Netherlands, on a boat journey through the Friesland lakes. The main aim of the author was to collect Turbellaria (Tricladida and Microturbellaria) from the vegetation and stones in the littoral zone of 16 lakes (see Table 1).\nHowever, any specimens of Gasteropoda and Hirudinea obtained in samples were also noted.\n\nMETHODS\nIn the reed beds, mostly Phragmites (see Table 1), an F.B.A. net (60 meshes/inch = approx. 23.6 meshes/cm) mounted in a square frame on a 5 ft. (1.524 metres) pole was used to sweep through the vegetation and top layers of substratum for a given period of time (minimum 15 minutes).\nThe contents of the bag net were emptied periodically into white polythene basins containing a little lake water; after sampling was completed large pieces of vegetation etc. were picked out of the basins before their contents were poured into glass jars. In the laboratory on the boat the relevant animals were removed and identified (for details see Young, 1970).\nOn stony littoral areas (see Table 1), when these were present in the vicinity of the landing area, stones were examined for the relevant taxa and washed in a little water contained in white polythene basins. Again collections continued for a given length of time (minimum 15 minutes).\nThe samples were then treated in the same way as for the vegetation samples.\nIrrigation/drainage ditches adjacent to the Brandemeer, Heegermeer and Tjeukemeer were also sampled for Microturbellaria using the same

Description: Mededeling van het Meijendel-comit\xc3\xa9, Nieuwe Serie, no. 22 Bij het doornemen van de publicaties, die zijn verschenen in de serie \xe2\x80\x9eMededelingen van het Meijendel-comit\xc3\xa9", bleek dat er tot nu toe nooit een poging werd ondernomen om de zweefvliegen-fauna van dit gebied te inventariseren. Ook waren er in de collectie van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie slechts weinig exemplaren uit Meijendel aanwezig, een bewijs dat in het verleden weinig aandacht aan de Diptera van dit gebied besteed werd.\nOm een indruk te krijgen van de soortenrijkdom van deze begroeide binnenduinen werd gedurende twee jaren (1969, 1970) regelmatig in Meijendel verzameld. Onder Meijendel wordt hier verstaan het gebied in de gemeente Wassenaar (Zuid-Holland) ten zuiden van de Wassenaarse Slag en ten oosten van het fietspad dat vandaar door de duinen naar Scheveningen loopt, terwijl in het zuiden de weg naar de boerderij Meijendel de grens vormt.\nDe duingebieden \xe2\x80\x9eKijfhoek" en \xe2\x80\x9eBierlap" vallen dus binnen dit gebied.\nNatuurlijk is niet dit gehele gebied afgezocht, en evenmin kan na twee jaren een compleet overzicht gegeven worden van de zweefvliegen-fauna. Het is de bedoeling een voorlopig verslag te geven van wat tot nu toe verzameld werd, terwijl de resultaten van komende jaren mogelijk in een aanvulling zullen worden vermeld.\nOpmerkelijk is de overeenkomst van de hier volgende lijst van de zweefvliegen uit Meijendel met die van het Heiloo\xc3\xabr Bos, zoals die door Van der Goot (1967) werd gegeven. De twee terreinen komen waarschijnlijk ook in vegetatie sterk overeen, al is de begroeiing van het Heiloo\xc3\xabr Bos stellig ouder. Een aantal van de in Meijendel gevangen soorten (Platycheirus clypeatus, P. fulvimanus, P. scambus, Helophilus lineatus, H. transfugus,

Description: Reeds enkele auteurs (Schrieken & Swennen, 1969; Vaas, 1970) hebben het voorkomen van Atherina mochon in Nederland geconstateerd. Zij vermeldden de soort uit het Veerse Meer, waar deze al in 1964 werd gevangen.\nGeen van deze auteurs gaat echter in op de vraag, hoe deze soort waarvan de verspreiding in hoofdzaak Mediterraan is, in het Veerse Meer gekomen is.\nTijdens bezoeken aan de binnenhaven van Vlissingen, waar de electriciteitscentrale (PZEM) zijn brakke koelwater loost, bleken grote scholen van Atherina mochon aanwezig te zijn naast scholen van de gewone koornaarvis, Atherina presbyter Valenciennes, 1835. Het volgende materiaal dat in de binnenhaven verzameld werd, kon onderzocht worden: A. presbyter, 1 ex., standaardlengte 54 mm (13 december 1970); 1 ex., standaardlengte 46 mm (14 november 1971).\nA. mochon, 1 ex., standaardlengte 33 mm (19 juli 1971); 1 ex., standaardlengte 44 mm (14 november 1971).\nHet lijkt vrijwel zeker dat deze soort vanuit de binnenhaven van Vlissingen via het Kanaal door Walcheren in het Veerse Meer is terechtgekomen.\nHoe Atherina mochon in de binnenhaven van Vlissingen gekomen is, is een andere vraag. Het meest waarschijnlijk lijkt de kolonisatie door eieren, welke aan de romp van een schip waren vastgehecht en zo de binnenhaven zijn binnengevoerd. De eieren van Atherina zijn namelijk voorzien van lange filamenten, waarmee ze meestal op wieren e.d. worden afgezet. Het is echter niet uitgesloten, dat volwassen exemplaren een enkele maal uit zuidelijker gelegen gebieden onze kust bereikt hebben, en hier gunstige omstandigheden hebben gevonden dank zij de thermische verontreiniging door de electrici-

Description: This genus was re-described in Blumea 19 (1971) 34. It comprises the Thelypteroid ferns of the Old World which have basal pinnae unreduced, all pinnae crenate to shallowly lobed, with anastomosing veins; it also includes a few species with simple entire lamina.\nThe present account is based on a study of type material of almost all species, and of all specimens in the herbaria at Kew, British Museum, Leiden, Florence, Geneva, Paris, Bogor, Singapore, Lae, and the U.S. National Herbarium. Thanks are expressed to the Directors and staff of these and other herbaria for their cooperation.

Description: Stapf, Hook. 1c. (1901) t. 2711; Merr., En. Born. (1921) 497; Pichon, M\xc3\xa9m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris II, 24 (1948) 154; Bakh. f., Blumea 6 (1950) 385; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 224.\nGlabrous lianas with branched axillary tendrils. Leaves decussate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate. Inflorescences axillary, thyrsoid, slightly longer than the petioles of the subtending leaves, loose, with rather long slender branches. Flowers small, pentamerous. Pedicels with 1 or 2 bracteoles. Calyx lobes orbicular to ovate, ciliate, without glands inside. Corolla urceolate, yellowish, tube inflated, globular, constricted at the mouth but without mouth scales; lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, auriculate, as long as the tube, overlapping to the left, forming a cylindric bud much narrower than the tube. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube, anthers short-ovate. Ovary superior, glabrous, conical, syncarpous, bicarpellate, unilocular, multiovulate. Style short. Stigma head widened from the style into a narrow dish and crowned by two short tips reaching up to the anthers. Fruit a globose yellow berry. Seeds ellipsoidal, exalbuminous; embryo with large and thick cotyledons and a short radicle.

Description: The taxonomy of the largely endemic dipterocarp flora of Ceylon is brought into line with that of the rest of the Asiatic subfamily, and a new species is described. Stemonoporus lewisianus Trimen ex Hook. f. finds its correct place at last in Cotylelobium. Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris (Thw.) Alston is transferred to Hopea. Shorea pallescens Ashton (sect., subsect., Shoreae) is described for the first time. Shorea stipularis Thw. is ascribed to sect. Anthoshorea Heim. Doona Thw. is reduced, as a separate section, to Shorea Roxb. ex Gaertn.f., necessitating 7 new combinations and 3 new names. Doona oblonga Thw. is united with Doona disticha (Thw.) Pierre under the name Shorea disticha (Thw.) Ashton. Doona nervosa Thw. is reduced to Doona cordifolia Thw., now named Shorea cordifolia Ashton. The description of the genus Stemonoporus is amplified; a key is provided to all species. Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Bedd. is further defined. Stemonoporus nervosus Thw. is reduced to Stemonoporus lancifolius (Thw.) Ashton. Shorea reticulata Thw. and Stemonoporus moonii Thw. (= Vateria moonii Thw.) are excluded from the family.

Description: In the herbarium in Kiel the holotype of Sphacelaria paniculata was located. Australian material, known under the names Halopteris hordeacea (Harvey) Sauv., H. spicigera (Aresch.) Moore or H. gracilescens (J. Ag.) Womersl. has as correct name Halopteris paniculata (Suhr) P. v. R. comb. nov.

Description: A personal impression is given of the progress in the study of Discomycetes during the last half century. Boudier\xe2\x80\x99s fundamental ideas still form the main basis for a classification of the Discomycetes. Some of the recent trends in the taxonomy of the Operculates are considered.

Description: Alectoria fuscescens Gyeln. s.l. [syn. A. jubata (L.) Ach. and A. positiva (Gyeln.) Motyka] has been found in the dry dunes of the West Frisian Island of Terschelling. The lichen grows in a vegetation belonging to a pioneer stage of the Violo-Corynephoretum Westhoff (1943)1947 or a succession stage of this association to the Polypodio-Empetretum (Meltzer 1941) Westhoff 1947. The last-named vegetation type is characterized by mats of Dicranum scoparium Hedw. to and between which A. fuscescens is attached. There are several stations where the lichen seems to flourish.

Description: In the list of new localities of rare and interesting species found in the Netherlands mainly during 1971 some alterations are introduced in comparance with previous lists. The most important alteration is the separation in three categories: A. Native species B. Adventitious species C. Species escaped from cultivation. In list A informations are added, where necessary.

Description: Aceras anthropophorum (L.) Ait. f. op Voorne. Als aanvulling op mijn artikel over district-vreemde soorten op Voorne (Gorteria 6, 1970, p. 88) kan ik nog een vondst van 1970 vermelden van Aceras anthropophorum, die bij ons vroeger in Zuid-Limburg werd aangetroffen en die, ook elders in Europa, nog nergens in de duinen is waargenomen. Langs een pad, dat ca. 15 jaar geleden gemaakt werd door het struweel van Rosa rubiginosa, Ligustrum vulgare en Hippopha\xc3\xab rhamnoides, werden door de heer R. Ram (Pernis) tijdens een excursie twee mooie exemplaren gevonden, die in het najaar, samen met een zaailing zijn teruggekomen. In het voorjaar van 1971 stonden op dezelfde plaats een drietal planten waarvan twee in knop. In aansluiting op deze mededeling kan ik vermelden, dat de heer A. Latooy (Rotterdam) mij vertelde dat hij de soort reeds in 1968 had gevonden in de Bakenvallei bij Oostvoorne, ca. 1 km van de vondst van de heer Ram. Toen ik hem verzocht mij de plek te laten zien stond er een flinke plant in knop, ook weer langs het pad, dat ca. 20 jaar geleden gemaakt was door het duinstruweel.

Description: Sedum forsterianum Sm. in Nederland. Vooruitlopend op een in dit blad te verschijnen artikel over het voorkomen van Sedum forsterianum Sm. (= S. elegans Lej.) in Nederland, verzoekt de schrijver, die bezig is met een cytotaxonomisch onderzoek aan enkele soorten van het genus Sedum L., alvast om opgaven van vindplaatsen van deze soort binnen ons land en eventueel om toezending van levend materiaal.\nSedum forsterianum Sm. lijkt op het eerste gezicht sterk op Sedum reflexum L., maar verschilt van deze laatste op de volgende punten: S. forsterianum Sm.: Bladen op doorsnede elliptisch, stomp met een stekelpuntje, aan de uiteinden van de niet-bloeiende stengels in dichte bundels bijeen, na afsterven zwart wordend en niet direct afvallend. Kelkbladen stomp, 2 x 1,5 mm. Kroonbladen niet of zwak gekield, ca. 3 maal zo lang als de kelkbladen. Meeldraden en vruchtbeginsels kaal. Bloeitijd juni en begin juli.

Description: Vaucheria racemosa (Vauch.) DC. with galls caused by the rotifer Proales wernecki (Ehrenb.) was found in a small ditch in the polder \xe2\x80\x9chet Oude land van Strijen\xe2\x80\x9d in the \xe2\x80\x9cHoekse Waard\xe2\x80\x9d (prov. Z.-Holland), in the autumn of 1970. A survey of the literature is given.

Description: A revised Latin and English diagnosis is given for the family Helvellaceae as emended by Berthet and Dissing. The delimitation of the genera and some species in the family is discussed. Some comments are given on a new tool: the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Description: Many of the genera placed in the Pseudoascobolaceae by Boudier do not show true relationships and were based on the number of asci and ascospores, and other superficial features. Qualitative microscopic and microchemical characters of the asci and ascospores, combined with characters of ascocarp development, cultural features, and cytological aspects will provide a more natural classification of this group. The genera of the Thelebolaceae are discussed.

Description: This contribution to the knowledge of the Aphyllophorales is dedicated to Dr. M. A. Donk as a tribute to his life-long endeavour to put the systematics and the taxonomy of this challenging order on a sound basis.\nA collection of South Asian specimens of Ganoderma and various other collections have been studied taxonomically as to spore, pore and anatomical cutis characters by using a technique devised by the author (Steyaert, 1946: 137; 1947: 47); it allows microtome sections of botanical material to be mounted immediately in Canada balsam.\nThree genera and 15 of the 39 species studied are described as new. All species are from Indonesia except when indicated otherwise; they are Humphreya, Haddowia, Magoderna, and Ganoderma kosteri (The Netherlands), G. vanheurnii, G. manoutchehrii (Iran), G. dejongii, G. donkii, G. puglisii (Italy), G. bruggemanii, G. trulla, G. trulliforme, G. lamaoense (Philippines), G. leytense (Philippines), G. ahmadii (West Pakistan), Humphreya endertii, Haddowia a\xc3\xabtii, Magoderna vansteenisii (Indonesia and Australia). Eight new combinations are proposed, viz. G. petchii (Lloyd), G. weberianum (Bres. & Henn.), Humphreya lloydii (Pat. & Har.), H. coffeatum (Berk.), Amauroderma preussii (P. Henn.) (syn. Ganoderma sikorae Bres., G. rubeolum Bres.) (predominantly African), Haddowia longipes (L\xc3\xa9v.), Magoderna infundibuliforme (Wakef.), M. subresinosum (Murrill).\nThe names of two important species, to wit G. pseudoferreum (Wakef.) Over. & Steinm. and G. rivulosum Pat. & Har. become synonyms of previously published names, whose correct combinations are G. philippii (Bres. & Henn.) Bres., and G. weberianum (Bres. & Henn.) Nov. comb., respectively.\nGanoderma lucidum (Curt. ex Fr.) Karst. and G. resinaceum Boud. are redefined especially on spore characters previously unreported and which prove infallible in distinguishing the two species. Ganoderma chaffangeonii Pat., G. sessile Murrill, G. polychromum (Copel.) Murrill, G. praelongum Murrill, G. argillaceum Murrill, and G. subperforatum Atk. are placed in the synonymy of G. resinaceum on the basis of their spore features.\nThe genus Amauroderma as currently understood is critically examined. Three new genera ( Humphreya, Haddowia, Magoderna) are set up for a mixture of Amauroderma and Ganoderma species.\nAdditional details and distributional information are given for the previously published species that received new combinations (mentioned above) as well as for the following species: Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex S. F. Gray) Karst., G. tornatum (Pers.) Bres., G. brownii (Murrill) Gilbertson, G. adspersum (Schulzer) Donk, G. mirabile (Lloyd) Humphrey, G. philippii (Bres. & Henn.) Bres., G. williamsianum Murrill, G. tropicum (Jungh.) Bres., G. flexipes Pat., G. chalceum (Cooke) Stey., G. amboinense (Lam. ex Fr.) Pat., G. subtornatum Murrill, G. lucidum (Curt, ex Fr.) Karst., G. resinaceum Boud, G. colossus (Fr.) C. F. Baker, and Amauroderma rugosum (Bl. & Nees) Torrend.

Description: Prof. Dr. V. WESTHOFF, P. A. BAKKER, C. G. VAN LEEUWEN & E. E. VAN DER VOO, Wilde planten, deel 1. Algemene inleiding, duinen, zilte gronden, 320 pag.; deel 2. Het lage land, 304 pag., Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland, 1970 en 1971, fl. 29,50 per deel voor leden van de vereniging (fl. 39,50 voor niet-leden).\nWanneer door onvoorziene omstandigheden een boekbespreking geruime tijd na het verschijnen van het werk plaatsvindt, dan biedt dit de recensent ongetwijfeld voordelen, maar ook duidelijke nadelen. Zo zal het hem niet gemakkelijk vallen om over dit werk, waarvan de auteurs reeds van vele kanten terecht de lofprijzingen in ontvangst mochten nemen, nog originele opmerkingen te maken. Een voordeel daarentegen zou kunnen zijn, dat de recensent zijn oordeel heeft kunnen toetsen aan de reeds eerder gepubliceerde besprekingen. Dit voordeel is in het onderhavige geval nihil. Met vele anderen is ook hij van mening, dat dit terecht een uniek werk moet worden genoemd.

Description: Cass., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88 (1819) 193; Hoffmann, E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 5 (1894) 172. Herbs. Leaves nearly always alternate, sometimes rosulate, mostly entire, sometimes dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads solitary or in inflorescences, homogamous or heterogamous; phyllaries one- to many-seriate, herbaceous or membranous; corolla of marginal flowers filiform, dentate, or ligulate, of disc flowers tubular, (4- or) 5-dentate; anthers sagittate and mostly caudate at the base; style two-armed; achene small, pappus setaceous, sometimes consisting of scales, or wanting; receptacle naked.

Description: For the first time in the Netherlands Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Dene. & Planch, and Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thellung are recorded as hosts of Orobanche hederae Duby. The occurrence noticed on Silaum silaus is probably the first record on a member of the Apiaceae.

Description: Recently Sedum forsterianum Sm. was excluded from the Dutch floras, because its occurrence in the Netherlands was doubted. This species, which resembles Sedum reflexum L. very much in habit, differs from the latter in the shape and attachment of the leaves on the non-flowering shoots and in the shape of the sepals and petals. Its stamens and carpels are smooth instead of papillate. In addition the two species have a different basic chromosome number. S. forsterianum occurs rather frequently in regions adjacent to the southern part of the Netherlands. In the last century it was also found in this country. The author is of the opinion that S. forsterianum might still be found in the Netherlands, and asks for reports of eventual finds.

Description: The aim of this study is to show how some simple statistical techniques introduced into routine taxonomical work renders it possible for the species to be delimited with greater exactness and to be identified with more reliability. The study was based on the genus Otidea.

Description: The relationships between the Tremellales and Aphyllophorales are discussed by comparison of the micromorphology of some species belonging to the following pairs of genera: Exidiopsis\xe2\x80\x94Athelopsis, Basidiodendron\xe2\x80\x94 Dendrothele\xe2\x80\x94Heterochaete, Myxarium\xe2\x80\x94Oliveonia\xe2\x80\x94Repetobasidium, Tremellodendropsis\xe2\x80\x94Aphelaria, Uthatobasidium\xe2\x80\x94Bolryobasidium. A new combination is proposed in the genus Athelopsis.