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  • Organic Chemistry  (362)
  • 1995-1999  (362)
  • 1998  (362)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular imprinting technology: challenges and prospects for the future (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 195-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: molecular imprinting ; molecular recognition ; chirality ; chromatography ; catalysis ; biosensor ; immunoassay ; antibody mimic ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular imprinting is a technique for the fabrication of biomimetic polymeric recognition sites or “plastic antibodies/receptors” which is attracting rapidly increasing interest. By this technology, recognition matrices can be prepared which possess high substrate selectivity and specificity. In the development of this technology, several applications have been foreseen in which imprinted materials may be exchanged for natural recognition elements. Thus, molecularly imprinted polymers have been used as antibody/receptor binding mimics in immunoassay-type analyses, as enzyme mimics in catalytic applications and as recognition matrices in biosensors. The best developed application area for imprinted materials, though, has been as stationary phases for chromatography, in general, and chiral chromatography, in particular. This review seeks to highlight some of the more intriguing advantages of the technique as well as pointing out some of the difficulties encountered. The prospects for future development will also be considered. Chirality 10:195-209, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of (R)- and (S)-tert-butyl 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-2,5-dihydro-1,3-imidazole-1-carboxylate (building block for amino acid synthesis) by preparative high performance liquid chromatography on a polysaccharide stationary phase (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: amylose ; 3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate ; polysaccharide phase ; tert-butyl 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-2,5-dihydro-1,3-imidazole-1-carboxylate; amino acid ester synthesis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparative separation of the enantiomers of the title compound, a versatile chiral building block for the synthesis of unnatural amino acid esters, by high performance liquid chromatography on a chiral stationary phase (CSP), is reported for the first time. The CSP consists of amylose-(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate), which has been coated onto the surface of macroporous aminopropyl-functionalized silica gel. The effect of mobile phase composition and the amount of amylose derivative on the silica gel has been thoroughly investigated. Using 2-propanol as organic modifier in hexane as mobile phase, on a semi-preparative column (200 mm × 40 mm ID, containing 192 g of stationary phase) about 200 mg of the racemate was separated per injection. Running the equipment under automatic conditions with repetitive injection mode allowed for the separation of 30 g per day. Both enantiomers were obtained with enantiopurities 〉99.75:0.25. Chirality 10:217-222, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species-dependent enantioselective pharmacokinetics of PNU-103017, a Pyrone HIV protease inhibitor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 210-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiospecific assay ; rat ; dog ; human ; enantiomer disposition ; HIV protease inhibitor ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PNU-103017, 4-Cyano-N-(3-(cyclopropyl(5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-cycloocta(b) pyran-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-benzenesulfonamide, is a selective HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor under evaluation as a potential oral treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases. PNU-103017 is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, designated PNU-103264 (R-) and PNU-103265 (S-). Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of the two enantiomers of PNU-103017 were observed in the dog, rat, and human after single and multiple dose administration of the racemate and were apparently species-dependent. Mean enantiomeric ratios of plasma concentrations (R-/S-) at each time point were greater than 1 in the dog, ranging from 1.22 to 3.06, but less than 1 in the rat and in the human, ranging from 0.44 to 0.80 and 0.23 to 0.73, respectively. A trend towards increased or decreased (farther from 1:1, R-/S-) enantiomeric ratio of plasma concentrations with time after each administration was also observed. The enantiomeric ratio remained unchanged after multiple dose administration in the rat, dog, and human although enzyme induction and increased plasma clearance were observed for both enantiomers. Chirality 10:210-216, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chiral interaction and stochastic kinetics in stirred crystallization of amino acids (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 238-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral selectivity ; amino acid crystallization ; molecular recognition ; stochastic kinetics ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of chirally selective interaction in the stirred crystallization of glutamic acid and lysine is presented. The crystallization of S-glutamic acid is influenced by the presence of S-lysine but not R-lysine. Crystal nuclei in stirred systems are produced due to secondary nucleation. Secondary nucleation is an autocatalytic process in which a crystal produces secondary nuclei due to fluid motion, and due to crystal stirrer and crystal-crystal collisions. As a result of this autocatalysis, small fluctuations in the nucleation rates are amplified and the kinetics show a marked stochastic behavior. We investigate the stochastic behavior in detail and propose a kinetic mechanism that explains both the increase and the statistical distribution of the crystallization times of S-glutamic acid due to the presence of S-Lysine. Chirality 10:238-245, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enantiomers of thalidomide: blood distribution and the influence of serum albumin on chiral inversion and hydrolysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: thalidomide enantiomers ; in vitro kinetics ; blood distribution ; human serum albumin ; chiral inversion ; plasma protein binding ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the distribution and reactions of the enantiomers of thalidomide at their main site of biotransformation in vivo, i.e., in human blood. Plasma protein binding, erythrocyte: plasma distribution, and the kinetics of chiral inversion and degradation in buffer, plasma, and solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) were studied by means of a stereospecific HPLC assay. The enantiomers of thalidomide were not extensively bound to blood or plasma components. The geometric mean plasma protein binding was 55% and 66%, respectively, for (+)-(R)- and (-)-(S)-thalidomide. The corresponding geometric mean blood:plasma concentration ratios were 0.86 and 0.95 (at a haematocrit of 0.37) and erythrocyte:plasma distributions were 0.58 and 0.87. The rates of inversion and hydrolysis of the enantiomers increased with pH over the range 7.0-7.5. HSA, and to a lesser extent human plasma, catalysed the chiral inversion, but not the degradation, of (+)-(R)- and (-)-(S)-thalidomide. The addition of capric acid or preincubation of HSA with acetylsalicylic acid or physostigmine impaired the catalysis to varying extents. Correction for distribution in blood enhances previously observed differences between the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers in vivo. The findings also support the notion that chiral inversion in vivo takes place mainly in the circulation and in albumin-rich extravascular spaces while hydrolysis occurs more uniformly in the body. In addition, the chiral inversion and hydrolysis of thalidomide apparently occur by several different mechanisms. Chirality 10:223-228, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanistic aspects of the biogenesis of rose oxide in Pelargonium graveolens L'Héritier (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: deuterium labelling ; menthocitronellol ; citronellol ; enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS) ; dynamic headspace analysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mechanistic aspects of the biogenesis of the chiral monoterpenoid rose oxide in Pelargonium graveolens L'Héritier are investigated using deuterium-labelled precursors. After administration of the precursors using the cut-stem method, the dynamic headspace extracts of the plants are analysed using multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS). It is unequivocally shown that this plant is able to convert citronellol and menthocitronellol into cis-/trans-rose oxide. Menthocitronellol is converted into rose oxide with a clearly detectable enantiodiscrimination. These facts may be explained with the presence of an oxidase, which is able to oxidize citronellol and menthocitronellol in allylic position. A photooxygenation mechanism including singlet oxygen as the oxidizing agent is rather unlikely. Chirality 10:229-237, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloroperoxidase-induced asymmetric sulfoxidation of some conformationally restricted sulfides (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 246-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: sulfoxides ; chloroperoxidase ; asymmetric oxidation ; enantioselective ; episulfide ; gas chromatography ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Asymmetric sulfoxidation by means of a chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago and hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen source was studied for a series of sterically well-defined substrates. The stereochemistry of the sulfoxidation was the same for all substrates studied. While 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene (1) is an excellent substrate (giving 99.5% yield and 99% e.e. of the (R)-sulfoxide), replacement of a methylene group by either a more sterically demanding group or a heteroatom caused a substantial decrease in reactivity or in reactivity as well as enantioselectivity. A further investigation of the lowered catalytic efficiency of chloroperoxidase with these substrates has been carried out in a series of competitive reactions. Thus, benzo[1,3]oxathiole (5) acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, whereas 1-thiochroman (2) and 1-thiochroman-4-one (3) were shown to be too sterically demanding to significantly compete for the active site. For the oxidation of 2, 3, and 5, it was found that in the low CPO concentration range the chemical yield after 60 min reaction time increased almost linearly with the amount of CPO used. The products from 2 and 3 could be obtained in over 80% yield with an e.e. exceeding 96%. Chloroperoxidase was also found to be an effective catalyst in the oxidation of labile episulfides, yielding the corresponding anti-sulfoxides quantitatively and giving 12% e.e. of (1R, 2R)-sulfoxide in the oxidation of propylene sulfide. Chirality 10:246-252, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1997 Chirality Medal (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 281-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circular dichroism of axially chiral methaqualone, 3-Aryl-2-mercapto- and 3-aryl-2-alkylthio-4(3H)-quinazolinones: conformational dependence of CD and assignment of absolute configuration (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiroptical properties ; Cotton effect ; atropisomerism ; quantum-mechanical calculation ; AM1 ; CNDO/S ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rotational strengths calculated on the basis of quantum-mechanically obtained minimum energy geometries were used to determine the absolute configurations of axially chiral 3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones from the sign of the observed Cotton effects (CEs). For the spectral data, CNDO/S calculations were used; for the geometries, ab initio (RHF/6-31G) and semiempirical (AM1) theories were used. Oscillator and rotational strengths of all excited states down to 200 nm were compared to experimental absorption and circular dichroism (CD) data. It was found that the sign of the 1Lb Cotton effects obtained for the enantiomers of methaqualone and derivatives of 3-aryl-2-alkylthio-4(3H)-quinazolinones can be correlated unambiguously with the absolute configuration. Furthermore, the sign of the Cotton effect of the π-π* transition of the thiocarbonyl chromophore of 3-aryl-2-mercapto-4(3H)-quinazolinones is suitable for a successful stereochemical correlation. Chirality 10:253-261, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sympathomimetic enantiomers and asthma (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 10 (1998), S. 262-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: airway ; beta2-agonist ; racemic ; eutomer ; distomer ; hyperreactivity ; bronchospasm ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Airways of asthma patients can become hyperresponsive to airway spasmogens following regular use of isoprenaline or β2-selective sympathomimetics. Hyperreactivity that results from acute exposure of animals to these drugs is pre-empted by vagal section (a procedure which does not influence spasmolytic efficacy of sympathomimetics), is not diminished by antagonism of β2-adrenoceptors and is not associated with loss of responsivity of β2-adrenoceptors in the airways. Since activation, modulation, or blockade of β2-adrenoceptors does not determine this form of hyperreactivity, the possibility that distomers may induce hyperreactivity must be considered. Ocular and vascular responses to distomers of sympathomimetics have long been recognised and, more recently, comparable observations have been made for the airways. Thus, reactivity of guinea-pig airways to spasmogens was increased following exposure to S-isoprenaline, S-salbutamol, or S-terbutaline and exposure to S-isoprenaline or S-salbutamol can intensify symptoms in asthmatics. Regular exposure to the racemate, especially during or following an allergic reaction, predisposes to expression of hyperreactivity, which is nullified, acutely, by the eutomer. These observations imply that biological effects of sympathomimetic distomers may contribute to morbidity and mortality in asthma patients. Chirality 10:262-272, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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