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  • Articles  (2,924)
  • Wiley  (2,924)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 2010-2014  (2,924)
  • Chemical Engineering and Technology  (1,272)
  • 4519
  • 1
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    High-Pressure Generator of Singlet Oxygen (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The generation of gaseous singlet oxygen by gas-liquid reaction of chlorine with alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide in spray form was studied experimentally on the originally designed device with a fast separation of reacted liquid from gas. The singlet oxygen yield, residual chlorine, and water vapor content in gas were measured under different experimental conditions of the centrifugal spray singlet oxygen generator (CSSOG) using nitrogen as a dilution gas. A characteristic feature of the CSSOG is a high utilization of the chemicals and production of singlet oxygen at a very high total pressure even near the atmospheric pressure. This generator developed originally for driving a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) could be employed also as an efficient singlet oxygen source in material science, chemical synthesis, and others. A centrifugal spray generator of singlet oxygen was optimized for operation with nitrogen buffer gas and high total pressure. This generator is able to successfully operate at much higher pressure compared to other types. Due to the very high hydrogen peroxide utilization the consumption of input liquid chemicals is substantially reduced.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Continuous Transesterification with Acidic Ionic Liquids as Homogeneous Catalysts (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Ionic liquids (ILs) are recyclable acid catalysts for transesterification reactions. In the present study, different acidic ILs were examined in this reaction, with special focus on their recyclability. Furthermore, the IL-catalyzed transesterification reaction was realized in continuous operation. A miniplant reactor with technically representative design and operating characteristics was used for this study. The applied rig has a volume of 5 L and an external thermosyphon reboiler. The miniplant reactor can be operated in batch and in continuous mode. ILs functionalized with a sulfonic acid group were found to be the most suitable IL catalysts for the transesterification reactions under investigation. Using these ILs, reaction rates as high as for H 2 SO 4 could be realized. Moreover, the IL catalyst was demonstrated to be active for at least 1000 h of operation time. Ionic liquids are suitable catalysts for acid-catalyzed transesterifications. Acidic ionic liquids were used as recyclable and durable catalysts for this reaction. The performances of the benchmark catalysts were obtained for at least 1000 h of operation in a miniplant reactor, which is representative of industrial processes.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    Industrial Xylene/Ethylbenzene Isomerization Unit Using a Radial-Flow Reactor and EUO-Type Zeolite (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: A mathematical model based on 34 days continuous operation of an industrial isomerization unit was developed. The unit involves a radial-flow reactor with a catalyst capable of converting xylenes and ethylbenzene to mixed xylenes. The catalyst contains EU-1 zeolite, platinum, and alumina as binder. Two reactions are considered, i.e., ethylbenzene isomerization and xylene isomerization. The rates are based on the Hougen-Watson model according to the literature. An optimization procedure based on the trust-region-reflective algorithm was carried out in order to obtain new kinetic constants that minimize the difference between the actual and the calculated values. The standard error of the parameters estimated was calculated through the deleted-one Jackknife method. A simplified mathematical model for simulating the reactor operation of an industrial isomerization unit was developed. A relatively new type of catalyst allowed milder conditions to reduce side reactions. The kinetic constants were obtained through an optimization procedure. The model may be applied to simulate larger systems due to its simplicity.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Fixed-Bed Multi-Tubular Reactors for Oxidative Dehydrogenation in Ethylene Process (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: An industrial-scale reactor for ethylene production was modeled using the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) in a multi-tubular reactor system, examining a variety of parameters affecting reactor performance. The model showed that a double-bed multi-tubular reactor with intermediate air injection scheme was superior to a single-bed design, due to the increased ethylene selectivity while operating under lower oxygen partial pressures. The optimized reactor length for 100 % oxygen conversion was theoretically determined for both reactor designs. The use of a distributed oxygen feed with a limited number of injection points indicated a significant improvement on the reactor performance in terms of ethane conversion and ethylene selectivity. This concept also overcame the reactor runaway temperature problem and enabled operations over a wider range of conditions to obtain enhanced ethylene production. High demands for ethylene call for more efficient reactor designs. This model for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane for a Ni-Nb-O mixed-oxide catalyst showed that a double-bed multi-tubular reactor with air injection is superior to a single-bed design, due to an increased ethylene selectivity while operating under lower oxygen partial pressures.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 10/2013 (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 10/2013 (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 10/2013 (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: Pilot Setup for Dynamically Enhanced Membrane Emulsification This setup allows the production of emulsions with narrow drop size distributions. A disperse liquid phase is pushed through a porous membrane into another immiscible fluid phase. A rotor above the membrane induces laminar shear flow, which detaches the drops from the membrane pores. A narrow shear gap and micro engineered membranes help to maintain good control over drop detachment. The sub pictures show drops detaching from membrane pores (top) at different shear flow conditions acquired in a separate visualization setup. The bottom picture shows a cut through a micro engineered silicon membrane, which was specifically designed and fabricated at ETH Zurich for the emulsification setup. The apparatus was designed and built by the Bühler AG, Uzwil, Switzerland in close collaboration with the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300256 Drop Detachment from a Micro-Engineered Membrane Surface in a Dynamic Membrane Emulsification Process S. Holzapfel*, E. Rondeau, P. Mühlich, E. J. Windhab* Chem. Eng. Technol. 2013 , 36 (10) , 1785–1794
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    Design of Dispersing Processes Using a Newly Developed Dispermeter (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Typically, the product fineness in a dispersion process is determined by the strength of the agglomerates and aggregates, the properties of the homogeneous phase and its interaction with the surface of the disperse phase, the stress mechanism itself as well as its intensity and frequency acting on the particles. The objective of this study is to characterize the efficiency of a dispersion process in terms of stress frequency and intensity using a newly developed dispersing machine called dispermeter. This dispersing machine is capable of processing suspensions with a broad range of viscosities. Furthermore, due to highly defined geometries, the rheological behavior of suspensions as an important parameter for processability and suspension stability can be characterized during the dispersion process. By utilizing the rheological properties the dispermeter can be used for the selection of an applicable electrostatic or steric stabilizer for an optimal dispersion process. With the dispermeter two different types of pyrogenic metallic oxide particles, nanosized alumina and silica, are processed. The progress in deagglomeration is monitored by particle size analysis and compared with that in a dissolver. A theoretical process model is used to characterize both processes. Moreover, this model is used to predict the dispersion results obtained in the dissolver. To characterize the rheological properties and dispersion stability as well as the efficiency of a dispersion process in terms of stress frequency and intensity, a new dis-persing machine was developed. A theoretical process model was used to characterize the dispersion process in the dispermeter and in a dissolver. Moreover, this model was used to predict the dispersion results obtained in the dissolver.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
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    CFD Study on the Local Mass Transfer Efficiency in the Gas Phase of Structured Packing (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Visualization of local mass transfer coefficients over the dry surface of corrugated-sheet structured packing is essential for optimizing the existing geometry of structured packing and for improving mass transfer efficiency to develop new structured packing. The local flow patterns between packing sheets and the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient at each point over the surface are illustrated by employing a wall-surface reaction model. Different turbulence models are utilized, i.e., a standard κ-ϵ model and three different low-Re-κ-ϵ models. The numerical calculation results with the Lam-Bremhorst low-Re-κ-ϵ turbulence model is found to agree well with experimental data. There are three similar regions with enhanced mass transfer efficiency in each mass transfer unit cell of structured packing. Local mass transfer coefficients at each point over the dry surface in a symmetric mass transfer unit cell of corrugated-sheet structured packings were determined. Computational fluid dynamics simulation results with a Lam-Bremhorst low-Re-κ-ϵ turbulence model and a wall-surface reaction model corresponded well with previous experimental data.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Drying Kinetics Prediction of Solid Waste Using Semi-Empirical and Artificial Neural Network Models (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: The drying process of organic solid waste is investigated, based on an experimental study involving its drying kinetics. The experiments were conducted in a thin-layer fixed-bed dryer under various operational conditions. The problem of selecting the best fit for solid waste moisture content as a function of time is addressed as well, using artificial neural network (ANN) models and four well-known drying kinetics correlations commonly applied to biological materials. According to the statistical analysis employed, the simulations showed good results for the ANN, and the Overhults model provided optimum agreement with experimental data among all other models evaluated. Empirical correlations between the Overhults model parameters and the drying operational conditions using nonlinear regression techniques were determined. The kinetics of the drying process of solid citrus wastes in a thin-layer fixed-bed dryer under different operational conditions is investigated. By means of artificial neural networks and four well-known drying kinetics correlations, the problem of selecting the best fit for solid waste moisture content as a function of time is addressed as well.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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