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  • Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology  (1,889)
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  • 101
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    Biological Fenton’s Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol by Aquatic Plants (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This study proposes a new treatment method to decompose persistent chemicals such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water, utilizing hydrogen peroxide present in aquatic plants to proceed the biological Fenton reaction. PCP was not effectively removed by aquatic plants. However, by adding 2.8 mM of Fe 2+ , there was a rapid removal of PCP while at the same time consumption of endogenous hydrogen peroxide occurred. It was observed the increase of chloride ions formation in water—confirming the complete degradation of PCP. These results demonstrated that PCP was oxidized through a biological Fenton reaction, and hydrogen peroxide in aquatic plants was a key endogenous substance in treatment of refractory toxic pollutants.
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  • 102
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    Occurrence of Higher Chlorinated Benzenes in Livers of Grass Carp and Common Carp Collected from Markets of Xinxiang, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Five higher chlorinated benzenes (including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and three isomers of tetrachlorobenzens) were measured in the livers of grass carp and common carp collected from five markets in Xinxiang city, China. HCB and PeCB were detected in all samples. The major component of the higher CBs residue was HCB and significant correlations existed between HCB and PeCB in both grass carp and common carp livers. The ratio range of HCB/PeCB in grass carp and common carp were 3.4–6.2 and 4.9–7.7, respectively, which implied the sources of higher CBs originate mainly from the revolatilization of industrial HCB with a minor impact from PeCB.
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  • 103
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    Effects of Di- n -butyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Neurotoxicity Related Gene Expression in Embryonic Zebrafish (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: In the present study, zebrafish embryos were used to assess the neurotoxicity of di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and their mixture. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of DBP, DEP and their mixture (DBP–DEP) until 96 hpf. The transcriptions levels of selected neuron-related genes reported as neurotoxicity biomarkers were analyzed. The results showed that transcripts of growth associated protein 43 ( gap43 ), embryonic lethal abnormal vision - like 3 ( elavl3 ), glial fibrillary acidic protein ( gfap ), myelin basic protein ( mbp ), α1 - tubulin and n eurogenin1 ( ngn1 ) were significantly up-regulated after DBP, DEP and DBP–DEP mixture exposure. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited in the embryos. These results indicate that DBP and DEP have the potential neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
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  • 104
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    The Impact of Candle Burning During All Saints’ Day Ceremonies on Ambient Alkyl-Substituted Benzene Concentrations (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Research findings concerning benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene as well as styrene (BTEXS) emission at public cemeteries during All Saints’ Day are presented here. Tests were carried out at town-located cemeteries in Opole and Grodków (southern Poland) and, as a benchmark, at the centres of those same towns. The purpose of the study was to estimate BTEXS emissions caused by the candle burning and, equally important to examine, whether emissions generated by the tested sources were similar to the BTEXS emissions generated by road transport. During the festive period, significant increases in benzene concentrations, by 200 % and 144 %, were noted at the cemeteries in Opole and Grodków, as well as in toluene, by 366 % and 342 %, respectively. Styrene concentrations also increased. It was demonstrated that the ratio of toluene to benzene concentrations from emissions caused by the burning candles are comparable to the ratio established for transportation emissions.
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  • 105
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    Tissue Distribution Kinetics of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl in Ringdoves After Oral Dosing (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Ring doves were provided contaminated food spiked with [ 13 C]-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) over a period of 63 days. Animals were sacrificed after 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, 36 and 63 days following access to contaminated food. At each time point, chemical concentrations in blood, liver, brain, gonad, adipose and remaining whole carcass was determined. Whole body concentrations of PCB 153 increased linearly with time over the experiment indicating that the birds did not reach steady state with their food after 63 days. Tissue/plasma concentration ratios were plotted as a function of time to determine time to inter-tissue steady state for fast and slowly perfused tissues. Liver, brain and gonad achieved steady state concentrations with plasma in less than 3 days, whereas fat and carcass tissues required 9.7 and 11.5 days, respectively. The results indicate that inter-tissue distribution kinetics for PCBs in birds is relatively rapid and completed within a little over a week following exposure to a contaminated diet.
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  • 106
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Hair from the College Environment: Comparison with Indoor Dust (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eight Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined to examine the hair burden at low concentrations, and the relationship between PBDE concentrations in human hair and indoor dust from a college environment (Shanghai University campus). Chemical analyses showed that the total concentrations of PBDEs in hair ranged from 4.04 to 99 ng/g dw, and were found to be fourfold higher in females than in males ( p  〈 0.05). The total PBDEs concentrations in indoor dust samples ranged from 170 to 1,360 ng/g dw. Significantly positive correlations were observed between human hair and indoor dust for BDE 47 (r = 0.44, p  = 0.048) and BDE 99 (r = 0.68, p  = 0.025). However, no significant association was noted between other PBDE congeners in human hair and indoor dust in the present study.
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  • 107
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    The Effects of Three Selected Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Fecundity of Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4- tert -octylphenol (4- tert -OP) are the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that has been shown to exert both toxic and biological effects on living organisms. The present study investigated effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the fecundity of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In the all exposure groups of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control groups ( p  〈 0.05).
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  • 108
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    Legacy Metals Within Urban Aquatic Environments and the Challenge They Pose to Rehabilitation (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Legacy metals, a result of previous environmentally unsound practices, pose a challenge to the rehabilitation of urban aquatic ecosystems. The current study focuses on a harbor in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where use of antifouling paints for hull cleaning occurred for ca. 30 years. Sediment metal concentrations were mapped by depth and distance from where hulls were cleaned. By relating metal concentrations to the benthic invertebrate community and bivalve metal content, results indicate that cleaning activities severely impacted sediment quality. However, sewer outfalls, which integrate non-point sources of metals to the harbor, also contributed to poor sediment quality and high metal concentrations in bivalves. For the aquatic system to recover, non-point diffuse metal sources must be addressed, regardless of the challenge.
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  • 109
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in House Dust in Beijing, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eleven house dust samples were collected in Beijing to quantify 42 different polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Total PBDEs concentrations ranged from 140 to 1,300 ng g −1 . The dominant PBDEs congener identified was BDE 209, which made up more than 70 % of all PBDEs congeners. Concentrations of PBDEs in Chinese house dust were lower than in other countries. The most polluted areas were electronics shops and households. It is likely that PBDEs exposure is a potential threat for Beijing residents, particularly toddlers.
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  • 110
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    Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Soils from College School Yards of Xi’an, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: In this study, surface soil samples from 14 representative college school yards in Xi’an, the capital city of Shaanxi province, China, were collected and analyzed for 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations were in the ranges of 0.2–67.0 ng/g. HCHs and DDTs were the most dominant compounds among the 21 OCPs, and their concentrations ranged from 0.1–8.5 to 0.1–56.3 ng/g, respectively. Source identification analysis indicated that the residues of HCHs and DDTs were mostly due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions. The quality of all the Xi’an college school yard soils except sample XAUAT was classified as low pollution by OCPs according to the National Environmental Quality Standards for Soils of China (GB15618-1995).
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  • 111
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    Detrimental Effects of Metronidazole on the Liver of Freshwater Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the liver of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/L MTZ in water for 30 days, and parameters that are indicative of liver damage and oxidative stress were measured. MTZ increased liver ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. These parameters usually showed significant differences in the 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L MTZ groups compared to the control group ( p  〈 0.05). These findings indicated that MTZ induced oxidative stress and caused liver damage in common carp, suggesting that measures should be taken to avoid contamination of surface waters with MTZ.
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  • 112
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    Determination of Mercury in Some Freshwater Fish Species from Chahrmahal va Bakhtyari Province, Iran and Potential Limits for Human Consumption (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: Concentrations of mercury in four freshwater fish species from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River were determined by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Concentrations of mercury in muscle of 90 fish ranged from 21 to 31 μg kg −1 (mean = 26 μg kg −1 ). Statistical analysis showed no statistical relationship between mean mercury concentration and fish species, although concentration of mercury in different seasons and habitats was statistically different ( p  〈 0.05). The results indicated that fish from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River have concentrations well below the maximum permissible levels of mercury according to international standards with no health risk for consumers.
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  • 113
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    Phytotoxicities of Inorganic Arsenic and Dimethylarsinic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana and Pteris vittata (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: The mechanisms by which Pteris vittata (L.) hyperaccumulates arsenic (As) have not been fully elucidated. To investigate how P. vittata tolerates high concentrations of arsenite, we compared the toxicities of various As compounds to P . vittata and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). The phytotoxicities of As species were found to be in the order of arsenite 〉 arsenate 〉 dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) in A. thaliana , and in the order of DMAA 〉 arsenate 〉 arsenite in P. vittata . P. vittata calli displayed a weaker ability to absorb arsenite than arsenate. These results demonstrate that P. vittata possesses mechanisms of As accumulation and detoxification.
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  • 114
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    Chlorpyrifos-Treated Crops in the Vicinity of Surface Water Contamination in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Due to frequent contamination of streams in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, with the insecticide chlorpyrifos, researchers are working to identify crop-specific management practices that will reduce the offsite movement of this compound into surface waters. To guide this effort, crops treated with chlorpyrifos in the vicinity of contaminated streams were identified; walnut, alfalfa, and almond were the primary crops identified. Use was higher on walnut and almond, but due to irrigation practices offsite movement in surface runoff may be more likely from alfalfa. Based on these findings, development of management practices to reduce off-site movement of chlorpyrifos in irrigation runoff from treated alfalfa fields is recommended.
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  • 115
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    Lead Accumulation in the Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, from Lead Contaminated Rice Straw and Stubble (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Straw mushrooms were grown on lead contaminated rice straw and stubble. Study materials were dried, acid digested, and analyzed for lead using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed the highest lead concentration in substrate was 445.350 mg kg −1 in Treatment 3 (T3) and the lowest was BD (below detection) in Treatment 1 (T1). The maximum lead content in straw mushrooms was 5.072 mg kg −1  dw in pileus of T3 and the minimum lead content in straw mushrooms was BD in egg and mature (stalk and pileus) stage of T1. The lead concentration in straw mushrooms was affected by the age of the mycelium and the morphology of mushrooms. Mushrooms’ lead uptake produced the highest accumulation in the cell wall. Some lead concentrations in straw mushrooms exceeded the EU standard (〉3 mg kg −1  dw).
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  • 116
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    Identification of ABC Transporter Genes in Gonad Tissue of Two Mediterranean Sea Urchin Species: Black, Arbacia lixula L., and Rocky, Paracentrotus lividus L. (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) represents an important cellular detoxification mechanism in aquatic organisms as it provides them robustness toward natural and man-made contaminants. Several ABC transporters have major roles in the MXR phenotype – P-gp/ABCB1, MRP1–3/ABCC1–3 and BCRP/ABCG2. In this study, we identified the presence of ABC transporters involved in the MXR mechanism of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus . Al ABCB1/P-gp, Al ABCC3/MRP3, Al ABCC9/SUR-like and Al ABCG-like transcripts were identified in A. lixula ; and Pl ABCC1/P-gp, Pl ABCC3/MRP3, Pl ABCC5/MRP5, and Pl ABCC9/SUR-like transcripts in P. lividus . For each of the new partial sequences, we performed detailed phylogenetic and identity analysis as a first step toward full characterization and understanding of the ecotoxicological role of these ABC transporters.
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  • 117
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Mussels and Two Fish Species from the Estuary of the Guanabara Bay, Southeastern Brazil (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: The present investigation aimed to analyze PBDE and PCB contamination in mussels ( Perna perna ) and two commercially important fish species, croaker ( Micropogonias furnieri ) and mullet ( Mugil liza ), in the Guanabara Bay, the most important Brazilian estuary, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, in order to further knowledge regarding these compounds in the southern hemisphere. This is also the first report of PBDE in this mussel species in the Guanabara Bay. Fish were captured in September (dry season, winter) and March (wet season, summer) 2007 and September 2008. Mussels were collected in August (dry season, winter) 2006, in February (wet season, summer) 2007, and in August 2007 (winter). The results show that all samples showed higher PCB contamination when compared to other ecosystems around the world. On the other hand, PBDEs presented lower concentrations in 41 % of the samples. Croakers presented the highest PCB and PBDE levels, with mullet showing intermediary values and mussels, the lowest.
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  • 118
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    Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Lebanon’s Water Resources (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Contamination of water sources by pesticides is one of the most critical environmental problems. The present work is designed to address the occurrence of 67 pesticides in the Lebanese waters. Chemical analysis was performed by a solid-phase extraction followed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using programmed temperature vaporization injection. In drinking water and groundwater samples, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were frequently detected with a maximal sum concentration of up to 31.8 ng L −1 . High pesticide ecotoxicological risk was noticed in many surface waters, while this risk was driven mainly by diazinon, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin and bifenthrin insecticides.
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  • 119
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    Concentration, Sources and Human Exposure of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Dust in Heilongjiang Province, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Fourteen indoor dust samples were collected in 2010 winter from four cities in Heilongjiang Province, China. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified and quantified. Concentration of the total 14 PBDEs ranged from 240 to 9,270 ng/g, with the median of 2,520 ng/g. BDE209 was the dominant congener with concentrations ranged from 234 to 9,190 ng/g, accounting for 97.2 % of the total concentration. Positive correlations (r 〉 0.8, p  〈 0.005) were found between the group of BDE17, 28, 66, 47 and the group of BDE85, 99, 100, between BDE153 and BDE154, between BDE209 and BDE183, indicating the similar sources and/or pathways in indoor environment. Principal component analysis showed that the major sources of PBDEs were commercial Penta-BDEs and Deca-BDEs. Human exposure analysis showed that children of 1–5 years old had the highest exposure to PBDEs.
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  • 120
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    Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon in Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) at the Tropical Coastal City of Mumbai, India (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Black Carbon (BC) is a pollutant species primarily emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels. BC levels, associated with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), were monitored from January 2009 to December 2010 at an urban industrial area in Mumbai to study the seasonal and temporal variations and its contribution to fine particulate matter. Air particulate samples were collected in two size fractions, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5−10 ), using a Gent air sampler. During the study period, arithmetic means of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5−10 were found to be 30.4 and 68.2 μg/m 3 , respectively. The average value of BC in fine particulate matter was 4.0 μg/m 3 , with a range of 1.0–9.4 μg/m 3 . Studies carried out using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated the contribution of BC from the northern and central part of India during days of high BC levels.
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  • 121
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    In Vitro Determination of 6PGD Enzyme Activity Purified from Lake Van Fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) Liver Exposed to Pesticides (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-23
    Description: In the present study, the effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on Lake Van fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated due to the fact that these pesticides are extensively used to improve agricultural productivity in the Van region. 2′,5′-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was used to purify 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme from fish liver and SDS-PAGE technique was used to control the purity of this enzyme. The in vitro effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on the enzyme activity was investigated. The enzyme was purified 1,050-fold with specific activity of 27.04 EU/mg protein. Moreover, K i constants of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin were to be 3.294 ± 0.215, 0.718 ± 0.095, and 0.084 ± 0.009 mM respectively. The IC 50 value were estimated as 9.95 × 10 −5  ± 0.1844 × 10 −5  mM for methidathion, 1.01 × 10 −4  ± 0.01413 × 10 −4  mM for cypermethrin, and 4.43 × 10 −6  ± 0.05653 × 10 −6  mM for deltamethrin. In conclusion, deltamethrin inhibits the enzyme activity more than methidathion and cypermethrin.
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  • 122
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    The Study on Air Pollution with Nickel and Vanadium in Croatia by Using Moss Biomonitoring and ICP-AES (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Moss samples were collected from 121 sampling sites all over Croatia during the summer and autumn of 2010. They were totally digested by using microwave digestion system and analysed by using atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES). Descriptive statistics and maps of distribution were made. The data obtained in this study were compared with those from the study in 2006 and additionally with the data obtained in the similar studies in neighbouring countries and Norway as pristine area. The median value of nickel is 3.16 mg kg −1 and the content varies from 1.04 to 14.66 mg kg −1 . The content of vanadium ranges between 0.23 and 37.26 mg kg −1 with the median value of 2.55 mg kg −1 . High contents of these elements are found in the vicinity of Rijeka, Zagreb and Sisak as a result of their emission from oil refinery, thermal power plant and industrial processes.
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  • 123
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    Nutrient Concentrations in a Pampasic First Order Stream with Different Land Uses in the Surrounding Plots (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of land use on nutrient concentrations in a Pampasic stream. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the stream were higher at a site surrounded by fertilized double-cropped wheat/soybeans than at unfertilized soybeans plots. Nitrate and SRP concentrations in the stream were lower at sites surrounded by soybeans than livestock. It is suggested that crop fertilization and cattle manure increased nutrients loads released to the stream. It is suggested that preservation and restoration of riparian habitats may benefit water quality by decreasing nutrient loads.
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  • 124
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    Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for Analysis of 10 Organochlorine Pesticides: Application of MAE–SPE Method in Soil from Beijing (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-04
    Description: Four commonly applied extraction techniques for organochlorine pesticides, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and ultrasonic solvent extraction, were applied on soil samples in order to evaluate their performances. The extracts were analyzed by GC–ECD and confirmed by GC–MS/MS. The MAE and QuEChERS extraction methods generally yielded higher results compared to the ultrasonication and ASE methods, while the lowest recovery (56.8 %) for o , p ′-DDD was obtained using the QuEChERS method. The MAE method was further applied to six different soils from Beijing. In the soil samples only α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were not detected. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH and α-HCH/β-HCH indicated HCH residues likely originated from historical use of HCHs, and that technical HCHs were not likely being currently applied in Beijing.
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    Degradation of Fluxapyroxad in Soils and Water/Sediment Systems Under Aerobic or Anaerobic Conditions (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-04
    Description: The persistence and fate of fluxapyroxad were investigated including studies with four soils from Hunan (HN), Shanxi (SX), Jiangsu (JS), and Heilongjiang (HLJ) and two water/sediment systems (water/sediment systems 1 and 2) from Beijing, China. The results demonstrated that the biodegradation efficiency of fluxapyroxad in soils under aerobic conditions was higher than that observed under anaerobic conditions. The order of degradation capability was HLJ soil 〉 JS soil 〉 SX soil 〉 HN soil, and fluxapyroxad dissipated faster in water/sediment system 2 than in system 1. The tested systems (four soils and two water/sediments systems) with rich organic matter content, high oxygen level and neutral pH had a high potential to degrade fluxapyroxad, possibly because rich organic matter and oxygen level stimulated microbial activity and the neutral pH was suitable for microbial growth. These results showed that fluxapyroxad exhibited high persistence in tested systems, with half-lives ≥157.6 day.
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    Potential of Plant Growth Promoting Traits by Bacteria Isolated from Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Rhizobacteria can enhance biomass production and heavy metal tolerance of plants under the stress environment. The aim of this study was to collect soil samples from different industrial sites followed by their heavy metal analysis. After performing the ICP-AES analysis of soil samples from seven different sites, bacterial strains were isolated from the soil samples of most polluted (heavy metal) site. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that the isolates belonged to four species: Bacillus thuringiensis , Azotobacter chroococcum , Paenibacillus ehimensis and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes . Plant growth promoting activities; siderophore production, indole acetic acid production, HCN production, and phosphate solubilisation were assayed in vitro, and statistically analysis done by using ANOVA analysis and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test ( p  ≤ 0.05). Plant growth-promoting characteristics of isolated strains were higher compared to the control Pseudomonas fluorescens (NICM 5096). In vitro study was performed to check resistance against two heavy metals of isolates. It was observed that isolated bacterial strains have higher heavy metal resistance as compared to control E. coli (NICM 2563). These isolates may cause pathogenic effects, so to avoid this risk, their antibacterial susceptibility was checked against eight antibiotics. Among the eight antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin-1 has shown higher inhibition against all the isolated bacterial strains.
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    Trait Canalization Analysis of Water Quality, Temperature, and Developmental Associations with Early Life Stages of Two Fish Species (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Evaluation of trait robustness based on environmental fluctuation in ontogenetic life stages are needed to evaluate stability and trait response during critical developmental events. Hardness, alkalinity, acidity, light intensity, and thermal differences were studied for trait canalization variation in morphometric, meristic, ontogenetic processes, and pigment characteristics. Trait canalization was observed with no statistical differences ( p  〉 0.05) in mixed random two-way ANOVA comparisons between various block and treatment effects for hardness, alkalinity or acidity. Thermal block variation differences in six measures, including mandible length, yolk sac length, midpostanal depth, and head width, incubation, and hatching length, varied significantly ( p  ≤ 0.05) with declining temperatures. Water quality and thermal attributes exhibited trait canalization and did not increase character state variation in the early life stage morphological expression, which result in stable phenotypic inheritance rather than variable environmental conditions during embryonic and larval development.
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    Increase in Developmental Instability in a Field-Collected Chironomus Population Maintained Under Laboratory Conditions (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: In order to be a relevant indicator of exposure towards teratogenic stressors, morphological defects should not be passed on to the next generation. In this study, we compare morphological variations in Chironomids collected from a contaminated river stretch with those of their progeny, reared in uncontaminated sediment under laboratory conditions. We focused on mentum defects (deformities, fluctuating asymmetry and mean shape change), measured by geometric morphometrics. We observed no significant variation in deformity rate between the parental generation and its progeny. On the contrary, we observed a significant increase in fluctuating asymmetry and a significant decrease in mentum centroid size in the offspring. Our results suggest that shape defects are not caused by direct exposure to teratogenic stressors alone. We propose four hypotheses to explain this: (a) teratogenic contaminants are present in egg-clutches, (b) contaminants at the sampling site have mutagenic effects, (c) costs of tolerance, and (d) contamination-induced genetic impoverishment.
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    Effects of Dietary Pb and Cd and Their Combination on Glutathion-S-Transferase and Catalase Enzyme Activities in Digestive Gland and Foot of the Green Garden Snail, Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778) (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: The present study was focused on the assessment of glutathion-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities in the digestive gland and foot of the land snail, Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778), exposed to different nominal dietary concentrations of Pb (25 and 2500 mg Pb/Kg), Cd (5 and 100 mg Cd/Kg) and their combination (25 mg Pb + 5 mg Cd/Kg and 2500 mg Pb + 100 mg Cd/Kg) for 7 and 60 days. GST activity was significantly increased after 7 and 60 days exposure to the highest concentration of Pb, Cd and their combination. The levels of CAT activity were different in the two studied organs but in both cases it resulted increased after 7 and 60 days of exposure, which varied significantly between metals and dietary concentrations. Therefore, it can be concluded that GST and CAT enzymes in digestive gland and foot of C. apertus are responsive to Cd, Pb and their combination, whereby they are suitable to be included in a battery of biomarkers for ecosystem health assessment in metal polluted soils using this species as sentinel.
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    Comparison of Trace Element Concentrations Between Chick and Adult Black-Tailed Gulls ( Larus crassirostris ) (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Trace elements were measured in the feathers of black-tailed gull chicks (n = 10) and adults (n = 10) collected at Chilsando Is., Jeollanam-do, Korea, in June 2011. Pb, Mn and Fe were significantly greater in adult (arithmetic mean 2.02, 3.81, 92.1 μg/g dw, respectively) than chick (0.74, 2.14, 68.7 μg/g dw) gulls. In contrast, Zn was greater in chicks (74.9 μg/g dw) than adults (46.5 μg/g dw). Cd, Pb and Cr in all chicks and adults were lower than an approximate threshold level for toxic effects. Cd, Pb and Cr were comparable or lower than reported in other gull studies worldwide. Essential elements including Al, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe were within the background and normal physiological levels reported earlier in other gull species including black-tailed gulls.
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    Toxicity Assessment on the Levels of Select Metals in the Critically Endangered Indian White-backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis , in India (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: To assess the potential contribution of metals to the catastrophic population decline of the White-backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis , their concentrations in various organs was quantified. Liver, kidney, pectoral muscle, gut contents and femur bone were collected from dead birds between 1999 and 2008. These samples were analysed for lead, cadmium, copper and zinc, which were detected in all organs with no significant variation among tissues or between sexes. Moreover, high lead levels in liver (8.56 µg/g wet weight) and kidney (9.31 µg/g wet weight) in some individuals indicate toxic effects. Nonetheless, the levels of most metals measured in the present study may be considered as normal.
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    Correlations Between Some Hazardous Inorganic Pollutants in the Gomti River and Their Accumulation in Selected Macrophytes Under Aquatic Ecosystem (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Water quality of the Gomti River and phytoremediation potential of native macrophytes dwelling therein at six different sites were evaluated. River water showed high biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate (12.84, 77.94, 36.88, 6.04 and 2.25 mg L −1 , respectively). Gomti water was found to be contaminated with different metals like Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb (5.54, 1.05, 3.74, 2.57 and 0.73 mg L −1 , respectively). Macrophytes growing in the river accumulated considerable amounts of Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb in different parts. Among the studied plants, Eichhornia crassipes showed maximum remediation potential for Fe, Cd and Pb; Jussiaea repens for Cr; and Pistia stratiotes for Cd. However, in Typha latifolia , Cu accumulation was maximum. Except for Fe, translocation factor of E. crassipes , P. stratiotes , Hydrilla verticellata and T. latifolia was 〉1 for the studied metals, showing their potential to accumulate multiple metals in different plant parts.
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    Effect of Rice Husk Gasification Residue Application on Herbicide Behavior in Micro Paddy Lysimeter (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Effects of rice husk gasification residues (RHGR) application on the fate of herbicides, butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, in paddy water were investigated using micro paddy lysimeters (MPLs). The dissipation of both herbicides in paddy water was faster in the RHGR treated MPL than in the control MPL. The average concentrations of butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in paddy water in the lysimeter treated with RHGR during 21 days were significantly reduced by 51 % and 48 %, respectively, as compared to those in the lysimeter without RHGR application. The half-lives (DT 50 ) of butachlor in paddy water for control and treatment were 3.1 and 2.3 days respectively, and these values of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were 3.0 and 2.2 days, respectively. Based on this study, RHGR application in rice paddy environment is an alternative method to reduce the concentration of herbicide in paddy field water and consequently to reduce potential pollution to aquatic environment.
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    Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Oysters from the Southern Coast of Korea: Assessment of Potential Risk to Human Health (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: From 2009 to 2013, 80 oyster and 16 seawater samples were collected from the southern coast of Korea, including designated shellfish growing areas for export. The concentrations and bioaccumulation of heavy metals were determined, and a potential risk assessment was conducted to evaluate their hazards towards human consumption. The cadmium (Cd) concentration in oysters was the highest of three hazardous metals, including Cd, lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), however, below the standards set by various countries. The metal bioaccumulation ratio in oysters was relatively high for zinc and Cd but low for Hg, Pb, arsenic, and chromium. The estimated dietary intakes of all heavy metals for oysters accounted for 0.02 %–17.75 % of provisional tolerable daily intake. The hazard index for all samples was far 〈1.0, which indicates that the oysters do not pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants of study.
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    Histological Alterations in the Body Wall of the Tropical Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: The tropical earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae was chronically exposed to hexavalent chromium (Cr) in its substrate over a concentration range from 0.24 to 893 mg kg −1 . Histological alterations in the body wall epithelium included cell fusion, reduction in thickness of the epithelial layer, a marked increase in pyknotic nuclei and epithelial sloughing. Similar changes were noted in the circular and longitudinal muscles with damage being indicated by the prominent inter-muscular cell spaces and disintegration. Many of these noted alterations intensified with increasing levels of exposure. It is significant that some of the changes recorded here were evident even at the lowest concentration of 0.24 mg kg −1 , an environmentally relevant concentration. Hence, the observed trends could be taken as an early warning to the imminent threats of heavy metal pollution to epigeic earthworm species.
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    Mismatch Between Sediment Metal Distribution and Pollution Source Gradient: A Case Study of a Small-Size Drainage Basin (Southeastern Brazil) (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Metal contamination in aquatic environments may occur when the anthropogenic emission exceeds the natural contribution although other factors might influence the metal distribution. In the small-size Macaé river basin, most of the metal emission was originated from anthropogenic sources suggesting a contamination status. Total and exchangeable metal concentrations were determined in sediments from the pristine upstream to the urban estuary and compared to the metal content in rocks to establish contamination and background concentrations. The enrichment of Pb in sediments compared to the regional background and high exchangeable concentrations suggest the influence of anthropogenic sources on Pb distribution. Al, Fe Mn, Zn, Ba, Cu, Cr, Ni concentrations in sediments were similar to the rock content and the values were considered regional background. Spatial distribution did not follow the whole-basin emission source gradient suggesting that despite actual anthropogenic sources, the sediment mineralogy and basin geomorphology might influence the sediment metal distribution.
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    Sediment Profile and Fluxes of Mercury and Methyl Mercury in Weihe Watershed in Henan, China (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-04
    Description: Sediment core samples were collected from the Weihe River in February and August 2013. Cores were sectioned and analyzed for total Hg (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg). THg in sediment cores ranged from 156 to 282 ng g −1 in February, and from 172 to 300 ng g −1 in August. MeHg concentrations ranged from 0.80 to 3.11 ng g −1 in both seasons. Results showed that the diffusive fluxes were up to two orders of magnitude lower than the in situ benthic fluxes. Fluxes of MeHg measured in in situ experiments in August were positively correlated with \( {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } \) ( r  = 0.930). THg and MeHg release were not strongly correlated with TOC in February. Patterns of MeHg flux differed greatly depending on oxidation–reduction potential ( Eh ) ( r  〉 0.70) conditions in the two seasons.
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    Transformation of 17β-Estradiol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in Different Culture Media (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-08
    Description: The removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultured in classic Kirk or potato medium was systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that E2 can be efficiently removed regardless of culture media type. However, the reaction intermediates and transformation pathways varied in different media. Estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) were sequentially generated as intermediates in the potato medium, but these intermediates were absent in Kirk medium. Such results were found to correlate to the peroxidases produced in Kirk medium. These enzymes catalyzed one-electron oxidation of E2 to form radicals that can undergo oxidative coupling. Similar enzymes were not detected in the potato medium, thus E2 underwent in vitro oxidation to form E1 and E3 sequentially. Adding glucose to the potato medium further accelerated such processes. The findings in this study provide insights into estrogen reactions mediated by P. chrysosporium and for potential development of biodegradation methods to reduce estrogen contamination levels.
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    Erratum to: Potential of Plant Growth Promoting Traits by Bacteria Isolated from Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
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    Effect of Soil Aging on the Phytoremediation Potential of Zea mays in Chromium and Benzo[ a ]Pyrene Contaminated Soils (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: This study compared the phytoremediation potential of Zea mays in soil either aged or freshly amended with chromium (Cr) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P). Z. mays showed increased shoot biomass in aged soils than in freshly spiked soils. The shoot biomass in contaminated soils increased by over 50 % in aged soil when compared to freshly amended soils, and over 29 % more Cr was accumulated in the shoot of Z. mays in aged soil than in freshly amended soil. Planting Z. mays in aged soil helped in the dissipation of more than 31 % B[ a ]P than in freshly spiked soil, but in the absence of plants, there seemed to be no difference between the dissipation rates of B[ a ]P in freshly and aged co-contaminated soil. Z. mays seemed to enhance the simultaneous removal of Cr and B[ a ]P in aged soil than in freshly spiked soil and hence can be a good plant choice for phytoremediation of co-contaminated soils.
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    Runoff and Degradation of Aerially Applied Dinotefuran in Paddy Fields and River (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: Variation, run-off and degradation characteristics of the insecticide dinotefuran, ( EZ )-( RS )-1-methyl-2-nitro-3-(tetrahydro-3-furyl-methyl)guanidine, in water and soil from two paddy fields after aerial application was investigated as well as in river water. Maximum concentrations of dinotefuran were 290 and 720 µg/L in the two paddy waters, 25 and 28 µg/kg dry in the two paddy soils, and 10 µg/L in the river water. Runoff ratios of dinotefuran from the paddy fields were calculated as 14 %–41 %. Mean half-lives of dinotefuran were 5.4 days in the paddy water and 12 days in the paddy soil. Results obtained in this study are important for the evaluation of the actual behavior of dinotefuran in paddy fields and rivers.
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    Effects of (Anti) Androgenic Endocrine Disruptors (DEHP and Butachlor) on Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Leukocytes Counts of Male Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: The effect of two anti-androgenic endocrine disrupting compounds, i.e. the plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and herbicide butachlor, were evaluated for their effects on immunoglobulin M (IgM) and leukocytes in male rainbow trout. Also, plasma testosterone (T) concentration was measured to confirm their anti-androgenic effects. In the first experiment, trout were treated with 50 mg/kg (body weight) DEHP intraperitoneally, and in the second one, fish were exposed to 0.39 mg/L butachlor for 10 days. The results showed that T concentrations and white blood cells were significantly lower in fish exposed to either DEHP or butachlor compared to control fish ( p  〈 0.05). Fish showed significantly elevated neutrophil levels and decreased lymphocyte levels in the butachlor ( p  〈 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in lymphocyte and neutrophils values in the DEHP treatment ( p  〉 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were found in IgM, eosinophil and monocyte parameters in either DEHP or butachlor treatments ( p  〉 0.05). These results confirmed that leukocytes counts can be considered as a novel marker of immunotoxicity triggered by (anti) androgenic endocrine disruptors.
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    Effect of Heavy Metals on Soil Enzyme Activity at Different Field Conditions in Middle Spis Mining Area (Slovakia) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Heavy metals concentrations were measured in the former mining area located in Hornad river valley (Slovakia). Soil samples were taken in 2012 from 20 sites at two field types (grasslands, heaps of waste material) and two different areas. Total content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg), urease (URE), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), soil reaction (pH) were changing depending on the field/area type. The tailing pond and processing plants have been found as the biggest sources of pollution. URE, ACP and ALP activities significantly decreased while the heavy metal contents increased. Significant differences were found among area types in the heavy metal contents and activity of URE. No statistical differences in the content of heavy metals but significant statistical differences for soil pH were found for field types (grassland and heaps). Significant negative correlation was found for URE–Pb, URE–Zn and also between soil reaction and ACP and ALP.
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    Pesticide Residues in Two Frog Species in a Paddy Agroecosystem in Palakkad District, Kerala, India (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Pesticides residues were quantified in 109 frogs comprising two species ( Fejervarya limnocharis and Hoplobatrachus crassus ) from organic and conventional paddy farms in Kerala, India. Seven frogs from conventional but none from the organic farms revealed deformities. Levels of total Organochlorines (OCs) (33.22 ng/g) and Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate-II (26.91/42.15 ng/g) in deformed F. limnocharis and H. crassus were significantly greater than in healthy frogs. Among OCs in healthy frogs, traces of γ (gamma)-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) (2.12 ng/g) were found only in F. limnocharis from organic farm. Among Organophosphates, Phorate (1.02 ng/g) and Quinalphos (2.62 ng/g) were present in traces in deformed F. limnocharis, while Parathion ethyl (1.02 ng/g) was detected in deformed H. crassus. The data indicate that the high level of pesticides may have contributed to the deformity of frogs. Therefore, an elaborative study will be essential to conserve amphibians in India.
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    Toxicity of the Dispersant Corexit 9500 to Early Life Stages of Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: The Deepwater Horizon well released 4.4 million barrels of light crude oil offshore of Louisiana into one of the world’s largest and most productive blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) fisheries. The objectives of this paper were to determine the toxicity of the dispersant Corexit ® 9500A used in the 2010 oil spill on juvenile and larval blue crabs, and the long-term effects of sublethal acute exposure. Only the highest treatment levels of dispersant significantly increased mortality in larval and juvenile blue crabs (100 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, respectively). This correlated to concentrations well above levels found in the Gulf of Mexico following the spill. Smaller and younger crabs showed higher mortality than older and larger crabs. This research indicates direct application of dispersants on crab larvae could cause acute mortality, but dilution through diffusion and natural weathering processes would minimize long-term effects.
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    Effects of an Intensive Hog Farming Operation on Groundwater in East Mediterranean (II): A Study on K + , Na + , Cl − , PO 4 3− -P, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: The application of treated animal wastewater generated in concentrated animal feeding operations on surface soil (within farm borders) leads to degradation of groundwater. Effects of an intensive hog farming operation, located at a Mediterranean limestone soil coastal area, on groundwater were investigated. Treated animal wastewater was discharged on a small plot (~10.8 ha) with a geologic fault. Samples were taken from seven groundwater monitoring wells close to the farm. A significant increase of K + , Na + , Cl − , PO 4 3− -P, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations was found in monitoring wells which are affected by the subsurface flow of groundwater. Concentrations of Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ in all groundwater monitoring wells were extremely low. During the winter, significant increases in concentrations of K + and PO 4 3− -P were noted and attributed to high precipitation, which assisted in the leaching of K and P to groundwater.
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    Assessment of Trace Metal Bioaccumulation by Avicennia marina (Forsk.) in the Last Remaining Mangrove Stands in Manila Bay, the Philippines (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were evaluated in the sediments, roots and leaves of a mangrove species ( Avicennia marina ) in Las Piñas—Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA), Manila Bay. The concentrations showed a general pattern of Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd in sediments, Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn 〉 Cd in roots and Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cd in leaves. The trace metal concentrations in both sediments and plant tissues were below contamination threshold levels. Based on computed bioaccumulation indices, A. marina could be used for the phytostabilization and phytoextraction of Cu and Cd. The LPPCHEA mangrove ecosystem is an ecologically important ecosystem that will limit the spread of trace metals to the surrounding environment.
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    Study on the Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Wheat Seedlings Under [C 4 mim][OAc] (1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate) with Cd 2+ Stress (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: In this paper, the joint effect of 0.5 mmol·L −1 Cd 2+ and various concentrations (50–400 mg·L −1 ) of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate ([C 4 min][OAc]) on the growth and photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings in hydroponic culture was investigated. Seedlings grown in presence of Cd 2+ and [C 4 min][OAc] showed significant ( p  〈 0.05) improvement in growth (shoot and root lengths and dry weights) and photosynthetic performance (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b) compared to seedlings grown in the presence of Cd 2+ but without [C 4 min][OAc]. However, this only happened under the lower range of [C 4 min][OAc] concentrations (50–200 mg·L −1 ). In addition, significant reduction in the level of Cd 2+ was also observed in the leaf tissue of wheat seedlings grown in the presence of 0.5 mmol·L −1 Cd 2+ and 100 mg·L −1 [C 4 min][OAc]. Overall, Cd 2+ exerted a stronger inhibition than [C 4 min][OAc] on the growth and photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings. However, when both Cd 2+ and [C 4 min][OAc] were present in the culture, the toxicity of Cd 2+ could be mitigated by lower concentrations of [C 4 mim][OAc]. This phenomenon could be due to [C 4 mim][OAc] forming metal complexes with Cd 2+ , thus reducing the toxicity of Cd 2+ .
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    The Influence of Sample Drying Procedures on Mercury Concentrations Analyzed in Soils (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: Methods commonly used for soil sample preparation may be unsuitable for measuring Hg concentrations due to the possible loss of volatile Hg species when drying at higher temperatures. Here, the effects of freeze-drying, air drying at 25°C and oven-drying at 105°C on Hg concentrations in two soil types and three standard reference materials were tested. Two soils with different levels of Hg contamination and three reference materials were examined. A systematic decrease of Hg concentrations was observed in air-dried (24 %) and oven-dried (3 %) contaminated upland soils in comparison to freeze-dried control samples. The 105°C oven drying also led to loss of Hg from reference materials (5 %–8 % in comparison with the certified Hg concentration). Different results from the drying of sterilized reference materials and natural soils were probably related to the extent of microbiological activity, demonstrating the importance of this parameter in sample preparation for Hg analysis.
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    Pesticides for Apicultural and/or Agricultural Application Found in Belgian Honey Bee Wax Combs (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: In a Belgian pilot study honey bee wax combs from ten hives were analyzed on the presence of almost 300 organochlorine and organophosphorous compounds by LC–MS/MS and GC–MS/MS. Traces of 18 pesticides were found and not a single sample was free of residues. The number of residues found per sample ranged from 3 to 13, and the pesticides found could be categorized as (1) pesticides for solely apicultural (veterinary) application, (2) pesticides for solely agricultural (crop protection) application, (3) pesticides for mixed agricultural and apicultural (veterinary) application. The frequencies and quantities of some environmental pollutants bear us high concerns. Most alarming was the detection of lindane (gamma-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (including its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), two insecticides that are banned in Europe. The present comprehensive residue analysis, however, also reveals residues of pesticides never found in beeswax before, i.e. DEET, propargite and bromophos.
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    Identification of a New Microcystin-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Lake Chaohu, China (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: A microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-degrading bacterium was isolated from Lake Chaohu, a eutrophic freshwater lake containing toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Based on the analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence and physiobiochemical characteristics, the isolated strain, most likely belongs to the genus Bacillus with the highest sequence similarity value with Bacillus nanhaiencis strain K-W39 (JQ799091.1), was named B. nanhaiencis strain JZ-2013. The strain JZ-2013 could grow on mineral salt medium supplied with MC-LR as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. The optimal temperature and pH for strain JZ-2013 growth and MC-LR biodegradation were 30°C and 8.0, respectively. The MC-LR with the initial concentration of 15 mg/L could be consumed 80 % by strain JZ-2013 within 9 days. The existence of exogenous carbon and nitrogen sources could significantly increase the removal efficiency of MC-LR. The strain JZ-2013 can efficiently removed MC-LR of low concentration in real water sample.
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    Distribution and Accumulation of Selenium in Wild Plants Growing Naturally in the Gumuskoy (Kutahya) Mining Area, Turkey (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: This study investigated selenium uptake and transport from the soil to 12 plant species in the mining area of Gumuskoy (Kutahya), Turkey. Plant samples and their associated soils were collected and analyzed for Se content by ICP-MS. Mean Se values in the soils, roots, and shoots of all plants were 0.9, 0.6, and 0.8 mg kg −1 , respectively. The mean enrichment coefficients for roots (ECR) and shoots (ECS) of these plants were 0.78 and 0.97. The mean translocation factors (TLF) were 1.33. These values indicate that all 12 plant species had the ability to transfer Se from the roots to the shoot, but that transfer was more efficient in plants with higher ECR and ECS. Therefore, these plants may be useful in phytoremediation in rehabilitating areas contaminated by Se because their ECR, ECS and TLFs are 〉1.
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    Hydrochemistry Indicating Groundwater Contamination and the Potential Fate of Chlorohydrocarbons in Combined Polluted Groundwater: A Case Study at a Contamination Site in North China (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: Groundwater contamination characteristics and the potential fate of chlorohydrocarbons were investigated at a combined polluted groundwater site in North China. Groundwater chemistry and 2 D and 18 O isotope compositions indicated that high salination of groundwater was related with chemical pollution. The elevated salinity plume was consistent with the domain where typical chlorohydrocarbon contaminants occurred. The concentrations of heavy metals, oxidation–reduction potential, and pH in organic polluted areas significantly differed from those in peripheral (background) areas, indicating modified hydrochemistry possibly resulting from organic pollution. Under the presented redox conditions of groundwater, monochlorobenzene oxidation may have occurred when the trichlorohydrocarbons underwent reductive dechlorination. These findings suggested that inorganic hydrochemistry effectively indicated the occurrence of chemical contamination in groundwater and the potential fate of chlorohydrocarbons.
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    Nitrogen Loading and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a River with Multiple Hydroelectric Reservoirs (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: River networks receive a large fraction of the anthropogenic nitrogen applied to river catchments. The different impacts of the stream nitrogen (N) loading on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from various of aquatic ecosystems are still unknown. In this study, direct measurements of water–air interface N 2 O exchange in different water bodies were conducted. Results showed that the water–air interface N 2 O exchange from tributaries, hydropower station reservoirs, a main stream, and its estuary were 10.14 ± 13.51, 15.64 ± 10.72, 27.59 ± 20.99, and 15.98 ± 12.26 µg N 2 O-N m −2  h −1 , respectively, indicating the strong impacts of human activities on N 2 O emission rates. The water NO 2 − -N values predicted the dissolved N 2 O concentrations better than did the NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N values, indicating strong denitrification and nitrification processes. The dissolved inorganic N explained 36 % of the variations in the N 2 O emissions for the whole river network.
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    Mercury Levels in Common ( Actitis hypoleucos ) and Green ( Tringa ochropus ) Sandpipers from West-Central Iran (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: Mercury concentrations were examined in the liver, kidneys, and tail and breast feathers of common and green sandpipers from Zayanderud Dam in west-central Iran. The aim was to provide indirect information about habitat contamination. Tail feathers of both species had higher mercury levels compared to other tissues. Moreover, tissues of common sandpipers had significantly higher mercury concentrations compared to tissues of green sandpipers. Male specimens of both species had higher values of mercury compared to females. The pattern of larger body size-higher mercury body burden was not completely true in the current study. Smaller and shorter common sandpipers had higher mercury concentrations compared to taller and heavier green sandpipers. At the intraspecific level, body weight was positively correlated with mercury concentrations in tissues of common sandpipers. Based on the data presented here, it appears that these sandpipers, especially common sandpipers, are at potential risk from the toxic effects of mercury.
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    Heavy Metals in Waters and Suspended Sediments Affected by a Mine Tailing Spill in the Upper San Lorenzo River, Northwestern México (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag) and zinc (Zn) were evaluated in water and suspended sediments of the upper waters of San Lorenzo River in NW Mexico following a mine tailing spill. Except As (6.64–35.9 µg L −1 ), dissolved metal concentrations were low (Ag 〈0.06–0.22; Cd 0.01–0.34; Cu 4.71–10.2; Hg 0.02–0.24; Pb 〈0.15–0.65; Zn 86–1,080 µg L −1 ) and were less than the upper limits established by UNEP (Water quality for ecosystem and human health, 2nd edn. United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System/Water Programme, Burlington, 2008) , EPA ( 2014 ) and the Mexican regulation (NOM 1994 ). In contrast, the suspended metal concentrations were high (As 91.4–130; Ag 22.1–531; Cd 3.14–6.30; Cu 65–123; Hg 0.47–1.09; Pb 260–818; Zn 742–1,810 mg kg −1 ) and most of samples exceeded the probable effect level of the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life.
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    Sediment Toxicity and Ecological Risk of Trace Metals from Streams Surrounding a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: The present study is an attempt to assess the pollution intensity and corresponding ecological risk of heavy metals such as Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr using various indices like geo-accumulation index, concentration factor, pollution loading and ecological risk index. In all 21 surface sediments samples were collected from the stream flowing around the solid waste disposal landfill of Qayen city in southeastern Iran. Although I geo values for Cd varied greatly, sites 18–21 with class 5 show heavy loads of Cd (values between 4.13 and 4.45). PLI values (3.37–12.89) clearly suggest strong contamination with respect to the measured metals. This study clearly indicates that the contamination risk in the downstream reservoir is much higher than upstream sites due to transfer and accumulation of leached metals from upstream to downstream.
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    Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Human Blood from Punjab, India (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: In the present study, the current levels of pesticide residues were studied in the human populace of Punjab state. A total of 111 human blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and pesticide residues were detected in 35 % of the blood sample(s). Residues of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′ DDD), p,p′ dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′ DDE), p,p’ dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′ DDT), β-endosulfan, monocrotophos, profenophos and phosalone were found in human blood samples with mean levels of 1.11, 5.89, 0.51, 3.88, 0.39, 34.90, 0.79, 0.39 and 6.76 ng ml −1 , respectively, with β-endosulfan as a leading pesticide residue. A paradigm shift in the pattern of the pesticide usage was observed with a shift from organochlorine pesticides to organophosphates.
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    Lysosomal Membrane Stability of the Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.), as a Biomarker of Tributyltin Exposure (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: The effect of tributyltin (TBT) on the stability of hemocytic lysosome membranes of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the use thereof as a biomarker of TBT-induced stress, was investigated. Mussels were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 µg/L tributyltin respectively for 4 weeks. Lysosomal membrane stability of hemocytes was tested weekly by means of the neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay, after which the mussel samples were analyzed for TBT content. The two exposed groups exhibited significantly increased ( p  〈 0.05) whole body TBT concentrations with concomitant significant decreases ( p  〈 0.05) in NRRT (R 2 values of 0.85 and 0.971 for lower and higher exposure groups, respectively). The higher exposure group showed a typical dose–response curve. For the control, no TBT was detected and NRRT remained stable. It was concluded that the NRRT assay could be considered as a useful technique, and lysosomal membrane destabilization a useful early warning and cellular biomarker of stress due to TBT exposure in M. galloprovincialis .
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    Acanthocephalan Parasites ( Acanthogyrus sp.) of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) as Biosink of Lead (Pb) Contamination in a Philippine Freshwater Lake (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: The potential use of acanthocephalans as bioindicators of Lead (Pb) pollution in Sampaloc Lake, Laguna, Philippines was investigated. Nile tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus ) were collected and Pb concentrations were determined in fish tissues and in their acanthocephalan parasites, Acanthogyrus sp. Significantly higher levels of Pb were detected in the parasites relative to the fish host tissues ( p  = 0.001). Bioaccumulation capacity of the parasites against fish tissues were 102, 119, and 147 times higher than the fish intestine, liver, and muscles, respectively. Pb sensitivity of the parasites was quantified by exact logistic analysis showing higher odds of Pb detection ranging from 18 to 45 folds ( p  = 0.001–0.009). Interestingly, infected fish showed significantly lower Pb concentration in their tissues compared to uninfected fish ( p  = 0.001), suggesting parasites were able to sequester Pb and served as active biosinks. The Pb levels in the parasites were also hundred folds higher (988 times) relative to the ambient waters, indicating a potential role of fish parasites as metal biosinks in aquatic ecosystems.
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    Agriculturally Induced Heavy Metal Accumulation in Seyfe Lake, Turkey (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: The aim of the present 1-year study was to investigate the effect of heavy metals in synthetic fertilizers on water and sediment quality in the Seyfe Lake, where agricultural activity was the only anthropogenic source. Metal concentrations of five different types of synthetic fertilizers used in agricultural fields within the Seyfe Lake closed basin were as follows: Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 As 〉 Ni 〉 Co. The annual average of heavy metal concentrations in the sediment samples were as follows: Zn 〉 Pb 〉 As 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Co. Seyfe Lake sediment was classified as anthropogenically “highly polluted” in terms of the As and Zn concentrations at each sample station based on the sediment quality guidelines. Furthermore, the sediment could be classified as “moderately to highly polluted” in terms of the As concentration, based on the geo-accumulation index.
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    Use of the Integrated Biomarker Response to Measure the Effect of Short-term Exposure to Dibenz[ a , h ]anthracene in Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Dibenz[ a , h ]anthracene (D b A) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is released into the environment through incomplete combustion of gasoline, cigarettes, and coal tar. The effects of short-term (10 days) exposure of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) to D b A (0–50 µg L −1 ) were evaluated using the following four biomarkers: DNA damage, 7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase (EROD) activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) was calculated for exposure to D b A, and the results were compared with those in our previous study of two other PAHs, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene (B k F) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (B a P). D b A exposure resulted in a significant ( p  〈 0.05) increase in DNA damage, EROD activity, and VTG levels relative to the control. By contrast, Db A did not affect AChE activity. The IBR increased as the concentration of D b A increased. Based on the IBR values, the order of toxicity for the PAHs was B k F 〉 B a P 〉 D b A. Our results suggest that the IBR can be used as a quantitative tool for evaluating the responses of multiple biomarkers to PAH exposure.
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    Analysis of Insecticides in Dead Wild Birds in Korea from 2010 to 2013 (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Wild birds are exposed to insecticides in a variety of ways, at different dose levels and via multiple routes, including ingestion of contaminated food items, and dermal, inhalation, preening, and embryonic exposure. Most poisoning by insecticides occurs as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, but intentional killing of unwanted animals also occurs. In this study, we investigated insecticides in the gastric contents of dead wild birds that were suspected to have died from insecticide poisoning based on necropsy. The wild birds were found dead in various regions and locations such as in mountains, and agricultural and urban areas. A total of 182 dead wild birds of 27 species were analyzed in this study, and insecticide residue levels were determined in 60.4 % of the total samples analyzed. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon were the most common insecticides identified at rates of 50.0 % and 30.7 % of the insecticide-positive samples, respectively. Other insecticides identified in dead wild birds included organophosphorous, organochlorine and carbamate insecticides. However, there was limited evidence to conclusively establish the cause of death related to insecticides in this study. Nevertheless, considering the level of insecticide exposure, it is speculated that the exposure was mainly a result of accidental or intentional killing, and not from environmental residue.
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    Nanosilver and Nano Zero-Valent Iron Exposure Affects Nutrient Exchange Across the Sediment–Water Interface (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: To examine how nanoparticles influence biogeochemical cycles in streams, we studied the acute impact of nanosilver (nAg) and nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI) exposure on nutrient and oxygen exchange across the sediment–water interface of two streams (agricultural canal and wetland) that differed in their water quality and sediment characteristics. At the agricultural site, nAg increased oxygen consumption and decreased N 2 flux rates from that observed in control incubations. nZVI caused sediment–water systems from both streams to go hypoxic within 1.5 h of exposure. N 2 flux rates were at least an order of magnitude higher in nZVI treatments as compared to control. Water column nitrate and nitrite concentrations were not impacted by nZVI exposure but total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were higher in cores treated with nZVI. nAg and nZVI exposure to surface water ecosystems can disrupt ecological function across the sediment–water interface.
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    Determination of TiO 2 and AgTiO 2 Nanoparticles in Artemia salina : Toxicity, Morphological Changes, Uptake and Depuration (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: In this study, aquatic stability and toxic effects of TiO 2 and AgTiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on Artemia salina nauplii. AgTiO 2 was found to be more toxic to nauplii compared to TiO 2 . The mortality rate in nauplii increased significantly with increasing concentrations and duration of exposure. TiO 2 eliminations ranged between 27.8 % and 96.5 % at 50 and 1 mg/L TiO 2 exposed to nauplii, respectively. Accumulation and elimination of Ag in AgTiO 2 exposed nauplii were similar except at 1 mg/L AgTiO 2 . When NPs were mixed with water, the hydrodynamic dimensions of NPs significantly increased because of aggregation in saltwater but NP size decreased over time. NPs-exposed nauplii showed changes in eye formation, enlargement of the intestine, malformations in the outer shell and antennae loss were also observed. Since accumulation and toxicity of AgTiO 2 NPs was higher than TiO 2 alone, inevitably release of AgTiO 2 into aqueous environments can cause ecological risks.
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    Metals in Bone Tissue of Antillean Manatees from the Gulf of Mexico and Chetumal Bay, Mexico (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Concentrations of seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were analyzed in 33 bone tissue samples of Antillean manatees ( Trichechus manatus manatus ) found dead in lagoons and rivers of Tabasco and Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico and Chetumal Bay in the Caribbean region. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were significantly different between regions, with greater levels found in the Gulf of Mexico group than in the Mexican Caribbean group ( p  〈 0.05). Pb concentrations differed significantly between adults and calves. No differences were observed between sexes. Metal concentrations detected in the manatee bones were higher than most of those reported for bones in other marine mammals around the world. Future studies are necessary to establish whether the metal concentrations represent a risk to the health of the species.
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    Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Aphanizomenon flos - aquae (EPS-A) Induced Apoptosis in Astrocytes of Zebrafish (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: In this study, extracellular polymeric substances of Aphanizomenon flos - aquae (EPS-A) were investigated in order to explore their effect on astrocytes of zebrafish and potential risk for environment. Astrocytes were treated with varying concentrations of EPS-A, the results showed that EPS-A inhibited astrocytes growth in a dose-and time-dependent manner. With the concentrations of EPS-A increasing, the adherent ability of astrocytes decreased and the number of astrocytes floating in the culture medium increased. When treated with 2.35 µg/mL EPS-A, EPS-A induced cell cycle arrest and made the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and then led to astrocytes apoptosis. The results suggested that EPS-A could pose a threat to zebrafish and represent risk for environment, so regularly monitoring the presence of EPS-A was very important in nutrient-rich freshwaters when A. flos - aquae blooms broke out.
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    Effects of Barium Chloride Exposure on Hormones and Genes of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonad Axis, and Reproduction of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: Adult zebrafish pairs were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BaCl 2 for 21 days, and the effects on reproduction, sex steroid hormones, and transcription of the genes belonging to the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis were investigated. The adverse effects on performances of F1 generation were further examined with or without subsequent exposure to BaCl 2 . Egg production was significantly decreased, and parental exposure to BaCl 2 resulted in lesser rates of hatching. In males, exposure to BaCl 2 resulted in greater concentrations of E2 along with greater mRNA expression of cyp19a . The results demonstrated that BaCl 2 could modulate gene transcriptions and hormone production of the HPG axis in a sex-dependent way, which could cause adverse effects on reproduction and the development of offspring.
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    Spatial Eco-Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soils of Industrial City of Aran-o-Bidgol, Iran (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: Heavy metals usually accumulate and migrate in soil environment due to human activities and this in return poses potential ecological and health risks. A total of 135 surface soil samples were collected from Aran-o-Bidgol City, Iran and were analyzed for their Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu concentrations to determine these elements’ spatial distribution and potential ecological risks. To this end, interpolation mapping was conducted using Ordinary Kriging. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu in the samples were 0.72, 11.41, 29.87 and 14.82 mg kg −1 , respectively, which were all higher than their background values. The spatial variation in the concentration of heavy metals could be attributable to point sources and vehicle emissions. Considering the severity of the potential ecological risks of metals, the descending order of contaminants’ concentrations was Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Pb. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) suggested that approximately 40 % and 59 % of the samples posed high and significantly high potential ecological risks, respectively. Moreover, ecological risk decreased progressively going from southwest to northeast over the under-study area. Considering the background values and RI, this area presented a relatively high level of contamination.
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    Uptake of 2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine by Vetiver Grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) from Hydroponic Media (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: 2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine (prometryn) poses a risk to aquatic environments in several countries, including China, where its use is widespread, particularly due to its chemical stability and biological toxicity. Vetiver grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) was tested for its potential for phytoremediation of prometryn. Vetiver grass was grown in hydroponic media in a greenhouse, in the presence of prometryn, with appropriate controls. Plant uptake and removal of prometryn from the media were monitored for a period of 67 days. The results showed that the removal of the prometryn in the media was expedited by vetiver grass. The removal half-life (t 1/2 ) was shortened by 11.5 days. Prometryn removal followed first-order kinetics (C t  = 1.8070e −0.0601t ). This study demonstrated the potential of vetiver grass for the phytoremediation for prometryn.
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    Growth and Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride and 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: The toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 8 mim]Cl) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C 8 mim]Br) on wheat seedlings at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L −1 were studied on the 7th, 10th and 13th days of cultivation. In addition, the concentrations of [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br in nutrient solutions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography for the first time. The results showed that the concentrations of [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br in nutrient solutions were stable during the exposure period. However, the reactive oxygen species levels in the wheat seedling cells were enhanced after exposure to [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br, which resulted in oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the particular halide anion present in the IL compounds appeared to have little influence on the toxicity of ILs.
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    Metal Distribution and Contamination Assessment in Drainage Ditch Water in the Main Rice/Vegetable Area of Sichuan Hilly Basin (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-14
    Description: In order to assess the impact of four land use changes on metal concentrations in the hilly Sichuan Basin of China, 71 surface water samples were collected in July and November 2014. Samples from residential ditch water were found to have higher metal concentrations than those in other types of ditches, while the lowest occurred in barren land ditch water. However, the selected metals were below the Chinese surface water quality standards and WHO ( 2011 ). The pollution index of four determined land use types was also below the critical pollution index, suggesting there were low levels of pollution in Sichuan Basin. Arsenic was the most important pollutant of concern. Results indicate steps should be taken to control and reduce the risk of metals released from residential ditch water.
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    Lead Concentrations in Raw Cow and Goat Milk Collected in Rural Areas of Croatia from 2010 to 2014 (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: A total of 249 cow and 33 goat milk samples were collected in rural areas of Croatia during the period 2010–2014. Lead concentrations in milk samples were analyzed by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mean Pb concentrations in milk ranged from (μg/kg): cow 10.8–12.2; goat 9.33–60.0. The highest Pb level of 131 μg/kg in cow milk was measured during 2014. There were no significant differences in Pb levels between cow and goat milk and also in goat milk among the analysed years. However, significant differences were found in cow milk among years. The highest Pb was determined in 2011 (157 μg/kg in goat milk). The calculated estimated weekly intakes of Pb concentrations for cow and goat milk contribute only 1.37 % and 1.84 % to the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Therefore, the consumption of milk from both species should not pose a consumer health risk.
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    Pyrolysis of Plants After Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil with Lead, Cadmium and Zinc (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: The aim of this study was to remediate lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) from contaminated soil and stabilize to pyrolysis solid product. To accomplish this, phytoremediation of soil contaminated with Pb, Cd and Zn by different plants (sunflower, corn and rape) was performed with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). According to phytoremediation results, rape was the most effective plant with 72 %, 76 % and 77 % removal efficiency for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. Also, EDTA addition had no significant effect on translocation of the metals from roots to stems. According to pyrolysis results, Pb, Cd and Zn in the contaminated plants were stabilized in the ash/char fraction. In addition, the solid product can be safely landfilled as inert waste since its toxicity leaching value is lower than the limit values given in the Turkish Regulation on Landfilling of Wastes.
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    Detection of Lead (Pb) in Three Environmental Matrices of the Cache River Watershed, Arkansas (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: Water bodies contaminated with lead (Pb) represent a considerable threat to both human and environmental health. The Cache River, located in northeastern Arkansas has been listed as impaired on the 303(d) list due to Pb contamination. However, historical data for the watershed is limited in both sampled waterways and analyses performed. This study measures concentrations of Pb in three environmental matrices of the Cache River Watershed; dissolved in the water column, total Pb (dissolved + particulate), and sediment-bound Pb. A variety of waterways were sampled including main channel and tributary sites. Frequency of detection and mean concentrations were compared to values for the entire Lower Mississippi Watershed. In general, no significant differences were found for the CRW when compared to the LMRW, with the exception of total Pb which was detected more frequently but at lower concentrations in the CRW than in the LMRW, and sediment Pb, which was detected at a significantly lower frequency in the CRW than the LMRW.
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    Organic UV Filters in the Surface Water of Nanjing, China: Occurrence, Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-10
    Description: Organic UV filters (OUV-Fs) are increasingly used for protection against UV irradiation. The widespread occurrence of OUV-Fs residues in aquatic systems has been reported, but little is known regarding their distribution and potential impact to the surface water in China. This study reports the occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of eight widely used OUV-Fs in the surface water of Nanjing. The results indicated butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane, octyl-dimethyl-PABA and benzophenone-types (BP3, BP4 and BP1) were the most frequently detected compounds at concentrations of 3.63–104 ng/L. In general, the concentrations of OUV-Fs were decreased along the rivers; however, due to a substantial pollution load from the tributaries, higher concentrations of OUV-Fs were observed near the tributary inlet, compared to the other study areas. The risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients (RQs) demonstrated that all OUV-Fs posed at least low risks to certain sensitive aquatic organisms, and BP3 posed high risk with RQ values of 1.64. It should be noted that the exclusion of adsorbed OUV-Fs might have contributed to an underestimation of the risk, therefore, it’s necessary to assess both adsorbed and dissolved OUV-Fs in further studies.
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    Biomarkers of Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Apoptotic Effects in Cyprinus carpio Exposed to Complex Mixture of Contaminants from Hospital Effluents (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-12
    Description: Hospital wastewater is an important source of emerging contaminants. Recent studies emphasize the importance of assessing the effects of mixtures of contaminants rather than environmental risk of their individual components, as well as the determination of intrinsic toxicity of wastewater. Mixtures of pollutants has possible interactions that have notable environmental side effects. The aim of this study is an attempt to characterize biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio related to the exposure to a complex mixture of contaminants found in hospital wastewater. Results of a particular hospital effluent show the presence of traces of heavy metals, high chlorine concentration and emerging contaminants such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The LC50 was of 5.49 % at 96 h. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic biomarkers increase when fishes were exposed to wastewater (1/10 CL50) from hospital wastewater. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and quantifying the effects of contaminants as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and surfactants in order to design and implement an ecotoxicologycal plan.
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    Analysis and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Plant Samples of a Coal Mining Area in Nigeria (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: This study analysed coal, plant and soil samples collected from the vicinity of Okobo coal mine in Nigeria for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and evaluated the sources of the PAH contamination in the environmental samples. The environmental samples were extracted by sonication using a ternary solvent system and analysed for 16 PAHs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results of the analysis of the samples identified some of the target PAHs. The ranges of total concentrations (in mg/kg) of PAHs in the coal, plant and soil samples were, 0.00–0.04, 0.00–0.16 and 0.00–0.01 respectively. The evaluation of the results of the PAH analysis of the environmental samples using diagnostic ratios revealed that the PAHs in the soil samples were mainly of petrogenic origin, while those in plant samples indicated mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic origins.
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    The Influence of Soil Characteristics on the Toxicity of Oil Refinery Waste for the Springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: We determined the toxicity of oil refinery waste in three soils using the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola) in bioassays. Sublethal exposure to a concentration series of API-sludge presented EC50’s for reproduction of 210 mg/kg in site soil; 880 mg/kg in LUFA2.2- and 3260 mg/kg in OECD-soil. The sludge was the least toxic in the OECD-soil with the highest clay and organic matter content, the highest maximum water holding capacity, and the least amount of sand. It was the most toxic in the reference site soil with the lowest organic matter content and highest sand content. The results emphasized the important role of soil characteristics such as texture and organic matter content in influencing toxicity, possibly by affecting bioavailability of toxicants.
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    Mercury Concentrations in Invasive Burmese Pythons ( Python bivitattus ) of Southwest Florida (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We determined mercury (Hg) concentrations in various tissues of Burmese pythons (〈em〉Python bivitattus〈/em〉; n = 227) caught in southwest Florida from 2012–2018 as part of a program to control this invasive species. Mercury ranged as high as 4.86 mg/kg in liver tissue from a snake that was 4.7 m long but overall averaged 0.12 ± 0.19 mg/kg in tail tips (n = 123). These levels were relatively low as compared to concentrations reported in pythons from Everglades National Park, a recognized Hg hotspot. These results show that snakes, particularly watersnakes, present another opportunity to biomonitor Hg at the aquatic-terrestrial interface. Although capturing snakes presents obvious challenges, which differ from sampling other taxa typically used in monitoring programs, taking advantage of this program to control an invasive species was cost effective and alleviated concerns about sampling and possibly reducing native snake populations.〈/p〉
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    Trace Elements in Surface Soils and Megascolecidae Earthworms in Urban Forests Within Four Land-Uses Around Poughkeepsie, New York, USA (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Amynthas agrestis〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Metaphire hilgendorfi〈/em〉 are being distributed across North America with unknown ecosystem impacts. Forest soils in urban areas sequester trace elements and earthworms may be bioaccumulating them. This study examined Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in soils and earthworm tissues at 28 urban forest sites in and surrounding Poughkeepsie, NY, USA. Megascolecidae were present at 22 sites with means of 12 to 27 individuals m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 and 4 to 12 dry weight g m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉. Urban forest soils within commercial uses had Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations higher than within residential and agricultural uses. Earthworm trace element concentrations were poorly predicted by their respective soil concentrations, except for Pb. Urban forests in commercial uses and land-preserves, earthworm Cd and Pb concentrations were at or above concentrations known to negatively impact small mammal and bird health ( 〉 10 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) with Co and V approaching toxic concentrations.〈/p〉
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    A Review on Adsorption Technologies for Mercury Emission Control (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study summarized existing adsorption technologies for the removal of elemental mercury in the flue gas. Both carriers (e.g., active carbon (AC), pyrolyzed char, inorganic adsorbents and fly ash) and various modification methods (pore structure improvement, oxygen-containing functional groups addition and new active reagents impregnation) were compared to shed light on the development of future adsorption technology. AC and char possibly performed more mercury adsorption capacity (MAC) compared with fly ash and inorganic adsorbents since carbon atom existence was easier to form the active halogen groups (C–X) and oxygen containing groups. Though both pore structure improvement and chemical group formation improved the MAC of adsorbents, the chemical modification methods (oxygen-containing functional groups addition and new active reagents impregnation) were more effective. The impregnation of halogen, sulfur and metal chloride could distinctly form lots of active sites on the adsorbents and developed high effective mercury adsorbents. In the future, the adsorption researches possibly focus on SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O resistance of adsorbents, separable adsorbents, low-cost chemical modification methods, and utilization potential of fly ash.〈/p〉
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    Environmental Risk of Metal Contamination in Sediments of Tropical Reservoirs (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Reservoir sediment can work as both sink and source for contaminants. Once released into the water column, contaminants can be toxic to biota and humans. We investigate potential ecological risk to benthic organisms by metals contamination in six reservoirs in Southeast Brazil. Results of the bioavailable fraction of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in sediment samples are presented. Considering Cu, Cd, and Zn concentrations, about 6% of the samples exceeded the threshold effect levels of sediment quality guidelines. The comparison to sediment quality guidelines is conservative because we used a moderate metal extraction. Control of contaminant sources in these reservoirs is key because they are sources of water and food. The mixture toxicity assessment showed an increased incidence of toxicity to aquatic organisms showing that mixture toxicity should be taken into account in sediment assessment criteria.〈/p〉
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    Gammarus pulex as a Model Organism to Assess the Residual Toxicity of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treated by Electrocoagulation Process (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉It was assessed the efficiency of the electrocoagulation (EC) in slaughterhouse wastewater (SW) treatment by using antioxidant parameters of 〈em〉Gammarus pulex〈/em〉. The SW was treated by EC. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in 〈em〉G. pulex〈/em〉 exposed to pre- and post-treated of the SW during 24 h and 96 h were analysed. Standard methods were applied during the analysing process of the physicochemical quality parameters for both untreated and treated SW. All measured physicochemical parameters were decreased following the treatment process via EC. After the treatment process, it was observed that while SOD activities and MDA levels were decreased, CAT activities were increased and GPx activities did not exhibit any change. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the abilities of untreated SW to promote oxidative stress in model organism. The SOD, CAT activities and MDA levels in 〈em〉G. pulex〈/em〉 revealed that EC process were efficient in the SW treatment.〈/p〉
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    Influence of Ligneous Bulking Agents on the Complexation of Heavy Metals to Humic Substances Formed in Pig Manure Composting (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In order to investigate the influence of different lignin sources on humic substance formation during composting, this study selected two lignin sources, including wood sawdust and maize straw, to be co-composted with pig manure. Humic substances (HS) were characterized based on their fluorescence characteristics and complexing behaviors with heavy metals. The results showed that lignin sources, especially wood sawdust, were more conducive in promoting the formation of humic acids (HAs) than inorganic matter. The fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra also proved the positive effects of lignin on the formation of HAs during the humification process. The binding capacities of HAs isolated from mature composts for Cu and Cd followed the order of WS-90 〉 MS-90 〉 I-90, indicating that organic bulking agents are superior at increasing the complexing capacity of HAs. This finding suggests that the co-composting of pig manure with ligneous bulking agents is more advantageous at reducing the environmental risk of heavy metals.〈/p〉
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    Intraspecific Genetic Variation for Lead-Induced Changes in Reproductive Strategies (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We aimed to identify genetic variation in the response of reproductive behaviors to lead (Pb〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉) exposure. We reared a subset of the 〈em〉Drosophila〈/em〉 Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) inbred lines on control or Pb-treated (500 μM PbAc) medium and tested for differences in copulation latency, copulation duration, and fecundity. Pb exposure decreased fecundity (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) and increased copulation duration (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) across DGRP lines. We found intraspecific genetic variation in latency, duration, and fecundity in both control and Pb-treated flies, with heritability ranging from 0.45 to 0.80. We found a significant genotype-by-environment interaction for copulation duration (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Genetic correlation matrices revealed significant genetic variation in common between control and Pb-treated flies for each trait (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Our results indicate that intraspecific genetic variation plays a role in Pb susceptibility and emphasize the importance of considering the impacts of variation in susceptibility to Pb pollution.〈/p〉
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    New Insights into Dose- and Time-Dependent Response of Five Typical PPCPs on Soil Microbial Respiration (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The widespread use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has attracted much attention and the impact of PPCPs on indigenous microbial communities has become increasingly important in recent days. Five common PPCPs, including doxycycline (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), triclocarban (TCC), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfadimidine (SMZ), were selected and their effects on soil microbial respiration were studied at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results of this study indicate that the effect of five common PPCPs on soil microbial respiration was dose- and time- dependent. At low concentrations (0.2 and 1 mg/kg), CBZ and SMZ exhibited an activation effect on microbial soil respiration at 1 day (58.02%, 26.39% and 1.54%, 1.76% at 0.2 and 1 mg/kg respectively), while DOX showed inhibition for all tested concentrations at 1 day of incubation. At high concentrations (25 and 50 mg/kg) CIP and SMZ showed an inhibitory effect (− 69.13%, − 80.86% for 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively), while TCC and CBZ exhibited stimulatory effect (38.07%, 9.64% and 4.06%, 12.18% at 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) at 1 day of incubation. Our findings indicate that the effect of tested PPCPs on soil microbial respiration had an inhibitory or stimulatory effect based on the dose and extent of time.〈/p〉
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    Biomonitoring of Air Pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina Using Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of the study was to assess heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) air pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using a lichen, 〈em〉Hypogymnia physodes〈/em〉. Metal content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and was between very high naturality or alteration to middle naturality or alteration. Strong correlations between Cr and Ni confirmed mainly anthropogenic sources. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Co, As, Sn, Sb, Hg and Bi were performed on the lichen surface and hyphae of the transplanted samples. Despite significant damage to tissue and cell integrity, the recurrent presence of particulate matter in lichen indicates the considerable presence of dust in the urban atmosphere which, according to chemical composition, may be due to anthropogenic and natural sources such as soil.〈/p〉
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    Transport Dynamics of Mercury in Rainfall-runoff After Summer Drought in a Small Agricultural Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The objective of this study was to investigate the transport dynamics of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the first rainfall-runoff event after summer drought, to understand flushing effects (FFEs) and to quantificationally estimate contributions to the annual outputs of Hg. The results showed that both THg and MeHg in rainfall-runoff predominated by particulate fraction peaked at the beginning of the monitoring period. On average, more than 80% of THg and MeHg loadings were transported during the initial runoff (≤ 6 h). Simultaneously, significant FFEs were observed for both THg and MeHg, with a larger effect for MeHg. More importantly, the estimated output fluxes of THg and MeHg in runoff produced by this rainfall event contributed 3.0% (THg) and 7.8% (MeHg) to the annual output fluxes, respectively, suggesting the importance of the first-rainfall on the Hg loss (especially for MeHg).〈/p〉
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    Fungicidal Properties of 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol and Its Derivatives (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Fungicidal effect of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and its derivates, prepared by replacing the hydrogen atom in its amino group by different organic radicals was studied. Evaluation of the biological activity of studied substances by сomputational chemistry methods was performed. Toxicity of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and synthesized N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)formamide and N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetamide to six species of phytophatogen fungi were tested in the experiment. The results of the study demonstrate that replacement of the hydrogen atom in the amino group by a aldehyde group leads to an increase in fungicidal activity with respect to 〈em〉Rhizoctonia solani〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Bipolaris sorokiniana〈/em〉. A replacement of the hydrogen atom by a ketone group increases the inhibitory effect on 〈em〉Sclerotinia sclerotiorum〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Venturia inaequalis〈/em〉. The paper contains comparative data on the fungicide effect of commercial preparation for studied fungi also.〈/p〉
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  • 191
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    Can Local Enhancement in Earthworms Affect the Outcome of the Standard Earthworm Avoidance Test? (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Earthworms exhibit clumping behaviour in and out of the soil. However, it remains unknown if such social behaviour ultimately influences the outcome of ecotoxicological experiments in the laboratory. We performed several overnight avoidance tests to determine whether social behaviour (i.e., local enhancement) is a factor in pollution avoidance behaviour in the earthworm 〈em〉Eisenia fetida〈/em〉. The results showed that there was no clear influence of social behaviour on the choice or avoidance of Cd contaminated soils, although we suspect that 50 mg Cd/kg might not have been high enough to elicit a significant avoidance response. Nevertheless, when offered a choice between clean undisturbed soil and previously inhabited soil, the worms preferred the previously inhabited soil (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.01). While the level of metal pollution investigated in this study did not disrupt or help predict social dynamics, local enhancement, perhaps driven by some sort of habitat imprinting, was successfully documented in 〈em〉Eisenia fetida〈/em〉.〈/p〉
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  • 192
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    Lysosomal Membrane Stability in Hemocytes and Micronuclei in Gills of Perumytilus purpuratus Lamarck 1819 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) Exposed to Copper (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of copper on the bivalve 〈em〉Perumytilus purpuratus〈/em〉. The individuals were exposed to three copper concentrations: 1, 30 and 45 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for 24, 48 and 96 h. Lysosomal membrane stability in hemocytes was determined through the neutral red retention time (NRRT) and micronucleus (MN) frequency tests in hemocytes and gills. The results show that the NRRT decreased significantly at 30 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 after 48 h of exposure. The frequency of MN was significantly greater in gills after 24 h in all concentrations tested. Copper is cytotoxic from 30 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and genotoxic from 1 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. The use of these biomarkers of effects in 〈em〉P. purpuratus〈/em〉 is proposed as an early warning tool for monitoring in environmental assessment of coastal ecosystems impacted by mining activities.〈/p〉
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  • 193
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    Excess Copper-Induced Changes in Antioxidative Enzyme Activity, Mineral Nutrient Uptake and Translocation in Sugarcane Seedlings (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Sugarcane is a potential species for use in heavy metal remediation. To analyze the effect of excess copper on sugarcane, the biomass, mineral nutrient content and activities of antioxidative enzymes were measured under copper stress. The results revealed that the biomass of roots and shoots significantly decreased with increasing copper concentration in solution. Most copper accumulated in the roots, and the translocation factor of copper decreased with an increase in copper stress. The MDA content in sugarcane roots notably increased under copper stress. The POD activity in sugarcane roots increased, and CAT activity decreased under copper stress. The Zn, Fe and Mn contents in shoots increased significantly under 200 μmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 treatments. The Zn and Mg contents in roots notably decreased under copper stress, while the Zn and Mg translocation factors increased. These results indicated that the increase in POD activity and the modification of mineral nutrient uptake and transfer might play an important role in reducing the detrimental effects of excess copper.〈/p〉
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  • 194
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    Variable Background Flow on Aquatic Toxicant Exposure Alters Foraging Patterns on Crayfish (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Climate change is expected to alter hydrological cycles on global and regional scales, impacting groundwater and surface water inputs to stream habitats. In the midwestern United States, the volume and frequency of inputs are expected to become increasingly variable. This region has a high incidence of agriculture, creating enormous potential for transport of pesticides and herbicides into aquatic ecosystems. Metolachlor, an herbicide for corn and soybean crops, has been demonstrated to contaminate surface water and groundwater in the region. This study examines the impact of variable flow conditions on the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of metolachlor in a macroinvertebrate found in midwestern streams, the rusty crayfish (〈em〉Faxonius rusticus〈/em〉). Changes in crayfish foraging behavior were analyzed using a Mixed Model ANCOVA. Under toxicant exposure, crayfish significantly increased their consumption of macrophytes, but only under the variable flow regime. Thus, the increased variability in toxicant exposure impacted crayfish foraging behavior more than other flow regimes. This significant interaction between flow regime and metolachlor exposure suggests that the greater variability in toxicant inputs to streams may lead to more severe changes in behavior for exposed organisms.〈/p〉
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  • 195
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    Accumulation and Depuration of Nonylphenol and Its Effect on the Expressions of Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Receptor in Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Accumulation of nonylphenol (NP) in hepatopancreas, gonad, eyestalk, and muscle of freshwater prawn 〈em〉Macrobrachium rosenbergii〈/em〉 following 72 h exposure to 100 µg/L NP, and depuration of NP in these tissues at 0.5–192 h post exposure were examined. We also examined the expressions of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) of prawn following 0–20 days exposure to 0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L NP. NP accumulation in hepatopancreas and gonad with high concentration, and low concentration in muscle, but depurated faster in eyestalk and muscle. The expressions of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) increased directly with dose and time. In conclusion, NP accumulated significantly in gonad together with high Vg and VgR expressions, and depurated slow in hepatopancreas and gonad when prawns were removed back to control water. The induction of Vg and VgR under NP exposure might be a stress response in 〈em〉M. rosenbergii〈/em〉.〈/p〉
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    Formaldehyde Adsorption–Desorption of Poplar Bark (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study investigated how the 〈em〉Populus〈/em〉 × 〈em〉euramericana〈/em〉 cv. 〈em〉Pannónia〈/em〉 bark behaves in an environment containing formaldehyde. Prism shaped samples were formed from the bark and the prisms were kept in formaldehyde contaminated atmosphere for 1, 2, 5, 10, 18 and 36 days. After the contamination, the amount of the formaldehyde adsorbed and later the desorbed was measured. The formaldehyde content of the uncontaminated poplar bark was 0.0036 mg/g. The amount of bound formaldehyde showed a saturation curve as a function of time. The formaldehyde adsorption reached an equilibrium value of 0.9 mg HCHO/g bark. The emission of formaldehyde from contaminated bark samples showed an exponential curve as a function of time and some residual formaldehyde content was detected after the formaldehyde was released.〈/p〉
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    Effects of Atmospheric Fallout on Lead Contamination of Wheat Tissues Based on Stable Isotope Ratios (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In order to trace the source of Pb pollution in wheat, the contribution ratio of soil and atmospheric fallout source was quantified based on stable isotope ratios. Results showed that the average Pb content of soil was significantly lower than that of fallout, and Pb in the fallout had a higher weak acid fraction than soil. Pb in wheat had a distinct distribution in its tissues and the content of Pb in wheat roots was significantly higher than it in shoots. The 〈sup〉206〈/sup〉Pb/〈sup〉207〈/sup〉Pb ratio of soil was significantly higher than that in atmospheric fallout (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). According to a binary mixing model, the 〈sup〉206〈/sup〉Pb/〈sup〉207〈/sup〉Pb ratio in wheat roots, leaves, and grains reflect 67%, 65%, and 90% of Pb content contributions from fallout, respectively. This results suggest that fallout Pb was absorbed by wheat leaves and transferred to other organs, and it is important to develop effective strategies to control fallout Pb risks.〈/p〉
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    Aquatic Phytotoxicity to Lemna minor of Three Commonly Used Drugs of Addiction in Australia (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The manufacturing and consumption of drugs of addiction has increased globally and their widespread occurrence in the environment is an emerging concern. This study evaluated the phytotoxicity of three compounds: methamphetamine, codeine and morphine; commonly reported in Australian urban water, to the aquatic plant 〈em〉Lemna minor〈/em〉 under controlled conditions. 〈em〉L. minor〈/em〉 was sensitive to lower drug concentrations when administered in multi-compound mixtures (100–500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) than when applied individually (range 600–2500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), while no adverse effects were observed at environmentally-relevant concentrations (1–5 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) detected in wastewater effluent. In conclusion, the results show that the concentrations of these compounds discharged into the environment are unlikely to pose adverse phytotoxic effects. These three compounds are known to be the most stable of their group under such conditions indicating that with this respect it is safe to use recycled water for existing regulated reclaimed purposes including agricultural or parklands irrigation or replenishing surface and groundwater. However, more research on the analysis of methamphetamines and opiates in municipal effluents is needed to reassure the likely environmental hazard of these neuroactive drug classes to aquatic organisms. Given the ever-growing production and aquatic disposal of discharge wastewater globally, this study provides timely and valuable insights into the likely drug-related impacts of effluent disposal on aquatic plants in receiving environments.〈/p〉
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    Ecotoxicological Effects of Fungicides Azoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin on Freshwater Aquatic Bacterial Communities (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Extensive use of the fungicides azoxystrobin (AZ) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) can have negative effects on aquatic environments, but comprehensive studies on their effect on aquatic microbial communities are still lacking. We found that AZ and PYR could both inhibit the growth of 〈em〉Chlorella vulgaris〈/em〉, but PYR also inhibited 〈em〉Microcystis aeruginosa〈/em〉 more strongly than did AZ. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that AZ promoted the growth of 〈em〉Cyanobacteria〈/em〉 in microcosms, and both PYR and AZ disturbed the ecological balance in the aquatic bacterial community and created distinct ecological risks. Our study suggests that the ecological risk of fungicides is complex, and fungicide use should be better managed to reduce potential risks to the environment.〈/p〉
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    Chronic Toxicological Effects of Carbamazepine on Daphnia magna Straus: Effects on Reproduction Traits, Body Length, and Intrinsic Growth (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In recent years, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) that remain in the environment have become increasingly important. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used antiepileptic drug that has a potential impact on the environment due to its Physico-chemical properties, which are rarely eliminated in conventional water treatment. 〈em〉Daphnia magna〈/em〉 Straus (DMS) is a fundamental link of aquatic ecosystem chain. The influence of CBZ toxicity on DMS can effectively reflect the effects of CBZ toxicity on the aquatic environment. In this study, DMS was used as a subject to assess the chronic effects of CBZ exposure. It was found that after 21 days of CBZ exposure, the breeding frequency, the total number of eggs laid, body length, and intrinsic growth rate of DMS decreased with increasing CBZ concentrations. Maximum reductions of 69% in fecundity and 60% in fertility were observed at 0.5 mg/L CBZ, while a maximum reduction of 60% in body length was observed at 0.001 mg/L CBZ concentration. The integrated biomarker response version 2 (IBRv2) analysis suggests that with the increase in CBZ concentration, the overall negative effect of CBZ on DMS was enhanced.〈/p〉
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