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  • Articles  (379)
  • Oxford Energy Forum  (379)
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  • 1
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    Development of cross-border interconnections – A review of the case of Mediterranean basin (2015)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-20
    Description: Electricity markets in the Mediterranean basin countries are characterised by the substantial disparity in their degree of openness and competitiveness. . There is also a difference in the maturity of their economies and their rate of economic and population growth. For example, the South and East Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs), which currently account for a quarter of total GDP of the region, are expected to grow at twice the rate of the North Mediterranean Countries (NMCs) until the end of the next decade. Similarly, the population in SEMCs is growing at a faster rate than the in NMCs. This imbalance has profound implications for energy stability and trade in the region. Development of cross border interconnections could reduce the energy gap among sub-regional markets and pave the way towards a well-integrated energy market. Additionally, in order for renewable energy to play an important role in the energy markets of the region the national electricity systems of the Euro-Mediterranean countries needs to be highly interconnected. Against this background, this paper aims to analyse the development of cross-border interconnections in the Mediterranean basin in light of existing disparities in the state of market maturities, institutions, national energy goals and regional objectives. Our analysis aims to illustrate how current provisions that regulate and discipline cross border interconnections in the EU do not apply, in the short- to medium-term, to SEMCs. And how the current regulatory framework, while designed to favour competition in electricity supply, appears to be poorly adapted to addressing security of supply at a regional level. The post Development of cross-border interconnections – A review of the case of Mediterranean basin appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 2
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    Gas-to-power market and investment incentive for enhancing generation capacity – an analysis of Ghana’s electricity sector (2015)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Ghana’s electricity generation capacity is currently insufficient to meet demand, making power outages and load shedding common. The resulting impact is potentially devastating for the country’s growth prospects. Traditionally, lack of an affordable and reliable fuel supply for power generation, coupled with ineffective institutions and an unfavourable investment climate, have resulted in Ghana’s electricity sector performing poorly. In light of the 2007 discovery of natural gas reserves in Ghanaian waters, this paper examines whether domestic gas could advance the performance of the electricity sector, and if so, how. The results of our analysis show that utilization of gas reserves in Ghana’s gas-to-power market is an economically superior strategy compared to an export-oriented utilization scheme. The lack of an effective regulatory framework for investment, skill shortages, and an inefficient electricity pricing structure continue to be the main constraining factors. Our analysis also considers possible approaches to modification of the electricity tariff in order to send the right signal to potential investors in generation capacity, without compromising the affordability of power supply. Executive Summary The post Gas-to-power market and investment incentive for enhancing generation capacity – an analysis of Ghana’s electricity sector appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 3
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    Oxford Energy Forum – Issue, 101 (2015)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: This issue of the Oxford Energy Forum is dedicated to gas pricing. A mild 2013/14 winter in Europe and parts of Asia and a slowing of demand growth for LNG saw European hub prices and LNG spot prices begin to fall through the summer of 2014. The collapse of the oil price in late 2014 resulted in a lagged reduction in long-term contract prices (LNG and pipeline gas) to levels below $10/MMBtu in Europe and Asia. These events followed a period from 2011 to 2013 in which regional gas reference prices in the USA, Europe, and Asia appeared to be held within stable ‘corridors’ at levels which incentivized the progression of a long list of new LNG projects in North America, East Africa, Australia, and Russia. Many of these will likely be ‘on hold’ pending indications of a more supportive future price environment, but some 150 bcm/year of new LNG supply from the USA and Australia will have achieved start-up by 2020; this will add further pressure on prices and stimulate inter-regional arbitrage. The post Oxford Energy Forum – Issue, 101 appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 4
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    The International Relations of the Green Economy in the Gulf – Lessons from the UAE’s State-led Energy Transition (2015)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: In this study, Mari Luomi examines how the resource-rich GCC countries are positioning themselves in the international relations of the green economy, focusing on the UAE’s state-led efforts to acquire the means of implementation for a national green energy transition. The study addresses four questions: What strategies, external relations, and engagements have the UAE and other GCC states developed over recent years that support a transition to a green energy economy? How are these engagements providing the means of implementation for a green economy transition? Are the national policy frameworks aligned with such a transition? What lessons can be drawn from the UAE’s experience by the other GCC states? The study concludes that, as the case of the UAE demonstrates, there are multiple ways in which the GCC states can actively employ their financial resources through external engagements to support a broader national green economy vision. However, enabling environments which are crucial for directing investments into green activities, jobs and infrastructure, are only beginning to emerge, and a lot of work still remains to be done in all six states, particularly in the areas of energy subsidy reform and sustainable job creation in productive sectors. The study closes with a number of related observations and recommendations. Executive Summary The post The International Relations of the Green Economy in the Gulf – Lessons from the UAE’s State-led Energy Transition appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 5
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    The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe – Challenges and Perspectives (2015)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Description: As the birthplace of the oil and gas industry, Azerbaijan’s long and rich history is intertwined with hydrocarbon production, with oil drilling pre-dating activity in Pennsylvania by 13 years. The involvement of foreign oil companies in the late 1800s, including the Nobel Brothers, resulted in the country becoming the world’s foremost oil producer at the turn of that century. The Soviet era precluded further international investment, but saw a dramatic growth in gas production commencing in the 1920s. The 1990s witnessed the return of the IOCs with the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field (oil and associated gas) and the Shah Deniz (gas and condensate) field developments reversing the trend of production decline and creating an export surplus in both oil and gas. In this paper, Gulmira Rzayeva provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges which were surmounted in the development of the Shah Deniz field, not least of which related to establishing export pipelines and marketing arrangements in Turkey, and (for Phase 2) Europe. Turning to the future, the paper details the nature and estimated potential of partially developed fields, discoveries at varying stages of appraisal and prospective structures in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea. Apart from the inevitable range of uncertainty over future production levels and timing, what emerges are the twin challenges of drilling rig availability (it being impossible to bring an assembled rig into the Caspian due to width restrictions on the Volga-Don canal) and the highly challenging sub-surface drilling conditions. The modest prospects for domestic gas demand growth and Azerbaijan’s geographic location require that any future gas field development decision will also require a degree of certainty on export infrastructure capacity to the primary target markets of Turkey and South and South East Europe. These issues are covered in detail.   Executive Summary The post The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe – Challenges and Perspectives appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 6
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    A Roadmap for Renewables in the Middle East (2013)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: The Middle East, home to nearly half of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves, has traditionally been amongst the world’s least diversified regions in terms of its domestic energy mix, which continues to rely for more than 98% on regionally produced fossil fuels. An increasing number of Middle Eastern and North African countries have set ambitious targets for the adoption of renewable energy to supply their future energy markets. Given the limited use of renewable energy technology in the region so far, governments and various private sector stakeholders interested in promoting renewable energy technology in the Middle East find themselves in a challenging position. This paper aims to examine the various stakeholders’ positions; to discuss barriers to the introduction of renewables to the region’s energy markets; and to propose realistic targets and policy solutions to effectively raise the share of renewables in the Middle East’s future energy mix. The post A Roadmap for Renewables in the Middle East appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 7
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    US Tight Oils – prospects and implications (2013)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-04
    Description: This paper examines the implications of the rapid growth in US tight oil production for US and global energy markets. The behaviour of US crude markets is analysed, with a particular focus on changing arbitrage dynamics. The rapid growth in US tight oils production was not met with an equally fast response by the US midstream companies, resulting in severe regional crude price dislocations. These lower regional prices impacted on producer profits and, more significantly, benefitted refineries that secured cheap feedstock and sold end products at levels linked to global product markets. However, we argue that globally, US tight oil production has primarily impacted price spreads though changes in trade flows, rather than absolute oil price levels, given various offsetting factors such as extremely weak supplies from outside the US.‎ Put another way, we argue that perhaps the correct way of seeing the US supply shock is not as something that should result in the collapse of prices, but instead as a factor that has prevented prices from being significantly higher. The post US Tight Oils – prospects and implications appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 8
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    The US Tight Oil Revolution in a Global Perspective (2013)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-13
    Description: Historically, the industry has had a very poor record in predicting oil prices and key fundamental shifts in the oil market, and this time is no different. Not only did most industry and oil market analysts fail to predict the scale of the tight oil revolution, but now that the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction, expectations regarding the impact of the tight oil revolution on global supply dynamics and international prices appear overhyped. However, contrary to the general view in the market that the abundance of tight oil would cause both a sharp drop in oil prices and create a supply glut in crude or refined products, neither has really materialized. This raises a key question: how can the oil market be undergoing a revolution without its effects being felt on global oil prices? One may argue that the impact of shale oil on prices and oil market dynamics is yet to be felt, as some of the underlying forces still need time to unfold. However, we find such an argument unconvincing. If, during the last three years, the large positive US supply shock failed to cause sharp price falls, why would a rise in US supply now bring about falling prices over the next few years? Instead, in this note, we argue that there are some fundamental weaknesses and flaws in the analysis underlying the ‘oil price-collapsing’ scenario and ‘hyped expectations’; current projections of the impact of shale on global oil market dynamics are hence likely to produce ‘off the mark’ predictions once again. We also argue that the current debate neglects some key areas in which the tight oil revolution is likely to have its biggest impact – namely on crude oil and product trade flows, on price differentials, and on the global markets for natural gas liquids. The post The US Tight Oil Revolution in a Global Perspective appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 9
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    Living with Intermittent Renewable Power – Challenges for Spain and the EU (2013)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Spain is living with a high penetration of intermittent renewable power from wind and solar PV. Other EU electricity markets will soon have to do the same, if they are not already doing so. This Comment summarizes a number of the challenges facing Spain as a result of this form of de-carbonization, and also considers the implications for the EU.  For each of the challenges, the Comment suggests possible policy responses.  The Spanish case reveals the need for a fundamental revision of European wholesale electricity markets to reflect the cost structures of de-carbonised  power.  It also highlights the need to reconsider European policies on climate change to enable markets to support innovation in low carbon technologies. The post Living with Intermittent Renewable Power – Challenges for Spain and the EU appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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  • 10
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    The Italian Gas Market – Challenges and Opportunities (2013)
    The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: The Italian gas market is the third largest in Europe with strong demand growth especially in the power generation sector up to the mid 2000s. But projections of demand growth from that era have not been realised. Clearly the impact of the financial crisis and subsequent recession has had a significant impact, exacerbated by the growth in wind and solar generation capacity. Market liberalisation in the 2000s failed to achieve levels of competition in the mid and downstream sectors to the extent seen in North West European markets. This resulted not only in some of the highest European end-user gas prices, but also delayed development of a liquid trading hub. Only in late 2012 did prices at the Italian gas hub PSV align with the prices at the Dutch gas hub TTF and other North West European hubs after capacity availability issues in linking infrastructure were resolved. Italy’s contracted supply commitments considerably exceed current and envisaged gas consumption levels. Scenarios on gas demand are not optimistic and will ultimately depend on future economic activity, tempered by the growth of renewable capacity. This paper takes these issues into consideration, and offers some insights regarding the challenges but also the opportunities that will arise in the Italian gas industry up to 2020. The post The Italian Gas Market – Challenges and Opportunities appeared first on Oxford Institute for Energy Studies .
    Print ISSN: 0959-7727
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Sociology , Economics
    Published by The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
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