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  • 1
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    Experimental Investigation of Stub Resonators Built in Plasmonic Slot Waveguides (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-21
    Description: In this letter, we focus on stub resonators embedded in plasmonic slot waveguides. The resonators have potential applications in optical interconnects and sensors. We fabricate the samples by electron beam lithography and lift-off. We use a scattering matrix-based model to quantify the optical power output from the samples. We measure the properties of the resonators by coupling light in and out of the slot waveguides by optical antennas, making use of a cross-polarization-based setup utilizing a supercontinuum source and a high numerical aperture objective lens operating in the telecom-wavelength range. Our model agrees well with the measured data. Furthermore, development on the stub resonators can be made by using the methods in this letter.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 2
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    Hyperbolic Metamaterial-Based UV Absorber (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: The spectral characteristics of nanostructured hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)-based absorber is investigated. The HMM structure is comprised of periodically arranged assembly of gold nanostrips. The results indicate nearly perfect absorption by the structure in the entire ultraviolet (UV) regime of the electromagnetic spectrum under certain configuration – the feature which would be useful for UV-shield related applications. The absorptivity of the structure can be tailored by altering the slant angle and thickness of gold nanostrips (in the HMM structure). The effect of altering the incidence angle of light is also reported.
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  • 3
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    High Average Power Second-Harmonic Generation of a CW Erbium Fiber MOPA (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: We report the generation of 28 W of 780 nm radiation with near diffraction limited beam quality (M 2 ≤ 1.15) by frequency-doubling a continuous-wave erbium fiber master oscillator power amplifier system in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. The second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency reached 45% with no roll-off observed, suggesting that further power scaling should be possible with higher fundamental pump powers. The generated second-harmonic had a 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 0.10 nm. The presented architecture represents a simple and effective route to generating high-brightness radiation around 780 nm.
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  • 4
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    Generation of Triangular-Shaped Waveform With Frequency Doubling (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: A novel approach for triangular-shaped waveform generation based on a dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulator and balanced photo-detection is proposed and demonstrated by simulation and experiment. By properly biasing the child Mach–Zehnder modulators, the optical carrier and the ±4th-order sidebands can be obtained in the upper arm (X-polarization) of the DP-QPSK modulator and the ±2nd-order sidebands in the lower arm (Y-polarization). The polarization multiplexed optical signal is injected to a balanced photo-detector to generate full-duty triangular-shaped waveform. The repetition rate of the detected triangular-shaped waveform can be double frequency of the driving signal. In the simulation and experiment, a 10-GHz triangular pulse train is successfully generated using a 5-GHz driving signal.
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  • 5
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    Multi-Parameter Sensing Using a Fiber Bragg Grating Inscribed in Dual-Mode Fiber (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: We propose a method for simultaneous measurement of strain, temperature, and surrounding refractive index (SRI) using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in dual-mode fiber by femtosecond laser. This FBG not only possesses two Bragg resonances corresponding to LP 01 and LP 11 modes, respectively, but also shows many strong cladding mode resonances, which are sensitive to SRI. Due to the different responses, the strain, temperature, and SRI can be discriminated simultaneously by measuring the two Bragg resonance wavelengths and the normalized area of cladding mode resonances. The estimated resolutions of this FBG in measuring strain, temperature, and SRI are $\pm 6.3~\mu \varepsilon $ , ±0.8 °C, and ±2.7 $\times 10^{-5}$ RIU, respectively.
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  • 6
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    Polarization Selective Multiple Fano Resonances in Coupled T-Shaped Metasurface (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: The plasmonic responses of an array of coupled resonators are tailored to support multiple strong plasmonic Fano resonances at terahertz frequencies. The metasurface is formed by a periodic arrangement of T-shaped gold resonators. It is demonstrated that multiple Fano resonances can be achieved by breaking the symmetry of adjacent T-shaped resonators. Various configurations of the coupled T-shaped metasurface array are proposed, which support distinct multiple sharp Fano resonances with large modulation depths. Moreover, quality factors more than 130 are realized around Fano resonances, and an enhancement of the electric field exceeding 65 times around the hybridized modes is obtained. The highly dispersive polarization selective properties of the proposed coupled metasurface array are useful for various applications, including sensing, switching, and broadband slow-light devices.
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  • 7
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    Monolithic Symmetric-Connected Photodiode Array (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: We demonstrate a two-element symmetric-connected photodiode array (SC-PDA) for high-power and high-speed applications. A traditional traveling-wave photodiode array (TW-PDA), an SC-PDA, and a single PD with the same epitaxial structure were fabricated and tested. Both the TW-PDA and SC-PDA have higher saturation currents, larger RF power, and better high-power and high-frequency responses than the single PD. However, the results show that the SC-PDA has a higher responsivity (0.32 A/W), a smooth frequency response (14.0 GHz), and a higher saturation current (66 mA) than the TW-PDA (0.24 A/W, periodically patterned frequency response and 42 mA) without using phase matching techniques.
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  • 8
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    Unwarped Lissajous Scanning With Polarization Maintaining Fibers (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: Piezoelectric actuated fiber-scanners have often been employed in optical imaging of tissues, owing to their compact size, low cost, and high resolution that is accompanied by high frame-rates. Typically having a circular cross-section, the dynamics of the scan pattern is determined by the fiber geometry and material properties. Having circular symmetry, a conventional fiber results in coupling between its orthogonal mechanical modes, as the stiffness along both orthogonal directions (x, y) are theoretically identical. Here, we utilize the mechanical asymmetry of polarization-maintaining fibers to break the circular symmetry and thus mitigate the warping effects in the scan pattern that is encountered in conventional fibers. Through simulations and experiments we observe distinct resonance frequencies difference (28 Hz, which is ~6 times the FWHM of the frequency response) for the polarization maintaining fiber, whereas only a few Hz of difference is observed for the conventional fiber resonance frequencies between orthogonal directions that lead to a warped scan pattern. In return, in-resonance scanning of the polarization maintaining fiber produces a clean Lissajous pattern with a wide field of view. The proposed methodology is superior with respect to other studies, as it requires no extra components to be integrated to either the actuator or the fiber itself. Furthermore, it inherently enables polarization dependent imaging modalities without any extra component in the imaging path.
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  • 9
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    A 60-GHz Radio-Over-Fiber Fronthaul Using Integrated Microwave Photonics Filters (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: To lower the cost and to improve the reliability of next generation fronthaul links, we propose and demonstrate an analog 60-GHz radio-over-fiber fronthaul link employing two wavelength-tunable integrated microwave photonics filters for the first time. An integrated notch filter is cascaded with an integrated bandpass filter to offer the optical filtering function, resulting in a dual-passband filter profile with frequency separation of 60.25 GHz. We prove that the integrated optical filters are able to provide acceptable system performance through both experiment and numerical simulation. 4QAM signal with a bit rate of 5 Gb/s is transmitted in a fiber-based fronthaul link achieving a receiver sensitivity of −5.8 dBm at the forward error correction limit with 7% overhead.
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  • 10
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    Generation of Watt-Level 2.06- $\mu$ m Polarized Light From Diode Wing-Pumped Ho:YLF Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: We first demonstrate the laser performance of a compact 2.06- $\mu$ m Ho: YLF laser wing pumped by a fiber-coupled laser diode, which is insensitive to the polarization state of pump source. A maximum output power of 1.44 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 41.25%, is obtained. The optimized beam quality factor reaches 2.52 when the output power is about 1 W. Multi-peak laser spectra are observed in the range of 2064.5–2066.6 nm. The output power fluctuation is greatly reduced to about 0.57% of the average power in 50 min. The degree of polarization reaches the level of 96%. The performance in power stability and overall compact structure indicates that diode wing-pumped Ho: YLF laser has great value in gas sensing and precise medical treatment that require a relative high stable output laser.
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  • 11
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    Modulation Format Recognition and OSNR Estimation Using CNN-Based Deep Learning (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: An intelligent eye-diagram analyzer is proposed to implement both modulation format recognition (MFR) and optical signal-to-noise rate (OSNR) estimation by using a convolution neural network (CNN)-based deep learning technique. With the ability of feature extraction and self-learning, CNN can process eye diagram in its raw form (pixel values of an image) from the perspective of image processing, without knowing other eye-diagram parameters or original bit information. The eye diagram images of four commonly-used modulation formats over a wide OSNR range (10~25 dB) are obtained from an eye-diagram generation module in oscilloscope combined with the simulation system. Compared with four other machine learning algorithms (decision tress, k-nearest neighbors, back-propagation artificial neural network, and support vector machine), CNN obtains the higher accuracies. The accuracies of OSNR estimation and MFR both attain 100%. The proposed technique has the potential to be embedded in the test instrument to perform intelligent signal analysis or applied for optical performance monitoring.
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  • 12
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    26-Gb/s DMT Transmission Using Full $C$ -Band Tunable VCSEL for Converged PONs (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: Wavelength division multiplex (WDM) passive optical network (PON) is considered for converged fixed mobile broadband access networking. We propose to utilize low-cost tunable lasers at the remote sites, together with a centralized wavelength locker. Practical implementations require a transparently added downstream signaling channel and upstream per-channel pilot tones for channel tagging and remote wavelength control. We demonstrate, for the first time, 26-Gbps discrete multitone transmission modulated on a low-cost wide tunable vertical surface emitting laser over up to 40 km of standard single-mode fiber. The results confirm that converged fixed mobile WDM-PON systems based on low-cost lasers carrying discrete multitone modulation are a technically viable approach.
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  • 13
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    Modulation Performance of Three-Section Integrated MOPAs for Pseudorandom Lidar (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: The suitability of a three-section master oscillator power amplifier for pseudorandom lidar is investigated by means of the experimental characterization and analysis of its emission characteristics under modulation. The proposed architecture consists of a distributed feedback laser, a modulation section, and a tapered semiconductor optical amplifier. The modulation section acts as an absorber or amplifier when driven at zero or positive bias. Under pseudorandom modulation at 25 Mb/s, a high optical modulation amplitude and extinction ratio were achieved. The characterization of the emission spectra under modulation revealed typical features of frequency modulation due to the carrier-induced refractive index changes.
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  • 14
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    Multipoint Refractometer Based on Combined Correlation and Frequency Multiplexing (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: We demonstrate a new simple multi-point refractometer using Fresnel reflection at the fiber tip with closely spaced interferometer for intensity reference. A combined technique for simultaneous interrogation and multiplexing of identical sensor heads was developed to obtain multipoint operation with a standard continuous-wave DFB diode laser as light source. The technique is based on the combination of coherent optical frequency division reflectometry and coherent correlation optical time-domain reflectometer. Feasibility of accurate operation for multipoint refractive index measurements is demonstrated in proof-of-concept experiments. The proposed refractometer could be useful for sensing in chemical and biological applications.
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  • 15
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    Lateral Load Sensing With an Optical Fiber Inline Microcavity (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: A Fabry–Perot air bubble microcavity fabricated between a section of single mode fiber and a multimode fiber that requires only the use of a commercial fusion splicer is proposed. The study of the microcavities growth with the number of applied arcs is performed and several sensors are tested. The sensors are tested for lateral load measurements, and it is observed that there is dependence between the sensor dimensions and its sensitivity. The maximum sensitivity of 2.11 nm/N was obtained for the 161- $\mu \text{m}$ -long cavity. Moreover, given the low temperature sensitivity (< 1 pm/°C), the proposed cavity should be adequate to perform temperature-independent measurements. The accurate technique control leads to the fabrication of reproducible cavities with the sensitivity required for the application. The way of manufacturing using a standard fusion splicer, given that no oils or etching solutions are involved, emerges as an alternative to the previously developed air bubble-based sensors.
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  • 16
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    Experimental Study of NRZ, Duobinary, and PAM-4 in O-Band DML-Based 100G-EPON (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: We investigate the transmission performance of 28-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK), duobinary, and four-level pulse amplitude modulation signals over different fiber lengths without any inline amplification or pre/ post-processing digital signal processing technique by utilizing an O-band 18G-class directly modulated laser (DML). By experiment, it is verified that negligible sensitivity penalty is introduced by DML chirp effect after fiber transmission, which is due to the extremely low dispersion of O-band wavelengths. Meanwhile, the results indicate that NRZ-OOK outperforms the other two formats in receiver sensitivity, and for 20-km transmission, a power budget of 25.5 dB is achieved without pre-amplification. According to the experimental results, O-band DML-based NRZ-OOK transmission is a cost-effective solution for future 100G-EPON.
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  • 17
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    Tunable Broadband Chaotic Signal Synthesis From a WRC-FPLD Subject to Filtered Feedback (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: The synthesis of wavelength-tunable broadband chaotic signals is experimentally demonstrated by using a weak-resonant-cavity Fabry–Perot laser diode (WRC-FPLD) subject to filtered feedback. To perform the broadband tunability from 1544 to 1556 nm, a tunable optical filter is used for providing filtered feedback to drive the laser into chaos. With adjusting the central wavelength of the filter, about 20 longitudinal modes of the WRC-FPLD can individually realize the chaotic output within the tunable range of the filter. Moreover, by suitably selecting the feedback power, the chaos signal with a flat power spectrum and broad bandwidth up to ~30.0 GHz can be achieved.
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  • 18
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    A 25-Gb/s Monolithic Optical Receiver With Improved Sensitivity and Energy Efficiency (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: A high-performance integrated optical receiver is realized in photonic BiCMOS technology. The receiver includes waveguide type Ge photodetector (PD), transimpedance amplifier, single-to-differential converter, postamplifier, and output buffer, all of which are monolithically implemented on a Si wafer. It achieves bit-error rate (BER) of $10^{-12}$ for 25-Gb/s $2^{31}-1$ PRBS at the incident optical power of −10 dBm with energy efficiency of 1.5 pJ/b. In addition, with the help of the accurate Ge-PD circuit model, the simulated optical receiver eye diagrams and BER performances accurately predict the measured results.
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  • 19
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    GLRT-Based Sequence Detection of OOK Modulation Over FSO Turbulence Channels (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: For the optimal detection of ON–OFF keying symbols in free-space optical (FSO) communication, the receiver requires the instantaneous channel fading coefficient. In this letter, to increase the bandwidth efficiency of the FSO channel, we propose a generalized likelihood ratio test-based sequence detection (SD) method, which significantly reduces the complexity of maximum likelihood SD.
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  • 20
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    Highly Efficient 2.84- $\mu \text{m}$ Emission in Ho3+/Yb3+ Co-Doped Tellurite–Germanate Glass for Mid-Infrared Laser Materials (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: The use of Yb 3+ co-doping with Ho 3+ to enhance the Ho 3+ : 5 I 6 $\to $ 5 I 7 $\sim 2.84-\mu \text{m}$ emissions is investigated in the tellurite–germanate glasses. An intense ~ 2.84- $\mu \text{m}$ emission with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 132 nm is achieved in the Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped tellurite–germanate glass upon excitation at 980 nm. The glass not only possesses considerably low OH − absorption coefficient (0.206 cm $^{-1}$ ), but also exhibits 2.84- $\mu \text{m}$ large emission cross section ( $14.6\times 10^{-21}$ cm $^{2}$ ). Moreover, the measured lifetime of Ho 3+ : 5 I 6 level is as high as 0.283 ms. Results reveal that Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Tellurite–germanate glass is an attractive host for developing a mid-infrared 3- $\mu \text{m}$ solid-state laser.
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  • 21
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    Fiber Tip Thermometer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: We present a novel fiber tip thermometer based on a compact fiber interferometer structure. The sensor tip is formed by splicing the end of two abreast conventional single-mode fibers (SMFs) together, one SMF as the lead-in fiber and the other as the lead-out fiber. Through controlling the splicing parameters, a series of sensor tips with different shapes were made. Due to fiber end enlargement induced by discharge, the coupling occurs between two parallel fiber cores. In addition, the light reflected by the fused end face can be coupled back the fiber core, where the core–core coupling light interfere with the reflected light. Therefore, the different optical paths of the lights form a modal interferometer. A sensor prototype is fabricated and temperature sensing is realized by measuring the wavelength shift of the resonance dips in the reflection spectrum. In the temperature range of 60 °C–300 °C, the corresponding temperature sensitivities are 11 and 10.93 pm/°C for the heating and cooling processes, respectively. Considering that the wavelength resolution of the optical spectrum analyzer is 20 pm, the resolution of the temperature measurement is estimated to be 1.8 °C. Because of its compactness, ease of fabrication, good sensitivity, easy connectivity to other in-fiber optical components, and low cost, this thermometer could find various applications in temperature sensing.
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  • 22
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    Photonic Frequency Down-Converter Based on a Frequency-Doubling OEO Using Two Cascaded EAMs (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: A photonic frequency down-converter based on a frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) using two cascaded electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The use of the two cascaded EAMs allows the OEO feedback loop used to generate the local oscillator (LO) signal and the down-conversion section to be structurally isolated, so that the proposed photonic frequency down-converter has high RF to LO isolation. The phase noise of the frequency-doubled 20-GHz LO signal and that of the down-converted 3-GHz IF signal were measured to be −97.80 and −95.32 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 10 kHz, respectively. The spurious free dynamic range measured using a two-tone test was 87.02 dB $\cdot $ Hz 2/3 . The bit error rate performance was also investigated with a 20-GHz RF signal modulated by 1.25 Gb/s data.
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  • 23
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    Fluorescence Temperature Sensor Based on GQDs Solution Encapsulated in Hollow Core Fiber (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a smart functional nano-sensing material, present excellent thermo-optic properties. Here a novel fiber-optic temperature sensor based on GQDs solution encapsulated in hollow core fiber (HCF) is first proposed. GQDs with the small size less than 20 nm are successfully filled in the inner part of HCF by capillarity, and the compact sensing probe is length of 6 mm. The relationships of the photoluminescence (PL) peak, intensity, and full-width at half-maximum of the PL spectra are investigated with temperature changing from 10 °C to 80 °C. The photoluminescence peak wavelength and the self-referenced intensity all present good sensitivities, which are 123.7 pm/°C and – 0.01375/°C, respectively.
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  • 24
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    A Compact Silicon-Based TE-Pass Polarizer Using Three-Guide Directional Couplers (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: A compact TE-pass polarizer for silicon wires (SWs) based on a symmetrical three-guide directional coupler (DC) is proposed, where two identical hybrid plasmonic wave-guides (HPWs), including bends are symmetrically located at both sides of the central SW. By properly choosing the structural parameters, the phase-matching condition is only satisfied for TM mode. Therefore, the input TE-mode can directly pass through while the injected TM-mode will be evenly coupled to the adjacent HPWs and attenuated via the HPWs. Consequently, an efficient TE-pass polarizer is realized. With the symmetrical three-guide DC configuration, device length is significantly reduced, and more importantly, an ultralow insertion loss (IL) can be obtained. From the results, the proposed polarizer has an extinction ratio (ER) of 40.8 dB and an IL of 0.09 dB at $1.55~\mu \text{m}$ , and its bandwidth is ~160 nm for an ER > 30 dB dB. In addition, fabrication tolerances to the key structural parameters are analyzed and field evolution through the polarizer is also presented.
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    Bi-Directional Faraday Rotation Selective Enhancement on Embedded Nano-Gratings (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: The magneto-optic rotation enhanced by plamonic resonance brought a new method in the research of magnetoplasmon and magneto-optical devices. To further the availability of this method, the Faraday effect on embedded nano-gratings with Bi-substituted yttrium iron garnet substrate is investigated here to achieve bi-directional rotation enhancement selectively. The surface of the simulation structure is designed as 1-D gratings to excite extraordinary optical transmission, and the transmitted light is rotated in the magneto-optic (MO) material. It is found that the characteristic of the bi-directional Faraday rotation enhancement can be greatly influenced by the embedding depth of the metal strips in the MO material. According to this, without changing the applied magnetic field or turning over the MO material, the selectively enhanced Faraday rotation is produced along two opposite directions. Moreover, by optimizing the thickness of metal, a great improvement of figure of merit is obtained. Finally, in the same wavelength regime, the properties of the structure are contrasted when the metal is set to be gold or silver, respectively. This letter provides a useful thought in magnetoplasmon studies, and can be used to fabricate many magneto-optical devices.
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    Purified Dissipative Solitons With a Rectangle Spectrum From a Hybrid Mode-Locked Fiber Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: We demonstrate a hybrid mode-locking erbium-doped fiber laser, which combines saturable absorption and nonlinear polarization evolution. The laser is operated in the large normal dispersion regime, offering rectangle spectrum and purified femtosecond pulses with a repetition rate of 3.05 MHz and an average output power of 50.31 mW. The single-pulse energy is 16.5 nJ and the pulse peak power is 26.1 kW, providing a robust ultrafast fiber laser well suited for frequency comb generations and high-power applications.
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  • 27
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    The Graphene Square Waveguide With Small Normalized Mode Area (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: A graphene square waveguide with the small normalized mode area and the long propagation length is proposed and investigated in this letter. The square waveguide consists of graphene nanoring embedded into dielectric and four graphene ribbons added on the square dielectric. Due to the coupled between the graphene nanoring and ribbons in square waveguide, the electric field can be strongly confined. The normalized mode area can achieve $10^{-5}$ and the propagation length can be about 10 $\mu \text{m}$ at 35 THz. The dependencies of the normalized mode area and propagation length on structural parameters also are studied by separately changing the parameters in our work. Furthermore, the normalized mode area and propagation length can be tuned by changing the chemical potential of graphene ribbons. The structure of graphene square waveguide can be manufactured by chemical vapor deposition method and this waveguide have a great prospect in optical chip and large-scale optic-electronic integration.
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  • 28
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    Dimming Control Systems With Polar Codes in Visible Light Communication (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: In this letter, a new dimming control system with polar codes is proposed for visible light communication (VLC). The polar codes are concatenated with run-length limited codes and compensation symbols that can be used in VLC dimming control; moreover, puncturing is used to shorten the code length and improve coding efficiency. To compare the proposed system with the referenced systems, non-systematic and systematic polar codes are also considered. The simulation results show that our proposed system provides better performance than referenced systems, which use low-density parity-check codes or Reed–Solomon codes for dimming control.
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  • 29
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    Performance Tolerance of IMDD DFMA PONs to Channel Frequency Response Roll-Off (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: The impacts of the channel frequency response roll-off effect on upstream optical OFDM transmission performance in digital filter multiple access (DFMA) passive optical networks (PONs) based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD) are investigated, in terms of BER versus received optical power performance, optical network unit (ONU) transmission capacity, ONU launch power variation (LPV) range, and inter-ONU sample timing offset. The effect of signal bandwidth is also explored by comparing tolerance with the channel roll-off effect for two different signal bandwidths. Over all of the aforementioned aspects, good agreements are obtained between numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The results provide important insights into channel roll-off-induced performance dependencies to facilitate cost-effective designs of both DFMA transceivers and IMDD DFMA PONs.
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    Spurious Suppression in Millimeter-Wave OEO With a High- $Q$ Optoelectronic Filter (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: A millimeter-wave optoelectronic oscillator with low phase noise and low spurs employing ultrahigh $Q$ optoelectronic hybrid band-pass filter is proposed. The 1-MHz pass-band filter in 29.99 GHz with $Q$ value of 30000 has been demonstrated. Based on this ultranarrow band-pass filter, a 29.99-GHz millimeter-wave signal with the spurious suppression ratio more than 83 dB is successfully generated. Besides, the single-sideband phase noise is about −113 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset frequency.
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  • 31
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    Exploiting the FM-Signal in a Laser-Diode SMI by Means of a Mach–Zehnder Filter (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: We develop a new method to read the frequency modulation (FM) of a laser diode self-mixing interferometer (SMI), based on using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer as an edge filter, and obtain improved performance respect to the normally used amplitude modulation (AM) signal. The converted FM signal is much larger and has a better signal-to-noise ratio than the normally used AM signal. The minimum detectable signal of the SMI is improved by a factor of 150 with our setup that uses an all-fiber technology to realize the compact Mach–Zehnder filter (MZF). The MZF has a record 19 (GHz) $^{-1}$ conversion factor and is tuned at half-fringe on the laser wavelength with a feedback loop acting on the laser bias current. On small amplitude vibrations measured with the converted-FM signal, we attain a displacement (NED) of 1.3-pm/ $\surd $ Hz, about two orders of magnitude better than the AM channel or a normal SMI.
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    Optimization of a Liquid Lenticular System for 2D and 3D Conversion (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: This letter deals with a 2D and 3D convertible device implemented using a liquid lens. The electro-wetting on dielectric (EWOD) phenomenon was used to operate the liquid lens. The research aimed to display 3D images clearly by achieving the highest dioptric power. The 2D state and the 3D state were switched by a meniscus of two immiscible liquids, and concave to convex lens states were formed by the meniscus. In a previous iteration, during EWOD operation, the oil phase moved in unexpected directions. This movement degraded the total quality of the lenticular system when displaying the 3D state. Here, a method is suggested to avoid the phenomenon by controlling the area of the electrode. Since the dioptric power of the lens is determined by the contact angle of the oil and the water, the electrode location, which determines the volume of the oil phase, was investigated to obtain the maximum dioptric power range. The two liquids were dosed into transparent chambers where the dielectric layer and the electrode were deposited. Finally, the highest diopter was achieved, which showed improved 3D image quality.
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    Polarization-Multiplexed Phase Modulation of Single Photons in a Sagnac Interferometer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: Polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was demonstrated in a Sagnac interferometer for polarization-auto-compensating quantum key distribution. The Sagnac interferometer was composed of a polarization beam splitter to split the signal pulses into clockwise and counter-clockwise beams of different polarizations, a Faraday rotator to rotate the polarizations of the split clockwise and counter-clockwise beams, and two phase-modulators asymmetrically set in the Sagnac ring. With this structure, the delays of the electronic triggering signals for the two phase-modulators could be set separately, reducing the difficulty in the setup and achieving more precise phase modulation on different polarized beams. Such polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was appropriately gated in sequential time gates to ensure the long-term stability of automatic polarization compensation in the long-distance quantum key distribution system. Polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was implemented in a protocol quantum key distribution system of 25-km communicating fiber length, generating 20-kHz sifted key rate with a qubit error rate lower than 5%.
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    Low-Flicker Lighting From High-Voltage LEDs Driven by a Single Converter-Free Driver (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: This letter reports the design and characterization of high-power flip-chip high-voltage light-emitting diodes (HVLEDs), driven by a single converter-free LED driver for a compact and low-flicker lighting system. The HVLED chips show small forward voltage variation, uniform light emission, good optical output linearity, and stable thermal performance. All these characteristics well satisfy the demanding requirements of the novel quasi-constant power control scheme adopted in the converter-free LED driver. After bonding 12 HVLED chips (60 LED cells in total) and a single driver onto a silicon carrier through metal bonding, a low lighting flicker of 15.2%~17% was demonstrated, showing great potential for high-quality illumination applications that require low flicker, high light output, and good thermal stability.
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    Efficient 600-W-Laser Bars for Long-Pulse Pump Applications at 940 and 975 nm (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: We report the first demonstration of 1.2 J-emission into long pulses ( $\ge 2$ ms) from passively cooled laser bars. These efficient high-fill-factor bars were developed for long-pulse pumping of Yb:CaF 2 -laser media at a power level of 600 W. The spatial brightness inferred (23 MW/cm $^{2}{\times } \text {sr}$ ) exceeds the state of the art. The bars are based on an extreme-double-asymmetric and an extremely-low-vertical-divergence epitaxial design for pumping at 940 and 975 nm, respectively. While the first design is optimized for high power-conversion efficiency $\eta _{\mathrm{ E}} > 60$ % (at 600 W), the latter exhibits low vertical divergence to enable low-loss external spectral stabilization at the zero-phonon line of Yb:CaF 2 $(\eta _{\mathrm{ E}} = 50$ % at 600 W). The higher $\eta _{\mathrm{ E}}$ at 940 nm and lower thermal resistance due to its vertical structure improve the lateral farfield, increasing the brightness by nearly 50% over the 975 nm-structure. We varied the lateral layout comprising 186, 400, and 1200 $\mu \text{m}$ -stripes at 70% fill-factor. The smaller stripes revealed the highest brightness, while the degree of polarization increases by 5% using wider stripes.
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    Simplified Maximum Likelihood Detection for FTN Non-Orthogonal FDM System (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: In this letter, we first apply simplified maximum likelihood detection (MLD) with QR decomposition and M-algorithm (QRM-MLD) to reduce inter-carrier interference (ICI) in a faster-than-Nyquist non-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FTN-NOFDM) system. A QRM-MLD algorithm has lower computational complexity than an MLD algorithm owing to the decrease of searched path number. In the experiment, 10-Gb/s FTN-NOFDM with the QRM-MLD algorithm was transmitted over 25-km standard single mode fiber. For 20% bandwidth saving, FTN-NOFDM with the QRM-MLD algorithm can achieve almost the same performance as FTN-NOFDM with the MLD algorithm when the path with minimal metric is not discarded before detecting the last subcarrier, meanwhile the bit error rate of FTN-NOFDM with the QRM-MLD algorithm or the MLD algorithm can achieve 7% forward error correction (FEC) limit, but that with an iterative detection (ID) algorithm only can achieve 20% FEC limit. For reducing ICI, the QRM-MLD algorithm has lower computational complexity but can obtain almost the same performance as the MLD algorithm, and the QRM-MLD algorithm also has much better performance than the ID algorithm.
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    Generation of the Tunable Second-Order Optical Vortex Beams in Narrow Linewidth Fiber Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate a narrow linewidth single-longitudinal-mode erbium-doped fiber ring laser with an output of tunable second-order optical vortex beams (OVB). The laser is based on a mode selective all-fiber fused coupler, which is composed of a single-mode fiber (SMF) and a few-mode fiber (FMF). The fused SMF–FMF coupler inserted in the cavity of the laser acts as a mode converter, which converts LP 01 mode to LP 21 mode group. The tunable OVB is produced by combing two even LP 21 modes with orthogonal polarization directions. The tunability of second order OVB in the fiber laser is experimentally realized by adjusting a polarizer at the output end of the fiber. The 20 dB linewidth of the fiber laser is approximate 7.2 kHz.
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    Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings in Polarization-Maintaining Panda Fiber (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: In this letter, we report about the fabrication of long period gratings (LPGs) in a polarization-maintaining Panda optical fiber, by means of the electric arc discharge technique. This is the first time that LPGs are arc-induced in a polarization maintaining fiber. The dependence of the LPG’s spectral features on the input light polarization alignment is illustrated, by considering the two principal polarization states, i.e., along the fast and slow axes of the Panda fiber. Moreover, an investigation about the surrounding refractive index sensitivity, as a function of the two principal polarization states, is also reported with interesting results.
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    Symmetric and Asymmetric Core-Offset Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Torsion Sensors (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: In this letter, symmetric and asymmetric core-offset Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) torsion sensors based on a single mode fiber (SMF) are presented. Here, three different MZIs were implemented and their interference patterns and torsion characteristics have been experimentally investigated. In our devices, the maximum torsion sensitivities are $6\times 10^{-3}$ , $12\times 10^{-3}$ , and $23\times 10^{-3}$ nm/°, with the possibility to discriminate between clockwise and anticlockwise rotation. Finally, these interferometers only employ SMF and can be fabricated at low cost.
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    Microfiber Knot With Taper Interferometer for Temperature and Refractive Index Discrimination (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: A compact sensing structure using two distinct optical devices, a microfiber knot resonator and an abrupt taper-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), is presented. The device was fabricated using only CO 2 laser processing. The transmission spectrum presents two different components with different sensitivities to different physical and chemical parameters. The sensor was characterized in temperature and refractive index. For temperature sensing in water, the MZI component presents a sensitivity of −196 ± 2 pm/°C while the microfiber knot resonator (MKR) component shows a sensitivity of 25.1 ± 0.9 pm/°C, for water temperature variations of 12 °C. Sensitivities of 1354 ± 14 nm/RIU and −43 ± 4 nm/RIU were achieved for refractive index sensing for the MZI and the MKR components, respectively, in a refractive index range from 1.32823 to 1.33001. The matrix method was used for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index.
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    A Microfiber Half Coupler for Refractive Index Sensing (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: We report a reflection mode based microfiber half coupler probe for refractive index (RI) sensing. The probe was made by cleaving a fused 2 $\times$ 2 optical fiber coupler at the center of the tapered region. When used for RI sensing, the reflection spectrum blueshifted as the surrounding RI increased. The sensing capability of the probe was tested using sucrose solutions with different concentrations. The relations between the RI sensitivity and the taper waist diameter as well as the RI range were investigated. The RI sensitivity increased quickly as the taper diameter decreased.
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    Optothermally Functional Charge Transfer Plasmon Modulator (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: The possibility of combining functional compounds and plasmonic nanoparticle clusters opens new doors for developing smart and tunable nanoscale devices. Here, by merging an optothermally controllable phase-changing substance (Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 and a six-member hexamer assembly, we tailored a plasmonic modulator to operate at the telecommunication band. Taking the advantage of entirely opposite behavior of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 at different temperatures, we excited functional charge transfer plasmons with ON/OFF ability to design a plasmonic modulator for $C$ -band applications. This understanding paves new methods to develop advanced, integrated, and tunable plasmonic devices.
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    External Modulation Method for Generating Accurate Linear Optical FMCW (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: Frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) lasers are key components in modern optical imaging. However, current intracavity modulation lasers do not exhibit low-frequency jitter rate and high linearity due to the inherent relaxation oscillations. Although this may be compensated in a direct modulation laser diode using an optoelectronic feedback loop, the available sweep speed is moderately small. In this letter, a special external modulation method is developed to improve the performance of FMCW. Since only the first sideband optical field is used during the entire generation process, phase noise is kept to a minimum and is also independent of the sweep speed. We demonstrate that the linearity and jitter rates do not deteriorate appreciably when the sweep speed is changed over three orders of magnitude, even up to the highest sweep speed of 2.5 GHz/ $\mu \text{s}$ .
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    Enhanced Light Output of Near-Ultraviolet LEDs With Ta 2 O 5 /SiO 2 Hybrid DBR Reflector (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: We designed and fabricated AlGaN-based near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at 368 nm with high output power using Ta 2 O 5 /SiO 2 hybrid distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The output powers of LEDs with eight-pair DBR and hybrid-DBR configurations were increased by 18% and 25% when compared with that of an LED without any DBR. The reflectance of the eight-pair DBR and hybrid-DBR were as high as 99%. In addition, the reflectance of the fabricated hybrid-DBR showed a slight dependence on the incident light wavelength and the angle of incidence. In comparison to the eight-pair DBR, the bandwidth of the hybrid-DBR’s reflectance band was broadened by up to 74 nm. Under current injection at 350 mA, output powers of 88, 104, and 110 mW were measured for LEDs without any DBR reflector, with the eight-pair DBR, and with the hybrid-DBR, respectively.
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    Butterfly Packaged Ultra-Narrow Linewidth Single Frequency Teardrop Laser Diode (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: In this letter, an InP-based single facet teardrop laser which integrates a $1\times 2$ multi-mode interferometer and a linear curvature loop reflector deep-etched by inductively coupled plasma is demonstrated. The teardrop lasers which have the loop reflectors with different radius of curvature values (25, 50, 75, 100, and $150~\mu \text{m}$ ) have been successfully designed and fabricated, and the one with 75- $\mu \text{m}$ radius loop shows the lowest lasing threshold and highest slope efficiency. The butterfly packaged teardrop laser with 150- $\mu \text{m}$ radius loop reflector shows a single frequency emission at 1562.5 nm with 30-dB side mode suppression ratio and 75-kHz ultra-narrow linewidth at room temperature with 100-mA current injection on the MMI and 60 mA on the ring.
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    A New Plasmonic Broadband Branch-Line Coupler for Nanoscale Wireless Links (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: In this letter, we investigate the performance of a plasmonic conductor-backed coplanar waveguide as a transmission line. We illustrate the characteristics of modes supported by this structure and present its analytical model of the characteristic impedance, which is further used to design broadband branch-line coupler for nano scale wireless links. The optimized design exhibits the required performance for a wide bandwidth of about 40 THz where the insertion loss is in the range of 5±1 dB.
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    Subcarrier Pairwise Coding for Short-Haul L/E-ACO-OFDM (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: Dispersion-induced power fading in intensity modulated direct-detection systems degrades the higher frequency subcarriers’ signal qualities. In layered/enhanced asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), which is a spectrally efficient version of ACO-OFDM, the error propagation in the iterative decoding can further degrade the performance, especially when a low bias current is used for the directly modulated laser. In this letter, we propose using pairwise coding within each layer to improve the bit error rate. We transmitted ~5-GBb 16-QAM OFDM signals over a 19.8-km single mode fiber, and found a 3.6-dB improvement in the $Q^{2}$ -factor.
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    Precise Radio Frequency Dissemination via Simulated 3000-km Fiber Re-Circulating Loop (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: In the long-haul fiber link, the phase noise introduced by erbium-doped fibers amplifiers (EDFAs) cannot be compensated. Its influence is very important and should be considered in long-haul fiber link frequency dissemination. In this letter, we disseminate a high-precision radio frequency signal to a simulated remote site over a long fiber link in the laboratory. The phase noise introduced by EDFA is analyzed. A fiber re-circulating loop with optical switch is constructed to test the performance of frequency dissemination system in the case of cascade using EDFAs. The system can obtain the phase error between the returned signal and the reference signal based on a 3000-km fiber re-circulating loop. The residual frequency instability after phase noise compensation reaches $3.5 \times 10^{\mathrm {-13}}$ at 1 s and $2.0 \times 10^{\mathrm {-15}}$ at 4000 s. Our method provides the basis for long-haul precision frequency dissemination and frequency synchronization between remote sites.
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    Design of Highly Efficient Pr 3+ -Doped Chalcogenide Fiber Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: This letter describes the design of a medium infrared laser based on a double clad structure of praseodymium (Pr 3+ )-doped chalcogenide glass. The overlap of the emission cross sections of Pr 3+ in the transitions ( 3 F 2 , 3 H 6 $\to $ 3 H 5 , and 3 H 5 $\to $ 3 H 4 ) enables both transitions to simultaneously produce a single coherent wavelength in the range between 3.7 and $4.6~\mu \text{m}$ . A single pair fiber Bragg grating at the overlapping transition wavelengths is used to avoid fabrication complexity of a cascade pumping scheme. In addition, the proposed design takes advantages of the fact that one excited ion will radiate two photons in the overlapping transition wavelengths. In this letter, the laser performance is tested as a function of fiber length, pump power, signal wavelength, fiber background loss, and Pr 3+ -doped concentration. The modeling results reveal that 48% of slope efficiency could be produced when the fiber losses are about 1 dB/m.
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    Plasmonic Beam Deflector and Optical Coupler (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: A new beam deflector and optical coupler structure based on plasmonic nano-slits is proposed and numerically investigated. The structure consists of periodic nano-slits array with the same width and interval. All nano-slits are etched on a silver film whose dimension D is $7~\mu \text{m}$ (The transverse span of the structure). Arbitrary deflection angle can be selected for reflected light by adjusting the size of the nano-slits, the effective refractive index, and the interval of the nano-slits. This structure also can act as an optical coupler by placing a medium on the top of the nano-slits array with specific size and refractive index. The coupling efficiency can approach to 80.73%, and it provides a promising way to design and manufacture future compact optical communication device.
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    Comb Peculiarities of Dispersion-Managed Solitons in a Hybrid Mode-Locked All-Fiber Ring Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: We studied the optical comb peculiarities of the ultra-short dispersion-managed soliton generation in an erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser hybrid mode-locked with carbon:boron nitride single-walled nanotubes in the co-action with a nonlinear polarization evolution. A stable low-intensity-noise optical comb was obtained with a narrow single comb linewidth of 18.1 kHz based on dechirped 90-fs pulses with a repetition rate of 42.22 MHz, a spectral pulse width of 56 nm, and an average output power of 16.7 mW corresponding to 4.4-kW maximum peak power and 0.4-nJ pulse energy.
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    Single Photon Counting Spatial Uniformity of 4H-SiC APD Characterized by SNOM-Based Mapping System (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: In this letter, a mapping system based on a scanning near field optical microscope is built to characterize the single photon counting spatial uniformity of single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPAD), which is important for device physics study and process optimization. The system comprises of a passive quenching circuit module and a mapping module, which are used to record single photon count (SPC) signals and to scan over the SPAD photo-sensitive area, respectively. Meanwhile, 4H-SiC UV SPADs with positive beveled mesa are designed and fabricated. For the first time, 2-D mapping of SPC uniformity of 4H-SiC SPADs is carried out at different over-bias voltages. The possible reasons for the observed SPC non-uniformity across the active area of the 4H-SiC SPAD are discussed.
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    Residual Phase Noise Measurement of Optical Second Harmonic Generation in PPLN Waveguides (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: We report on the characterization, including residual phase noise and fractional frequency instability, of fiber-coupled periodically poled Lithium Niobate non-linear crystals. These components are devoted to frequency doubling 871-nm light from an extended-cavity diode laser to produce a 435.5-nm beam, corresponding to the ytterbium ion electric quadrupole clock transition. We measure the doubling efficiencies of up to 117.5%/W. Using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer and an original noise rejection technique, the residual phase noise of the doublers is estimated to be lower than −35 dBrad 2 /Hz at 1 Hz, making these modules compatible with up-to-date optical clocks and ultra-stable cavities. The influence of external parameters, such as pump laser frequency and intensity, is investigated, showing that they do not limit the stability of the frequency-doubled signal. Our results demonstrate that such compact, fiber-coupled modules are suitable for use in ultra-low phase noise metrological experiments, including transportable optical atomic clocks.
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    On Optimal Non-Equally Spaced M-PAM in Dimmable Visible Light Communication (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-02
    Description: In this letter, channel capacity of dimmable visible light communication systems with M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) channel input alphabets is investigated. Mutual information is maximized considering both the probability input distribution and the M-PAM levels simultaneously. Schemes with non-equally spaced M-PAM levels are obtained as a result of this maximization process and they lead to gains in capacity when compared with previous schemes proposed in the literature.
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    III-Nitride Phototransistors Fabricated on a Light-Emitting-Diode Epitaxial Wafer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: Instead of using a wafer with a bipolar junction transistor n-p-n epitaxial structure, we successfully fabricated AlGaInN-based near-ultraviolet (UV) heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) on a commercial wafer with a light-emitting-diode (LED) epitaxial structure by employing silicon diffusion to convert a part of the p-AlGaN layer into an n-AlGaN layer. High responsivity of more than 77 A/W in the near-UV spectral range, including a peak responsivity of 120 A/W at 382 nm, was obtained at a bias voltage of only 3 V. The corresponding photocurrent gain was approximately 790. The response speed and photocurrent versus incident light intensity were also characterized. The results indicate that the LEDs can be monolithically integrated with high-responsivity HPTs.
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  • 56
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    Type-II Superlattice Infrared Photodetectors With Graphene Transparent Electrodes (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: In this letter, we have demonstrated that graphene can act as a transparent electrode on the p-type GaSb substrate. Wavelength-insensitive and over 95% high transmittance are observed for the bi-layer graphene in the infrared light range. By using graphene as the transparent electrode, over ten-time responsivity enhancement is observed for the InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice infrared photodetector. The phenomenon is attributed to the shortened carrier transport paths resulted from the vertical current flow to the graphene electrode. The results have revealed the potential of graphene for the application of infrared transparent electrodes.
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    Design and Feasibility Evaluation of WGPs Chip as a Physical Force Sensor (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-25
    Description: Wire grid polarizers (WGPs) are composed of 1-D nanoscale periodic structures and are widely used in liquid crystal display devices to enhance brightness and improve the utilization rate of the backlight source. This letter proposes a new design of a WGPs chip, which can be used in a physical force sensor. In this way, the WGPs can fabricate on many types of microstructure, such as cantilever beam, thin film, and bridge. Then, infrared light was served as the signal source, and illuminated WGPs chip with the optimum angle. When a physical force is applied to the microstructure, the incident angle of infrared light will be varied, resulting in different transmission signal output. As a result, this system can be used for designing the physical force-measuring module operated by optical contactless sensing approach. Furthermore, the WGPs structure introduced in this letter was defined by laser interference lithography and deposited Al by E-beam evaporation.
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    Two-Step Narrow Ridge Cascade Diode Lasers Emitting Near $2~mu$ m (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-25
    Description: Nearly diffraction limited GaSb-based type-I quantum well cascade diode lasers emitting in the spectral region 1.95– $2~mu text{m}$ were designed and fabricated. Two-step 5.5- $mu text{m}$ -wide shallow and 14- $mu text{m}$ -wide deep etched ridge waveguide design yielded devices generating stable single lobe beams with 250 mW of continuous wave output power at 20 °C. Quantum well radiative recombination current contributes about 13% to laser threshold as estimated from true spontaneous emission and modal gain analysis. Recombination at etched sidewalls of the 14- $mu text{m}$ -wide deep ridges controls about 30% of the threshold.
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    Reconfigurable Radio Access Unit for DWDM to W-Band Wireless Conversion (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-25
    Description: In this letter a reconfigurable remote access unit (RAU) is proposed and demonstrated, interfacing dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) optical and W-band wireless links. The RAU is composed of a tunable local oscillator, a narrow optical filter, and a control unit, making it reconfigurable via software. The RAU allows selection of a DWDM channel and tuning of the radio carrier frequency. Real-time transmission results at 2.5 Gbit/s and performance measurements with offline data processing at 4 and 5 Gbit/s are presented. Error free real-time transmission was achieved after 15 km of standard single mode fiber and 50 m of wireless transmission with carriers between 75 and 95 GHz.
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    $16times 100$ GHz Echelle Grating-Based Wavelength Multiplexer on Silicon-on-Insulator Platform (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-25
    Description: This letter reports on an Echelle grating demultiplexer for dense wavelength-division-multiplexing applications with 16 channels and 100 GHz channel spacing. The Echelle grating is designed and fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator platform with a silicon guiding layer of 300 nm. The measured insertion losses of the Echelle grating are lower than 2 dB for all channels and the crosstalk is below 15 dB. Error free transmission was obtained for all channels with negligible penalty.
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    Photonics-Aided 32-Gb/s Wireless Signal Transmission Over 1 km at K-Band (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate a K-band (18–27 GHz) fiber-wireless-integration transmission system, which, compared with that at high-frequency W-band (75–110 GHz), can provide large-capacity long-haul wireless transmission with relatively low cost and simple architecture. In our demonstrated system, the generated up to 4-Gbaud (32-Gb/s) polarization-division-multiplexing 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (PDM-16QAM) radio frequency (RF) signal at 23 GHz can be delivered over 100-km single-mode fiber-28 and >1-km wireless distance with a bit error ratio less than the hard-decision forward-error-correction threshold of $3.8\times 10^{-3}$ . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to realize over 1-km wireless delivery for up to 32-Gb/s RF signal at K-band.
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    Enhanced Lumen Output of LEDs With Die Bonding by Printable Adhesive (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: A novel printable optically reflective adhesive is introduced to replace optically transparent adhesives for the die bonding of standard mesa type light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The new adhesive shows much lower thermal resistance than the optically transparent ones, and the printed adhesive layer also shows low fillet coverage around the chip, eliminating the absorption due to the surrounding die attach adhesive materials. The improvement in optical output by using printable optically reflective adhesive is found to be 2.3% points over standard adhesive with 33% fillet coverage. This letter suggests a cost-effective and speedy manufacturing method for mid-power mesa type LEDs, as well as chip-on-board packaging with multiple LED chips.
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    Enhancement of VCSEL Performances Using Localized Copper Bonding Through Silicon Vias (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We report on a new cost effective, with a low temperature budget and simple bonding process on silicon, presenting efficient heat spreading and great potentialities in integration. This process is based on a thick electro-plated copper bonding layer through silicon vias and is expected to reduce significantly the bonded device internal temperature. We apply this process to realize 1.55- $\mu \text{m}$ emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We demonstrate continuous wave operation from room temperature up to 55 °C, an internal temperature reduction of 13 °C, and we estimate a decrease of 30% of the overall device thermal impedance.
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    Table of contents (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-07
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    Front Cover (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: Presents the front cover for this issue of the publication.
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    Fiber Lasers (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    IEEE Photonics Technology Letters publication information (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and society editors for this issue of the publication.
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    Blank page (2017)
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    Solid-State Lasers (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    Ultra Low Loss Planar Waveguides and Their Applications (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    Efficient Mobile Fronthaul Incorporating VLC Links for Coordinated Densified Cells (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We propose a hybrid optical spectral efficient mobile fronthaul (MFH) incorporating low-cost light-emitting diode-based visible light communication (VLC) links in the spatial densified network to enable multi-tier cell coordination. With proposed VLC links between multi-tier master remote radio heads (RRHs) and slave RRHs, fiber connection is not necessary for all RRHs, which simplifies the network structure, and reduces the deployment and operation cost. The proposed architecture can increase the flexibility and capability for network extension significantly by adding new RRHs without fiber deployment. Centralized and distributed pre-equalization are proposed and compared with the letter theoretically and experimentally. In the experiment, we demonstrated a MFH network serving one master RRH and six slave RRHs with only single fiber connection, delivering eight independent long term evolution (LTE) streams with multi-tier cell coordination. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme with high performances suitable for LTE and 64-quadratic-amplitude modulation (64-QAM).
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    PLC-Based LP 11 Mode Rotator With Curved Trench Structure Devised From Wavefront Matching Method (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: A compact and low-loss PLC-based mode rotator is proposed. The mode rotator with the curved trench structure is designed based on the wavefront matching method, which is an optimization algorithm based on the beam propagation method. The proposed mode rotator is 45% in size (1 mm) and has lower loss (1/5) compared with the conventional structure that has a straight trench. Furthermore, the proposed mode rotator can achieve low-mode crosstalk.
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    Data Rate Quadrupled Coherent Microwave Photonic Link (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: A data rate quadrupled microwave photonic link (MPL) based on coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The data rate is quadrupled by employing both intensity and phase modulation and polarization multiplexing to transmit four microwave vector signals with an identical microwave center frequency over a single optical carrier. The recovery of the four microwave signals is implemented at a coherent receiver followed by DSP with a new algorithm, to separate the four microwave vector signals and to eliminate the phase noise from the transmitter and local oscillator laser sources and to cancel the unstable frequency offset between the two laser sources. Error-free transmission of four 2.5-Gpbs 16-QAM microwave vector signals with a total data rate of 10 Gbps if forward error correction (FEC) is employed. The total net data rate is 9.225 Gbps if the zero padding and the FEC (overhead 6.7%) are considered. The use of the proposed MPL for the implementation of $4\times 4$ MIMO is also discussed.
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    Fast Extinction Ratio Enhancement With a Graphene-Based Device on $1.5~\mu \text{m}$ Optical Signals (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: Ability of fast intensity discrimination provided by a graphene-based saturable absorber device is demonstrated in the perspective of all-optical signal processing in $1.5~\mu \text{m}$ wavelength range. The dynamic extinction ratio enhancement is measured as more than 3 dB. It is argued that, the device performances are promising enough to be tested further in an efficient all-optical module to reduce crosstalk or intensity noise in high rate signals.
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    Spectrally Multiplexed Upconversion Detection With C-Band Pump and Signal Wavelengths (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We demonstrate a multiplexing scheme for upconversion-based single-photon detection using a waveguide with multiple phase-matching peaks. Two different signal wavelengths are upconverted using two distinct pump wavelengths, where all the wavelengths are in the 1550-nm band. Background photon generation rates $〈10^{-4}$ per pulse with high internal conversion efficiencies are observed using 20-ps-long pump pulses.
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    Travelling-Wave Mach-Zehnder Modulator as a Temporal Integrator and a Time-Gate Isolator (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: This letter demonstrates that a commercial travelling-wave Mach–Zehnder modulator is a versatile device. Next to being a modulator, it is also able to function as an electro-optical temporal integrator with an integration window twice as long as its propagation delay. Using the similar principle and being driven by a periodic RF frequency, the modulator is able to perform as an optical time-gate isolator that blocks any reverse-travelling lightwave, but simultaneously allows forward-travelling periodically-pulsed optical signals to pass. In the experiment, sub-nanosecond forward-travelling time gates and reverse-travelling optical power extinction >20 dB are successfully demonstrated.
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    BER in Slow-Light and Fast-Light Regimes of Silicon Photonic Crystal Waveguides: A Comparative Study (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: In this letter, we present an in-depth comparison between the bit-error ratio (BER) of optical systems containing silicon photonic crystal (Si-PhC) waveguides (Si-PhCWs) operating in the slow- and fast-light regimes. Our analysis of these optical interconnects employs the time domain Karhunen–Loève expansion method for the statistical analysis of the optical signal and relies on a full theoretical model and its linearized form to describe the propagation of noisy optical signals in Si-PhCWs. These models incorporate all key linear and nonlinear optical effects and the mutual interaction between free-carriers and the optical field, as well as the influence of slow-light effects on the optical field and carriers dynamics. Using these tools and employing a 512-b pseudorandom bit sequence, we have studied the dependence of BER on the key system parameters, including group-velocity, input power, and signal-to-noise ratio.
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    Free-Carrier-Induced Nonlinear Relaxation in a Silicon Waveguide (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: This letter reports our study on the effects of free carrier lifetimes due to surface/interface recombination and Auger recombination on the nonlinear dynamics of light propagation in a silicon waveguide at moderate to high power levels. It is shown that due to the coupling dynamics between the optical intensity and the free carrier density, the effective decay time of the optical intensity in the waveguide is not constant but becomes significantly reduced at high input powers, a result which may have important implications to nonlinear optics applications of silicon waveguides such as all-optical switching and modulation.
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    Multiple Fiber Fault Location With Low-Frequency Sub-Carrier Tone Sweep (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We present a monitoring technique that can be directly integrated in the sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM) transceiver for PtP and wavelength division multiplexing and sub-carrier multiplexing passive optical networks applications. The technique is based on the detection of the backscattered signal from a baseband tone (100 Hz to 100 kHz) and interpretation with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) operator, a signal processing technique which identifies the fault positions based on the mathematical model of the received signal. The proposed single-ended fiber probing method enables the location of multiple faults with no a-priori knowledge of the fiber, and offers low-cost in-service operation with negligible impact on data transmission, few meters spatial resolution, and limited dynamic range. Due to all its advantages, but also considering its reach limitation, the SincLASSO method features as an ideal monitoring candidate for short reach sub-carrier multiplexed optical fiber networks, such as the ones intended for analog mobile Fronthaul based on fiber and fiber-extended copper lines.
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  • 80
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    Beat Noise Reduction by Fast Optical Switching in Brillouin Grating-Based FMCW Reflectometry (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We demonstrated an optical switching method for deriving a Brillouin reflectogram from a 1-m-long optical fiber without the use of a polarization diversity technique or a least-squares procedure in coherent frequency-modulated continuous wave reflectometry. We reduced the intrinsic beat noise by blocking one pump light from entering the balanced mixer for $120~\mu \text{s}$ with an acousto-optic modulator while sweeping the laser wavelength at a rate of 0.5 nm/s. The variations in the derived reflectograms at the center of the Brillouin spectrum were within ±14 %, and these were governed mainly by the multiplicative noise.
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  • 81
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    Eigenvector Basis Expansion-Based Phase Noise Suppression Method for CO-OFDM Systems (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system is known vulnerable to the laser phase noise. In this letter, we propose a novel phase noise suppression method based on eigenvector basis expansion (EBE) for CO-OFDM systems. With the help of the proposed method, the induced phase noise effects can be mitigated efficiently. Numerical results show that compared with the orthogonal basis expansion-based phase noise suppression method, by performing an EBE to the phase noise, a more accurate description of the phase noise can be achieved, and hence leads to a better system performance. Besides, the additional computational complexity is limited, since the eigenvector basis only depends on the laser linewidth.
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  • 82
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    50 Gb/s PAM4 Modulated 1065 nm Single-Mode VCSELs Using SMF-28 for Mega-Data Centers (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: Optical interconnections for mega-data centers will require longer link lengths than can be readily provided with today’s low-cost vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-based multi-mode technologies. We demonstrate a solution based on 1065-nm single-mode bottom emitting VCSELs to transmit data at 50 Gb/s using four-level pulse-amplitude modulation over a distance of 2 km using a standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28). We address potential concerns regarding the unwanted higher order LP 11 mode that can propagate in the SMF-28 fiber. The single-mode VCSELs have oxide apertures in the 6– $7~\mu \text{m}$ range to reduce series resistance and increase output power.
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  • 83
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    IEEE Photonics Technology Letters information for authors (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-10
    Description: These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal.
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    Maximum Optical Power Efficiency in SDM-Based Optical Communication Systems (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We demonstrate the existence of an optimal spectral efficiency that maximizes the power efficiency and/or capacity of a power limited erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)-based space division multiplexing transmission system. Optimal spectral efficiency observed experimentally is in good agreement with a theoretical estimate.
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  • 85
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    Highly Strain and Bending Sensitive Microtapered Long-Period Fiber Gratings (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: A microtapered long-period fiber grating (MTLPFG) is fabricated successfully by periodically tapering a standard single-mode fiber with CO 2 laser heating source. This can be done by taking advantage of that the effective index difference between the core mode and the cladding modes is changed periodically during microtapering. High fabrication reproducibility and MTLPFGs quality can be achieved by this CO 2 laser-heater-based fabrication scheme. In addition, the strain, bending, and liquid-level sensing characteristics of the MTLPFGs are investigated experimentally. Compared with the conventional long-period fiber gratings, it is found that the strain and bending sensitivities of fabricated MTLPFGs are improved by factors of about 10 and 5, respectively. Considering the simple and flexible fabrication process as well as the high quality and sensitivity of fabricated MTLPFGs, we believe that this may offer a simpler and alternative choice to current filters or sensing applications.
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  • 86
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    Thin-Film Optical Grating Transfer Process Using Surface Modulated Film Delamination (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: The development of a scalable and cost-effective method to fabricate and transfer large area periodic photonic structures on diverse material platforms can offer exciting opportunities in optical sciences. This letter describes a technique to transfer large area thin membrane-based optical diffractive elements onto different substrates. This is accomplished using a surface modificated delamination technique. Multilayer polymer-based semicircular 1-D (semicircular, 1 cm diameter) and 2-D resonant waveguide grating (RWG) were successfully integrated on planar rigid glass and silicon having nonplanar geometrical features respectively to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique. The RWG structures were fabricated on the top of silicon host substrates utilizing optimized fabrication protocols. Optical characterizations were performed on the transferred RWG structure to analyze the functionality of this approach.
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  • 87
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    An Optical Liquid-Level Sensor Based on D-Shape Fiber Modal Interferometer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: A novel coreless-D-shape-coreless (CDC) fiber structure for liquid-level sensing is proposed and experimentally investigated. The D-shape fiber with cladding partially etched is sensitive to the ambient refractive index change and the CDC structure transmission dip wavelength shifts related to the length of D-shape fiber immersed in the liquid, so liquid level is measured by monitoring the dip wavelength. The sensitivities for three different liquids with the RIs of 1.333, 1.355, and 1.377 are 191.89, 208.11, and 213.80 pm/mm, respectively. The temperature influence is also studied. The sensor exhibits a low-temperature cross-sensitivity of −0.128 mm/°C. The proposed modal interferometer based on the D-shape fiber with high sensitivity, low cost, and easy fabrication is suitable to liquid-level sensing applications.
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    High-Speed Wideband Voltage-Controlled Oscillator via an Injection-Locked Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-18
    Description: We demonstrate a microwave voltage-controlled oscillator able to synthesize a wide range of frequencies in the GHz regime based on an optically injected semiconductor laser. The ability to understand and experimentally characterize the entire injection-locking domain is crucial for the realization and optimization of such a device. This characterization facilitates the identification of steady-state bias conditions, which lead to microwave oscillations. More importantly, it also identifies a regime in which the oscillation frequency can be tuned solely by adjusting the optically injected power, a parameter, which can easily be changed on a nanosecond time scale. In this letter tuning from 6–16 GHz is demonstrated, while tuning rates of ~ $1\times 10^{18}$ Hz/sec are achieved using a < 1 V drive signal, resulting in a voltage-controlled oscillator with rapid tuning speed when compared with conventional, e.g., YIG-based, oscillators.
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  • 89
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    Mode Behavior of VCSELs With Impurity-Induced Disordering (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: This letter explores the modal behavior of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with varying emission apertures defined by impurity-induced disordering (IID) via closed ampoule zinc diffusion. A 1-D plane wave propagation method is used to calculate the mirror loss as a function of IID strength and depth. The devices are fabricated with masked areas ranging from approximately 70%–110% of the oxide aperture defining an unmodified emission aperture designed to overlap mainly with the fundamental mode. An analysis of the transverse mode lasing characteristics and mode-dependent thermal characteristics demonstrates a decrease in thermal performance associated with the increasing overlap between the IID ring and supported optical modes of the VCSEL cavity. A single-mode output power of 1.6 mW with over 30 dBm side-mode suppression ration is achieved from a $3~\mu \text{m}$ device with an IID-defined output aperture of approximately $1.3~\mu \text{m}$ . The optimal IID emission aperture to oxide aperture ratio for maximizing the single-fundamental-mode output power is experimentally measured.
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  • 90
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    Pd/ZnO Schottky Ultraviolet Photodiode Fabricated on ITO Using rGO Seed Layer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: This letter reports the high-performance ultraviolet (UV) Pd/ZnO Schottky photodiodes fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as seed layer. Electrophoretic deposition method has been used for the deposition of rGO layer on ITO substrate. A comparative study of Pd/ZnO devices with and without the rGO seed layer is carried out. The current–voltage ( I–V ) measurements of as-fabricated Schottky photodiodes having rGO as seed layer have shown responsivity ~1.32 A/W; which is around 26 times compared with responsivity ~0.05 A/W of a Pd/ZnO/ITO photodiode without rGO seed layer both measured at −2 V reverse bias voltage. Good contrast ratio (~74.91) and detectivity ( $\sim 2.49\times 10^{11}$ mHz $^{1/2}\text{W}^{-1}$ ) are observed for rGO seed layer-based devices when the device is illuminated by an UV source of $\sim 650~ \mu \text{W}$ output power at ~365 nm. Hence, this letter reports about utilizing rGO as seed layer for improving the performance of Pd/ZnO-based Schottky UV photodiodes.
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    Dynamic Phosphor Sedimentation Effect on the Optical Performance of White LEDs (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: In this letter, we investigated the dynamic phosphor sedimentation effect on the optical performance of phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pcLEDs) with dispensed phosphor layer. To analyze the phosphor sedimentation effect, we realized two packaging structures to sediment phosphor particles above/outside LED chip separately. The phosphor sedimentation effect on the luminous efficiency and correlated color temperature (CCT) were tested by experiments, followed by a quantitative exploration to the mechanism by evaluating the angular color uniformity and light intensity distribution-based Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations. Results show that phosphor sedimentation happened above LED chip will decrease CCT by 33.19%, and happened outside LED chip will increase CCT by 269%. For the conventional packaging structure, phosphor sedimentation will lead to the decreasing CCT at first and the increasing CCT soon afterwards, and the CCT variation is 39.62%.
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    A Novel Fiber Bragg Grating Displacement Sensor With a Sub-Micrometer Resolution (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: This letter has proposed a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) displacement sensor with a sub-micrometer resolution through the use of the transverse property of a suspended optical fiber with a pre-tension force. A wedge-shaped sliding block and a T-shaped cantilever beam formed a conversion mechanism to transfer the horizontal measured-displacement into the transverse movement of the optical fiber midpoint. Compared with existing FBG displacement sensors, this design does not only avoid the FBG-pasting process and its associated issues, such as the chirping failure and low repeatability, but also achieves a high resolution. The sensing principle has been presented, and the corresponding theoretical model has been derived and validated. Experiments show that this design has an excellent sensitivity of 2086.27 pm/mm and a high resolution of $0.48~\mu \text{m}$ within a range of 1.0~2.0 mm. The displacement results from the proposed sensor closely agree with the values detected from the commercial laser displacement sensor, validating its effectiveness. Therefore, the proposed sensor can be directly utilized to measure the sub-micrometer displacement, and also support multi-point distributed detection.
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    Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodetector With High-Reflectivity DBR Mirrors (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: A novel uni-traveling-carrier photodetector (UTC-PD), bonded to high-reflectivity (HR) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors, referred to as HR-UTC-PD, is first developed to overcome the bandwidth-responsivity tradeoff in UTC-PDs at various wavelengths. Grubbs’ test is adopted, for the first time, to measure the bonded thickness of random locations for evaluating the reflected light loss generated in the bonded region. Compared with a standard UTC-PD without HR DBR mirrors, the maximum improvement of HR-UTC-PD responsivity (0.88A/W at 1560 nm) is 24.4% under a bias voltage of 3 V. The obtained 3-dB bandwidth for a 40- $\mu \text{m}$ -diameter PD, which is neither increased nor degraded with the HR DBR mirrors, is 13.87 GHz at a bias voltage of 6 V and a 1550 nm wavelength. The saturation current up to 50 mA at 1-dB compression point is obtained at the frequency of 10 GHz, under a 50- $\Omega $ load and a 6 V bias voltage.
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    High-Power, Aperture Coupled Photonic Antenna (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: A high-power charge-compensated modified uni-travelling carrier photodetector is directly integrated into an aperture coupled patch antenna. The coupling technique offers not only good isolation between feed and radiating patch substrates but also wide operational bandwidth. The antenna is developed to operate at 22 GHz with 3-dB relative bandwidth of ~20%, over which the measured effective isotropic radiated power approaches 31 dBm. The photonic antenna is integrated with a lightweight, low form factor fiber-optic feed that demonstrates potential for future wireless communications applications. The antenna’s electrical and radiation characteristics are observed to be in good agreement with simulations.
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    Polarization-Tracking-Free IFoF Mobile Fronthaul With Adaptively Modulated PDM Multiband DDO-OFDM (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: This letter proposes a polarization-tracking-free polarization division multiplexing (PDM) in an intermediate frequency over fiber mobile fronthaul system based on multiband direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DDO-OFDM) with adaptive modulation. The use of two orthogonally polarized optical carriers with a simple optical filter at each radio access unit is sufficient to perform passive demultiplexing of the corresponding multiband signals in PDM schemes without transmission efficiency loss in training signal, which is commonly found in conventional PDM demultiplexing schemes. We experimentally achieved a multiband OFDM signal with adaptive modulation, which maximizes signal capacity, in a PDM scheme with the data rate of 49.64 Gb/s, which doubles that of corresponding single polarization schemes, over a 25-km single mode fiber. We also achieved a 6-dB power margin which is sufficient for the wireless transmission part.
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    100-Gb/s Transmission Over a 2520-km Integrated MCF System Using Cladding-Pumped Amplifiers (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: A 10.5-Tb/s optical transmission ( $15 \times 100$ Gb/s QPSK channels per core) over 2520 km of multicore fiber is achieved using an integrated multicore transmission link consisting of directly spliced multicore components, such as fan-in/fan-out fiber couplers, a 60-km trench-assisted seven-core hexagonal fiber and cladding-pumped erbium-ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
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    200-Gbps DFT-S OFDM Using DD-MZM-Based Twin-SSB With a MIMO-Volterra Equalizer (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate 208-Gb/s/ $\lambda $ discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S OFDM) transmission over a 40-km standard single-mode fiber without chromatic dispersion compensation using a low-cost direct-detection architecture based on the dual-driver Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM). One twin-single sideband (SSB) signal is generated by driving the upper and lower arms of a dual-driver MZM with a real signal and its respective Hilbert pair. A MIMO-Volterra equalizer is proposed to mitigate the interference and nonlinearity penalty of the twin-SSB signal. Using the Twin-SSB without the MIMO algorithm can only reach 165 Gb/s/ $\lambda $ , and applying a conventional SSB can only achieve 164 Gb/s/ $\lambda $ with a bit error ratio less than $5\times 10^{-3}$ . However, we achieve a 240-Gb/s/ $\lambda $ twin-SSB DFT-S OFDM signal in the back-to-back (BTB) case using the twin-SSB signal and MIMO-Volterra Equalization method, which implies that double spectral efficiency and more than 45% data rate improvement are obtained.
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    Sb-Doped $p$ -MgZnO/ $n$ -Si Heterojunction UV Photodetector Fabricated by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: Sb-doped p-Mg 0.1 Zn 0.9 O/ ${n}$ -Si-based heterojunction ultraviolet photodetectors were fabricated using dual ion beam sputtering. Current–Voltage measurements showed good rectifying behavior in fabricated devices with rectifying ratio as high as 251.35 at ± 4 V. The detectors exhibited good ultraviolet spectral response having peak responsivity of 0.025 A/W (at 310 nm) and 0.32 A/W (at 320 nm) at −30 V. The values of peak responsivity and external quantum efficiency increased from 1.7 mA/W and 0.75% (at 0 V) to 0.32 A/W and 134.26% (at −30 V), respectively. The value of detectivity of heterojunction devices was calculated to be $3.65 \times 10^{11}$ cm $\cdot $ Hz $^{\mathrm {1/2}} \cdot \text{W}^{\mathrm {-1}}$ at −5 V.
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    Corrections to “Optical Characterization of Chalcogenide Ge–Sb–Se Waveguides at Telecom Wavelengths” (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-01
    Description: The original letter [1] contains an error in the two-photon absorption coefficient of the chalcogenide waveguides. The fitting equation (1) used in [1] was incorrect, leading to an overestimation of the two-photon absorption.
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    Dissipative Soliton Trapping in an All Normal Dispersion Mode-Locked Yb-Doped Fiber Laser (2017)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-15
    Description: We report on an all-normal-dispersion Yb-doped fiber laser with mode-locking mechanism based on nonlinear polarization rotation. The splitting and trapping of dissipative solitons (DSs) could be observed by inserting of a short section of polarization-maintaining fiber in cavity configuration as an in-line birefringence fiber filter. Two trapped orthogonal polarization DSs can travel with the same group velocity in the laser cavity. With the DSs trapping, the polarization sidebands are appeared in the spectrum. The trapping of DSs and sideband generation is numerically simulated as well.
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