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  • Articles  (2,303)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (2,303)
  • 2015-2019  (2,303)
  • IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology (J-LT)  (1,393)
  • IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility  (910)
  • 1259
  • 1408
  • 1
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    Optical Time–Frequency Packing: Principles, Design, Implementation, and Experimental Demonstration (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Time–frequency packing (TFP) transmission provides the highest achievable spectral efficiency with a constrained symbol alphabet and detector complexity. In this paper, the application of the TFP technique to fiber-optic systems is investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The main theoretical aspects, design guidelines, and implementation issues are discussed, focusing on those aspects which are peculiar to TFP systems. In particular, adaptive compensation of propagation impairments, matched filtering, and maximum a posteriori probability detection are obtained by a combination of a two-dimensional equalizer and four eight-state parallel Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) detectors. A novel algorithm that ensures adaptive equalization, channel estimation, and a proper distribution of tasks between the equalizer and BCJR detectors is proposed. A set of irregular low-density parity-check codes with different rates is designed to operate at low error rates and approach the spectral efficiency limit achievable by TFP at different signal-to-noise ratios. An experimental demonstration of the designed system is finally provided with five dual-polarization QPSK-modulated optical carriers, densely packed in a 100-GHz bandwidth, employing a recirculating loop to test the performance of the system at different transmission distances.
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  • 2
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    Femtosecond Soliton Pulse Generation Using Evanescent Field Interaction Through Tungsten Disulfide (WS 2 ) Film (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We investigated nonlinear optical characteristics of Tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) films and experimentally demonstrated their high potential for application as nonlinear saturable absorbers in passively mode-locked fiber lasers. Side polished fiber (SPF) was fabricated and WS 2 film was overlaid to provide an efficient evanescent field interaction. The WS 2 film was prepared using two methods: liquid phase exfoliation to form few-layer nano-sheets, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to grow uniform multilayer WS 2 on a SiO 2 substrate. Two SPF saturable absorbers were prepared by either spin coating WS 2 solution or lifting off the multilayer CVD WS 2 on SPF. An all-fiber ring cavity was built and the WS 2 film overlaid on SPF was employed as a mode locker along with Er-doped fiber as a gain medium. Using the spin-coated WS 2 SPF, stable soliton-like pulses were generated with a spectral width of 5.6 nm and 467 fs pulse duration. The fiber laser cavity containing CVD WS2 SPF generated a transform-limited soliton pulse train with a spectral width of 8.23 nm and a pulse duration of 332 fs. Our study confirmed a high potential of WS 2 film as a novel 2-D nonlinear optical material for laser applications.
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  • 3
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    On-Chip Tunable Second-Order Differential-Equation Solver Based on a Silicon Photonic Mode-Split Microresonator (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate an on-chip all-optical differential-equation solver capable of solving second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) characterizing continuous-time linear time-invariant systems. The photonic device is implemented by a self-coupled microresonator on a silicon-on-insulator platform with mutual coupling between the cavity modes. Owing to the mutual mode coupling within the same resonant cavity, the resonance wavelengths induced by different cavity modes are self-aligned, thus avoiding precise wavelength alignment and unequal thermal wavelength drifts as in the case of cascaded resonators. By changing the mutual mode coupling strength, the proposed device can be used to solve second-order ODEs with tunable coefficients. System demonstration using the fabricated device is carried out for 10-Gb/s optical Gaussian and super-Gaussian input pulses. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions of the solutions, which verify the feasibility of the fabricated device as a tunable second-order photonic ODE solver.
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  • 4
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    Integrated Gain Switched Comb Source for 100 Gb/s WDM-SSB-DD-OFDM System (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We demonstrate a 100 Gb/s short reach system using a multicarrier transmitter based on a gain switched monolithically integrated laser. An optical comb source with 12.5-GHz free spectral range is achieved by gain-switching an integrated passive feedback laser. The 100 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexed, single sideband, direct detection, orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (WDM-SSB-DD-OFDM) system operates over 25 km standard single mode fiber exhibiting a spectral efficiency of 1.8 b/s/Hz. Receiver sensitivity of –14.2 dBm is achieved after 25 km transmission. Performance optimization with phase and amplitude precompensation is employed to improve the SSB OFDM modulation thereby reducing the interchannel interference and overcoming the power fading induced by the optical filter. We also present a theoretical analysis of the SSB-OFDM modulation.
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  • 5
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    Narrow-Linewidth Multi-Wavelength Random Distributed Feedback Laser (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this paper, narrow-band emission lines are generated by means of two random distributed feedback fiber laser schemes. Spectral line-widths as narrow as 3.2 pm have been measured, which significantly improves previous reported results. The laser is analyzed with the aim of obtaining a spectral line-width as narrow as possible. Additionally a variation of this setup for multi-wavelength operation is also validated. Both schemes present a simple topology that use a combination of phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings and regular fiber Bragg gratings as filtering elements.
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  • 6
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    Ultra-Large Core Size Hypocycloid-Shape Inhibited Coupling Kagome Fibers for High-Energy Laser Beam Handling (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We report on the fabrication and characterization of 19-cell hypocycloid-shape Kagome fibers with core size larger than 100 μm. These inhibited coupling fibers present low propagation loss (100 dB/km) over broad transmission range with low chromatic dispersion combined with ultra-low power overlap with silica surround, making them an efficient solution for ultra-high power laser handling, ultra-fast laser delivery, and plasma photonics applications.
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  • 7
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    Bootstrapping Iterative Demodulation and Decoding Without Pilot Symbols (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The iterative demodulation and decoding algorithm introduced in 2005 by Colavolpe, Barbieri, and Caire to cope with channels affected by phase noise needs pilot symbols to bootstrap. However, pilot symbols reduce the spectral efficiency of the system and, consequently, system's throughput. The aim of this paper is to show that trellis-based demodulation can be used to bootstrap the iterative process without the need of pilot symbols. Also, the complexity issue of trellis-based demodulation is addressed in this paper. The result is that the performance of iterative demodulation and decoding after the iterations is virtually unaffected by complexity reduction, provided that the reduced-complexity demodulator guarantees cycle-slip-free operation. From the numerical results presented in this paper, we show that cycle-slip-free operation can be achieved with substantial complexity reduction also for phase noise associated with linewidths of practical interest.
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  • 8
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    Highly Nonlinear Dispersion Increasing Fiber for Femtosecond Pulse Generation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The optical pulse evolution in a highly nonlinear normal dispersion-increasing fiber has been considered, both experimentally and theoretically. It was found that large spectral broadening in tapered waveguides could occur without temporal instabilities and impose the linear frequency modulation, i.e., chirp, required for high-quality pulse compression. The pedestal-free pulses have been demonstrated after dechirping in a standard single-mode fiber.
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  • 9
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    High-Sensitivity Biochemical Sensor Based on Cylindrical Nano-Metal Particles Array (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This work proposes a novel localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biochemical sensor featuring high sensitivity and a high resolution. The sensor was divided into two subcomponents according to their distinct functions; namely, single-mode fiber and metal array. Single-mode fibers located on the left and right sides of the sensors function as the input and output for optical fiber signals. A metal array comprising an arrangement of cylindrical nanometal particles served as the detection area of the sensor. To effectively reduce the memory capacity and calculation time, two innovative techniques (i.e., object meshing and boundary meshing) were integrated with the finite element method. With the area of the triangular elements used as a basis, the object boundary, small object, medium object, and large objects were meshed at a ratio of 1:8:160:1600. The improved numerical simulation methods and six design procedures were adopted to develop and analyze the proposed LSPR biochemical sensor. The results show that the novel LSPR biochemical sensor outperformed two current high-performance biochemical sensors and provided additional advantages such as short length (approximately 430 μm), high resolution (approximately –120 dB), and high sensitivity (approximately 127 604 nm/RIU).
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  • 10
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    Ultra-Broadband Super Light Absorber Based on Multi-Sized Tapered Hyperbolic Metamaterial Waveguide Arrays (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We propose an ultra-broadband super light absorber by integrating different-sized tapered hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) waveguides, each of which has a different and wide absorption band due to broadband slow-light response, into a unit cell. We numerically demonstrate that such an absorber is superior to a single-sized HMM absorber in terms of absorption bandwidth, while maintaining a comparable absorption efficiency. A three different-sized HMM absorber presents the capability of working with an ultra-wide frequency band ranging from 1 to 30 THz, which is much larger than previously proposed absorbers working in the same spectral region. Such a design shows great promise for a broad range of applications such as thermal emitters, photovoltaics, optical-chemical energy harvesting, and stealth technology, where ultra-wideband absorption is in very high demand.
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  • 11
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    A Ring-Based Wireless Optical Network to Reduce the Handover Latency (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This paper proposes a ring-based integrated wireless optical network architecture and an associated protocol that involves Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) and long term evolution (LTE) wireless network. The architecture along with the proposed protocol is instrumental toward the reduction of handover delay. The proposed ring-based EPON architecture facilitates the implementation of the X2 interface for LTE network by enabling the optical network units of the EPON backhaul to directly communicate with each other. The work further discusses about an open access network architecture where a single EPON can be used by multiple mobile service providers without compromising information security. Extensive simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed network. An analytical model has been introduced to calculate the queuing delay experienced by the X2 interface. The model has been validated with the simulations results.
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  • 12
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    On Spectrum Efficient Failure-Independent Path Protection p -Cycle Design in Elastic Optical Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: High spectrum efficiency and fast restoration speed are highly desired for survivable elastic optical networks (EONs). In this paper, we take the advantages of failure-independent path-protecting preconfigured cycles (FIPP p -cycles) and investigate how to realize spectrum efficient resilience design with them. We first study the problem of offline service provisioning with FIPP p -cycles. We formulate an integer linear programming model and prove that the problem is $mathcal{NP}$ hard. Then, several time-efficient heuristics are designed for FIPP p -cycle formulation and related routing, modulation format, and spectrum assignment. Extensive simulations on offline provisioning verify that the heuristics can obtain near-optimal solutions. Next, we consider online service provisioning with FIPP p -cycles in dynamic EONs. In order to overcome the decrease of protection efficiency during dynamic network operation, we propose a p -cycle reconfiguration scheme to reoptimize protection structures on-the-fly. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can improve spectrum efficiency and reduce bandwidth blocking probability simultaneously.
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  • 13
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    Optical Gradient Waveguides in Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass Formed by Ion Exchange Method (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glasses are the class of polyfunctional materials that combine the properties of several monofunctional materials such as photo-refractive, laser, luminescent, and plasmonic ones. Based on PTR glasses, various diffractive holographic elements and photonic devices were developed in both the volume and fiber versions. In this paper, the fabrication of optical planar waveguides on PTR glass by low-temperature ion exchange is reported for the first time. Planar waveguides were fabricated through substituting the sodium ions in glass by silver, potassium, rubidium, and cesium ones from the nitrate melts. The silver waveguides were shown to have the largest depth (27 μm) and reveal no birefringence. For the silver waveguides, an increase in the refractive index is caused by differences in the polarizabilities of cations exchanged. The maximum increment of the refractive index was observed in the cesium waveguides (0.0512). An increase in the refractive index and also appearing the birefringence in potassium, rubidium, and cesium waveguides are found to be due to the compressive mechanical stresses and their relaxation. The potentialities of the ion exchange technology for fabricating, in PTR glasses, planar gradient waveguides with low losses (0.5 dB/cm) are demonstrated, the potentialities extending the application field of PTR glasses in photonics.
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  • 14
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    Simultaneous Measurement of Force and Temperature by a Multi-Position Fiber Loop Ringdown Sensor Array (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A multi-sensor addressing method for fiber Bragg grating aided fiber loop ringdown (FBG-FLRD) sensor array is proposed. It is capable of simultaneous measurement of temperature and force. Light from a wavelength-swept fiber laser (WSFL) is modulated into pulsed light to illuminate FBG-FLRD sensor array. Based on the time sequence of pulsed lights reflected by fiber Bragg grating array, each FBG-FLRD sensor can be distinguished. The time interval between the trigger signal of the WSFL and the pulsed light reflected by FBG offers temperature variation information. By measuring the ringdown time of each FBG-FLRD, the loss of fiber ring induced by temperature and force can be obtained. And then simultaneous measurement can be implemented in real time. To prove the validity of the proposed system, a six elements array is experimentally validated with interrogation frequency of 27.5 Hz.
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  • 15
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    Analysis and Design Guide of Active EMI Filter in a Compact Package for Reduction of Common-Mode Conducted Emissions (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A common-mode (CM) active filter was designed in a compact package to suppress CM conducted emissions at a switching mode power supply (SMPS). Based on the analytical expressions considering both stability and performance, the design and optimization rules for the proposed active filter have been presented. After verifying its performance by measurements using vector network analysis, the proposed filter was installed in a 200-W SMPS board with 64 and 110 kHz switching frequencies, demonstrating its usefulness by experiments. The performance degradation due to the magnetic saturation and the AEF grounding impedance was also analyzed and investigated.
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    Simulation of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields and Application to Immunity Testing (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A kind of low-cost electric and magnetic field simulators, which are used to produce simulative lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) with adjustable waveforms and intensity output, are presented. The lightning electric field can be produced within the GTEM cell by feed-in of impulse voltage output by a Marx generator. The lightning magnetic field can be produced within the coil by feed-in of surge current from the lightning surge generator. The simulated magnetic field is measured by a “B-dot” coil. The measured results show that the lightning electric field simulator and magnetic field simulator could provide relatively homogeneous LEMP environment within certain area in the GTEM cell and the coil within 3 dB deviation. The effects of the simulated lightning electric fields on some electronic devices and the influence of the turns and size of the coil on the homogeneity of the simulated magnetic fields are also investigated.
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  • 17
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    Arrays of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in RF Devices: Analysis and Measurements (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: This paper presents a detailed model of devices utilizing many nanotubes and the coupling between them based on the electromagnetic model of a device using one nanotube. Empirical equations are proposed to link the device conductance with the number of nanotubes per device. Then, a circuit model is developed to predict the effect of the number of nanotubes per device on the overall conductance, capacitance, and the frequency response of the device. A prototype structure is fabricated. Its performance is tested and compared with the proposed model, and it shows promising agreements. The model is flexible and can be integrated with quantum transport models.
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  • 18
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    Modal Propagation and Crosstalk Analysis in Coupled Graphene Nanoribbons (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A full-wave analysis of the fundamental quasi-TEM modes supported by multiple graphene nanoribbons above a ground plane is presented, aimed at characterizing crosstalk in graphene multiconductor lines. A method-of-moments discretization of the relevant electric-field integral equation is performed. Assuming first a local scalar conductivity, an efficient spatial-domain approach with subsectional basis functions is assuming first a local scalar conductivity, a spatial-domain approach with subsectional basis functions is developed. This allows for the efficient treatment of nanoribbons with wide transverse separations, and can be expanded to include in the simulation model spatial nonuniformity of the graphene conductivity. This spatial-domain formulation is then extended to treat the case of weakly nonlocal conductivity, via an original integro-differential approach derived by approximating a recent full spectral graphene conductivity model in the limit of low wavenumbers. Numerical results are provided for propagation constants and characteristic impedances of two identical coupled graphene nanoribbons; on this basis, a crosstalk analysis is performed by means of the modal decomposition method.
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  • 19
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    Measurement-Based Modeling and Worst-Case Estimation of Crosstalk Inside an Aircraft Cable Connector (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Crosstalk within cable bundles can degrade system performance. In aircraft systems that use shielded twisted pairs, the crosstalk occurs primarily in the connector where individual signal wires are not shielded or twisted. In many cases, the parameters which determine crosstalk within the connector are unknown because the connector is closed and wires cannot be easily accessed. Expanding on prior research [14] , a methodology for measuring coupling parameters and modeling crosstalk within aircraft cable connectors at low frequencies (〈400 MHz) was developed. The values of mutual inductance and capacitance were extracted from measurements made with a vector network analyzer (VNA). The characteristics of the individual wires were extracted from VNA-measured TDR response. The accuracy of the model was evaluated through comparison of simulated and measured results. Additionally, a closed-form solution was developed to estimate the worst-case envelope of the differential crosstalk. The calculated results match the measured peak values well. This worst-case crosstalk estimate allows effective evaluation of the impact of crosstalk within different connectors. The developed method can be effective for analyzing complex aircraft cable assemblies and connectors without requiring extensive knowledge of the assembly procedure.
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    Method of Effective Roughness Dielectric in a PCB: Measurement and Full-Wave Simulation Verification (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Surface roughness topography of printed circuit boards (PCBs) needs to be included in signal integrity simulations in order to accurately predict the insertion loss of the structure and its delay time. An effective roughness dielectric (ERD) model can be used to substitute an inhomogeneous interface between copper foil and laminate dielectric in a PCB. Herein, this approach is tested for verification using 3-D full-wave numerical simulations. These ERD layers with the appropriate complex permittivity are included in the modeling of stripline examples. The parameters of an ambient laminate dielectric refined from conductor roughness in the stripline are determined using differential extrapolation roughness measurement technique. The agreement of the results of 3-D full-wave modeling simulations and measurements on multiple test structures justifies the proposed approach. Based on the extracted ERD parameters “design curves” can be built and used in numerical simulations of PCB high-speed designs.
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    New Methods to Characterize Deterministic Jitter and Crosstalk-Induced Jitter From Measurements (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A small amount of jitter can quickly eat up timing budgets and create timing issues. Precise characterization of deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter can help isolate and solve issues within high-speed links. Characterizing deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter is challenging, however, because many types of jitter work together to create the overall jitter profile. Methods are presented in this paper to characterize the deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter from measurements of total jitter. An improved tail-fit deconvolution method is proposed for characterizing the impact of deterministic jitter in the presence of random jitter. The contribution of random jitter to total jitter is found first, and then that contribution is accounted for to find deterministic jitter. A Wiener filter deconvolution method is also presented for extracting the characteristics of crosstalk-induced jitter from measurements of total jitter made when the crosstalk sources were and were not present. The Wiener filter allows for accurate deconvolution of the measured histograms for total jitter even in the presence of the measurement noise. The proposed techniques are shown to work well both in simulations and in measurements of a high-speed link.
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    Designing a 3-D Printing-Based Channel Emulator With Printable Electromagnetic Materials (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: This paper explored the possibility of building channel emulators by utilizing fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3-D) printing technology. The FDM 3-D printing provides a rapid and economic method to produce parts with different shapes. An optimizing algorithm was developed for obtaining the printing pattern and loss profile. Parts with different dielectric constants and loss tangents can be printed. Those parts will be placed or directly printed on a low-loss transmission line to modify its transmission or reflection. As a result, different channel emulators can be built to emulate the S -parameter and eye diagrams of a target channel with the advantage of avoiding complicated electronic components and only being limited in the frequency range by the transmission line and attached connectors.
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  • 23
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    Numerical Simulation of the Overall Transfer Impedance of Shielded Spacecraft Harness Cable Assemblies (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In this paper, we present general considerations for the application of the multiconductor transmission-line theory for simulating shielded spacecraft harness cable assemblies. Some of the practical issues that occur in the modeling process of various components of cable assemblies in spacecraft applications, namely connectors, pigtails, and backshells are discussed. The overall transfer impedance of the assembly measured through a current injection with a pseudomicrostrip line is used as a figure of merit to evaluate the total shielding provided by the harness. Some of the parameters of the model were available from the manufacturers’ datasheets, while others were determined either experimentally or empirically. The position of the cables along the cross section was randomly assigned by the simulation tool. In general, the obtained simulation results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the generally overlooked contact impedances between the cable shields and connectors play a significant role, especially at low frequencies. The presented simulation results also emphasize the importance of the inductance and resistance of the connector backshell interconnection to the spacecraft chassis.
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    XOR Encryption Versus Phase Encryption, an In-Depth Analysis (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Encryptions are used in almost all standards to ensure the confidentiality of the data. Encryptions can be and indeed are implemented in the different layers of a network protocol stack. Conventional encryption performs the bitwise XOR operation between one message bit and one key stream bit to generate one ciphertext bit. Huo et al. have recently proposed to provide confidentialities on the user data by performing the phase encryption on the time domain OFDM samples in LTE system. Phase encryption is performed on the modulated symbols, different from the bit level of XOR encryption, i.e., stream cipher encryption. In this paper, we extend their study. We first generalize the phase encryption to general communication systems independent of the underlying modulation scheme. Then, we formulate the mathematical models for XOR and phase encryptions. Based on our model, we compare these two encryption methods in terms of their security and encryption efficiency. We also show phase encryption can resist traffic analysis attack when implemented in the physical layer. Finally, we conduct simulations to compare the performance of these two methods in terms of their decoding symbol error rate.
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    IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility information for authors (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
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    Fuel your imagination (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
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    IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility institutional listings (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
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    Uncertainty Quantification for Electromagnetic Systems Using ASGC and DGTD Method (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In this paper, an adaptive hierarchical sparse grid collocation (ASGC) method combined with the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method is leveraged to quantify the impacts of random parameters on the electromagnetics systems. The ASGC method approximates the stochastic observables of interest using interpolation functions over a set of collocation points determined by the Smolyak's algorithm integrated with an adaptive strategy. Instead of resorting to a full-tensor product sense, the Smolyak's algorithm constructs the collocation points in a hierarchical scheme with the interpolation level. Enhanced by an adaptive strategy, the Smolyak's algorithm will sample more points along important dimensions with sharp variations or discontinuities, resulting in a nonuniform sampling scheme. To flexibly handle different stochastic systems, either piecewise linear or Lagrange polynomial basis functions are applied. With these strategies, the number of collocation points is significantly reduced. The statistical knowledge of stochastic observables including the expected value, variance, probability density function, and cumulative distribution function are presented. The accuracy and robustness of the algorithm are demonstrated by various examples.
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    Signal Integrity Model Extraction Based on Computed Tomography Scans—Analysis of the Required Voxel Resolution (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Signal integrity (SI) analysis based on state-of-the-art measurements can be difficult to perform especially when the structures of interest are on inner layers of multilayer boards or are enclosed by IC packages. To enable an SI analysis in such cases the authors have recently developed a method that is based on the extraction of accurate simulation models from computed tomography (CT) scans. These models can be used in electromagnetic (EM) field simulators for computer-aided SI analyses. Such CT-based models include geometry variations or defects due to the manufacturing process so that computed EM field simulation results have a good correlation with common measurements. In order to identify the potential of the method an analysis of the required voxel resolution for the extraction of single-ended and differential striplines is presented. The analysis is based on the measurement uncertainty of length measurements in CT scans and an analysis of the propagation of uncertainty for the characteristic impedances of single-ended and differential striplines. This analysis shows that the voxel resolution of industrial CT scans is well suited for the extraction of accurate simulation models which can be used for an SI analysis.
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    An Analytical Through Silicon Via (TSV) Surface Roughness Model Applied to a Millimeter Wave 3-D IC (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In the millimeter wave (mmW) frequency range, the root mean square height of the through silicon via (TSV) sidewall roughness is comparable to the skin depth, and hence, becomes a critical factor for TSV modeling and analysis. In this paper, the impact of the TSV sidewall roughness on electrical performance, such as the loss and impedance alteration in the mmW frequency range, is examined and analyzed. The second-order small analytical perturbation method is applied to obtain a simple closed-form expression for the power absorption enhancement factor of the TSV. In this study, we propose an electrical model of the TSV, which considers the TSV sidewall roughness effect, the skin effect, and the metal oxide semiconductor effect. The parameters of the proposed circuit model can be determined analytically; the accuracy of the model is validated through a comparison of circuit model behavior for full wave electromagnetic field simulations up to 100 GHz.
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    IEEE xplore digital library (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    Open Access (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    Journal of Lightwave Technology publication information (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: Provides a listing of the editors, board members, and current staff for this issue of the publication.
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    Sensitive All-Optical Channel-Drop Sensor in Photonic Crystals (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We report the results of a study of an optical sensor based on a channel-drop technique with two cascaded cavities in photonic-crystal slabs. Quality factors and intensities of the resonant modes of the sensor were analyzed with three-dimensional simulations. With the introduction of a reflector in the bus-channel and by control of the coupling between the two cavities and the drop-channel, the drop efficiency can be remarkably increased. In addition to the simulation, the two cavity sensor is fabricated and tested for optical response to water and oil infiltration. Both direct visual imaging and quantitative analysis were applied in experiment. A difference of refractive index $Delta n = 0.12$ between water and oil samples results in a wavelength shift of 18.3 nm, which greatly matches the simulation result of 20 nm and indicates a sensitivity of 153 nm RIU −1 . Both resonant peaks for water and oil infiltration have good selectivity in their transmission spectrum. The contrast between the broadband output of the bus-channel and the highly wavelength-selective outputs of the drop-channel opens opportunities for the two cascaded-cavity system as a fundamental building block for a multiplex drop-channel array for all-optical sensing, which can be widely used for bio/chemical detection and environmental monitoring.
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    Optical Nonlinear Phase Noise Compensation for $9times 32$ -Gbaud PolDM-16 QAM Transmission Using a Code-Aided Expectation-Maximization Algorithm (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Nonlinearity-induced phase noise has become a major obstacle in long-haul coherent fiber-optic communication systems. Such phase noise has been shown to be signal dependent, and correlated over time. We propose a code-aided expectation-maximization algorithm to mitigate such nonlinear phase noise, iteratively utilizing both the time correlation of the nonlinearity-induced impairments and a soft-decision error-control code. Simulation and experimental results show that on a dual-polarization wavelength-division-multiplexed 16 QAM system, launch-power tolerance can be increased by ${1.5}$ dB, and the optical signal-to-noise ratio requirement can be relaxed by ${0.3}$ dB to achieve the same ${Q^2}$ -factor.
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    Deformed Microdisk-Based End-Fire Injection and Collection Resonant Device (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Microring resonators have been the fundamental building blocks of integrated photonic networks. They play key roles in a number of on-chip photonic elements, such as filters, modulators, switches, and sensors. However, the applications of microring resonators in these components are hindered by the evanescent coupling, which requires very precise position control and is hard to be realized in standard photolithography. Here, we demonstrate a novel, general, and robust mechanism to achieve microdisk-based end-fire injection and collection devices. Instead of coupling light via evanescent waves, here the light is injected into the cavity by connecting a waveguide and a deformed microdisk directly. The light on resonance can be reflected back and detected at the same waveguide, making the devices to be “easy come easy go.” The reflectance is as high as 95% and can be periodically obtained from the long-lived resonances with free spectral range around 18 nm. The proposed mechanism is found to be robust to cavity shape, refractive index, and waveguide width and all the parameters can be larger than 500 nm, making the designed devices to be easier realized by standard photolithography. We believe this research will boost the development of low-cost silicon photonic devices.
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    1 × 4 Channel Si-Nanowire Microring-Assisted Multiple Delayline-Based Optical MUX/DeMUX (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We proposed theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated novel 1 × 4 channel flatband optical multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DeMUX) that is based on Si-nanowire microring-assisted multiple delaylines. The proposed optical MUX/DeMUX scheme, which includes all-pass microring-type phase controllers and a Banyan-type 4 × 4 coupler, exhibits superior spectral flatness to any Si-nanowire optical DeMUXs that have previously been experimentally demonstrated.
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    Distribution of Bismuth and Bismuth-Related Centers in Core Area of Y-Al-SiO 2 :Bi Fibers (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Analysis of the experimental data on microscopic, absorptive, fluorescent, and Raman-scattering properties of Bismuth (Bi)-doped yttria-alumino-silicate glass (Y-Al-SiO 2 :Bi)-based nanoengineered optical fibers, exhibiting broadband near-infrared fluorescence, is presented. Among the other well-established characteristics, inherent to Bi-doped silica fibers codoped with Aluminum (Al), a trend of spatial distributions of Bi atoms and Bi-related fluorescence-active centers is determined, being their concentrating in ring-like areas around the core's center, at approximately a half-distance to core/cladding interface. At the same time, the formation in this region of nanosized Bi clusters, supposedly weakly or nonfluorescing, is revealed for the fibers. These phenomena are argued to underlie worsening of the pump-to-signal overlap factor, which deteriorates efficiency of lasers and amplifiers based on such or similar Bi-doped alumino-silicate fibers.
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    Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Sensing Schemes Based on Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry: Signal Model Under Static Fiber Conditions (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The paper develops a statistical model for the signals received in phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) probed by highly coherent sources. The backscattering process is modelled by a set of discrete scatterers with properly chosen parameters. Explicit equations for calculating the amplitude and the phase of the backscattered signal are obtained. The developed model predicts spectral and autocorrelation characteristics of the amplitude signals that are validated by experimental results. Characteristics of the phase signals, practicable for studying the sensing applications of the OTDR system, are presented and studied as well, demonstrating good correspondence with experiment. A more detailed modelling of distributed vibration sensing systems and their response to disturbances along an optical fiber will be possible as an extension of the developed formalism.
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    Efficient Multiplexer/Demultiplexer for Visible WDM Transmission over SI-POF Technology (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A five channel step index plastic optical fiber proposal for a multiplexer/demultiplexer having insertion losses ( IL ) of 2.9–4 dB, pass bandwidths at −3 dB > 30 nm, crosstalk attenuation >30 dB and size of ∼65 mm × 55 mm, is demonstrated. It is based on a reflective diffraction grating with blazed profile and an aspheric lens. The theoretical analysis presented is used to further reduce the system size to ∼37 mm × 30 mm and to increase the number of channels to 8 keeping ILs 〈 4.5 dB. Experimental results have good agreement with theoretical expectations.
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    IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility publication information (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
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    Distributive Radiation and Transfer Characterization Based on the PEEC Method (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Power radiation and radiated coupling among different structures represent an important area for research study. The partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is a powerful technique which bridges the gap between the electromagnetic and circuit theories. In this paper, we develop a new approach for PEEC to calculate the distributive power radiation and couplings. With this approach, formulations for both the radiated power and the transferred power can be evaluated. Further, the physical meanings of the power results are interpreted according to the conservation of energy law. We use electric dipoles, magnetic dipoles and patch antennas as well as coupled microstrip lines to benchmark the method. The approach can also be applied to EMC/EMI and other power dissipation computations.
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    Efficient Calculation of Inductive and Capacitive Coupling Due to Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Using PEEC Method (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The coupling from electrostatic discharge (ESD) events is effectively calculated using the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method, both in time and frequency domains. The PEEC method has several advantages in predicting dominant coupling sources and waveforms of ESD. Two victim structures were designed so that the inductive or capacitive coupling could be dominant. The calculation of ESD coupling is validated by comparison with measurements and the finite-element method solver in frequency domain. The waveform of the ESD inductive coupling is also validated with measurements and the finite-difference time domain solver in time domain.
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    Design Criteria and Error Sensitivity of Time-Domain Channel Characterization (TCC) for Asymmetry Fixture De-Embedding (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Time-domain channel characterization (TCC) for de-embedding of an asymmetric fixture is introduced. Two design criteria for the design of a 2x-thru are proposed. Error sensitivity regarding a small error in the S-parameters of the 1x-fixture is analyzed with an insertion loss error-coefficient and a return loss error-coefficient. The TCC procedure, including proposed design criteria and error sensitivity, is also introduced to reduce the error in the TCC application. Three different 2x-thru structures are investigated for the verification of the two proposed design criteria and analyzed for error sensitivity. Test fixtures on a printed circuit boards are fabricated for the experimental verification.
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    Modeling and Analysis of Bandwidth-Enhanced Multilayer 1-D EBG With Bandgap Aggregation for Power Noise Suppression (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A circuit model of multilayer electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with application on bandgap aggregation design is investigated in this paper. A design concept for bandgap aggregation is merging the lowest two bandgaps into an equivalent wide bandgap by narrowing central passband. This goal could be achieved by optimizing pitch and arrangement of power/ground vias. The theoretical circuit model which only focuses on cutoff frequencies is proposed for efficient bandgap prediction. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated by comparison with full-wave simulation and measurement results. By using the circuit model, mechanism of bandgap aggregation can be explained well, and the influence of structural parameters can also be studied easily. Furthermore, effect on limiting excitation of propagation modes by narrowing central passband is also validated for merging adjacent bandgaps. Test boards with unit cell size 2.03 mm × 3.94 mm are fabricated and measured to validate the design concepts. Both simulation and measurement show the wide bandgap in insertion loss results, which ranges from 1.27 GHz to above 10 GHz by merging even higher bandgaps.
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    CISPR 16-4-2 Equivalent Measurement Uncertainty Analysis for TEM Waveguides (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The result of any measurement will only be of significance if the uncertainty of the measurement method can be specified concerning its influence quantities. In the case of CISPR compliant-radiated disturbance measurements, the result of the measurement is usually compared to a given limit line. For established test methods (ETM), this comparison can be done directly if the expanded measurement uncertainty falls below a value stated for a typical test facility by the standard. In this paper, the definitions and the classification the CISPR describes for ETM are applied to transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguide measurements. It is shown that the overall uncertainty of a typical TEM waveguide is slightly lower than that of a typical ETM.
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    Removable EBG-Based Common-Mode Filter for High-Speed Signaling: Experimental Validation of Prototype Design (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A new common-mode filter structure based on planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) technologies is designed, fabricated, and measured. It is based on a previously proposed geometry, implementing a sequence of two or more EBGs resonating at a filtering frequency; however, the new filter is placed on the top of the PCB as a standalone component, instead of being included within the PCB stack up. The filter can be easily removed and substituted by another one that is designed to filter a different frequency. The replacement design should maintain the same external size of the component as the original filter, which can be achieved by choosing the permittivity of the dielectric as well as the relationship among the EBG parameters appropriately. The electromagnetic behavior of the filter is simulated and a prototype structure is fabricated and measured. Results are compared to validate the design concept and procedure.
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    Analysis of Jitter-Induced Voltage Noise in Clock Channels (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Effects of transmit jitter on lossy clock channel are analyzed analytically by treating the 1010 input clock signal as a sinusoidal wave with a phase modulation that represents jitter. Jitter-to-amplitude-modulation transfer functions are derived for sinusoidal jitter, duty-cycle distortion (DCD), and random jitter (RJ) in terms of the signal transfer function or S-parameters. Input jitter is shown to induce amplitude modulation in the output signal as a result of channel dispersion, leading to voltage noise at the channel output. DCD- and RJ-induced voltage noises are found to scale uniquely with channel loss. To verify the theory, numerical simulations are performed on channels with different losses and at various data rates. The input clock signal is represented with a square wave, and the output signal is calculated by linear superposition of the channel step response. Theoretical and simulation results are found to be in excellent agreement.
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    Analytical Calculation of Jitter Probability Density at Multistage Output Buffers Due to Supply Voltage Fluctuations (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The jitter probability density function (PDF) at multistage output buffers due to supply voltage fluctuations is analytically derived. For experimental validation, an integrated circuit (IC) is designed, fabricated, and assembled in a printed circuit board (PCB). The on-chip supply voltage fluctuations are extracted from the simultaneous measurements at the pads on IC and PCB and used to calculate the jitter PDF of the multistage buffers. Also, characteristics of the output channels are measured and modeled with the separately designed channel pattern. Finally, the jitter PDFs for multistage buffers are calculated and compared with the measured jitter histograms.
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    Polymer Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor With Dual-Wavelength Compensation of Power Fluctuations (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: The design and development of a plastic optical fiber macrobend temperature sensor is presented. The sensor can operate in a temperature range from −55 to 70 °C and has a linear response versus temperature with a sensitivity of 8.95·10 −4 °C −1 . The sensor system uses the ratio of transmittance at two wavelengths to implement a self-referencing technique in order to avoid undesirable power fluctuations influence. The transmittance ratio precision is 0.1%. An analysis has been developed to find the two wavelengths which ratio offers the highest linearity and sensitivity response. Experimental results are successfully compared with theoretical approaches.
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    49.3 Tb/s Transmission Over 9100 km Using C+L EDFA and 54 Tb/s Transmission Over 9150 km Using Hybrid-Raman EDFA (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: We review recent high capacity ultralong haul demonstrations using amplification schemes with extended C+L optical bandwidth and optimized nonlinear performance. These demonstrations achieve 49.3 Tb/s capacity over 9100 km with the use of C+L EDFAs and 54 Tb/s capacity over 9150 km using hybrid-Raman EDFAs. Using the same hybrid-Raman EDFAs, a capacity of 52.2 Tb/s over 10 230 km (534 Pb/s*km) was also demonstrated. Different combinations of three 16QAM-based coded modulation schemes with spectral efficiencies SE = 4.86, 5.4/5.45, 6.14 bit/s/Hz were used in order to maximize capacity for each amplification scheme and transmission distance. We also compare the merits of optimized transmission performance of hybrid Raman-EDFA and C+L EDFA amplification schemes based on our loop experiments. At the nonlinear limit, the use of hybrid Raman-EDFA provides a modest 9.5% increase in capacity at a cost of ∼2× higher electrical power.
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    Spectral Efficiency Optimization in Flexi-Grid Long-Haul Optical Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: Flexible grid optical networks allow a better exploitation of fiber capacity, by enabling a denser frequency allocation. A tighter channel spacing, however, requires narrower filters, which increase linear intersymbol interference (ISI), and may dramatically reduce system reach. Commercial coherent receivers are based on symbol by symbol detectors, which are quite sensitive to ISI. In this context, Nyquist spacing is considered as the ultimate limit to wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) packing. In this paper, we show that by employing a limited-complexity trellis processing at the receiver, either the reach of Nyquist WDM flexi-grid networks can be significantly extended, or a denser-than-Nyquist channel packing [i.e., a higher spectral efficiency (SE)] is possible at equal reach. By adopting well-known information-theoretic techniques, we design a limited-complexity trellis processing and quantify its SE gain in flexi-grid architectures where wavelength selective switches over a frequency grid of 12.5 GHz are employed.
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    Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Shortest Path Lengths in Optical Transport Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: We analyze the shortest path lengths between node pairs of real optical transport networks. From the analysis, we find that Johnson ${rm S}_{B}$ distribution is suitable for the shortest path length modeling. The validity of the distributions is evaluated in terms of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic. Johnson ${rm S}_{B}$ distribution provides an average KS statistic of 0.0423, which indicates its good accuracy. We also show that the key parameters of the shortest path lengths, such as the mean, the median, and the standard deviation, can be estimated from the convex area of the network. We develop the proposed Johnson ${rm S}_{B}$ distribution model for the shortest path lengths using the basic information of the networks. The developed model is able to estimate path-length dependent system parameters, such as the appropriate modulation formats in transparent optical networks with an average error of only $6.4{%}$ . It is noteworthy that these estimations can be made without full knowledge of the network. Only the node locations are required.
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    Numerical Study of the Small-Signal Modulation Bandwidth of Reflective and Traveling-Wave SOAs (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: We present a comprehensive numerical model for intrinsic small-signal modulation response of both reflective, and traveling-wave semiconductor optical amplifiers. We investigate the small-signal photon and carrier density spatial distribution, modulation response, and $-3text{dB}$ bandwidth for uniform and lossless traveling-wave modulation current model. The analysis shows that the current model does not significantly affect the modulation response as long as the modulation frequency is within the bandwidth. One of the most important results of our analysis is the discovery of the bandwidth maximum in case of a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier operating with low to moderate input optical powers and high current densities. The bandwidth can be further improved by choosing the optimal amplifier length.
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    Phase Noise Canceled Polarization-Insensitive All-Optical Wavelength Conversion of 557-Gb/s PDM-OFDM Signal Using Coherent Dual-Pump (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: We study the effect of phase noise canceled polarization-insensitive all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals, which is based on four-wave-mixing in high-nonlinear optical fiber using dual-pump. An AOWC experiment of polarization division multiplexing OFDM (PDM-OFDM) 8/16/32-QAM signals is investigated. A DFB laser with linewidth of 10 MHz is employed as the coherent dual-pump seed. The measured results show that the received signal after wavelength conversion by utilizing coherent DFB dual-pump has the same BER performance as back-to-back. Furthermore, AOWC of 557-Gb/s superchannel discrete Fourier transform-spread PDM-OFDM with eight-QAM (DFT-S PDM-OFDM 8-QAM) signal is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on the studied coherent dual-pump scheme. Negligible OSNR penalty (〈0.8 dB) is observed at 7% FEC limit ( ${rm BER} = 3.8 times 10^{-3}$ ) after wavelength conversion. Our demonstration shows that the phase noise transferred from the pumps can be effectively eliminated. It also shows that AOWC enables practical implementation on the polarization multiplexing dynamic optical networks at the nodes where wavelengths conflict.
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    Journal of Lightwave Technology information for authors (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal.
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    μLED-Based Single-Wavelength Bi-directional POF Link With 10 Gb/s Aggregate Data Rate (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We report record 10 Gb/s bi-directional data transmission over a single 10 m SI-POF, by employing blue microlight-emitting diodes (μLEDs) at a single wavelength, APD receivers, and a PAM-32 modulation scheme. The implementation of 10 Gb/s LED-POF links takes advantage of the bi-directional configuration, which doubles the overall channel capacity, and APDs, which provide an enhanced link power budget owing to their improved sensitivity compared with conventional p-i-n photodiodes. Moreover, the high spectral efficiency of the PAM-32 modulation scheme employed, together with equalization techniques, enable the full utilization of the link bandwidth and the transmission of data rates higher than those obtained with conventional on–off keying. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of such a bi-directional link, and simultaneous 5 Gb/s data transmission is realized in each direction, achieving an aggregate data rate of 10 Gb/s with a BER 〈 10 −3 . The crosstalk penalty between the two directions of the link is measured to be less than 0.5 dB.
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    Integrated High-Performance TE/TM Converters for Polarization Independence in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Integrated polarization converters (PCs) with high (>99%) conversion efficiency open up many new possibilities in an InP-based photonic integrated circuit. In this paper, we describe how such a PC can be added to a circuit containing semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), in order to obtain polarization independent amplification. Polarization independence is obtained by placing the PC halfway between two identical SOA sections. This approach has the advantage that no compromises in design and fabrication are needed. The polarization conversion is found to be very high, above 99.5%, when using a tolerant two-section PC. The extra insertion loss due to the converter is below 0.5 dB. The polarization-dependent gain (PDG) of the SOA reduces from 17 dB to only 0.3 dB by the inclusion of the PC. This is comparable to the best PDG values found in the literature with other techniques. The reduction is achieved over the whole C-band and for varying pump currents.
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    Design and Fabrication of Low-Insertion-Loss and Low-Crosstalk Broadband $2times 2$ Mach–Zehnder Silicon Photonic Switches (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We present the design, fabrication, and measurement results of low-insertion-loss and low-crosstalk broadband $2times 2$ Mach–Zehnder switches for nanosecond-scale optical data routing applications. We propose a simulation framework to calculate the spectral characteristics of switches and use it to design two switches: one based on directional couplers, the other using two-section directional couplers for broader bandwidth. We show that driving the switch in a push–pull manner enables to reduce insertion loss and optical crosstalk at the expense of the optical bandwidth. We achieve a good correlation between simulations and devices fabricated in IBM's 90-nm photonics-enabled CMOS process. We demonstrate a push–pull drive switch with insertion loss of $sim$ 1 dB and an optical crosstalk smaller than $-$ 23 dB over a 45-nm optical bandwidth in the O-band. We further achieve a transition time of $sim$ 4 ns with an average phase shifter consumption of 1 mW and a heater efficiency of $sim$ 25 mW $/pi$ .
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    Optical Spectra of Composite One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals With Extended Stop Bands Based on a Si-Air Structure (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The optical spectra of composite one-dimensional photonic crystals (1-D PCs), fabricated by microstructuring of Si, are investigated. The composite PC is based on a Si-air structure and consists of two periodic 1-D PCs with various lattice constants a with $a_{1} = 2.7$ μm and $a_{2} = 4$ μm and various filling fractions f . The PCs are fabricated using photolithography followed by anisotropic chemical etching of (1 1 0) Si. Reflection and transmission spectra of this structure are measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer combined with an IR microscope. The transmission spectra obtained demonstrate extended photonic stop bands (SBs), with characteristic transmission bands between the SBs. Theoretical and experimental transmission results indicate that the position of the extended SBs does not depend on the sequence of the individual PCs within the composite structure. In general, the calculated electric field distribution in the composite structure is similar to that of the individual PC components.
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    Performance Comparison of Offset-16QAM and 16QAM for Nyquist WDM Superchannel With Digital Spectral Shaping (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We investigate five-channel polarization division multiplexed Nyquist WDM superchannel using offset-16QAM and 16QAM modulation format, under the condition of transmitter-side digital spectral shaping technique, respectively. The offset-16QAM scheme can greatly relax the implementation complexity, because the tap number of 35 is sufficient for the required finite impulse response (FIR) filter, compared with 81-tap FIR filter of the 16QAM scheme. About 1.3-dB back-to-back sensitivity improvement is obtained for the offset-16QAM scheme. In particular, the offset-16QAM scheme has better tolerance of DACs’ constraints, including the untracked jitter, sampling rate, and resolution. Finally, the practical implementation of offset-16QAM-based Nyquist WDM superchannel with TS-DSS is evaluated, by taking the phase difference deviation among wavelength channels and phase noise into account. No more than 1.3-dB required-OSNR penalty can be obtained, in case the phase difference is varied from 0° to 360°. When the laser with a linewidth of 100 kHz is used, there still exists about 1-dB overall performance improvement, compared with the 16QAM scheme.
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    Optimum Linewidth of Spectrum-Sliced Incoherent Light Source Using a Gain-Saturated Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We investigate the optimum linewidth of the spectrum-sliced incoherent light (SSIL) source using a gain-saturated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for the maximum capacity and longest transmission distance. For this purpose, we carry out experimental and simulation studies on the transmission performance of a 10-Gb/s on–off keying signal generated by using the SSIL source over a wide range of the SSIL linewidth. We find out that there are two windows of the linewidth for the high-speed operation of the SSIL source: ultra-narrow (i.e., linewidth $ll$ receiver bandwidth) and very wide (i.e., linewidth $gg$ receiver bandwidth). However, when the linewidth of the SSIL source is very wide, the 10-Gb/s signal generated by using this SSIL suffers severely from fiber chromatic dispersion and optical filtering. The simulation results are confirmed by experimental data measured by using an ultranarrow fiber Fabry–Perot filter (bandwidth = 700 MHz) and a bandwidth-tunable optical filter (bandwidth = 20 ∼ 53 GHz). Thus, we can conclude that the optimum linewidth of SSIL for capacity and transmission distance is ultranarrow. We also present a couple of drawbacks of the ultranarrow SSIL source, compared to the conventional wide-linewidth SSIL one, such as a large spectrum-slicing loss, a large SOA input power required for the suppression of excess intensity noise inherent in the incoherent light source, and the susceptibility to in-band crosstalk.
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    Introduction to the Special Issue for the IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Held in Raleigh, NC, USA, in August 2014 (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
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    A Robust Approach for the Analysis of EMI/EMC Problems With Nonlinear Circuit Loads (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The analysis of electromagnetic coupling in nonlinear circuit simulations requires a bidirectional, fully consistent approach. Nonlinear responses of semiconductor devices in electronic circuit components can change the impedances seen at circuit nodes, changing the boundary conditions encountered by impressed electromagnetic fields and, thus, changing the characteristics of the energy coupled from these external fields into that circuit. It is important to include the coupling in the circuit simulation self-consistently because this allows us to accurately predict the responses to various EMI/EMC problems of interest. It is also important to predict circuit responses efficiently because that opens the door to statistical applications for the technique being used. In this paper, we review a technique that we have developed called A Thevenin Equivalent Network Approach. This approach is shown to be quite robust in that it is computationally efficient; it can be implemented in a variety of commonly available circuit solving codes; it already includes a few additional techniques required to enhance its implementation in those codes; and it is quite accurate.
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    MRI Heating Reduction for External Fixation Devices Using Absorption Material (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: This paper presents a novel approach to minimize the radio frequency (RF)-induced heating from external fixation devices under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure. With proper placement and selection of absorption material, one can alter the electromagnetic field and current distributions around and/or on medical devices so that the MRI RF field-induced heating can be reduced. The absorption-material-based RF heating reduction schemes are analyzed and validated. Numerical and experimental studies are conducted to illustrate the potentials of reducing the RF heating for external fixation devices. A design strategy based on response surface methodology is presented for material selection, and it is shown that absorption materials can significantly reduce the RF heating effects from 645 to 172 W/kg in terms of 1-g spatial-averaged SAR for the device under this investigation.
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    Simplified Techniques for Treating the Ocean–Land Interface for Geomagnetically Induced Electric Fields (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In this paper, two models for the calculation of geomagnetically induced electric fields near the shoreline are compared. The first is an analytic model which requires the solution of an integral equation at each frequency, and the second is a simplified model that only requires Fourier transforms. The mechanism responsible for the differing results is determined, and it is suggested that one of the features of the analytic model should be included in the simplified model. This modification can be made without reducing the computational advantages of the second model. We also show the relative effect of the shoreline enhancement on the voltage impressed on cables for two different ground conductivities.
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    Far-Field Prediction by Only Magnetic Near Fields on a Simplified Huygens's Surface (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: For radiation source locating above a ground plane, its far field can be predicted by only the magnetic near field through the method proposed in this paper. This method applies the finite element method to get the equivalent current sources from the tangential magnetic near fields. With the equivalent current sources, the far-field radiation can be calculated based on Huygens's principle and image theory. The magnetic near field is scanned on a Huygens's surface that encloses the source with its ground. In this paper, this Huygens's surface was first proposed as a five-surface cube on the ground. Then, the Huygens's surface was further simplified by using four lines instead of four side walls to make the proposed method easier in regards to practical near-field scanning. Several numerical examples were tested to validate the proposed method. In addition, the proposed method was validated experimentally by using a patch antenna. The performance of using only the top plane near fields was also investigated and discussed. By using only the magnetic near fields on the simplified Huygens's surface, the proposed method significantly saves measurement time and cost while also retaining good far-field prediction.
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    Difference Between the Partial Self-Inductance at DC and at HF (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The difference of the partial self-inductance of a single conductor is determined between two extremes of the frequency range: at dc and at HF (infinite frequency). They are first calculated separately for a finite large length. Both contain the same logarithm(length) singularity, but this disappears in their difference, which only involves the logarithm of the ratio of the equivalent radius and the geometrical mean distance. We have applied this to some common conductor cross sections: circle, ellipse, rectangle, and diamond and to the limit of zero thickness of these cross sections. In the latter case, a general expression is derived.
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    Monitoring Transistor Degradation in Power Inverters Through Pole Shifts (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In a power inverter configuration with pull-up and pull-down transistors, ringing that occurs on the high-to-low and low-to-high transitions can be used to track aging or degradation of the transistors and potentially predict failures. Changes in a transistor's equivalent resistance and capacitance can affect the frequency and damping factor of the characteristic ringing detected on the inverter's output. In this paper, the matrix pencil method is used to locate the poles associated with this ringing, and detect shifts in position that indicate transistor degradation.
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    An Efficient Approach to Estimate MRI RF Field Induced In Vivo Heating for Small Medical Implants (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: In this paper, a quick and efficient approach is proposed to estimate in vivo RF-induced heating from small medical implants under MRI procedure. An efficient methodology is developed to correlate the incident electric field to the induced temperature rise for stents of arbitrary shapes. A 10-cm-long titanium rod and a 6-cm-long intestine stent are used as examples to validate the approach under in vitro testing conditions. In vivo temperature rise estimations are then performed on an anatomically corrected adult male model. Numerical and experimental studies demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
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    ESD Immunity Prediction of D Flip-Flop in the ISO 10605 Standard Using a Behavioral Modeling Methodology (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: As the ESD stress is becoming more and more important for integrated circuits (ICs), the ability to predict IC failures becomes critical. In this paper, an 18-MHz D flip-flop IC is characterized and its behavioral model is presented. The resulting IC model is validated in the setup according to the ISO 10605 standard. A complete model of the setup combining the IC behavioral model and the passive parts of the setup, including parallel and twisted pair harnesses, is built to estimate the failure prediction accuracy in a totally simulated environment. The results show that the model can predict the failure level with the error of less than 20% in parallel harness case and around 30% in the twisted pair case.
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    A Hybrid Method for Signal Integrity Analysis of Traces and Vias in an Infinitely Large Plate Pair (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A hybrid approach is proposed to signal integrity analysis of trace and vias in plate pair with an infinitely large dimension. By using the domain decomposition method, trace domain and via domain are divided from the plate domain. Each individual domain of via and trace structure is modeled by the 3-D full-wave tool HFSS as a multimode network composed of TEM mode waveguide ports at top/bottom antipad interfaces and vertical lumped ports on the segmentation interfaces. The plate domain is dominated by TM Z0 modes and network parameters are solved by boundary integral method. Connection of network of each domain enforces the field continuity conditions along the segmentation interfaces and yields the final S parameter of trace and via as well as trace/via to trace/via coupling. Once the via pattern and trace routing are determined, the coupling can be efficiently modeled by the proposed hybrid approach and the layouts of via structures and trace routing in a plate pair are efficiently optimized.
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    Power Boosting and Compensation During OTA Testing of a Real 4G LTE Base Station in Reverberation Chamber (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A fully operational 4G long-term evolution (LTE) base station is tested in a reverberation chamber to analyze its performance in the presence of a multipath environment, typical of wireless and vehicular communications. Transmission quality parameters are measured ranging from the empty chamber situation (very rich multipath channel) to a very high loading condition to mitigate multipath. In that way, both outdoor and indoor propagation are accounted for. A large attenuation is inserted between the transmitter and the antenna to reduce the signal received by the user to real-life values encountered in both outdoor and indoor environments. In these scenarios, operators may choose to transmit a constant power spectral density throughout all LTE spectrum, or to increase the energy of control channels at the expense of data channels in order to enforce transmission and provide better quality to the user, especially in poor radio conditions. This is called “power boosting,” and its effect is analyzed in this paper.
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    An Optimized Vapor Phase Doping Process to Fabricate Large Core Yb-Doped Fibers (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The paper demonstrates a standardized process of vapor phase doping to fabricate large core Yb–doped preforms with longer useful length in reproducible manner. The optimization of the process led to successful achievement of Yb-doped core thickness of 4.5 mm (in 14.8 mm of preform diameter) by depositing up to 30 number of core layers with controlled amount of generated precursor vapors. The influence of the process parameters was studied rigorously to enhance the useful preform length up to 380 mm. A combination of Yb and Al in different proportions was doped into the core with uniform dopant concentration along the length by adjusting few process parameters efficiently. The Al 2 O 3 concentration up to the level of 17.8 mol% has been achieved successfully which resulted in NA of 0.31. This is the highest ever doping of Al in passive fibers by any modified chemical vapor deposition process. The Yb 2 O 3 content in the active fibers is as high as 0.47 mol%.
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    A Wireless Link-Up Augmentation Design for Disaster-Resilient Optical Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In view of the increasing frequency and damage severity of disasters, network operators have become more concerned with providing disaster-resiliency measures for their optical network infrastructure, whereas mitigating network service interruption due to the disaster region failures in the optical physical medium merely by increasing network redundancy is deemed spatially inefficient and very costly, with recent advancements, wireless technology is a potential candidate solution for efficient medium diversification. This paper addresses the challenge of efficiently designing disaster-resilient wireless-link-augmented optical network infrastructure. We formulate this problem as an optimization model of finding the subset of links in an optical network topology whose wireless augmentation maximizes postdisaster recovery of overall network availability for a given budget constraint. To overcome the computational complexity of finding the optimal design solution, a novel greedy heuristic algorithm is proposed. Performance comparisons with an exhaustive enumeration search and simple heuristics demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our heuristic algorithm.
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    Influence of Behavioral Models on Multiuser Channel Capacity (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In order to characterize the channel capacity of a wavelength channel in a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) system, statistical models are needed for the transmitted signals on the other wavelengths. For example, one could assume that the transmitters for all wavelengths are configured independently of each other, that they use the same signal power, or that they use the same modulation format. In this paper, it is shown that these so-called behavioral models have a profound impact on the single-wavelength achievable information rate. This is demonstrated by establishing, for the first time, upper and lower bounds on the maximum achievable rate under various behavioral models, for a rudimentary WDM channel model.
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    EMI Coupling Paths and Mitigation in a Board-to-Board Connector (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Cage connectors for optical subassembly I/O modules have been identified as one of the main coupling paths in an optical link at the front-end of switches and routers. In the study presented herein, the simulation model used to study electromagnetic interference coupling physics and mitigation of the optical cage connector was corroborated by comparing the measured and simulated results for the total radiated power (TRP). Currents on the adjacent ground references to the differential signal conductors caused half-wave resonant peaks in the TRP response in the frequency range of 4–18 GHz. At frequencies from 18 to 28 GHz, both full-wave simulation and analytical formulas indicate that the radiation results primarily from the currents on the signal traces. The radiation from the optical cage connector was suppressed with absorbing materials, and the coupling path was verified, together with the optical cage and module enclosure.
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    Quantifying Radiation and Physics From Edge-Coupled Signal Connectors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Electromagnetic radiation at a production printed circuit board (PCB) midplane connector is studied in this paper. A highly detailed simulation model is constructed and corroborated by comparing measured and simulated results, for both mixed-mode S-parameters and total radiated power, which is measured in a reverberation chamber and over-the-air anechoic chamber. The radiation loss in the production connector is a small fraction of the total loss. Common-mode antenna current is used to understand the radiation physics.
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    Layered Transmission of Space-Time Coded Signals for Image-Sensor-Based Visible Light Communications (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: This paper demonstrates the feasibility of layered space-time coding (STC) in an outdoor image-sensor-based (IS-based) visible light communication (VLC) system. We examined that for low-resolution IS-based VLC channel where intensity-modulated signals from two different light emitting diodes (LEDs) are detected by one pixel of an IS, STC allows us to decouple them; thus, succeeding to receive them with no errors. Consequently, STC offers extended transmission distance to pixel-resolution-limited IS-based VLC links. In the layered STC presented in this paper, additional bit streams are laid on the ${2^ntimes 2^n}$  LED array for increasing the transmission rate per symbol duration for the case where the pixel resolution is improved. A prototype of a three-layered STC is built with an ${8times 8}$  LED array, where each of the LEDs is modulated at 1 kb/s and a high-speed camera with IS operating at 1000 fps. Our experimental results validate that the two additional bit streams (layer-2 and -3), aligned in the layer-1 STC matrix pair, are extracted with no errors when the receiver comes within 155 and 55 m, respectively, from the LED array, without decreasing 210 m of the transmission distance of layer-1 bit stream.
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    Modeling and Characterization of a Nonblocking $4times 4$ Mach–Zehnder Silicon Photonic Switch Fabric (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: We present simulation and experimental results on a silicon photonic strictly nonblocking $4times 4$ electrooptic Mach–Zehnder-based switch fabric. We propose a simulation framework based on the transfer matrix approach that enables calculating the transmission spectra of any type of multistage interconnect switch network. The model is used to analyze the spectral characteristics of the switch fabric. We also show experimental results on a fabric designed and fabricated in IBM's 90-nm photonics-enabled CMOS process. The fabric monolithically integrates the CMOS logic, the switch drivers, and all the photonics. We fully characterized all the transmittances of the switch and demonstrate onchip insertion loss between 1.5 and 3 dB and a crosstalk less than –25 dB for all the signal paths.
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    Replacing the Soft-Decision FEC Limit Paradigm in the Design of Optical Communication Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: The FEC limit paradigm is the prevalent practice for designing optical communication systems to attain a certain bit error rate (BER) without forward error correction (FEC). This practice assumes that there is an FEC code that will reduce the BER after decoding to the desired level. In this paper, we challenge this practice and show that the concept of a channel-independent FEC limit is invalid for soft-decision bit-wise decoding. It is shown that for low code rates and high-order modulation formats, the use of the soft-decision FEC limit paradigm can underestimate the spectral efficiencies by up to 20%. A better predictor for the BER after decoding is the generalized mutual information, which is shown to give consistent post-FEC BER predictions across different channel conditions and modulation formats. Extensive optical full-field simulations and experiments are carried out in both the linear and nonlinear transmission regimes to confirm the theoretical analysis.
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    Analytical Modeling of Silicon Microring and Microdisk Modulators With Electrical and Optical Dynamics (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: We propose an analytical time-domain model for microring and microdisk modulators, which considers both their electrical and optical properties. Theory of the dynamics of microring/microdisk is discussed, and general solutions to the transfer matrix representation are presented. Both static and dynamic predictions from the model are compared to measurement results to demonstrate the accuracy of our model. Static predictions and measurements are presented for power and phase responses, whereas dynamic predictions and measurements are presented for small-signal and large-signal operations. The model verifies that the chirping and modulation bandwidth of the modulators depend on the detuning state. Finally, the accuracy and scalability of several techniques employed in the model are discussed.
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    Experimental Demonstration and Field-Trial of an Improved Optical Fast OFDM Scheme Using Intensity-Modulation and Full-Field Detection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: We experimentally investigate an improved fast orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme using intensity modulation and full-field detection. This new fast OFDM algorithm exhibits better back-to-back and transmission performance than the conventional one, and is shown to support a 40-Gb/s signal over a 480-km re-circulating loop-based single-mode fiber (SMF) with 1-dB penalty. We compare this scheme with the direct-detection (DD) system using the same algorithm, and show that the DD system cannot support 60-km SMF at 40 Gb/s. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed scheme over 124 km of BT Ireland's field-installed fiber without inline optical amplification. The results show that this scheme can be a promising solution to address the gap between direct detection and coherent detection for applications in short metro networks and long-reach Ethernet and access networks.
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    Robust and High-Sensitivity Brillouin Time-Domain Sensing With Branched-Fiber Configuration (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: We describe branched-fiber sensing with a novel Brillouin time-domain analysis configuration for temperature or strain sensing within a 2-D expanded area. By using a branch configuration with an appropriate number of branches and the newly proposed multiprobe pulse arrangement, the system dynamic range may surpass that of the conventional Brillouin time-domain analyzer, which employs a unicursal fiber configuration. The proposed Brillouin sensing would be useful particularly when the sensed area is 2-D, rather than when the area expands 1-D.
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    Eikonal Analysis of the Boundaryless Beam Propagation Method (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: The boundaryless beam propagation method has been reported to suffer from reflections due to frequency aliasing. We propose an alternate explanation of reflection in the method, based on eikonal analysis of the wave equation in the mapped space, and show that reflection starts much before aliasing happens. We theoretically predict the reflection coefficient profile in a simulation and introduce an internal absorbing boundary condition (ABC), where reflection becomes appreciable. The a priori knowledge of the window size of the ABC does away with the arbitrariness in the design of such boundaries. Finally, we use the boundaryless scheme with the ABC to successfully model a dielectric bend.
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    A Photonic-Integrated Transceiver for Data Readout Systems (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: This study presents a photonic integrated transceiver for application in a data readout unit of a sensor network. The device was realized in a generic InP-based technology. The circuit uses an asymmetric coupler and a PIN photodiode for input signal detection and a Mach–Zehnder amplitude modulator for encoding of output sensor data. Small-signal modulation bandwidth of 11.1 GHz was measured, eye-diagrams with a dynamic extinction ratio of 11 dB were recorded, and transmission of a 10-Gb/s signal over 25 km of SMF fiber with bit error rate below 10 −10 was achieved.
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    Highly Sensitive Phase-Front-Modulation Fiber Acoustic Sensor (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: We report a new low-noise compact fiber acoustic sensor that implements a microfabricated silicon diaphragm with a π/2 phase step combined to a single-mode fiber to form a simple interferometric sensor head. Compared to high-sensitivity diaphragm-based fiber Fabry–Perot sensors, this sensor has a similar strain resolution, it operates over a much broad range of wavelengths (∼±150 nm), its response depends very weakly on temperature and on the distance between the fiber and the diaphragm, and both microfabrication and assembly are simpler. A prototype sensor is reported with an average minimum detectable pressure as low as 5.4 μPa/√Hz between 1 and 30 kHz, in agreement with a theoretical model.
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    Long Free-Standing Polymer Waveguides Fabricated Between Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cores (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: Polymer waveguides with different lengths have been fabricated between two single mode fibers by using a new approach of self-writing using single photon polymerization via a xenon lamp instead of a monochromatic laser source. A photopolymerizable liquid drop deposited between two aligned fibers forms a polymer bridge between the cores of the two fibers when irradiated by light from one of the fibers. Polymer waveguides bridges 40 to 600 μm long have been fabricated between two optical fibers with single mode transmission loss 0.5 to 1.26 dB over a broad wavelength range.
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    MMSE-Based Optimization of Perturbation Coefficients Quantization for Fiber Nonlinearity Mitigation (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In perturbation-based digital fiber nonlinearity mitigation methods, such as pre-distortion and post-equalization, quantization of perturbation coefficients is employed to reduce the computational and implementation complexity. However, quantization introduces errors, which results in performance penalties. By analyzing the occurrence probability of the perturbation coefficients, an MMSE-based optimization of perturbation coefficients quantization is proposed and demonstrated in ultra-large-area-fiber transmission systems with a 36Gbd DP-16QAM modulation format. Compared to conventional uniform quantization schemes, a significant reduction in quantization errors has been realized for both the real and imaginary parts of the perturbation coefficients. Compared with the nonquantization case, computational term reduction by a factor of 50 is achieved in 2400 km ULAF transmission with 〈 0.2 dB Q degradation. For the same Q improvement, optimized quantization scheme further reduce the computational term by 50% compared to that of the uniform quantization method. We also analyze the tolerance to link dispersion.
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    IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility publication information (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Provides a listing of the editors, board members, and current staff for this issue of the publication.
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    Simulative Prediction of the Interference Potential Between Radars in Common Road Scenarios (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: This paper provides qualitative and quantitative values for the received interference power at the antenna ports of automotive radars as well as the probability of their occurrence for actual and future, not yet measurable traffic scenarios on main roads. The influence of the environment, the road traffic behavior, and the radar penetration rate for a defined antenna configuration can be observed. The basis for the analyses are ray-tracing based simulations in order to achieve adequate predictions for the received power levels due to multipaths. The results show that for a radar penetration rate of 100%, the difference between the strongest overall incoherent received interference power level and the level that is received in 90% of the time is up to 7 dB, dependent on the antenna placement and the environment.
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    Radiated Emissions of an Electric Drive System Estimated on a Bench Using Disturbance Currents and Transfer Functions (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Electric drive systems are going to be the future of the automotive industry. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues and challenges arise with its growing entry into modern cars. This contribution provides an overview of the field dominating disturbance currents of an automotive high-voltage (HV) power inverter within an electric drive system. In order to minimize the cost and time needed for EMC measurements and engineering, a precompliance measurement method is introduced and applied to the inverter's setup. The method presented allows the calculation of radiated emissions, according to CISPR 25, needed during the development process without the need for an expensive anechoic chamber. Transfer functions in combination with measured disturbance currents on the attached HV harnesses are used to obtain a cost-efficient estimation of the radiated emissions occurring during a component test. Its theory is discussed and demonstrated using a derived model. The method is verified using a rudimentary test setup, which represents a distributed system, and is later validated by the active electric drive system test setup introduced. Examinations of repeatability and reproducibility of disturbance current measurements as well as applied EMC counter measures complete the contribution.
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    Modeling and Parameter Extraction of Coplanar Symmetrical Meander Lines (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: In this paper, a coplanar symmetrical meander line structure is presented, and an equivalent circuit model is proposed to allow estimation of its electrical characteristics based on numerical modeling. The parasitic couplings in the proposed structure are considerably different from those of a simple meander line with a ground structure below it. Analysis and derivation of inductive and capacitive couplings and of resistance in the effective frequency band are addressed in detail, and the effects of geometrical parameters on the electrical characteristics are also demonstrated. The validity of the proposed equivalent circuit model is verified by both commercial electromagnetic simulator and measurement of the scattering parameters in the frequency domain, as well as of the reflected and transmitted waveforms in the time domain. Because the proposed model is easily coded, and takes little time to compute the parameters, it is very useful in the design of inductance and capacitance in circuits on substrate, which can be used for the design of time-delay elements and stop band filters in power delivery lines.
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    A New Formulation of the Cooray–Rubinstein Expression in Time Domain (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: In this paper, a new formulation in the time domain of the Cooray–Rubinstein expression is presented. This new formulation overcomes the problems related to the previous formulation: The Dirac pulse contained in the kernel of the previous formulation is extracted, making the numerical treatment easier and more accurate.
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    Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields Inside a Reinforced Concrete Building With Layered Reinforcing Bar due to Direct and Indirect Lightning Strikes Using the FDTD Method (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) is a severe threat to sensitive electronic devices installed in buildings. To protect these devices from LEMP effects, the evaluation of the electromagnetic fields inside of the building is required. Although numerous studies have been devoted to the analysis of these fields stemming from direct and indirect lightning strikes, no thorough study on the analysis of the electromagnetic environment inside a building with layered reinforcing bars has been presented in the past. In this paper, using the 3-D finite-difference time-domain method, we present a systematic analysis of the electromagnetic field inside a full-scale building associated with direct and nearby lightning strikes, taking into account the presence of reinforced concrete, to evaluate the effect of the structure of the reinforced concrete on the lightning electromagnetic fields.
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    FDTD Computation of Lightning-Induced Voltages on Multiconductor Lines With Surge Arresters and Pole Transformers (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: In this paper, lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor lines with surge arresters and pole transformers have been computed using the 3-D finite-difference time-domain method. This method uses a subgrid model, in which spatial discretization is fine (cell side length is 0.5 m) in the vicinity of overhead wires and coarse (cell side length is 5 m) in the rest of the computational domain. In the simulations, four-conductor lines with surge arresters and pole transformers are considered. The 1-cm-radius overhead conductors are represented by placing a wire having an equivalent radius of about 0.12 m (≈ 0.23 × 0.5 m) in the center of an artificial rectangular prism having a cross-sectional area of 1 m × 1 m (2 cells × 2 cells) and the modified (relative to air) constitutive parameters: lower electric permittivity and higher magnetic permeability. The computed lightning-induced voltage waveforms agree reasonably well with the corresponding ones measured in the small-scale experiment of Piantini et al. (2007).
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    Experimental Verification of a Stochastic Topology Approach for High-Power Microwave Effects (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: The random coupling model (RCM) and Baum–Liu–Tesche EM topology have been well developed to describe the statistical fluctuation of the scattering and impedance matrices of wave-chaotic metallic-enclosed cavity, and the interaction of interconnected networks of complicated enclosures, respectively. In this paper, a stochastic approach that combines these two methods is tested and verified on a network of wave-chaotic metallic cavities, and induced voltage derived by this method is also compared with other methods.
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    Impact of Frequency-Dependent and Nonlinear Parameters on Transient Analysis of Through Silicon Vias Equivalent Circuit (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: This paper introduces an equivalent circuit model for through silicon vias including the nonlinear effect of metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitance. This nonlinear effect is combined to the frequency-dependent via resistance and inductance, as well as capacitance and conductance of the silicon substrate for a transient analysis. The impact of frequency-dependent RLCG parameters and the nonlinear depletion capacitance on signal propagation, crosstalk and eye diagram is studied using the proposed equivalent circuit model.
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    A Model of Electromagnetic Interferences Induced by Corona Discharges for Wireless Channels in Substation Environments (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: The design of robust receivers in environments with strong impulsive noise may be challenging due to their high-amplitude events and their rare but nonnegligible occurrence. In substation environments, these impulsive noises are predominant. They are induced by corona discharges such as electrical arcs or partial discharges in the air. The emitted radiations can occupy a wide range of frequencies typically reaching a few gigahertz with very high amplitude. In this paper, we develop a generalized model of impulsive electromagnetic interference induced by corona discharges for wireless channels. Radiations emitted by these sources are generally transient impulses, their occurrences follow cyclostationary process, due to their generation by an alternative current. In this model, we both take into account the physical mechanism of these discharges and the induced electromagnetic radiations. Experimental results validate the approach in terms of first- and second-order statistics such as amplitudes, interarrival time, occurrences, and power spectrum densities of impulsive transient noise.
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    An Efficient Analytical Method for Electromagnetic Field to Transmission Line Coupling Into a Rectangular Enclosure Excited by an Internal Source (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: A simple and efficient analytical method has been developed for predicting the electromagnetic field coupling with a lossless transmission line (TL) located in a rectangular enclosure. The metallic enclosure is excited by an internal electrical short dipole or monopole source. The electric fields generated inside the rectangular enclosure and excited by some simple sources are calculated by using the electric-type dyadic Green's function. Our approach combines, on one hand, a lumped-pi circuit model of TL and, on the other hand, the Agrawal coupling model. A simple equivalent circuit has been derived which can give prediction for the coupling between the cavity field and the TL. This method is computationally less intensive compared to other numerical methods to solve such a problem. The analytical results have been successfully compared over a wide frequency band with the finite-difference time domain and experimental results carried out in different combinations of source and line position.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9375
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-187X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
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