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  • Articles  (176)
  • PNAS Profiles  (175)
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  • PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  (176)
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  • Articles  (176)
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  • 1
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    Profile of Martin Matzuk [Profiles] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Martin Matzuk, director of the Center for Drug Discovery at Baylor College of Medicine, recalls a childhood visit to the New Jersey office of orthopedic surgeon Joseph Lepree. “I was always impressed at how full his waiting room was and the time that he spent examining me and speaking with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 2
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    Profile of Joachim Messing [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-21
    Description: Joachim Messing’s father did not initially approve of his son’s decision to become a scientist. “He was a mason,” Messing explains, “and was hoping that I would just take over his business.” His mother, however, was more supportive, “because she didn’t like the rough climate on the construction sites.” Fortunately...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 3
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    Profile of Martin Pollak [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-21
    Description: Martin Pollak goes the extra mile for kidney research, given his work in the field of nephrology as well as his related fundraising efforts through events like the Boston Marathon, which he has run three times. Pollak is the chief of the renal division at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 4
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    Profile of John J. Eppig [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: On a spring afternoon in 1955, a 12-year-old boy hurried home on the well-trod path from school. As he dashed past the ponds of Long Island’s North Shore and rounded Shelter Rock, his thoughts turned to the collection of jars waiting in his bedroom, each one filled with water from...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 5
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    Profile of Scott J. Hultgren [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: During her lifetime, an adult woman has a 50% chance of developing a urinary tract infection—one of the most common types of infections (1). Most urinary tract infections are caused by strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and, for the most part, are easily treated with antibiotics. However, many of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 6
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    2012 Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: We celebrate the 2012 Nobel Prize for Medicine awarded to Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of cell reprogramming. In 1962, in a series of experiments inspired by Briggs and King (1), Gurdon demonstrated that the nucleus of a frog somatic cell could...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 7
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    2012 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry [Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: Those of us that had been hammering away in the field for 40 years or more cannot deny the excitement in learning that Brian Kobilka, a former postdoctoral fellow of Robert Lefkowitz, in collaboration with Roger Sunahara, had determined the structure of the agonist-bound β2-adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex (1). To...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 8
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    Profile of Janet Hemingway [Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: As the wheels of a biplane approach a desolate airfield in the Solomon Islands, a man wearing only a loincloth breaks through the brush, brandishing a spear and a flail. From behind the plane’s windows four biologists watch with wary eyes and silently map an escape route. “You’re thinking, ‘What...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 9
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    Brown and Goldstein: The cholesterol chronicles [Classic Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: When his parents took three-year-old John Despota to his primary care physician in Chicago in 1964, orange-tinted fat-laden bumps lined the skin on the back of his lower legs. Eruptions caused by excess cholesterol, the bumps spread across Despota’s body, mirroring a total blood cholesterol level that hovered above six-times...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 10
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    Profile of Melinda A. Zeder [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-29
    Description: Of the accolades awarded to archaeologist Melinda Zeder, only one hangs on her home office wall. The 1964 Wendy Emeny Award, given by the Greenwich Academy to 12-year-old Zeder, recognizes her “outstanding character and enthusiasm.” It is the only award she received during her elementary and secondary education, she says,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 11
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    2015 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry [Profiles] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: In 1994, Science magazine heralded “the DNA repair enzyme” as the molecule of the year, on the basis of several significant advances made in mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair, both recognized by this year’s Chemistry Nobel awards, that heralds an even better year for the field. This year’s Nobel...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 12
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    Profile of Jean-Laurent Casanova [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-24
    Description: In January 1972, weeks before she turned four, Marie-Dominique Martin was rushed to a clinic in Nevers, a manufacturing town that sits plumb in the middle of France in the picturesque Burgundy region. For more than two months, Martin had suffered a bewildering array of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, hip...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 13
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    Profile of Nancy C. Andrews [Profiles] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-17
    Description: Nancy Andrews says, “I like having big questions to attack.” Over the last two decades, she has studied mammalian iron homeostasis and human iron diseases, for which her team has identified many associated genetic mutations. Her laboratory created more than 30 mouse models of iron-related diseases and pathways, including a...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 14
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    Profile of Patricia L. Crown [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-24
    Description: For more than four decades, Patricia Crown, a professor of anthropology at the University of New Mexico, has conducted field investigations in the Ancestral Pueblo, Mogollon, and Hohokam areas of the American Southwest. Her work has revealed important aspects of these cultures concerning ceramics, trade, rituals, diet, gender roles, and...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 15
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    Profile of James M. Berger [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-11
    Description: Whether he is restoring his 1976 Triumph TR6 British roadster or analyzing proteins, James Berger is curious about how machines work and what fuels them. Berger, a professor in the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, primarily studies biological nanomachines, which are fueled...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 16
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    Profile of Matthew O. Jackson [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-11
    Description: During a lunchtime chat in 1993, Matthew Jackson first became interested in social and economic networks. Jackson and a colleague were discussing how power depends on networks of relationships. As an economist, Jackson had always been interested in modeling and analyzing social interactions and human decision-making. Soon, he and his...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 17
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    Profile of Eva Nogales [Profile] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-24
    Description: Capturing the structural intricacies of a biomolecule whose function depends on its flexibility is akin to finding microscopic needles in a moving haystack. Freezing samples at cryogenic temperatures allows biophysicist Eva Nogales the opportunity to observe these molecules at high resolution in a near-native environment. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), Nogales,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 18
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    Profile of Charles L. Sawyers [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Charles Sawyers is a rock star in his own right. Last year, Sawyers, chair of the Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, posed with singer Debbie Harry of the rock band Blondie to promote cancer research in a campaign sponsored by the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Center. The unlikely assemblage of rock star and researcher shined the spotlight on pioneering efforts in translational cancer research. Few physicians deserve that spotlight more than Sawyers, who co-discovered the targeted cancer drug, Gleevec, forging a path to cancer treatment that...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 19
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    Profile of Brian Charlesworth [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: National Academy of Sciences foreign associate Brian Charlesworth has been at the forefront of evolutionary genetics research for the last four decades. Using theoretical ideas to design experiments and experimental data as a stimulant for the development of theory, Charlesworth investigates fundamental life processes. His work has contributed to improved...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 20
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    Profile of Alberto Kornblihtt [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Molecular biologist Alberto Kornblihtt is proud to work within a tightly knit group of Buenos Aires-based researchers who are studying ribonucleic acids. Kornblihtt and his team investigate the regulation of alternative RNA splicing, a process that affects nearly 90% of human genes. Kornblihtt, who was elected as a foreign associate...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 21
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    Profile of Carolina Barillas-Mury [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: Although vector biologist Carolina Barillas-Mury is annoyed by mosquito bites just as much as anyone else, she has learned to respect the tiny insects. “It’s amazing what they can do,” she says. “They’re like little drones with very simple programs, but they’re able to accomplish remarkable things.” Her words may...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 22
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    Neal R. Amundson, a bold and brilliant leader of chemical engineering [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-04
    Description: Neal R. Amundson (born 1916), Cullen Professor Emeritus of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Houston, died February 16, 2011 in Houston at the age of 95.pnas;108/18/7285/UNFIG01F1unfig01Neal R. Amundson. Image courtesy of the University of Houston.There have been many descriptors of Amundson—transformational figure, father of modern chemical engineering, the preeminent chemical engineer in the history of the United States, and most prominent and influential engineering educator in the United States. For those of us with roots at the University of Minnesota, he will continue to be known as the Chief. Neal Amundson played a...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 23
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    Profile of Stephen E. Plog [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Within the confines of remote Chaco Canyon, large Pueblo great houses stand sentry among smaller dwellings, the palatial behemoths unoccupied and the nature of their growth and decline 1,000 years ago in this region of the American Southwest still under debate. In his Inaugural Article, archaeologist Stephen Plog, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007, uses evidence from burials within one of these great houses to assert that these societies were not as egalitarian as their more modern Pueblo counterparts are, but that they supported a social hierarchy (1). The dead can, and do, tell tales, yet with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 24
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    Saul Roseman: His many contributions to biochemistry over eight decades [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: Saul Roseman (born 1921) was the Ralph S. O'Connor Professor of Biology, Emeritus, at The Johns Hopkins University. He died of congestive heart failure on July 2, 2011 at the age of 90.pnas;108/45/18219/UNFIG01F1unfig01Saul Roseman.Roseman was born in Brooklyn and received his bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1941, one of a remarkable number of scientists of his generation to receive their science training at CCNY. He began graduate training in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin only to have it interrupted by service in the infantry in Europe in World War II, also...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 25
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    Profile of David M. Karl [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-08
    Description: From the moment 17-year-old David Karl first glimpsed the ocean from the summit of Cadillac Mountain on Maine's Mount Desert Island, he was captivated by the blue waters surrounding the fog-veiled islands. Since then, he has contributed to some of the world's most pivotal discoveries in oceanography. Karl, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2006 and is now a professor of oceanography at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaii, has witnessed iconic moments like the discovery of hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift. His work on 23...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 26
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    Profile of Susan N. Coppersmith [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: Physics ranges from the practical to the abstruse. Susan Coppersmith, a theoretical physicist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, has applied her talents across this span, from modeling the assembly of mollusk shells to programming quantum computers. Coppersmith was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, and in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 27
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    Profile of Eckard Albert Friedrich Wimmer [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-06
    Description: The finding caused an uproar. Researchers at Stony Brook University in New York had engineered poliovirus in a test tube (1). The discovery, led by Eckard Wimmer, elected in 2012 to the National Academy of Sciences, dispelled the belief that viruses require a live host to grow and spread.pnas;110/6/1973/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eckard Wimmer.The...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of James A. Birchler [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-20
    Description: Food and fuel: two key elements of human prosperity and survival that have grown scarce as the global population has continued to grow. According to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, droughts and increased demand have led to unacceptably high rates of child and maternal mortality across the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Pamela J. Fraker [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-17
    Description: A busy factory with intricate connections to the bloodstream, bone marrow is one of the most extensive—and active—tissues in the body, churning out cellular precursors of the bloodstream, immune system, fat, and bone. For all its activity, the response of the bone marrow to conditions like obesity is often ignored....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Eric D. Siggia [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-11
    Description: In the past two decades, microarrays, so-called omics technologies, and improved methods for nucleic acid sequencing have created a vast amount of biological data for researchers to sort through. Pioneering fields of science have sprung up in response to this challenge, eager to create helpful tools by leveraging the expertise of scientists in fields as diverse as mathematics and physics. Condensed matter physicist Eric Siggia, a recently elected member of the National Academies of Sciences, has been at the forefront of this movement.pnas;109/15/5551/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric D. Siggia.In 1997, Siggia was one of only three physicists at The Rockefeller University in New York...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Jay C. Dunlap [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-23
    Description: On moonless nights, the wakes of oceangoing boats sparkle with the blue bioluminescence of unicellular dinoflagellates. As a graduate student at Harvard University, Jay C. Dunlap pondered the carefully orchestrated biological rhythms that direct dinoflagellates to produce light only at night. Dunlap, a student of oceanography at the time, realized...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Quantum interference and diradicals [Chemistry] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: An empirical observation of a relationship between a striking feature of electronic transmission through a π-system, destructive quantum interference (QI), on one hand, and the stability of diradicals on the other, leads to the proof of a general theorem that relates the two. Subject to a number of simplifying assumptions,...
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    Profile of Benjamin Cravatt [Profiles] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-03
    Description: Bridging the fields of chemistry and biology, Benjamin Cravatt and his research group have developed and applied technologies to discover biochemical pathways in mammalian biology and disease. Cravatt, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2014 and is chair of the Department of Chemical Physiology at The...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of R. Scott Hawley [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Meiosis sets the stage for sexual reproduction through a trifold and tightly choreographed dance: Chromosomes from the mother and father form pairs, exchange genetic material, and then separate from their partners. Geneticist R. Scott Hawley, who has studied these three steps for the better part of his career, has dubbed...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Nancy L. Craig [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Nancy Craig studies how DNA moves from place to place: a deceptively simple quest that has revealed how transposons, or so-called “DNA cut-and-paste elements,” snip themselves from one location on the chromosome and resettle in another. Craig, a professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    A man of science, vision, integrity, and kindness [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: A man does what he must—in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures—and that is the basis of all human morality.—Sir Winston Churchill, British politician (1874–1965)F. Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland was best known for his ground-breaking work on the impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric ozone....
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    Profile of George M. Church [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-25
    Description: George Church wants to rewrite the genetic code. A virtual manual of protein synthesis, the code reflects how organisms interpret strings of letters in the genome into strings of amino acids in proteins. Exploiting the code's redundancy, Church, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, hopes to alter the genetic code of bacteria to enable the production of proteins with unnatural amino acids, a step toward radical genome tailoring that could someday lead to a range of applications in medicine and microbiology. To that end, Church's graduate student,...
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    Profile of Shinya Yamanaka [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: More than a decade ago, Shinya Yamanaka gazed through a microscope at human embryos growing in a laboratory dish at a fertility clinic in Osaka, Japan. The pulsating blobs struck a primitive chord in the young researcher. “Watching the embryos, I felt that if there was a way to find cures for human diseases without destroying them, then that's what I should pursue,” recalls Yamanaka, a stem cell biologist at Japan's Kyoto University and a newly elected foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. That close encounter with a kernel of human life led to a scientific exploration with...
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    Profile of Sandra Diaz [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-18
    Description: Fluctuations in biodiversity are not just collateral damages in the face of global environmental change, according to Sandra Díaz, a professor of community and ecosystems ecology at Córdoba National University in Argentina and a senior principal researcher of the Argentine National Research Council. Díaz explores how the chemical and physical traits of plants—such as size, texture, and nutrient content of leaves, wood density, palatability to herbivores, and canopy architecture—influence a plant’s response to the environment and play an active role in the planet’s constant evolution in response to environmental change.pnas;109/29/11469/UNFIG01F1unfig01Sandra M. Díaz.Díaz has uncovered the important variables driving ecosystem functions...
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    Profile of Kevan M. Shokat [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-11
    Description: Protein kinases are the workhorses of the cell, orchestrating complex cellular activities by carrying out a relatively simple chemical modification: the transfer of a phosphate molecule from ATP to a protein or lipid substrate via a process called phosphorylation. Kinases are crucial to the function of all living organisms, and deregulated kinase activity lies at the heart of humanity’s most pernicious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. But deciphering the role of each of the more than 500 kinases encoded in the human genome has proven remarkably challenging.pnas;109/28/11057/UNFIG01F1unfig01Kevan M. Shokat.A kinase’s function—and its role in disease—can only become...
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    Profile of Ira Mellman [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Nestled in an industrial sprawl at the foot of California’s San Bruno Mountain, the biotechnology firm Genentech faces the steel-gray waters of the San Francisco Bay. From his perch in the postcard-worthy campus, National Academy of Sciences member Ira Mellman has presided over a small cadre of cancer biologists for nearly half a decade. When Mellman became vice president of research oncology at the firm in 2007, he was already a household name among the world’s leading cell biologists thanks to his discovery of microscopic vesicles called endosomes, which shuttle proteins between compartments within cells. Over the years, he has...
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    Profile of Anthony J. McMichael [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-02
    Description: Smoking causes lung cancer. Diets high in fat and cholesterol clog arteries. Exercise is good for the heart. These links between behavior and disease represent the end products of epidemiological studies involving thousands of people that have taken years, even decades, to complete. But what happens when health issues crop up without a clear cause, or when the causes are too numerous to parse out? Traditionally, epidemiologists have steered clear of such relationships. By doing so, however, they ignore many of the world’s most pressing public health problems, says Anthony McMichael, head of the Environment, Climate, and Health research program...
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    Roy J. Britten, 1919-2012: Our early years at Caltech [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: Roy Britten died in Costa Mesa, California on January 21, 2012, of pancreatic cancer at age 92. His work in the 1960s, in which he used renaturation kinetics to provide a quantitative image of the single-copy and repetitive sequence content of animal genomes, was of gigantic intellectual import, and it essentially built the ground floor of the edifice that we call genomics today. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. At the beginning of the 1970s, Roy and I teamed up as scientific partners, and we relocated to Caltech. At Caltech, we worked together...
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    Profile of Marc R. Montminy [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: At any given moment in the human body, a typical cell encounters a barrage of environmental cues—hormones, nutrients, growth factors, and other chemicals—surging through the bloodstream, ready to influence the pattern of genes expressed in the cell by tickling receptors on the cell’s surface. How an extracellular signal makes its way inside the cell to the nucleus, where it alters gene expression, is no simple task. But this molecular process is precisely what fascinates Marc Montminy, a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Three decades ago,...
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    Profile of Lee D. Ross [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: Social psychologist Lee Ross has never felt content to confine his research to the laboratory. He prefers to wade knee-deep through global issues, finding ways to apply his expertise to problems ranging from climate change and healthcare to education and the legal system. Ross, a professor of psychology at Stanford University (Stanford, CA) and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted a long and distinguished career to observing how people behave in real-life situations, including second-track negotiations and conflict resolution in the Middle East and Northern Ireland. His findings have offered valuable insights into the factors...
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    Profile of Michael Grunstein [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: In 2001, half a decade after researchers announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic stem cell, scientists in the private sector decided to clone a pet cat. A couple of years later the enterprise went commercial, and eager pet owners lined up for the service. However, disappointment inevitably ensued: although the clones were genetically identical to the original pets, cloned cats often looked and acted nothing like their predecessors. Michael Grunstein, were he so inclined, might have said, “I told you so.” Grunstein, a distinguished professor of biological chemistry at the University of California,...
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    Lennart Philipson: A fighter is gone [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: Lennart Philipson was a monumental person with an impressive stature, a charismatic personality, and an intellect of high caliber. He was a born leader, and his accomplishments as a scientist and director of research institutions are breathtaking. Lennart was born in Stockholm and went to medical school at Uppsala University. Although he had a license to practice, his clinical experience was minimal and instead, science caught his interest. In 1958, he defended his PhD thesis, which dealt with respiratory viruses. He then stayed in Uppsala and started to interact with the department of biochemistry, which at the time, was headed...
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    Profile of V. Craig Jordan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: In the mid-1970s, breast cancer survival rates were dismal. Researchers hoped to find a drug capable of thwarting the disease, but the prospects were few and far between. In a laboratory on the campus of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, a group of experimental rats were dying from breast cancer. A researcher gave them a triphenyl ethylene—a purported antiestrogen—with the slim hope that it would slow progression of the disease. The cancer disappeared (1). Within a few years, a clinical trial of the drug was launched among women suffering from breast cancer. The women's tumors, just...
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    Eugene Patrick Kennedy, 1919-2011 [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Eugene Patrick Kennedy died peacefully at his Cambridge home, age 92 years, on September 22, 2011. He was a giant of 20th century biochemistry, and his pioneering studies of lipid biosynthesis and function were a foundation of modern cell biology. He was also a man of immense intellect and genuine modesty, a devoted teacher who inspired his many students and colleagues, and a loving father, grandfather, and friend.Gene was born September 4, 1919, the fourth of five children of Irish immigrant parents. His early formal education was in the Catholic schools of Chicago, but his real education was from the...
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    Profile of Tak Wah Mak [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Days after Tak Mak and colleagues (1) revealed a way that cancer cells adapt to environmental stress, the immunologist and his team announced the discovery of a protein that may cause heart failure (2). The two breakthroughs were all in a week's work for Mak, director of The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Throughout the course of his career, Mak has contributed to over 700 papers, received more than 65,000 citations in leading scientific journals, and garnered numerous prestigious international awards. In 2002, he became a foreign associate of...
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    Profile of Eric F. Lambin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: A world without forests would challenge life on earth. Forests maintain biodiversity, influence the climate, and regulate the water cycle, says Eric Lambin, a professor of earth sciences at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. However, as the world's population swells, forest loss accelerates. To feed the world's growing population, it will be necessary to clear an estimated 2.7–4.9 million hectares of cropland per year, even while expanding urban centers shrink the available land by 1.6–3.3 million hectares per year (1).pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric F. Lambin.pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG02F2unfig02Land use variations in the highlands of Vietnam. Courtesy of Patrick...
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    Wylie Vale [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: To die at the height of a man's career, the highest moment of his effort here in this world, universally honored and admired, to die while great issues are still commanding the whole of his interest, to be taken from us at a moment when he could already see ultimate success in view is not the most unenviable of fates.Winston Churchill (1940)Wylie Vale, professor and head of the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology at The Salk Institute, member of the National Academy of Sciences, and leader in the field of neuroendocrinology, passed away in his sleep on January 3,...
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    Profile of Ken A. Dill [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: A protein is a chain of amino acids that has been folded into a precise shape, explains statistical physicist Ken Dill, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and director of the Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology at Stony Brook University in New York. A protein with 100 amino acids can ball up in a staggering number of ways: roughly 3200 (1). Yet each protein molecule balls up into the exact shape needed to perform its desired role in the body. Even more impressive–the folding often occurs within milliseconds.pnas;109/9/3194/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ken A. Dill.How, researchers like Dill have...
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    Chris Raetz, scientist and enduring friend [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-19
    Description: When Chris Raetz died of cancer on August 16, 2011, the scientific world lost a polymath, and we lost a cherished friend. Chris was born in East Berlin in 1946. At age 5, his family emigrated to Ohio, where his parents worked for Olin Chemicals. Chris attended Hopkins School in New Haven, Connecticut, and then Yale University, where he majored in chemistry. Bill Wickner, a fellow chemistry major, recalls leaving campus early one weekend, relying on Chris to take notes in their Friday chemistry course. Chris's notes were elegant and clear, except for the derivation of the Grabowski equation. Chris...
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    Edward (Ted) G. Jones, a neuroscientist and prolific neuroanatomist [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-26
    Description: Edward G. (Ted) Jones, MD, PhD, internationally acclaimed neuroscientist and authority on the anatomy of the brain and central nervous system, died suddenly on June 6, 2011, at the age of 72.pnas;108/43/17597/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ted G. Jones.Jones’s research on the function and structure of the central nervous system was distinguished by its scope and breadth both technically and intellectually. He made pioneering contributions to the understanding of the cellular properties, circuitry, and basic organization of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, their functional interrelationships, pathology, plasticity, and development. As a preeminent neuroanatomist, Jones wrote more than 20 books and 400 scientific publications. His...
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    Profile of Donald E. Canfield [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: An ecologist might say that the answer to nearly every question about the origin and evolution of life on Earth can be found in the ocean, where reactions fueled by ancient microbes have changed our planet's chemistry over the eons. Donald Canfield, Professor of Ecology and Director of the Nordic Center for Earth Evolution at the University of South Denmark, has spent his career studying oceans and lakes to understand the progressive oxygenation of the atmosphere through time, ultimately permitting the development of large motile animals.pnas;108/8/3105/UNFIG01F1unfig01Donald E. Canfield.Canfield, 53, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. His...
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    Profile of Peter H. Schiller [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: In a windowless laboratory on the sixth floor of the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), neuroscientist Peter Schiller lines up visual stimuli on a computer screen. The stimuli are pairs of cues flashed side-by-side, such as horizontal and vertical lines, upright and inverted triangles, and the words “car” and “his.” As Schiller flashes the stimuli on his monitor, a volunteer observes them through a stereoscope, which presents one cue in a pair to one eye and the other cue to the other eye. The volunteer identifies the stimuli in order: a cross, the Star...
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    Profile of B. Rosemary Grant [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-27
    Description: Charles Darwin viewed evolution as a process so slow that it often evokes images of changes accumulated over near-geologic timescales. Rosemary Grant's research has revealed otherwise. Through painstaking documentation of the evolutionary process first described by Darwin, Grant has shown that evolution can be observed within a lifetime. Grant, an evolutionary biologist at Princeton University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has traced the evolution of Darwin's finches—14 species of songbirds of the genus Geospiza that inhabit the storied Galapagos islands of South America. For nearly four decades, Grant and her husband, Peter Grant, have followed the...
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    Profile of Charles M. Rice [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-25
    Description: The notoriety of hepatitis C belies its breathtaking toll. That is partly because many of the more than 4 million people in the United States infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) do not look or feel sick. Until, that is, their livers succumb to cirrhosis or cancer, says Charles Rice. Rice, a professor of virology at The Rockefeller University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has championed the development of an animal model for hepatitis C, a goal that has by turns tantalized and tormented researchers for decades. The lack of a suitable model has hampered the...
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    Profile of Alexander S. Raikhel [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-04
    Description: Mosquitoes rely on blood for nutrition, putting them in position to transmit some of the world's deadliest diseases, like malaria and Dengue fever. Alexander S. Raikhel, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, believes that preventing the mosquito from carrying the pathogen in the first place is the key to vector control. Raikhel has been studying the connection between blood meals and egg production in Aedes aegypti in hopes of co-opting egg production signals to activate the mosquito's immune system against incoming pathogens. In his Inaugural Article, Raikhel, a distinguished professor at the University of California, Riverside continues...
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    Profile of Stephen P. Goff [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-05
    Description: One gets the sense from virologist Stephen P. Goff that his achievements are the result of good timing and good company. With a woodworking father who restored antique clocks, an elder brother who studied phage genetics with James Watson at Harvard University, and Nobel Prize-winning mentors who saw the possibilities of manipulating DNA, perhaps Goff is right.pnas;108/1/9/UNFIG01F1unfig01Stephen P. Goff and his wife, Marian Carlson.Stephen Goff, Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at the Columbia University Medical Center since 1990, and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1993, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in...
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    Profile of Anthony R. Cashmore [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-12
    Description: Ask Anthony Cashmore about the unifying theme of his research career, which has spanned more than four decades on three continents, and he responds, “There was none.” Cashmore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences who recently retired as a professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania, has spent much of his career studying how light controls gene expression in plants. However, his long journey through science is chronicled in quests as diverse as unraveling the structure of nucleic acids and understanding the biological basis of human behavior. Although Cashmore recently made waves for his provocative stance on...
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    Profile of Clifford M. Will [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-13
    Description: In the small industrial town of Hamilton, Ontario, a room of high school students listened attentively as their physics teacher described the classic Bohr model of the atom. It was 1963. After just a few minutes, the lecture was disrupted by muffled sniggering from a student near the front of the class.pnas;108/15/5935/UNFIG01F1unfig01Clifford M. Will.A voracious consumer of popular science, Clifford Will—now a professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis and 2007 inductee to the National Academy of Sciences—had read enough to know that the Bohr model was obsolete. “I couldn't keep myself from laughing,” Will recalls. However, rather...
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    Profile of Paul Schulze-Lefert [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: Growing up on his family’s farm in northwestern Germany, Paul Schulze-Lefert received an early introduction to plant biology that blossomed into a lifelong interest. In a fruitful career as a plant biologist, Schulze-Lefert has played a crucial role in elucidating mechanisms by which the plant immune system detects and fights...
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    Renato Dulbecco: Viruses, genes, and cancer [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-28
    Description: Renato Dulbecco, renowned virologist and cancer researcher, passed away peacefully at his home in La Jolla, CA, February 19, 2012, 3 days before his 98th birthday. He was celebrated not only for his scientific achievements but also for inspiring a generation of younger scientists who went on to become distinguished in their own fields. Renato was a founding fellow of the Salk Institute, where he spent most of his career. He also served as president of the Institute from 1988 to 1992.pnas;109/13/4713/UNFIG01F1unfig01Renato Dulbecco.Renato was born and educated in Italy. He received his MD degree from the University of Torino in...
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    James R. Arnold: From the Manhattan Project to the moon and beyond [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-21
    Description: On January 6, 2012, the field of cosmochemistry (more specifically, meteoritics and lunar and planetary sciences) lost one of its founding scientists. Jim Arnold's scientific endeavors ranged widely, ranging from work on the Manhattan Project to the origin and use of cosmogenic nuclides in meteorites and lunar samples and to sampling cosmic dust with balloons.pnas;109/12/4339/UNFIG01F1unfig01Jim Arnold.Jim was born in Metuchen, N.J., on May 5, 1923. He often credited his imagination and curiosity to his early childhood in his family's home. His father, a lawyer and archaeologist, had a large and easily accessible library—a major boon for Jim, who found inspiration...
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    Profile of Robert B. Goldberg [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Over the next 50 years, as Earth's population races toward 9 billion inhabitants, we will need to produce more food than we have produced since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago (1). This challenge, warns National Academy of Sciences member Robert Goldberg, is particularly daunting given the finite and shrinking amount of arable land on which food crops can be grown. Increasing the yields of crop plants is therefore critical. With that goal in mind, Goldberg, a professor of molecular, cell, and developmental biology at the University of California at Los Angeles, has devoted his career to understanding the...
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    Profile of David M. Hillis [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: Philippe Padieu was called a modern-day Casanova. Women said they were drawn to him for his sweet personality and charm. However, Padieu harbored a secret. In 2009, he was found guilty of aggravated assault for purposefully infecting six women with HIV and sentenced to 45 years in prison. Credit for Padieu's guilty verdict goes partly to David Hillis, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas at Austin.pnas;108/28/11320/UNFIG01F1unfig01David M. Hillis.Hillis, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, has devoted his research career to phylogeny, the study of evolutionary relationships. His work tackles some of the greatest questions of...
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    Profile of Gary Ruvkun [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-14
    Description: Awash in the faint glow of a fluorescent lamp, a pair of serpentine nematode worms lie on a Petri plate, their see-through bodies magnified 100-fold by one of several microscopes arrayed in a darkened bay in National Academy of Sciences member Gary Ruvkun’s laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. While one of the worms wiggles its way around the plate, the other shows no signs of life, its midsection ruptured and its innards strewn asunder. A filter slides into place, and the worms are bathed in a dull green haze. The wiggling worm has a beacon of nerve cells in its...
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    Profile of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: On a bone-cold morning in February 2000, hours after their plane touched down at Chicago's O'Hare Airport, Venkatraman “Venki” Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, and three of his colleagues hurried to Argonne National Laboratory, the US Department of Energy's sprawling research center southwest of Chicago. The men had 48 hours to complete their task: obtain high-resolution data on a portion of bacterial cells’ protein synthesizing machinery—the ribosome—by shining X-rays on their crystals to help reveal their structure. The trip was a gamble that Ramakrishnan had planned for months, one that could lead...
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    Profile of Philip N. Johnson-Laird [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Our greatest technological accomplishments, from space travel to nuclear power and the creation of the Internet, stand as testaments to the scientific process and mankind's ability to reason. These advances, however, have been matched with equally spectacular technological catastrophes. “Scientists and technologists are rational in principle,” explains Philip Johnson-Laird, a professor of psychology at Princeton University and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. “But the more information they have to take into account, the more working memory they need and the longer time it takes them to make an inference.” When complex technology starts spiraling out of...
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    Ralph M. Steinman: A man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-28
    Description: Ralph Steinman died from complications of pancreatic cancer on September 30, 2011, an event even more sad because it occurred a few days before he could hear the announcement that he was to receive the highest public recognition for the accomplishments of his truly remarkable career in biomedical research, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. It is a devastating loss not only for his family, friends, and colleagues but for the much broader scientific community. Ralph was a basic scientist par excellence, but his impact was...
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    Profile of David D. Laitin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: A Muslim and a Christian woman apply for the same job in France. Their resumes are virtually identical, and their only obvious difference is their first names, Khadija and Marie. However, for every comparable job each woman applies for, Khadija, with her characteristically Muslim name, is, on average, 2.5 times less likely than Marie to receive a job interview.pnas;108/51/20301/UNFIG01F1unfig01David D. Laitin.That is the grim statistic David Laitin, a professor of political science at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, puts forth in his Inaugural Article (1). Religious discrimination is typically impossible to measure,...
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    Profile of Ilkka A. Hanski [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Watching birds and collecting butterflies in the field behind his boyhood home, young Ilkka Hanski marveled at the isolated habitats in which many insects live. Decades later, the Director of the Metapopulation Research Group at the University of Helsinki in Finland admits that many of his most successful research projects on the study of metapopulations, or isolated yet interconnected populations of the same species, were inspired by childhood adventures in his own back yard. Hanski, elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2010, has helped predict how plant and animal populations respond when their habitats are broken into...
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    Thomas Eisner: Interpreter extraordinaire of nature's chemistry [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: On March 25, 2011, Thomas Eisner died after a long and courageous battle with Parkinson's disease. His tremendous legacy included founding and nurturing the scientific discipline of chemical ecology. Tom, though, might be the only person in the field to dispute his rights to the title, “Father of Chemical Ecology”—indeed, in one interview (1), he wryly opined that such claims cried out for DNA paternity tests.pnas;108/49/19482/UNFIG01F1unfig01Tom Eisner.Born in Berlin, Germany, on June 25, 1929, Tom was the son of the gifted painter Margarete Eisner and the chemist Hans E. Eisner, a student of Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber. His parents’ accomplishments...
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    Woese and Fox: Life, rearranged [Classic Profile] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-27
    Description: In April 2011 an international team led by researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany announced in Nature that the mind-boggling mix of microbes in the human gut could be neatly grouped into categories called enterotypes (1). Hailed as a finding that might someday help researchers address the long-intractable problem of antibiotic resistance, the discovery of gut microbial signatures in people raised the possibility that individuals might have a defined enterotype, like a blood type, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity (1).pnas;109/4/1019/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.(A) Carl Woese examining film on which ribosomal signatures are displayed (2003). (Photo by Jason...
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    Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011) [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-18
    Description: Rosalyn S. Yalow, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, died on May 30, 2011, at the age of 89, having suffered recurrent strokes and a prolonged period of decline. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1977 for creation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA), a discovery that revolutionized almost every field of medicine by providing precise and specific measurements of the concentration of peptide hormones and many other biologically relevant substances in blood and other body fluids (1) (Fig. 1).pnas;109/3/669/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.Rosalyn Yalow with King Carl XVI...
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    Lynn Margulis, 1938-2011 [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: On November 22, 2011, Lynn Margulis, visionary biologist and tireless champion of the microbial world, died of a massive stroke. Born in 1938, Lynn was intellectually precocious, earning her bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago at age 18 and a Berkeley PhD 6 years later. Lynn’s enduring place in science was earned soon thereafter, with the publication of her theory of endosymbiosis, a radical and, as it turned out, lasting explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. In Lynn’s view, the chloroplast originated as a free-living cyanobacterium engulfed by...
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    Profile of Jane I. Guyer [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-15
    Description: Crude oil is extracted in Nigeria but refined overseas. With government policies and exchange rates in constant flux and shortages commonplace, the gasoline that reenters the country may exceed the means of ordinary people. Filling one's tank in Nigeria can be a tense experience, says economic anthropologist Jane Guyer, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and chair of the Department of Anthropology at The Johns Hopkins University. She recalls reading in a newspaper that a customer once became so frustrated waiting in line that he lit a match and blew up the gas station and the...
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    Anthony E. Siegman: Laser pioneer, Optical Society president, friend, and colleague [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The death of Anthony E. (Tony) Siegman on October 7, 2011, was a profound shock to the worldwide optical science and laser community. An esteemed scientist and educator, Tony was also a kind and gentle man.Tony was born November 23, 1931, and raised in rural Michigan. As an early National Merit Scholar, he attended Harvard University and received an AB degree summa cum laude in 3 years. After 2 years on a cooperative plan with the University of California, Los Angeles, and Hughes Research Laboratories, he obtained an MS degree in Applied Physics in 1954. He went north to Stanford...
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    Profile of William R. Jacobs, Jr. [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The expression on the young man’s face as he stood by the railing surrounding the zebra enclosure at the Bronx Zoo might have been mistaken for awe at the animals’ magnificent hides or spry gaits. However, as the man reached into the enclosure and scooped a clump of soil and...
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    Profile of Napoleon A. Chagnon [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: Nearly 20 years after leaving the Amazon for the last time, Napoleon Chagnon is retracing his first steps into the jungle. The University of Missouri anthropologist and sociobiologist is archiving and documenting three decades of fieldwork in the Amazonian rainforest for deposition in a University of Michigan data center. Preparing...
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    DeLong and Benabid, 2014 Lasker Awardees [Profile] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Mahlon DeLong and Alim Benabid are the recipients of the 2014 Lasker Award for their work leading to the development of deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Their work is a tribute to how experimental laboratory research can lead to the development of new therapies for...
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    Profile: The unfolded protein response [Profile] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United Sates, Whitney Houston dominated the record charts, and the Noble Peace Prize was awarded to Mandela and de Klerk. Meanwhile, two groups quietly working in Texas and California would let curiosity lead them to uncover a mechanism of life...
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    Profile of Mary-Claire King, 2014 Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement in Medical Science Awardee [Profile] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: On September 19, 2014, Mary-Claire King received the 2014 Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science given for exceptional leadership and citizenship in biomedical science. Her citation read: “For bold, imaginative, and diverse contributions to medical science and human rights — she discovered the BRCA1 gene locus that causes hereditary...
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    Profile of Stephen T. Warren [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-11
    Description: In 1991 Stephen Warren, a geneticist who studies certain forms of intellectual disability, and his collaborators identified the gene mutation responsible for fragile X syndrome, a commonly inherited form of cognitive impairment associated with autism. Since then, Warren and his colleagues have continued to study fragile X syndrome, paving the...
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    Profile of Susan Fiske [Profiles] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Social psychologist Susan Fiske, Eugene Higgins Professor, Psychology and Public Affairs at Princeton University, investigates aspects of social cognition, such as how stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are encouraged or discouraged by relationships with others. Her analytical approach, which now often employs neuroscience as well as more traditional social science research...
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    Profile of Daniel G. Nocera [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-05
    Description: In a dim-lit laboratory in the chemistry department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a postdoctoral researcher points out the parts of a handmade device that might be our best hope yet for harnessing solar energy. A chip the size of a microscopy slide, the device is an artificial leaf, the first of its kind made of relatively abundant and inexpensive materials that, if further refined, might help make the sun our main source of energy. The brainchild of National Academy of Sciences member and MIT chemistry professor Daniel Nocera, the leaf's stainless steel chip is coated with silicon, which...
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    Profile of Keith Moffatt [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-12
    Description: Keith Moffatt was born in 1935 and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was four years old when his father left home to serve in the Second World War. “At that age, you accept things,” Moffatt recalls. “It was a time of great shortage. Everything in the UK was rationed—food, clothes,...
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    Profile of Andrea Rinaldo [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-19
    Description: By 1985, Andrea Rinaldo was losing interest in fluid mechanics. The newly appointed full professor of hydrodynamics at Italy’s University of Trento had excelled in studying the intricacies of eddies, vortices, and fluid flow through porous media. But Rinaldo, lacking excitement, yearned for new avenues of research, seeking, he says,...
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    Profile of Christos Papadimitriou [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-12
    Description: When Christos Papadimitriou graduated in 1972 from the National Technical University of Athens in his native Greece, he arrived at a breaking point. Like all Greek men he was required to join the armed forces, and he enlisted while the country struggled under military rule. Christos Papadimitriou. Image courtesy of...
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    Profile of Yigong Shi [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-19
    Description: Growing up in rural China under the imposed hardships of the cultural revolution, Yigong Shi did not have the luxury of toys. Instead Shi, now the dean of the School of Life Sciences at Tsinghua University in Beijing, made elaborate models out of clay he collected from the fields. “I...
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    Profile of Daniel E. Gottschling [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-01
    Description: Geneticist Daniel E. Gottschling is driven by discovery. From doctoral projects involving the identification of the first self-splicing RNAs and telomere-binding proteins to recent work at the forefront of the cellular aging field, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center researcher’s career has leap-frogged from one area to another in the...
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    Profile of Alexander D. Johnson [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-20
    Description: Discussing the yeast Candida albicans, biochemist Alexander Johnson describes a resident of the human gut that can turn into a fatal pathogen in the immunocompromised. Johnson, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of California, San Francisco, appreciates the genetic intricacies of this eukaryote that changed his views...
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    Profile of Johanna Schmitt [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-16
    Description: Understanding and predicting the adaptive evolution of complex traits in variable natural environments are central problems in plant evolutionary biology that motivate much of Johanna Schmitt’s research. Her work, which integrates plant evolutionary ecology, physiological ecology, and ecological genomics, has made significant contributions toward understanding the genetic basis of ecologically...
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    Profile of Jorge Dubcovsky [Profile] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-16
    Description: Growing up in Argentina in the 1960s and 1970s, plant biologist Jorge Dubcovsky witnessed poverty and malnutrition. Driven by social consciousness and a will to help others, Dubcovsky has since dedicated his life’s work to making a positive impact on the world’s food supply. By identifying a gene that increases...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    Profile of Myles Brown [Profiles] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-08
    Description: Ever since oncologist Myles Brown used tamoxifen to treat a patient with metastatic breast cancer during his fellowship, he has wanted to understand how cancer cells can sometimes become resistant to this therapy after months of success. That quest led him to his life’s work on estrogen receptor (ER) biology....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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    Profile of Michael Tomasello [Profiles] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-22
    Description: Michael Tomasello’s insights, gleaned from nearly three decades of research on great apes and children, help answer a fundamental question: How do humans differ from other great apes in cognition and sociality? Tomasello, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University, has applied a comparative and developmental approach toward...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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    Profile of Dana Carroll [Profiles] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-19
    Description: University of Utah biochemist Dana Carroll was among the first scientists to develop reagents for genome editing. These tools can make site-specific double-strand DNA breaks to stimulate desired recombination and repair. The technology that Carroll spearheaded, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), laid the groundwork for other genome-editing platforms, such as transcription activator-like...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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    Profile of Yuval Peres [Profiles] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-26
    Description: Yuval Peres received an early introduction to mathematics and probability. His mother studied physics and specialized in statistics, and his father was a sociologist who specialized in opinion polls. “At the breakfast table, we had discussions of chi-square tests and reliability of sampling, and I would be fascinated by these...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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