ALBERT

Note: CONTENT Abstract Preface Introduction Ice accretion parameters Physics of ice accretion Interaction between water droplets and flow field Time dependence in droplet trajectories Thermodynamic processes at the surface of the object Time dependence in the thermodynamics Time dependence of lesser order Numerical ice accretion model Major subroutines Options for droplet size variations Option for the helicopter rotor case Results Conclusions and future studies Literature cited Appendix A: Computer program

Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Definition of revegetation Definition of restoration Objectives Some revegetation considerations Site conditions Nutrient regime Plant adaptations Native species vs introduced species Methods Seedbed preparation Seeding methods Timing of seeding Seed mixes Fertilization Agronomic grasses and legumes Selection criteria Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Site conditions Maintenance of herbaceous cover Introduced woody species Native species — succession Significance of disturbance Primary succession Secondary succession Herbaceous native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Woody native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Native species and agronomic species, in combination Recommendations for research Summary Bibliography Appendix: Species tested

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S.customary and SI units Introduction Materials, instruments, measurements Experiments with water freezing in fine pores Freezing experiments with bulk water Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Discussion of results Stress-density relationship Stress-deformation relationship Summary and conclusions Microstructural examination of artifically compacted snow Analytical techniques Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Photographs of oscilloscope traces

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

Note: Contents Preface Units and Numerical Values Chapter 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin and Composition of the Atmosphere 1.3 The Distribution of Atmospheric Mass and Gaseous Constituents 1.4 Charged Particles in the Atmosphere 1.5 The Temperature Distribution 1.6 Winds in the Earth's Atmosphere 1.7 Precipitation Problems Chapter 2 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 The Gas Laws 2.2 The Hydrostatic Equation and Its Applications 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Latent Heats 2.5 Adiabatic Processes 2.6 Water Vapor in the Air 2.7 The Concept of Static Stability 2.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 2.9 Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium Conditions Problems Chapter 3 EXTRATROPICAL SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES 3.1 The 500-mb Flow 3.2 Surface Weather Elements 3.3 Interpretation of Synoptic Surface Reports 3.4 Upper Level Structure 3.5 Thickness and Its Relationship to Vertical Structure Problems Chapter 4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 4.1 Atmospheric Aerosol 4.2 Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 4.3 The Microstructure of Warm Clouds 4.4 Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 4.5 The Microphysics of Cold Clouds 4.6 Thunderstorms Problems Chapter 5 CLOUDS AND STORMS 5.1 Cloud Morphology 5.2 The Air-Mass Thunderstorm 5.3 Severe Storms 5.4 Hurricanes 5.5 Extratropical Cyclonic Storms 5.6 Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation Problems Chapter 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6.1 The Spectrum of Radiation 6.2 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 6.3 Quantitative Description of Radiation 6.4 Blackbody Radiation 6.5 Absorptivity and Emissivity 6.6 Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation 6.7 Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of lnfrared Radiation 6.8 Scattering of Solar Radiation 6.9 The Role of Radiative Transfer in the Global Energy Balance Problems Chapter 7 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE 7.1 The Globally Averaged Atmospheric Energy Balance 7.2 The Energy Balance of the Upper Atmosphere 7.3 The Tropospheric Energy Balance 7.4 The Energy Balance at the Earth's Surface 7.5 Time Variations in the Energy Balance Problems Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 8.1 Coordinate Systems 8.2 Apparent Forces in a Rotating Coordinate System 8.3 Real Forces 8.4 The Horizontal Equation of Motion 8.5 The Vertical Equation of Motion 8.6 The Thermal Wind 8.7 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 8.8 The Continuity Equation 8.9 The Primitive Equations Problems Chapter 9 THE GENERAL CIR CU LA TION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Absence of Rotation 9.3 The Influence of Planetary Rotation upon Thermally Driven Circulations 9.4 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Tropics 9.5 Baroclinic Disturbances 9.6 The Dissipation of Kinetic Energy 9.7 The Kinetic Energy Cycle 9.8 The Role of the Atmospheric General Circulation in the Hydrologic Cycle 9.9 The Atmospheric Transport of Energy 9.10 The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine Problems Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents = Soderžanie Die Flagge der Heimat = The flag of the motherland = Flag rodiny Arktis = Arctic = Arktika Die Drift geht weiter = Drift-ice research continues = Drejf prodolžaetsja Eisbezwinger = Ice fighters = Ledovye bojcy Auf fernen Inseln = On distant islands = Na dalekich ostrovach Antarktis = Antarctic = Antarktida Der sechste Erdteil = The sixth continent = Šestoj kontinent Polarflieger = Polar region pilots = Poljarnye letčiki Der Kältepol = The pole of cold = Poljus choloda Spuren im Schnee = Tracks on the snow = Sledy na snegu , Text in russischer, englischer und deutscher Sprache

Note: Contents 1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 2.1 Buoyancy Forces 2.2 The Theory of Two- Dimensional Mountain Waves 2.3 Observations of Mountain Waves 2.4 The Three-Dimensional Flow over Isolated Hills 2.5 Large-Amplitude Mountains and Blocking 2.6 The Observed Barrier Effect of Mountains-The Fohn and Bora 2. 7 The Influence of the Boundary Layer on Mountain Flows 2.8 Slope Winds and Mountain and Valley Winds 3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 3.1 Quasi-geostrophic Flow over a Mountain 3.2 The Effect of Inertia on the Flow over Mesoscale Mountains 3.3 Theories of Lee Cyclogenesis 4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 4.1 Observations of Rainfall Distribution 4.2 The Mechanism of Upslope Rain 4.3 The Redistribution of Rainfall by Small Hills 4.4 Orographic-Convective Precipitation 5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 5.1 A Vertically Integrated Model of Topographically Forced Planetary Waves 5.2 The Vertical Structure of Planetary Waves on a ,8-Plane between Bounding Latitudes 5.3 Models of Stationary Planetary Waves Allowing Meridional Propagation and Lateral Variation in the Background Wind References

Note: Enthaltene Kapitel sind: Chapter 1 Laminar and turbulent flows Chapter 3 Reynolds equations and the semiempirical theories of turbulence Chapter 4 Turbulence in a thermally stratified medium

Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

Note: In Maschinenschr. vervielf.