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  • ddc:551.8  (9)
  • ddc:631.4  (9)
  • English  (18)
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  • 2020-2023  (18)
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  • English  (18)
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  • 1
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    Vertically Divergent Responses of SOC Decomposition to Soil Moisture in a Changing Climate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The role of soil moisture for organic matter decomposition rates remains poorly understood and underrepresented in Earth System Models (ESMs). We apply the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten (DAMM) model to a selection of ESM soil temperature and moisture outputs to investigate their effects on decomposition rates, at different soil depths, for a historical period and a future climate period. Our key finding is that the inclusion of soil moisture controls has diverging effects on both the speed and direction of projected decomposition rates (up to ±20%), compared to a temperature‐only approach. In the top soil, the majority of these changes is driven by substrate availability. In deeper soil layers, oxygen availability plays a relatively stronger role. Owing to these different moisture controls along the soil depth, our study highlights the need for depth‐resolved inclusion of soil moisture effects on decomposition rates within ESMs. This is particularly important for C‐rich soils in regions which may be subject to strong future warming and vertically opposing moisture changes, such as the peat soils at northern high latitudes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Soils contain a lot of carbon (C). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict that the amount of C released from soils into the atmosphere as CO2 will increase in response to increased warming and microbial activity. Soil moisture also controls microbial C decomposition, but most ESMs do not yet describe this process very well. In this study we apply a simple equation to different ESMs, to see how both temperature and soil moisture change microbial decomposition under future climate. First, we show that the speed of C released into the atmosphere changes when we include soil moisture changes, compared to what is expected due to warming alone. Second, we found that the future speed at which carbon that can be decomposed in the topsoil mainly depends on how much carbon microbes have access to, but that in the deeper soil this process becomes much more affected by the absence/presence of oxygen. Including these soil moisture interactions in ESMs for different soil depths is important to predict whether soils will store more or less C in the future. Our findings are particularly relevant for high latitude soils which store large amounts of C, will warm fast, and experience frequent (re)wetting and drying.
    Description: Key Points: Considering soil moisture effects can change modeled decomposition rates by up to ±20% compared to considering only temperature effects. The majority of these changes are driven by substrate availability, in particular in the top soil. In the subsoil, oxygen availability becomes an increasingly important factor.
    Description: Norwegian Research Council
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654554
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Is the soil moisture precipitation feedback enhanced by heterogeneity and dry soils? A comparative study (2021)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: The interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere is a crucial driver of atmospheric processes. Soil moisture and precipitation are key components in this feedback. Both variables are intertwined in a cycle, that is, the soil moisture – precipitation feedback for which involved processes and interactions are still discussed. In this study the soil moisture – precipitation feedback is compared for the sempiternal humid Ammer catchment in Southern Germany and for the semiarid to subhumid Sissili catchment in West Africa during the warm season, using precipitation datasets from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), from the German Weather Service (REGNIE) and simulation datasets from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the hydrologically enhanced WRF‐Hydro model. WRF and WRF‐Hydro differ by their representation of terrestrial water flow. With this setup we want to investigate the strength, sign and variables involved in the soil moisture – precipitation feedback for these two regions. The normalized model spread between the two simulation results shows linkages between precipitation variability and diagnostic variables surface fluxes, moisture flux convergence above the surface and convective available potential energy in both study regions. The soil moisture – precipitation feedback is evaluated with a classification of soil moisture spatial heterogeneity based on the strength of the soil moisture gradients. This allows us to assess the impact of soil moisture anomalies on surface fluxes, moisture flux convergence, convective available potential energy and precipitation. In both regions the amount of precipitation generally increases with soil moisture spatial heterogeneity. For the Ammer region the soil moisture – precipitation feedback has a weak negative sign with more rain near drier patches while it has a positive signal for the Sissili region with more rain over wetter patches. At least for the observed moderate soil moisture values and the spatial scale of the Ammer region, the spatial variability of soil moisture is more important for surface‐atmosphere interactions than the actual soil moisture content. Overall, we found that soil moisture heterogeneity can greatly affect the soil moisture – precipitation feedback.
    Description: WRF and WRF‐hydro model simulations are used to determine the sign and analyse the mechanisms of the soil moisture ‐ precipitation feedback for the sempiternal humid Ammer catchment in Southern Germany and for the semiarid to subhumid Sissili catchment in West Africa during the warm season. The generation of moist convection is favoured over surfaces with moderately high soil moisture gradients in the Ammer region, while for the Sissili region the location of precipitation tends to be related to areas with high soil moisture gradients. For the Ammer region the soil moisture – precipitation feedback has a weak negative sign with more rain near drier patches while it has a positive signal for the Sissili region with more rain over wetter patches.
    Description: Untersuchung des Klimas des südlichen Afrikas – ein Brückenschlag vom frühen Holozän bis heute
    Description: Transregional Collaborative Research Center
    Keywords: ddc:551.57 ; ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Importance of sources of variability, scales and experimental design: A case study about the effects of biochar and slurry application on soil properties in agricultural silty loam soils (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities. The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils. The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Large‐scale detection and quantification of harmful soil compaction in a post‐mining landscape using multi‐configuration electromagnetic induction (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: Fast and accurate large‐scale localization and quantification of harmfully compacted soils in recultivated post‐mining landscapes are of particular importance for mining companies and the following farmers. The use of heavy machinery during recultivation imposes soil stress and can cause irreversible subsoil compaction limiting crop growth in the long term. To overcome or guide classical point‐scale methods to determine compaction, fast methods covering large areas are required. In our study, a recultivated field of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine‐Westphalia, Germany, with known variability in crop performance was intensively studied using non‐invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrode‐based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil bulk density, volumetric soil water content and soil textures were analysed along two transects covering different compaction levels. The results showed that the measured EMI apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) along the transects was highly correlated (R2 〉 .7 for different dates and depths below 0.3 m) to subsoil bulk density. Finally, the correlations established along the transects were used to predict harmful subsoil compaction within the field, whereby a spatial probabilistic map of zones of harmful compaction was developed. In general, the results revealed the feasibility of using the EMI derived ECa to predict harmful compaction. They can be the basis for quick monitoring of the recultivation process and implementation of necessary melioration to return a well‐structured soil with good water and nutrient accessibility, and rooting depths for increased crop yields to the farmers.
    Description: BonaRes (Module A)
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Faulting and Magmatic Accretion Across the Overlapping Spreading Center Between Vance Segment and Axial South Rift, Juan de Fuca Ridge (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: Plate divergence along mid‐ocean ridges is accommodated through faulting and magmatic accretion, and, at overlapping spreading centers (OSC), is distributed across two curvilinear overlapping ridge axes. One‐meter resolution bathymetry acquired by autonomous underwater vehicles, combined with distribution and ages of lava flows, is used to: (a) analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of flows, faults, and fissures in the OSC between the distal south rift zone of Axial Seamount and the Vance Segment, (b) locate spreading axes, (c) calculate extension, and (d) determine the proportion of extension accommodated at the surface by faults and fissures versus volcanic extrusion over a period of ∼1300–1450 years. Our study reveals that in the recent history of the ridges, extension over a distance of 14 km across the Axial/Vance OSC was asymmetric in proportion and style: faults and fissures across 1–2 km of the Vance axial valley accommodated ∼3/4 of the spreading, whereas dike‐fed eruptions contributed ∼1/4 of the extension and occurred across 4 km of the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Along mid‐ocean ridges, oceanic plates separate through the formation and growth of faults and the emplacement of dikes supplying lava flows. Where segments overlap in a zone of separation, these processes are distributed along two spreading axes separated by 2–30 km kilometers. We combine 1‐m resolution bathymetry collected by autonomous underwater vehicles and the age of large lava flows to (a) analyze the distribution of faults and lava flows where Axial Seamount overlaps with the Vance Segment, (b) define the current plate boundary, (c) calculate the speed of plate separation, and (d) determine the proportion and locations of fault extension versus flow emplacement. Our study shows that during the last ∼1300–1450 years, fault formation and growth along the Vance Segment are the main contributor to plate separation. In contrast, the emplacement of dikes and lava flows along Axial Seamount account only for ∼1/4 of the plate separation.
    Description: Key Points: Autonomous underwater vehicle mapping of an overlapping spreading center reveals the proportion of faulting and eruptions that occurred during the last ∼1300–1450 years. Faulting at the Vance Segment accommodates ∼3/4 of the spreading and magmatic accretion along Axial Seamount south rift accounts for ∼1/4. The spreading axis is 〈250 m wide along the Vance Segment but ∼4 km wide along the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: David and Lucile Packard Foundation (PF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000008
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; ddc:551.13
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Impact of Late Cretaceous inversion and Cenozoic extension on salt structure growth in the Baltic sector of the North German Basin (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: The Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic is known for its multiple inversion events, which affected Central Europe's intracontinental sedimentary basins. Based on a 2D seismic profile network imaging the basin fill without gaps from the base Zechstein to the seafloor, we investigate the nature and impact of these inversion events on Zechstein salt structures in the Baltic sector of the North German Basin. These insights improve the understanding of salt structure evolution in the region and are of interest for any type of subsurface usage. We link stratigraphic interpretation to previous studies and nearby wells and present key seismic depth sections and thickness maps with a new stratigraphic subdivision for the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic covering the eastern Glückstadt Graben and the Bays of Kiel and Mecklenburg. Time‐depth conversion is based on velocity information derived from refraction travel‐time tomography. Our results show that minor salt movement in the eastern Glückstadt Graben and in the Bay of Mecklenburg started contemporaneous with Late Cretaceous inversion in the Coniacian‐Santonian. Minor salt movement continued until the end of the Late Cretaceous. Overlying upper Paleocene and lower Eocene deposits show constant thickness without indications for salt movement suggesting a phase of tectonic quiescence from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene. In the late Eocene to Oligocene, major salt movement recommenced in the eastern Glückstadt Graben. In the Bays of Kiel and Mecklenburg, late Neogene uplift removed much of the Eocene‐Miocene succession. Preserved deposits indicate major post‐middle Eocene salt movement, which likely occurred coeval with the revived activity in the Glückstadt Graben. Cenozoic salt structure growth critically exceeded salt flow during Late Cretaceous inversion. Cenozoic salt movement could have been triggered by Alpine/Pyrenean‐controlled thin‐skinned compression, but is more likely controlled by thin‐skinned extension, possibly related to the beginning development of the European Cenozoic Rift System.
    Description: In the Baltic sector of the North German Basin, minor salt movement started comremporaneous with Late Cretaceous inversion in the Coniacian‐Santonian and lasted until the end of the Late Cretaceous. A late Paleocene to middle Eocene phase of tectonic quiescense was followed by recommencing major salt movement in the Glückstadt Graben in the Late Eocene‐Oligocene. This Cenozoic phase of salt structure growth critically exceeded salt flow during the Late Cretaceous inversion and is likely controlled by thin‐skinned extension, possibly related to the beginning development of the European Cenozoic Rift System.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; ddc:554.3
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    3D Active Source Seismic Imaging of the Alpine Fault Zone and the Whataroa Glacial Valley in New Zealand (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: The Alpine Fault zone in New Zealand marks a major transpressional plate boundary that is late in its typical earthquake cycle. Understanding the subsurface structures is crucial to understand the tectonic processes taking place. A unique seismic survey including 2D lines, a 3D array, and borehole recordings, has been performed in the Whataroa Valley and provides new insights into the Alpine Fault zone down to ∼2 km depth at the location of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)‐2 drill site. Seismic images are obtained by focusing prestack depth migration approaches. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a sediment filled glacial valley and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. A set of several reflectors dipping 40°–56° to the southeast are identified in a ∼600 m wide zone that is interpreted to be the minimum extent of the damage zone. Different approaches image one distinct reflector dipping at ∼40°, which is interpreted to be the main Alpine Fault reflector located only ∼100 m beneath the maximum drilled depth of the DFDP‐2B borehole. At shallower depths (z 〈 0.5 km), additional reflectors are identified as fault segments with generally steeper dips up to 56°. Additionally, a glacially over‐deepened trough with nearly horizontally layered sediments and a major fault (z 〈 0.5 km) are identified 0.5–1 km south of the DFDP‐2B borehole. Thus, a complex structural environment is seismically imaged and shows the complexity of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Alpine Fault in New Zealand is a major plate boundary, where a large earthquake will likely occur in the near future. Thus, it is important to understanding the detailed processes of how and where such an earthquake occurs. Many scientists are involved in this work, particularly in the attempt of drilling through the fault zone with a ∼900 m deep borehole. We analyzed new seismic data from this area using sensors in the borehole and at the surface to record small ground movements caused by a vibrating surface source causing waves that travel through the ground. From these data, we obtained a detailed image of the structures in the subsurface, for the first time in 3D, by applying advanced analysis methods. Hence, we can better understand the shape of the glacial valley and of the fault zone, that is, the local structures of the continental plate boundary. We interpret at least 600 m wide zone of disturbed rocks and identify a potential major fractured plane down to about 1 km depth. Our studies may help to understand structures that host earthquakes in this area.
    Description: Key Points: We use focusing prestack depth migration with detailed seismic data to analyze the complex subsurface environment of the Alpine Fault zone. Seismic images show Alpine Fault zone related reflectors at a depth of ∼0.2–1 km dipping ∼40°–56° around the DFDP‐2B borehole. Complex structures within the glacial Whataroa Valley are imaged showing steep valley flanks, faults, and internal sedimentary horizons.
    Description: German Research Foundation (DFG)
    Description: Earthquake Commission (EQC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012181
    Description: NSERC discovery and Canada Research Chairs Program
    Description: Canadian Foundation for Innovation
    Keywords: ddc:622.1592 ; ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Late Pleistocene‐Holocene Slip Rates in the Northwestern Zagros Mountains (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) Derived From Luminescence Dating of River Terraces and Structural Modeling (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-23
    Description: A significant amount of the ongoing shortening between the Eurasian and Arabian plates is accommodated within the Zagros Fold‐Thrust Belt. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of active shortening within the belt, especially in its NW part, is not yet well constrained. We determined depositional ages of uplifted river terraces crossing the belt along the Greater Zab River using luminescence dating. Kinematic modeling of the fault‐related fold belt was then used to calculate long‐term slip rates during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Our results provide new insight into the rates of active faulting and folding in the area. The Zagros Mountain Front Fault accommodates about 1.46 ± 0.60 mm a−1 of slip, while a more external basement fault further to the SW accommodates less than 0.41 ± 0.16 mm a−1. Horizontal slip rates related to detachment folding of two anticlines within the Zagros Foothills are 0.40 ± 0.10 and 1.24 ± 0.36 mm a−1. Basement thrusting and thickening of the crust are restricted to the NE part of the Zagros belt. This is also reflected in the regional topography and in the distribution of uplifted terraces. In the southwestern part, the deformation is limited mainly to folding and thrusting of the sedimentary cover above a Triassic basal detachment. In the NE, deformation is associated with slip on basement thrusts. Our study sheds light on the distribution of shortening in the Zagros Mountains and helps to understand the regional tectonic system. Our results may be the foundation for a better seismic hazard assessment of the entire area.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In active mountain belts, river terraces found above the present‐day river level can be indicative of differences in uplift rates due to the thickening, faulting, and folding processes in the Earth's crust. These processes, driven by the motion of tectonic plates, are responsible for the formation of mountain belts. Here, we took sediment samples from uplifted river terraces along the Greater Zab River that crosses the Zagros Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We determined their deposition age using luminescence dating. From their age and elevation, we calculated uplift rates. We built a geometrical model of the fault zones in the area and determined how fast the slip occurs on these faults based on the uplift rates. Our results indicate that there were less than two millimeter per year of slip on these faults on average during the last 60 thousand years. This motion is a result of the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. With studies like this we can measure how fast fault blocks move, even if they were not associated with large earthquakes in the recent past. This approach helps to better assess the potential earthquake hazard in the area under investigation.
    Description: Key Points: We estimated fault slip rates in the NW Zagros Mountains by luminescence dating of river terraces and structural modeling. There is c. 1.46 mm a−1 slip on the Mountain Front Fault and c. 1.64 mm a−1 slip from detachment folding in the NE part of the Foothill Zone. Crustal thickening and basement thrusting occur in the NE parts of the Foothill Zone and only cover deformation occur in the SW parts.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: German Research Foundation (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Evolution of Rift Systems and Their Fault Networks in Response to Surface Processes (2022)
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Continental rifting is responsible for the generation of major sedimentary basins, both during rift inception and during the formation of rifted continental margins. Geophysical and field studies revealed that rifts feature complex networks of normal faults but the factors controlling fault network properties and their evolution are still matter of debate. Here, we employ high‐resolution 2D geodynamic models (ASPECT) including two‐way coupling to a surface processes (SP) code (FastScape) to conduct 12 models of major rift types that are exposed to various degrees of erosion and sedimentation. We further present a novel quantitative fault analysis toolbox (Fatbox), which allows us to isolate fault growth patterns, the number of faults, and their length and displacement throughout rift history. Our analysis reveals that rift fault networks may evolve through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. These phases can be correlated to distinct rifted margin domains. Models of asymmetric rifting suggest rift migration is facilitated through both ductile and brittle deformation within a weak exhumation channel that rotates subhorizontally and remains active at low angles. In sedimentation‐starved settings, this channel satisfies the conditions for serpentinization. We find that SP are not only able to enhance strain localization and to increase fault longevity but that they also reduce the total length of the fault system, prolong rift phases and delay continental breakup.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Continental rifting is responsible for breaking apart continents and forming new oceans. Rifts generally evolve according to three types: wide rift, symmetric rift, and asymmetric rifts, which also shape the final geometry of the continental rifted margin. Geophysical data shows that the evolution of rifts depends on a multitude of factors including the complex interactions between fault networks that accommodate extension and the processes of erosion and sediment deposition. Here we run 2D computer simulations to investigate fault network evolution during active rifting that include changes to the surface through erosion and sedimentation. By using a new python tool box, we extract the fault network from the simulation and determine individual fault properties like the number of faults, displacement, age, and length through time. We find that regardless of the rift type, rifts evolve according to five phases that can be assessed through the evolution of the fault network properties. Additionally, we find that greater erosion and sedimentation can prolong rift phases and delay the breakup of continents.
    Description: Key Points: We apply a new fault analysis toolbox to coupled numerical models of tectonics and surface processes. Fault network evolution of the major symmetric, asymmetric, narrow, and wide rift types can be described in five distinct phases. Surface processes reduce fault network complexity and delay breakup by enhancing strain localization and increasing fault longevity.
    Description: Helmholtz Young Investigators
    Description: National Science Foundation
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753144
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINE Measurement of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between soil-vegetation-systems and the atmosphere using non-steady state chambers (2022)
    Arbeitsgruppe Bodengase, Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft | Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-23
    Description: This Best Practice Guideline was been initiated by the Working Group Soil Gases (AG Bodengase) of the German Soil Science Society (Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft). Our intention was to collect and aggregate the expertise of different working groups in our field. As a compendium, this guideline may help both beginners and experts to meet the practical and theoretical challenges of measuring soil gas fluxes with non-steady state chamber systems.
    Description: German Soil Science Society, Working Group Soil Gases
    Description: manual
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 70
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  • 11
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    Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.
    Description: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219
    Description: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Strain Signals Governed by Frictional‐Elastoplastic Interaction of the Upper Plate and Shallow Subduction Megathrust Interface Over Seismic Cycles (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-06
    Description: The behavior of the shallow portion of the subduction zone, which generates the largest earthquakes and devastating tsunamis, is still insufficiently constrained. Monitoring only a fraction of a single megathrust earthquake cycle and the offshore location of the source of these earthquakes are the foremost reasons for the insufficient understanding. The frictional‐elastoplastic interaction between the megathrust interface and its overlying wedge causes variable surface strain signals such that the wedge strain patterns may reveal the mechanical state of the interface. To contribute to this understanding, we employ Seismotectonic Scale Modeling and simplify elastoplastic megathrust subduction to generate hundreds of analog seismic cycles at a laboratory scale and monitor the surface strain signals over the model's forearc across high to low temporal resolutions. We establish two compressional and critical wedge configurations to explore the mechanical and kinematic interaction between the shallow wedge and the interface. Our results demonstrate that this interaction can partition the wedge into different segments such that the anelastic extensional segment overlays the seismogenic zone at depth. Moreover, the different segments of the wedge may switch their state from compression/extension to extension/compression domains. We highlight that a more segmented upper plate represents megathrust subduction that generates more characteristic and periodic events. Additionally, the strain time series reveals that the strain state may remain quasi‐stable over a few seismic cycles in the coastal zone and then switch to the opposite mode. These observations are crucial for evaluating earthquake‐related morphotectonic markers and short‐term interseismic time series of the coastal regions.
    Description: Key Points: Analog earthquake cycle experiments provide observations to evaluate the surface strain signals from the shallow megathrust. The extensional segment of the forearc overlays the seismogenic zone at depth. The strain state may remain quasi‐stable over a few seismic cycles in the coastal zone.
    Description: SUBITOP Marie Sklodowska‐Curie Action project from the European Union's EU Framework Programme
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1114) “Scaling Cascades in Complex Systems”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2022.015
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; ddc:550.78
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Widening of Hydrous Shear Zones During Incipient Eclogitization of Metastable Dry and Rigid Lower Crust—Holsnøy, Western Norway (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-26
    Description: The partially eclogitized crustal rocks on Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs, Norway, indicate that eclogitization is caused by the interplay of brittle and ductile deformation promoted by fluid infiltration and fluid‐rock interaction. Eclogitization generated an interconnected network of millimeter‐to‐kilometer‐wide hydrous eclogite‐facies shear zones, which presumably caused transient weakening of the mechanically strong lower crust. To decipher the development of those networks, we combine detailed lithological and structural mapping of two key outcrops with numerical modeling. Both outcrops are largely composed of preserved granulite with minor eclogite‐facies shear zones, thus representing the beginning phases of eclogitization and ductile deformation. We suggest that deformation promoted fluid‐rock interaction and eclogitization, which gradually consumed the granulite until fluid‐induced reactions were no longer significant. The shear zones widen during progressive deformation. To identify the key parameters that impact shear zone widening, we generated scale‐independent numerical models, which focus on different processes affecting the shear zone evolution: (i) rotation of the shear zones caused by finite deformation, (ii) mechanical weakening due to a limited amount of available fluid, and (iii) weakening and further hydration of the shear zones as a result of continuous and unlimited fluid supply. A continuous diffusion‐type fluid infiltration, with an effective diffusion coefficient around D=10−16m2s, coupled with deformation is prone to develop structures similar to the ones mapped in field. Our results suggest that the shear zones formed under a continuous fluid supply, causing shear zone widening, rather than localization, during progressive deformation.
    Description: Key Points: Continuous fluid supply causes shear zone widening. Shear zones widen during strain accumulation.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Norges Forskningsråd http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005416
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Controls of the Foreland Deformation Pattern in the Orogen‐Foreland Shortening System: Constraints From High‐Resolution Geodynamic Models (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-22
    Description: Controls on the deformation pattern (shortening mode and tectonic style) of orogenic forelands during lithospheric shortening remain poorly understood. Here, we use high‐resolution 2D thermomechanical models to demonstrate that orogenic crustal thickness and foreland lithospheric thickness significantly control the shortening mode in the foreland. Pure‐shear shortening occurs when the orogenic crust is not thicker than the foreland crust or thick, but the foreland lithosphere is thin (〈70–80 km, as in the Puna foreland case). Conversely, simple‐shear shortening, characterized by foreland underthrusting beneath the orogen, arises when the orogenic crust is much thicker. This thickened crust results in high gravitational potential energy in the orogen, which triggers the migration of deformation to the foreland under further shortening. Our models present fully thick‐skinned, fully thin‐skinned, and intermediate tectonic styles in the foreland. The first tectonics forms in a pure‐shear shortening mode whereas the others require a simple‐shear mode and the presence of thick (〉∼4 km) sediments that are mechanically weak (friction coefficient 〈∼0.05) or weakened rapidly during deformation. The formation of fully thin‐skinned tectonics in thick and weak foreland sediments, as in the Subandean Ranges, requires the strength of the orogenic upper lithosphere to be less than one‐third as strong as that of the foreland upper lithosphere. Our models successfully reproduce foreland deformation patterns in the Central and Southern Andes and the Laramide province.
    Description: Key Points: Thicknesses of the orogenic crust and the foreland lithosphere control the foreland shortening mode (pure‐shear or simple‐shear). Foreland weak sediments and the upper lithosphere of the weaker orogen control the foreland tectonic style (thin‐skinned or thick‐skinned). High‐resolution geodynamic models successfully reproduce foreland deformation patterns in several natural orogen‐foreland shortening systems.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://bitbucket.org/bkaus/LaMEM
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5963016
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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    Responses of soil organic carbon, aggregate diameters, and hydraulic properties to long‐term organic and conventional farming on a Vertisol in India (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Organic matter management can improve soil structural properties. This is crucial for agricultural soils in tropical regions threatened by high rainfall intensities. Compared to conventional farming, organic farming is usually deemed to increase organic carbon and improve soil structural properties such as stability and permeability. However, how much, if any, buildup of organic carbon is possible or indeed occurring also depends on soil type and environmental factors. We compared the impact of seven years of organic farming (annually 13.6 t ha−1 of composted manure) with that of conventional practices (2 t ha−1 of farmyard manure with 150–170 kg N ha−1 of mineral fertilizers) on soil structural properties. The study was conducted on a Vertisol in India with a two‐year crop rotation of cotton soybean wheat. Despite large differences in organic amendment application, organic carbon was not significantly different at 9.6 mg C g−1 on average in the topsoil. However, the size distribution of water‐stable aggregates shifted toward more aggregates 〈137 μm in the organic systems. Cumulative water intake was lower compared to the conventional systems, leading to higher runoff and erosion. These changes might be related to the lower pH and higher exchangeable sodium in the organic systems. Our results indicate that higher application of organic amendments did not lead to higher soil organic carbon and associated improvement in soil structures properties compared to integrated fertilization in this study. Chemical properties may dominate soil aggregation retarding the uptake and integration of organic amendments for sustainable agricultural intensification in tropical, semiarid climates.
    Description: Biovision Foundation for Ecological Development http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100015593
    Description: Coop Sustainability Fund
    Description: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
    Description: Foundation fiat panis http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011087
    Description: Liechtenstein Development Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100015698
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.18665612
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-26
    Description: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Constraining Andean Propagation of Exhumation at the Limit of the Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina, Using Low‐Temperature Thermochronology in a Structural Context (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-07
    Description: Within the Central Andes of NW Argentina, the spatiotemporal distribution and style of deformation is strongly influenced by pre‐Cenozoic heterogeneities, mostly related to the Salta rift extension in the Cretaceous. At the enigmatic junction of the thin‐skinned Subandean belt and the thick‐skinned Santa Barbara System, the Tilcara Range and adjacent San Lucas block, located within the Eastern Cordillera, show thermochronological and field evidence of multiple exhumation events. Mesozoic (140‐115 Ma), pre‐Andean exhumation of basement highs is constrained by unconformities between basement and syn‐rift strata, as well as zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He cooling ages. Cenozoic Andean exhumation is quantified by apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and fission track cooling ages, which were reset between the Late Cretaceous and Miocene. These data show that the westernmost Tilcara Range began exhuming in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene (26‐16 Ma), after which exhumation propagated to the border of the Eastern Cordillera in the middle Miocene (22‐10 Ma). The onset of rapid exhumation in the San Lucas block, which is located east of the Tilcara Range, occurred in the late Miocene (10‐8 Ma) in its western part, and in the late Miocene‐early Pliocene (6‐4 Ma) in its eastern part. Internal deformation of the San Lucas block, disturbing zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and apatite fission track age patterns, predates propagation of rapid exhumation. The here presented low‐temperature thermochronology data set thus quantifies the multi‐phase exhumation history of the Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina and constrains the timing of Andean propagation of exhumation within the Eastern Cordillera and the adjacent structural transition zone.
    Description: Key Points: Zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data suggests that pre‐Andean exhumation of Salta rift basement highs occurred in the Early Cretaceous (140‐115 Ma). Apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and fission track data indicate a late Oligocene‐early Miocene (26‐16 Ma) onset of exhumation in the Tilcara Range. Andean exhumation overall propagated in‐sequence eastward, but thermal models indicate the possibility of local out‐of‐sequence movement.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6358993
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; low‐temperature thermochronology ; thermal modeling ; structural geology ; Central Andes ; Eastern Cordillera ; Cenozoic
    Language: English
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